Updated snippet and simplified note. ULB issue 240. (It no longer has a passive, and the note about the abstract noun was odd because it linked the abstract noun "judgment" to the noun"judge" rather than to the verb "judge".)
I deleted the note for "Be courageous ... Do not be afraid" because I don't think it is parallelism (not with a sentence separating the two sentences) and the AT "Do not fear me" could be misunderstood.
I deleted a note. It may be true, but other versions and the commentaries I looked at (UBS-TH, Bruce [NICNT], Ellingsworth [NIGTC], and Miller. ) don't address it, so it may be more than is really needed and helpful for the translators.
Replaced Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read" with "Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry"
Replaced "Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read" with "Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry.
Replaced "The ULB does this with verses" with "The ULB does this with the poetry in verses"
I have regularized this to "mighty warrior" in every context in which war seems to be in focus. For others, it is "man of great ability" or "man of great wealth." I'm operating under the hypothesis that this is a dead metaphor that has a literal version, like the English "trooper." A "mighty man of valor" is literally a valiant soldier, but a craftsman or an influential, wealthy man, could be tagged with the same phrase as an honorific.
Translation Helps for [Matthew] is a set of materials designed to help mother-tongue Bible translators understand the book of [Matthew] and translate it accurately, clearly, and naturally into their own language. It consists of the following materials for the book of [Matthew]. Click on the links below to learn about each of these resources.
Translation Notes is a set of open-licensed exegetical notes that provide historical, cultural, and linguistic information for translators. It provides translators and checkers with pertinent, just-in-time information to help them make the best possible translation decisions.
**or we might want to use this from tA Using translationHelps:** https://git.door43.org/WycliffeAssociates/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-help/01.md
* translationNotes are cultural, linguistic, and exegetical notes that help to describe and explain some of the Bible background that the translator needs to know to translate accurately. The translationNotes also inform translators about different ways that they might express the same meaning. See https://door43.org/u/WycliffeAssociates/en_tn/.
**Should I write this as "Translaion Notes" or "Translation Topics"?**
## Content Editors:
- 'Edward Quigley, MA in Linguistics'
- 'Henry Whitney, BA, Education'
- 'James N. Pohlig, M.Div., MA in Linguistics, D. Litt. in Biblical Languages'
- 'John Hutchins, MA in New Testament, MA in Biblical Languages'
- 'Larry Sallee, D.Min.'
- 'Perry Oakes, PhD in Old Testament, MA in Linguistics'
- 'Robert W Johnson, B.S./M.S., Chemical Engineering'
- 'Susan Quigley, MA in Linguistics'
## Viewing
To read or print the complete translationNotes, see the ULB Translation Notes project on Bible in Every Language (https://door43.org/u/WycliffeAssociates/en_tn/1d67e2a43b/index.html).
## Appendix to Translation Notes
You can learn more about Translation Notes in the [[rc://en_tn/00-About_tN/tN-3-Appendix.md]]. It has How to use Translation Notes, Decisions Concerning Translation Notes, and Additional Contributors to Translation Notes.
The ULB is a more literal version of the Bible. It is adapted from the 1901 ASV Bible that is currently in public domain. *(I'm not sure about "more literal")*
The Unlocked Literal Bible (ULB) is an adaptation of the American Standard Version of 1901. It is intended to be used as a source text for Bible translators.
Or
#### WA Translation Helps
The Unlocked Literal Bible (ULB) is an adaptation of the American Standard Version of 1901. It is intended to be used as a source text for Bible translators. *(Adapted from ULB Readme file)*
#### WA Translation Resources (Interleaved pdfs)
The WA Translation Resources contain verse-by-verse translation helps for translators. They contain the Unlocked Literal Bible, Unlocked Dynamic Bible, Translation Notes, and links to Translation Words and Translation Topics.
The WA Translation Helps are pdf files that contain verse-by-verse translation helps for translators. They contain the Unlocked Literal Bible, Unlocked Dynamic Bible, Translation Notes, and links to Translation Words and Translation Topics.
The Translation Notes deal with topics such as pronouns, implicit information, cultural information, figures of speech and more. They also have book and chapter introductions. Also included in the Translation Resources are Translation Questions.
#### Reviewer's Guide
The Reviewer's Guide is a collection of documents to help local churches check the accuracy and naturalness of their Bible translation.
#### ULB Translation Questions
#### Translation Questions
These questions are designed to help the translators check for comprehension related to specific books of the Bible.
#### Translation Words
#### ULB Translation Words
This contains a list of important biblical words along with definitions and translation suggestions.
This contains a list of important biblical words along with their definitions and translation suggestions.
#### ULB Translation Manual -
#### Translation Manual
The Translation Manual teaches the basics of translation theory and processes, provides practical helps for dealing with various translation issues, and provides instruction and processes for checking translations.
(Could we delete ULB from the title?)
#### Unlocked Dynamic Bible
The UDB is a supplemental resource that can be used alongside the ULB to help clarify difficult passages.
The Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) is a supplemental resource that can be used alongside the ULB to help clarify difficult passages.
Translation Helps for {Matthew} is a set of resources designed to help mother-tongue Bible translators understand the book of {Matthew} and translate it accurately, clearly, and naturally into their own language. It consists of the following resources for the book of {Matthew}. For more information about each resource, click on the link at the end of each paragraph.
**Unlocked Literal Bible** - This is a relatively literal Bible translation which translators may translate into their own language. [Introduction to the Unlocked Literal Bible][[rc://en/ulb/00-ULB_front&back/ULB-11-Intro.md]]
**Translation Notes** - This is a set of notes that provide historical, cultural, and linguistic information to help translators understand the book of {Matthew}. Some notes also give suggestions about how particular words or phrase can be translated. Many of these notes have links to Translation Topics that tell more about the issues that the notes address. [Introduction to the Translation Notes][[rc://en/tn/00-tN_front&back/tn-11-Intro.md]]
**Translation Words** - This is a set of important words and names from the book of {Matthew} along with definitions or explanations and suggestions about how to translate them. [Introduction to the Translation Words][[rc://en/tw/00-tW_front&back/tw-11-Intro.md]]
**Translation Topics** - These provide simple explanations, examples, and strategies for dealing with the following areas in translation: grammar, writing style, figures of speech, unfamiliar concepts, and other issues that are particular to translating the Bible. [Introduction to the Translation Topics][[rc://en/tm/00-tT_front&back/tT-11-Intro.md]]
**Translation Questions** - These are questions about the Biblical text that translators and reviewers can use to see if their translation communicates the meaning accurately and clearly. [Introduction to the Translation Questions][[rc://en/tq/00-tQ_front&back/tq-11-Intro.md]]
**Unlocked Dynamic Bible** - This is a supplemental resource to help clarify the meaning of difficult passages. It is not intended to be used as a source text. [Introduction to the Unlocked Dynamic Bible][[rc://en/udb/00-UDB_front&back/UDB-11-Intro.md]]
## Format of Translation Resources
The first section of this document is called "Translation Notes." It has an introduction to the book of {Matthew}, general notes about each chapter, and verse-by-verse translation notes. Each verse-by-verse notes page has the following information:
* The Unlocked Literal Bible translation of that verse
* Translation Notes about that verse. Some of the notes have links to Translation Topics.
* Links to Translation Words in that verse
* The Unlocked Dynamic Bible translation of that verse
* Links to the following
* Introduction to the book
* General Notes about the chapter
* Translation Questions for the chapter
The rest of this document has the following sections:
* Translation Questions
* Translation Words
* Translation Topics
* Appendices with more information about each resource
## Viewing
All of these resources and PDFs of Translation Helps for other books of the Bible are available on the Translations page of [Bible in Every Language](https://bibleineverylanguage.org/translations/) (https://bibleineverylanguage.org/translations/).
These resources are also integrated into BTT Writer and VMAST so that translators can have immediate access to them while translating. BTT Writer and VMAST are available on the Tools page of [Bible in Every Language](https://bibleineverylanguage.org/tools/) (https://bibleineverylanguage.org/tools/).
## Questions, comments, and suggestions
We welcome questions, comments, and suggestions. You may send them to helpdesk@techadvancement.com or training_wa@wycliffeassociates.org.
Translation Notes is a set of open-licensed exegetical notes that provide historical, cultural, and linguistic information for translators. It provides translators and checkers with pertinent, just-in-time information to help them make the best possible translation decisions.
**You can learn more about Translation Notes** in the Appendix to the Translation Notes [[rc://en_tn/00-tN_front&back/tN-20-Appendix.md]]. It has the following sections:
* Decisions Concerning Translation Notes
* How to use Translation Notes
* Types of Translation Notes
* Contributors to Translation Notes (Fuller List)
## Viewing
To read or print Translation Notes, see ULB Translation Notes on the Translations page of [Bible in Every Language] (https://bibleineverylanguage.org/translations/) (https://bibleineverylanguage.org/translations/).
Translation Notes are also integrated into BTT Writer and VMAST so that translators can have immediate access to them while translating. BTT Writer and VMAST are available on the Tools page of [Bible in Every Language](https://bibleineverylanguage.org/tools/) (https://bibleineverylanguage.org/tools/).
## Questions, comments, and suggestions
We welcome questions, comments, and suggestions. You may send them to helpdesk@techadvancement.com or training_wa@wycliffeassociates.org.
## Contributors to the Translation Notes:
- John Hutchins, MA in New Testament, MA in Biblical Languages
- Robert W Johnson, B.S./M.S., Chemical Engineering
- Perry Oakes, PhD in Old Testament, MA in Linguistics
- James N. Pohlig, M.Div., MA in Linguistics, D. Litt. in Biblical Languages
- Edward Quigley, MA in Linguistics
- Susan Quigley, MA in Linguistics
- Larry Sallee, D.Min.
- Bram van den Heuvel, MA in Bible/Biblical Studies
The Translation Notes are written for words and phrases in the Unlocked Literal Bible. Some of the notes explain the meaning of a word or phrase, and some of the notes suggest ways of translating them. When Bible scholars are not sure of the meaning of a word or phrase, the notes tell about the most probable meaning first, and then the other reasonable meanings afterward.
Generally notes are not written about words that are explained in Translation Words. However, if a word has more than one use, there may be a note that tells how the word is used in that verse.
## How to use Translation Notes
The notes are intended to help translators understand Bible passages well so that they can translate them accurately. Translators are not expected to use all of the translation suggestions that are given in the notes. They are only there so that if translators have difficulty with a particular phrase, the suggestion can give them ideas of how they might translate it.
Some of the notes have links to topics in the Translation Manual. These topics are meant to help translators understand the translation issues addressed in the notes and to see different strategies for dealing with those issues.
## Types of Translation Notes
### Connecting Statement and General Information
Sometimes, at the top of the list of notes, there are notes that start with **Connecting Statement** or **General Information**. A **connecting statement** tells how the verse is related to earlier verses. A **general information** note tells about issues in the verse that cover more than one phrase. Both types of notes are to help you understand the passage better and be aware of issues that you might need to address in translation.
### Notes with Definitions
Sometimes you may not know what a word in the ULB means. The notes may have a definition or a description of the word or phrase to help you understand what it means.
### Notes that Explain
Sometimes you may not know what a word or phrase means in the ULB, and it may also be used in the UDB. In this case, it will be explained in the notes. These explanations are meant to help you understand the word or phrase. Do not translate the explanations into your Bible. Use them to help you understand the meaning so you can translate the Bible text correctly.
### Notes with Synonyms and Equivalent Phrases
Some Notes provide a translation suggestion that can replace the word or phrase that they quote from the ULB. These replacements can fit into the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. These are synonyms and equivalent phrases and are written in double-quotes. These mean the same as the text in the ULB. This kind of Note can help you to think of other ways to say the same thing, in case the word or phrase in the ULB does not seem to have a natural equivalent in your language.
### Notes about Alternate Translations
Sometimes if people try to translate a sentence using the same form as the ULB, it may result in a wrong meaning, or it may be unclear or unnatural in their language. So some Translation Notes have the words “Alternate translation” followed by one or more translations. These translations express the same meaning as the ULB, but with a different form. If following the form of the ULB would not give the correct meaning in a clear and natural way, translators may use the alternate translations to help them think of ways of expressing the idea clearly in their own language.
The alternate translation suggestion may involve, for example, stating implicit information clearly, changing passive voice to active, or rewording rhetorical questions as statements. The notes often explain why there is an alternate translation and have a link to a page that explains the topic.
### Notes about Alternate Meanings
Sometimes Bible scholars do not know for sure, or do not agree on, what a particular phrase or sentence in the Bible means. When many scholars say that a word or phrase means one thing, and many others say that it means other things, we often have notes showing the most common meanings that they give.
Sometimes translators can translate the text into their language in such a way that readers can understand any of the possible meanings. Sometimes translators have to decide which meaning to translate. When the ULB translators had to choose one of the meanings in order to make the text understandable, the notes tell about the meanings that are used in other versions.
The translator needs to decide which meaning to translate. He may choose the meaning used in the ULB or he may choose one of the other meanings if the people in their community use and respect another Bible version that has one of those other meanings.
### Notes about Probable or Possible Meanings
Sometimes Bible scholars do not know for sure, or do not agree on, what a particular phrase or sentence in the Bible means. When the ULB translators could translate the text in a way such that readers can understand the multiple meanings, our notes begin with "Possible meanings are" and then give a numbered list. We recommend that you use the first meaning given. However, if people in your community have access to another Bible that uses one of the other possible meanings, you may decide that it is better to use that meaning.
### Notes with Links
There are two types of links in the Translation Notes: links to a translation topic and links another verse in the same book.
**Links to Translation Topics**
Translation notes address various language and translation issues. Sometimes at the end of a translation note there is a statement in parentheses that may look like this: (See: Metaphor). The word or phrase after "See:" is a link to a translation topic in the Translation Manual. The topic deals with an issue that the note addresses. You can click on the link to learn more about the topic.
There are several reasons to read the topic information:
* Learning about the topic will help the translator to translate more accurately.
* The topics have been chosen to provide a basic understanding of the principles and strategies of translation.
**Links to Another Verse in the Same Book**
In some Translation Notes there is a sentence that may look like this: See how you translated this in Genesis 1:5. This is because sometimes a word or phrase is used in the same way multiple times in one book.
There are several reasons why you will want to see how you had translated the word or phrase before:
* This will make it easier for you to translate this phrase by reminding you of how you have already translated it.
* This will make your translation faster and more consistent because you will be reminded to translate that phrase in the same way each time.
### Notes That Identify Figures of Speech
Figures of speech are ways of saying things that use words in non-literal ways. That is, the meaning of a figure of speech is not the same as the more direct meaning of its words. There are many different types of figures of speech.
In the Translation Notes there will be an explanation about the meaning of a figure of speech that is in the passage. Sometimes an alternate translation is provided. There will also be a link to page in the translation topics section of the Translation Manual that gives additional information and strategies for that kind of figure of speech.
In order to translate the meaning, you need to be able to recognize the figure of speech and know what it means in the source language. Then you can choose either a figure of speech or a direct way to communicate that same meaning in the target language.
### Notes that Identify Indirect and Direct Quotes
There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation. When translating a quotation, translators need to decide whether to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation.
When there is a quote in the ULB, the note may have an option for translating it as the other kind of quote. The translation suggestion may start with "It can be translated as a direct quote:" or "It can be translated as an indirect quote:" and it will be followed by that kind of quote. This will be followed by a link to the translation topic page that explains both kinds of quotations: "[Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md)"
There may be a note about direct and indirect quotes when a quote has another quote inside of it, because these can be confusing. In some languages it may be more natural to translate one of these quotes with a direct quote and the other quote with an indirect quote. The note will also have a link to the translation topic page called "[Quotes within Quotes](../figs-quotesinquotes/01.md)."
### Notes for Long ULB Phrases
Sometimes there are notes for a phrase and separate notes for portions of that phrase. In that case, the larger phrase is usually explained first, and its parts afterward.
@ -6,3 +6,6 @@ These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
# reigned in his place
"reigned in Bela's place" or "reigned instead of Bela." This means that Jobab became king after Bela. Alternate translation: "succeeded Bela as king" or "became king after him"
These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
# Shaul of Rehoboth on the river reigned in his place
Shaul lived in Rehoboth. Rehoboth was by the Euphrates river. This information may be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Shaul reigned in his place. He was from Rehoboth, which is by the Euphrates River" or "Shaul, who was from Rehoboth by the river, became king after him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
# Rehoboth
This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
There was a village named Etam. Possible meanings are 1) Etam was a man, and the word "sons" refers to his own sons, or 2) Etam here is the village, and "sons" is a metaphor meaning those who start a village. [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
# Jezreel ... Ishma ... Idbash
These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
# Penuel was the father of Gedor. Ezer was the father of Hushah.
These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
There was a man named Gedor and a city named Gedor. The name Hushah occurs only in this verse. Possible meanings are 1) the names Gedor and Hushah refer to two men, or 2) the names Gedor and Hushah refer to cities, and "father" is a metaphor meaning someone who starts a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
# Peniel ... Ezer ... Hur
# Penuel ... Ezer ... Hur ... Ephrathah
These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
# These were descendants of Hur
"Peniel and Ezer were descendants of Hur." This points forward to the list that will follow.
The word "These" refers to Peniel and Ezer.
# Hur, the firstborn of Ephrathah
Hur was Ephrathah's first son.
# Ephrathah, the father of Bethlehem
Bethlehem is the name of a city. The word "father" is a metaphor meaning someone who starts a city. Alternate translation: "Ephrathah, who started the city of Bethlehem." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
# Ephrathah
This is the name of a woman. See how you translated this in [1 Chronicles 2:50](../02/50.md).
The clan is a metonym for the people in the clan. Alternate translation: "the number of people in their clans increased greatly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
The house is a metonym for the people in the house. Alternate translation: "the number of people in their families increased greatly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
Or "homes of the Hamites" or "places where the Hamites lived." The Hamites probably did not still live in tents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
# Meunites
a people group. Alternate translation: "descendants of Meun" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
a people. Alternate translation: "descendants of Meun" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but Israel gave Reube
This is a polite way to speak about Reuben sleeping with his father's secondary wife. The couch is the place where a man and his wife would have slept together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
# So he is not recorded as being the oldest son
# he is not recorded in the genealogy as having the birthright
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "So the family history does not list Reuben as the oldest son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
This can be stated in active form. The word "recorded" carries the idea of a written record, so if your language has such a word, you may want to use it here. Alternate translation: "the family history does not list Reuben as the oldest son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ This refers to the people from the tribe of Gad.
"forty-four thousand seven hundred and sixty soldiers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-numbers]])
# who carried shield and sword, and who drew the bow
# who carried shield and sword and who drew the bow
The soldiers are described as skilled in warfare by the weapons they carried. Alternate translation: "who were all trained to fight well in battles" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
When Yahweh's people worship other gods, they are spoken of as spiritual prostitutes. Alternate translation: "they acted like prostitutes by worshiping the gods" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]
The authority of a person is described by where they stand. The right side of a person is the place where the person with the most authority stands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
This is the name of a people group, the descendants of Kohath ([1 Chronicles 6:1](../06/01.md)). See how you translated this family name in [1 Chronicles 6:33](./33.md).
All of the names here are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
# heads of their fathers' houses
The words "father's houses" refers to extended families, people related to each other who usually lived in different houses, what the UDB calls "clans."
# They numbered 22,600
"They numbered twenty-two thousand six hundred" or "There were 22,600 men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-numbers]])
# They were very capable men for the work of service
"These capable men worked"
@ -6,10 +6,6 @@
the second temple, which the people built after they returned from Babylon
# fathers' houses
extended families, people related to each other who usually lived in different houses, clans
# numbered 1,760
"numbered one thousand and sixty priests" or "numbered seventeen hundred and sixty priests" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-ellipsis]])
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ It is not clear who chose these men, so if you have to translate in active form,
"numbered two hundred and twelve" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-numbers]])
# Their names were recorded in the people's records in their villages
# Their names were recorded in the people's genealogies in their villages
This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "The records in peoples' villages included the names of these men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
# the four leaders ... were assigned to guard the rooms
# the four leaders ... were entrusted with the rooms
It is not clear who assigned these men, so if you have to translate in active form, use your language's most general way of doing so. Alternate translation: "they assigned the four leaders ... to guard the rooms" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
It is not clear who entrusted these men, so if you have to translate in active form, use your language's most general way of doing so. Alternate translation: "they entrusted the four leaders ... with the rooms" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
# entrusted with
You may want to make explicit that they were entrusted to guard the rooms. Alternate translation: "entrusted to guard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
All of the names here are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
# Rephaiah his son, Eleasah his son, Azel his son
Possible meanings are 1) Rephaiah was Bineah's son, Eleasah was Rephaiah's son, and Azel was Eleasah's son, or 2) Rephaiah, Eleasah, and Azel were all sons of Moza.
This is a generalization that means people from every tribe in Israel came to David, but not every individual. Alternate translation: "people from throughout Israel came to David" or "people from every tribe in Israel came to David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]])
This is a generalization that means people from every tribe in Israel came to David, but not every individual. Alternate translation: "people from throughout Israel came to be with David" or "people from every tribe in Israel came to be with David" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]])
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ This means Abishai was the leader of the three men who went and got water for Da
"300 men" or "300 warriors" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-numbers]])
# He is mentioned along with the Three
# He had a name along with the Three
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People often mentioned him when they spoke of the Three" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
The word "name" here is a metonym for a good reputation, for being honored as a mighty warrior. Alternate translation: "People honored him the same way they honored the Three" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
The story of David begins here and continues throughout the remainder of this book.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### King David the military leader
#### King David the military leader
David was made the king of all Israel and was the leader of their army. He conquered Jerusalem and strengthened its defenses. He had many brave men in his army that did great deeds. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])
The Spirit empowering Amasai is spoken of as if the Spirit came on him. Alternate translation: "the Spirit empowered Amasai" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
The topic of this metaphor is that because of what the Spirit did, Amasai had special powers. Possible images are 1) the Spirit came over or came on or covered Amasai like a garment, thus giving Amasai special powers. Alternate translation: "came over Amasai" or "took control of Amasai" Or 2) the Spirit covered himself with Amasai and so acted through him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
The word "heart" here is a metonym for a person's intentions or desires. Alternate translation: "with firm intentions" or "determined to make David king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
##### "[They] could use both the right hand and the left"
#### "[They] could use both the right hand and the left"
These soldiers were very skilled. They were able to fight with either hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
##### King David
#### King David
This chapter records all those who supported David as king over Saul. The extent of this record shows that there was nearly universal support for David.
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This refers to all of the Israelites who were assembled in this place. Alternate
This idiom means that this action is something that Yahweh approves. Alternate translation: "if this is something that Yahweh our God approves" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]])
# Let them be told to join us
# Let them be told to come together with us
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Let messengers tell them to join us" or "Let them join us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
# in the eyes of all the people they seemed to be what was right
Here the word "eyes" represents seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: "all the people considered these things to be right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
Here the word "eyes" is a metonym for what the people thought or judged because of what they saw. Alternate translation: "all the people considered these things to be right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
David tried to bring the ark to Jerusalem on an ox cart instead of being carried by priests as the law said to do. The ox stumbled and Uzzah touched the ark to keep it from falling and he immediately died because of this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
People in every land hearing of David's reputation is spoken of as if David's fame traveled to those lands. Alternate translation: "People far away heard about David's fame" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]])
The word "fame" here is spoken of as if it were a person who could move. The word "lands" is a metonym for the people living in those lands. Alternate translation: "People in all the lands nearby knew who David was" or "People in all the lands nearby knew that David was a mighty warrior" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]])
# Uriel, Asaiah, Joel, Shemaiah, Eliel, and Amminadab
These are names of men. See how you translated them in [1 Chronicles verses 5-6](./04.md) and [1 Chronicles verses 7-10](./07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
These are names of men. See how you translated them in [1 Chronicles 15:5-6](./04.md) and [1 Chronicles 15:7-10](./07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This continues the list of men whom the Levites appointed to sing and play music
This likely means that these men served in lower positions and were assistants to Heman, Asaph, and Ethan. Alternate translation: "With them were their kinsmen who were in a lower position of power" or "The following relatives would help them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-ordinal]])
# Mikneiah, ObedEdom, and Jeiel, the gatekeepers
# Mikneiah, Obed-Edom, and Jeiel, the gatekeepers
The word "gatekeepers" refers to people who guard gates or entryways. Here it refers to guarding access to the ark of the covenant and applies to Obed Edom and Jeiel. Alternate translation: "Mikneiah, and the gatekeepers, Obed Edom and Jeiel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
The word "gatekeepers" refers to people who guard gates or entryways. Here it refers to guarding access to the ark of the covenant and applies to Obed-Edom and Jeiel. Alternate translation: "Mikneiah, and the gatekeepers, Obed-Edom and Jeiel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
Possible meanings are 1) the word "thousands" represents the exact amount of soldiers that each of these commanders and led. Alternate translation: "the commanders of 1,000 soldiers" or 2) the word translated as "thousands" does not represent an exact numbers but is the name of a large military division. Alternate translation: "the commanders of large military divisions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-numbers]])
# ObedEdom
# Obed-Edom
This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
Chapters 15 and 16 tell how David organized the priests and Levites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 16:8-36.
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 16:8-36.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### David's psalm
#### David's psalm
As David organized the priests in their work in the tent, he wrote a psalm of praise to Yahweh.
# did I ever say anything to any of Israel's leaders whom I appointed to shepherd my people, saying, "Why have you not built me a house of cedar?"
# did I ever say anything to any of Israel's judges, whom I appointed to shepherd my people, saying, "Why have you not built me a house of cedar?"
This has a quotation within a quotation. The direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "did I ever ask any of Israel's leaders, whom I appointed to shepherd my people, why they had not built me a house of cedar?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-quotations]])
This has a quotation within a quotation. The direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "did I ever ask any of Israel's judges, whom I appointed to shepherd my people, why they had not built me a house of cedar?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-quotations]])
# did I ever say anything to any of Israel's leaders
# did I ever say anything to any of Israel's judges
Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he never asked any of Israel's leaders to build him a house. Alternate translation: "I never said anything to any of Israel's leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he never asked any of Israel's judges to build him a house. Alternate translation: "I never said anything to any of Israel's judges" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
Yahweh continues describing his promises to King David through the prophet Nathan.
# I will be a father to him, and he will be my son
The prophecy in 17:11-14 refers to Solomon, David's son. But, aspects of the prophecy will be fulfilled by Jesus. So, here it is best to translate the words "father" and "son" with your normal words for a biological father and son.
# I will not take my covenant faithfulness away from him, as I took it from Saul
The abstract noun "faithfulness" can be translated as "faithfully." Alternate translation: "I will never stop faithfully loving him, as I stopped loving Saul" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]])
David wanted to build a temple for God but God would not allow him to. Instead he promised that his son, Solomon, would build the temple and he promised David would have a descendant who would be king forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
# Ahimelech
# Ahimelek
This spelling represents a correction of the spelling "Abimelech," which some versions follow. The corrected spelling makes this verse agree with [2 Samuel 8:17](../08/17.md).
This spelling represents a correction of the spelling "Abimelek," which some versions follow. The corrected spelling makes this verse agree with [2 Samuel 8:17](../08/17.md).
David conquered all kingdoms neighboring Israel. The gold, silver and bronze he received from these victories, he saved for building the temple. This may indicate that he believed that the victories were because of Yahweh and therefore the goods received in victory belonged to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
# thirty-two thousand chariots
It is not clear if the Ammonites paid the entire thousand talents to the king of Maacah, or if they paid him only a portion of that amount and gave the rest to the other cities that sent additional chariots and horsemen.
It is not clear if the Ammonites paid the entire thousand talents to the king of Maakah, or if they paid him only a portion of that amount and gave the rest to the other cities that sent additional chariots and horsemen.
@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ Verses 16-19 describes a second battle when the Arameans who fled from Joab in [
What the Arameans understood is spoken of as what they saw. Alternate translation: "the Arameans understood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
This is the beginning of the story about the war against the Ammonites. This story continues in the first part of the next chapter.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Insults
#### Insults
The young king of Ammon insulted David when he had David's servants shaved and cut off their garments. Knowing David was going to attack him for this, he hired mercenaries from Aram to help him. Israel was able to defeat the Aramean mercenaries.
Here "these" refer to Sippai in [1 Chronicles 20:4](../20/04.md), Lahmi in [1 Chronicles 20:5](../20/05.md), and the giant in verse 6.
# they were killed by the hand of David and by the hand of his soldiers
# they were killed by the hand of David and by the hand of his servants
David and his soldiers are referred to by the part of their bodies used to hold a sword. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "David and his soldiers killed the descendants of the Rephaim" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
David and his servants are referred to by the part of their bodies used to hold a sword. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "David and his servants killed the descendants of the Rephaim" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
# servants
You may need to make explicit that these men served David as soldiers. Alternate translation: "soldiers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ David speaks of the people of Israel as if they were sheep, who are known for tr
David uses this question to asks God not to punish the people. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "they certainly have done nothing that deserves punishment." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
# Let your hand strike me and my family
# Let your hand strike me and my clan
Here "hand" represents Yahweh's power to punish. Alternate translation: "Punish me and my family" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
Here "hand" represents Yahweh's power to punish. Alternate translation: "Punish me and my clan" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
To trust in one's own power instead of God's protection is a sin. David had been trusting God to protect him, but now he counted the men of military age so he could know the strength of his army. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
This chapter begins a new section lasting for the remainder of the book. David begins preparing the things needed for building the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Solomon
#### Solomon
In addition to preparing for the construction of the temple by gathering supplies, David also prepares his son, Solomon, to build the temple. David instructs Solomon to obey God. This is what is most necessary.
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Some of David's men counted the Levites who were 30 years old and older" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
# They numbered thirty-eight thousand
# they numbered thirty-eight thousand
"There were 38,000 of them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-numbers]])
"there were 38,000 of them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-numbers]])
# These were Levi's descendants corresponding to their clans. They were the leaders, counted and listed by name, of the clans
# These were Levi's descendants corresponding to their clans. They were the leaders, counted and listed by name in the census, of the clans
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "These were the names of Levi's descendants and their families, whom David's men counted and listed. They were the leaders of the clans" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
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