Small fixes -- mostly removing stray spaces (#535)

Co-authored-by: Robert Hunt <Freely.Given.org@gmail.com>
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/pulls/535
Co-authored-by: Robert Hunt <robh@noreply.door43.org>
Co-committed-by: Robert Hunt <robh@noreply.door43.org>

.gitignore

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 .idea
 .DS_Store
+desktop.ini

LICENSE.md

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-*unfoldingWord® Translation Academy*
+**unfoldingWord® Translation Academy**
 
-*Copyright © 2019 by unfoldingWord*
+**Copyright © 2021 by unfoldingWord**
 
-This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.
+This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.
 
 unfoldingWord® is a registered trademark of unfoldingWord. Use of the unfoldingWord name or logo requires the written permission of unfoldingWord. Under the terms of the CC BY-SA license, you may copy and redistribute this unmodified work as long as you keep the unfoldingWord® trademark intact. If you modify a copy or translate this work, thereby creating a derivative work, you must remove the unfoldingWord® trademark.
 
-On the derivative work, you must indicate what changes you have made and attribute the work as follows: “The original work by unfoldingWord is available from [unfoldingword.org/uta](https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta)”. You must also make your derivative work available under the same license (CC BY-SA).
+On the derivative work, you must indicate what changes you have made and attribute the work as follows: “The original work by unfoldingWord is available from [unfoldingword.org/uta](https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta).” You must also make your derivative work available under the same license (CC BY-SA).
 
 If you would like to notify unfoldingWord regarding your translation of this work, please contact us at [unfoldingword.org/contact/](https://www.unfoldingword.org/contact/).
-
-Version 11 PDF ISBN: 978-1-62666-004-5

README.md

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 ## Description
 
-[unfoldingWord® Translation Academy](https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta) (UTA) is a modular handbook that provides a condensed explanation of Bible translation and checking principles that the global Church has implicitly affirmed define trustworthy translations. It enables translators to learn how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.
+[unfoldingWord® Translation Academy](https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta) (UTA) is a modular handbook that provides a condensed explanation of Bible translation and checking principles that the global church has implicitly affirmed define trustworthy translations. It enables translators to learn how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.
 
 ## Downloading
 
-If you want to download unfoldingWord® Translation Academy to use, go here: [https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta](https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta). UTA is also included in [tS](http://ufw.io/ts) and [tC](http://ufw.io/tc).
+If you want to download unfoldingWord® Translation Academy to use, go here: [https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta](https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta). UTA is also included in [tS](https://ufw.io/ts) and [tC](https://ufw.io/tc).
 
 ## Improving UTA
 
@@ -16,40 +16,40 @@ If you want to make your suggested changes then you may use the online editor to
 
 ## Structure
 
-UTA is written in a simple Markdown format and organized according to the [Resource Container Manual](https://resource-container.readthedocs.io/en/latest/container_types.html#manual-man) type.  See that link for more information but here is a quick summary.
+UTA is written in a simple Markdown format and organized according to the [Resource Container Manual](https://resource-container.readthedocs.io/en/latest/container_types.html#manual-man) type. See that link for more information but here is a quick summary.
 
 Each manual has its own directory in this repository (for example, the Checking Manual is in the [checking](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/checking) directory). Each module has its own directory inside of these manual directories. Inside each of these are three files:
 
-* `01.md` - This is the main body of the module
-* `sub-title.md` - This file contians the question that the module is intended to answer.
-* `title.md` - This contains the title of the module
+* `01.md` — This is the main body of the module
+* `sub-title.md` — This file contains the question that the module is intended to answer.
+* `title.md` — This contains the title of the module
 
-There are also YAML formatted files in each manual’s directory.  The `toc.yaml` file is for encoding the Table of Contents and the `config.yaml` file is for encoding dependencies between the modules.
+There are also YAML formatted files in each manual’s directory. The `toc.yaml` file is for encoding the Table of Contents and the `config.yaml` file is for encoding dependencies between the modules.
 
 ## GL Translators
 
 ### UTA Translation Philosophy
 
-To learn the philosophy of how to translate the UTA please see the [Translate unfoldingWord® Translation Academy](http://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gl_translation.html#translating-translationacademy) article in the [Gateway Language Manual](http://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/).
+To learn the philosophy of how to translate the UTA please see the [Translate unfoldingWord® Translation Academy](https://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gl_translation.html#translating-translationacademy) article in the [Gateway Language Manual](https://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/).
 
-NOTE: The Bible was originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. In these languages, masculine pronouns and terms can apply to both men and women.  The same is true in English, and in this manual we often use masculine terms to refer to both men and women.  For example, in this manual we often use masculine pronouns to refer to people like you (and other translators) who will use this manual. But we do not intend to say that only men can use this manual or to say that only men can translate the Bible.  We are simply using masculine terms to refer to both men and women.
+NOTE: The Bible was originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. In these languages, masculine pronouns and terms can apply to both men and women. The same is true in English, and in this manual we often use masculine terms to refer to both men and women. For example, in this manual we often use masculine pronouns to refer to people like you (and other translators) who will use this manual. But we do not intend to say that only men can use this manual or to say that only men can translate the Bible. We are simply using masculine terms to refer to both men and women.
 
 If you are translating online, please fork the [Door43-Catalog/en_ta](https://git.door43.org/Door43-Catalog/en_ta) repository, following this workflow: [Translate Content Online](https://forum.ccbt.bible/t/translate-content-online/75).
 
 ### Technical Information for Translating UTA
 
-* *Do not* rename any files or directories.  Only translate what is inside the files.
+* *Do not* rename any files or directories. Only translate what is inside the files.
 * The `config.yaml` and `toc.yaml` files do not need to be changed unless you add a new module. When you are finished translating, you may want to update the `title` fields in the `toc.yaml` file, but you shouldn’t make any other changes in those files.
-* Images that are included in UTA should be no more than 600px wide. NOTE: If you use the images already in UTA, you do not need to translate the names of the image files.  They will work in their current format.
-* Hyperlinks (links to other articles or to other pages on the internet) follow this pattern: `[text to display](http://www.example.com)`. You can translate the “text to display” inside the square brackets but not the web address that follows inside the parentheses.
+* Images that are included in UTA should be no more than 600px wide. NOTE: If you use the images already in UTA, you do not need to translate the names of the image files. They will work in their current format.
+* Hyperlinks (links to other articles or to other pages on the internet) follow this pattern: `[text to display](https://www.example.com)`. You can translate the “text to display” inside the square brackets but not the web address that follows inside the parentheses.
 
 You are free to add additional modules. In order for the new modules to be included, all of the following conditions need to be satisfied:
 
-* You must create a directory in one of the manual directories (like the translate directory) that has the short name of the module you want to write.  For example, to create a new module on “testing” in the Translation Manual, you will want to put the file in “translate/testing/01.md”.
+* You must create a directory in one of the manual directories (like the translate directory) that has the short name of the module you want to write. For example, to create a new module on “testing” in the Translation Manual, you will want to put the file in “translate/testing/01.md.”
 * The file must be included in the table of contents, `toc.yaml` for the appropriate manual.
 * The value of the slug in the `toc.yaml` file and the directory (without the extension) must be the same as the directory name (`testing` in this example).
 * The slug must be unique, and not used in any of the other manuals. This is a requirement so that it is possible to create unambiguous links to each module.
 
 ## License
 
-See the [LICENSE](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/LICENSE.md) file for licensing information.
+See the [LICENSE](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/LICENSE.md) file for licensing information.

checking/acceptable/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Translation in an Acceptable Style
 
 As you read the new translation, ask yourself these questions. These are questions that will help determine whether or not the translation has been done in a style that is acceptable to the language community:
@@ -8,4 +7,4 @@ As you read the new translation, ask yourself these questions. These are questio
 1. Does the translation use too many words that were borrowed from another language, or are these words acceptable to the language community?
 1. Did the writer use an appropriate form of the language acceptable to the wider language community? (Is the writer familiar with the dialects of your language found throughout the area? Did the writer use a form of the language that all of the language community understands well, or did he use a form that is used in only a small area?)
 
-If there is a place where the translation uses language in the wrong style, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
+If there is a place where the translation uses language in the wrong style, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.

checking/accuracy-check/01.md

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-
 ### Checking the Translation for Accuracy by Pastors and Church Leaders
 
 It is very important to make sure that the new translation is accurate. A translation is accurate when it communicates the same meaning as the original. In other words, an accurate translation communicates the same message that the original writer intended to communicate. A translation can be accurate even though it uses more or fewer words or puts the ideas in a different order. Often this is necessary in order to make the original message clear in the target language.
 
-Although members of the translation team have checked the translation for accuracy with each other during the [Oral Partner Check](../peer-check/01.md), the translation will continue to improve as it is checked by many people, especially by pastors and church leaders. Each passage or book can be checked by one church leader, or, if many leaders are available, there can be several church leaders checking each passage or book. Having more than one person checking a story or passage can be helpful, because often different checkers will notice different things. 
+Although members of the translation team have checked the translation for accuracy with each other during the [Oral Partner Check](../peer-check/01.md), the translation will continue to improve as it is checked by many people, especially by pastors and church leaders. Each passage or book can be checked by one church leader, or, if many leaders are available, there can be several church leaders checking each passage or book. Having more than one person checking a story or passage can be helpful, because often different checkers will notice different things.
 
 The church leaders who do accuracy checking should be speakers of the language of the translation, be respected in the community, and know the Bible well in the source language. They should not be the same people who translated the passage or book that they are checking. The accuracy checkers will be helping the translation team make sure that the translation says everything that the source says, and that it does not add things that are not part of the source message. Keep in mind, however, that accurate translations also might include [Implicit Information](../../translate/figs-explicit/01.md).
 
@@ -11,14 +10,14 @@ It is true that the language community members who do the [Language Community Ch
 
 The Church Leaders doing accuracy checking should follow these steps:
 
-1. If possible, find out ahead of time which set of stories or which Bible passage you will be checking. Read the passage in several versions in any languages you understand. Read the passage in the ULT and UST, along with unfoldingWord® Translation Notes and unfoldingWord® Translation Words. You can read these in translationStudio or in Bible Viewer. 
- 
+1. If possible, find out ahead of time which set of stories or which Bible passage you will be checking. Read the passage in several versions in any languages you understand. Read the passage in the ULT and UST, along with unfoldingWord® Translation Notes and unfoldingWord® Translation Words. You can read these in translationStudio or in Bible Viewer.
+
 1. Then each of the accuracy checkers should read the translation (or listen to the recording) by himself, comparing it to the original Bible passage or story in the source language. The checker can do this using translationStudio. It can be helpful for someone, such as the translator, to read the translation out loud to the checker while the checker follows along looking at the source Bible or Bibles. As the checker reads (or listens to) the translation and compares it to the source, he should keep in mind these general questions:
 
     * Does the translation add anything to the original meaning? (The original meaning also includes [Implicit Information](../../translate/figs-explicit/01.md).)
     * Is there any part of the meaning that is left out of the translation?
-    * Has the translation changed the meaning in any way?    
-  
+    * Has the translation changed the meaning in any way?
+
 1. It can be helpful to read or listen to the translation of the Bible passage several times. You might not notice everything the first time through a passage or verse. This is especially true if the translation puts ideas or parts of a sentence in a different order than in the source. You may need to check for one part of the sentence, then read or listen again to check for another part of the sentence. When you have read or listened to the passage as many times as it takes to find all of its parts, then you can move to the next passage. For more ways to check if the translation is complete, see [Complete](../complete/01.md).
 
 1. The checker should make notes where he thinks there might be a problem or something to be improved. Each checker will discuss these notes with the translation team. The notes could be in the margins of a printed translation draft, or in a spreadsheet, or using the comment feature of translationCore.
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ The Church Leaders doing accuracy checking should follow these steps:
 
 1. After the translation team revises the translation, they should read it out loud to each other or to other members of the language community to make sure that it still sounds natural in their language.
 
-1. If there are any Bible passages or verses that are still difficult to understand, the translation team should make a note of the difficulty. The translation team can assign these problems to members to do more research in Bible translation helps or commentaries to find the answer, or they can ask for additional help from other Bible checkers or consultants. When the members have discovered the meaning, the translation team can meet again to decide how to express that meaning naturally and clearly in their language. 
+1. If there are any Bible passages or verses that are still difficult to understand, the translation team should make a note of the difficulty. The translation team can assign these problems to members to do more research in Bible translation helps or commentaries to find the answer, or they can ask for additional help from other Bible checkers or consultants. When the members have discovered the meaning, the translation team can meet again to decide how to express that meaning naturally and clearly in their language.
 
 ##### Additional Questions
 
@@ -40,7 +39,6 @@ These questions can also be helpful for finding anything that might be inaccurat
 * Were the people introduced in each story doing the same things as those mentioned in the source language translation? (Was it easy to see who was doing the events of the new translation when it was compared to the source language?)
 * Are there any unfoldingWord® Translation Words used in the new translation that do not match your understanding of the words in the source version? Think about things like this: How do your people talk about a priest (one who sacrifices to God) or a temple (the sacrifice place of the Jews) without using a word borrowed from the source language?
 * Are the phrases used in the new translation helpful in understanding the more difficult phrases of the source translation? (Are the phrases of the new translation put together in a way that brings better understanding yet still fits with the meaning of the source language translation?)
-* Another way to determine if the text is accurate is to ask comprehension questions about the translation, such as, “who did what, when, where, how, and why?” There are questions that have already been prepared to help with this. (To view the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions go to http://ufw.io/tq/.) The answers to those questions should be the same as the answers to those questions about the source language translation. If they are not, there is a problem in the translation.
-
-For more general types of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md). 
+* Another way to determine if the text is accurate is to ask comprehension questions about the translation, such as, “who did what, when, where, how, and why?” There are questions that have already been prepared to help with this. (To view the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions go to https://ufw.io/tq/.) The answers to those questions should be the same as the answers to those questions about the source language translation. If they are not, there is a problem in the translation.
 
+For more general types of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).

checking/alignment-tool/01.md

@@ -1,30 +1,46 @@
-#### In order to use the Alignment Tool to do Validation Checking:  
+### Alignment Checking
+
+Alignment Checking will be done by the Church Network Delegates. These are people who are chosen by the church leaders in the language community. These people are first-language speakers of the target language, are knowledgeable about the Bible, and are persons whose opinions are respected by the church leaders. If possible, they should be people who are trained in biblical languages, biblical content, and translation principles. When these people affirm the translation, the church leaders will approve of the distribution and use of the translation among the people who know and respect them.
+
+If these people do not exist in the language community, then the translation team may want to collaborate with Quality Checkers from outside the language community in order to do Alignment Checking. In this case, it may be necessary to prepare a [backtranslation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md).
+
+Those who do Alignment Checking should be other than the people who did the previous [Accuracy Checking](../accuracy-check/01.md). Since Alignment Checking is also a form of accuracy checking, the translation will receive the maximum benefit if different people do each of these checks.
+
+The purpose of Alignment Checking is to ensure that the translation accurately communicates the message of the original language texts and reflects the sound doctrine of the global Church throughout history and throughout the world. After Alignment Checking, the leaders of the churches that speak the target language can affirm that the translation is trustworthy for their people.
+
+It is best if the leaders from every Church network in the language community can appoint or approve some of the people who will do the Alignment Checking. In that way, all of the church leaders will be able to affirm that the translation is trustworthy and useful for all of the churches of the community.
+
+The tool that we recommend for Alignment Checking is the Alignment Tool in translationCore®. To learn how to use this tool, continue reading below.
+
+If you are a Quality Checker (QC) and are using Alignment Checking as part of your checking process, go to [Steps for Quality Checkers](../vol2-steps/01.md) to see the rest of the QC checking process.
+
+#### In order to use the Alignment Tool to do Alignment Checking:
 
 1. Load the translation of the Bible book that you want to check into translationCore®.
-1. Choose the Word Alignment tool. 
+1. Choose the Word Alignment tool.
 1. Navigate through the verses using the menu of chapters and verses on the left side.
-    *  When you click on a verse in the menu list to open it, the words of that verse appear in a vertical list, ordered from top to bottom, just to the right of the list of chapters and verses. Each word is in a separate box.
-    *  The words of the original language (Greek, Hebrew, or Aramaic) text for that verse are also in separate boxes in a field to the right of the target language word list. There is a space under each of the original language word boxes outlined with a dotted line.
-1. In each verse, drag the target language words in the word bank onto the space below the original language words that express that same meaning. 
+    * When you click on a verse in the menu list to open it, the words of that verse appear in a vertical list, ordered from top to bottom, just to the right of the list of chapters and verses. Each word is in a separate box.
+    * The words of the original language (Greek, Hebrew, or Aramaic) text for that verse are also in separate boxes in a field to the right of the target language word list. There is a space under each of the original language word boxes outlined with a dotted line.
+1. In each verse, drag the target language words in the word bank onto the space below the original language words that express that same meaning.
     * To drag a word, click and hold down the button as you move each word box of the target language into the space under the word box of the source (original) text that the word corresponds to. Drop the target language word by releasing the mouse button.
     * When the target language word is over a word box of the original, the dotted outline will turn blue to let you know that the word will drop there. If you make a mistake or decide that the target word belongs somewhere else, simply drag it again to where it belongs. Target language words can also be dragged back to the list.
-    * If there are repeated words in a verse, make sure to drag only the words that correspond to that part of the meaning of the original language verse. Then drag the repeated words to the place in the original verse where that meaning is repeated. 
+    * If there are repeated words in a verse, make sure to drag only the words that correspond to that part of the meaning of the original language verse. Then drag the repeated words to the place in the original verse where that meaning is repeated.
     * When the same target language word occurs more than once in a verse, each instance of the word will have a small superscript number after it. This number will help you to align each repeated target word to the correct original word in the correct order.
     * You may need to combine original language words and/or target language words in order to make groups of words that have equivalent meanings. The goal of aligning is to match the smallest group of target language words to the smallest group of original language words that have the same meaning.
-  
+
 When you have finished this process for a verse, it should be easy to see if there are words left over in either the target word bank or the original language pane.
 
-* If there are target language words left over, this may mean that there is something that has been added that does not belong in the translation. If the left-over words are expressing implied information, then they are not really extra and could be aligned to the word or words that they are explaining. 
-* If there are original language words left over, this may mean that the translation needs to include a translation of these words. 
-* If you determine that the translation has words that it should not have or is missing a translation of some words of the original text, then someone will need to edit the translation. You can either make a comment to tell someone else what is wrong with the translation, or you can edit the translation directly in the Alignment Tool.  
+* If there are target language words left over, this may mean that there is something that has been added that does not belong in the translation. If the left-over words are expressing implied information, then they are not necessarily extra, but could be aligned to the word or words that they are explaining.
+* If there are original language words left over, this may mean that the translation needs to include a translation of these words.
+* If you determine that the translation has words that it should not have or is missing a translation of some words of the original text, then someone will need to edit the translation. You can either make a comment to tell someone else what to change in the translation, or you can edit the translation directly in the Alignment Tool, depending on your role in the Translation Team.
 
 #### Alignment Philosophy
 
-The Alignment Tool supports one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many alignments. That means that one or more target langage words can be aligned to one or more original language words, as necessary to get the most accurate alignment of the **meaning** conveyed by the two languages. Do not be concerned if the target language uses more or fewer words than the original language to express something. Because languages are different, that is to be expected. With the Alignment Tool, you are really aligning **meaning**, not just words. It is most important that the target translation express the **meaning** of the original Bible well, no matter how many words it takes to do that. By aligning the target language words that express the original language **meaning**, we can see if all of the original language **meaning** is there in the translation.
+The Alignment Tool supports one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many alignments. That means that one or more target langage words can be aligned to one or more original language words, as necessary, to get the most accurate alignment of the **meaning** conveyed by the two languages. Do not be concerned if the target language uses more or fewer words than the original language to express something. Because languages are different, that is to be expected. With the Alignment Tool, you are really aligning **meaning**, not just words. It is most important that the target translation express the **meaning** of the original Bible well, no matter how many words it takes to do that. By aligning the target language words that express the original language **meaning**, we can see if all of the original language **meaning** is there in the translation.
 
 Because each target language will have different requirements for sentence structure and the amount of explicit information that must be provided, there will often be some target language words that do not have an exact match to any original language words. If these words are there to give information that the sentence needs in order to make sense, or to provide some implicit information that is necessary for understanding the sentence, then the target words that are provided should be aligned with the original language word that implies them, or that they help to explain.
 
-#### Merge and Unmerge Instructions  
+#### Merge and Unmerge Instructions
 
 * To align multiple target language words to a single original language word, simply drag and drop the target language words onto the box below the desired original language word.
 * When it is desired to align target language word(s) to a combination of original language words, first drag one of the combination original language words into the same box as the other original language word. Multiple original language words can be merged together in this fashion.
@@ -34,4 +50,6 @@ Because each target language will have different requirements for sentence struc
 
 #### After Aligning
 
-After you have finished aligning a Bible book and making questions and comments about the translation, it is time to either send the questions to the translation team or plan to meet together with the translation team and discuss them. For the steps to complete this process, return to where you left off on the [Steps for Validation Checking](../vol2-steps/01.md) page. 
+If you are a Quality Checker, after you have finished aligning a Bible book and making questions and comments about the translation, it is time to either send the questions to the translation team or plan to meet together with the translation team and discuss them. For the steps to complete this process, return to where you left off on the [Steps for Quality Checkers](../vol2-steps/01.md) page.
+
+To learn more about the kinds of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).

checking/alignment-tool/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-How do I use the Alignment Tool for Validation Checking?
+How do I use the Alignment Tool in translationCore to do alignment checking?

checking/alignment-tool/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Validating with the Alignment Tool in tC
+Alignment Checking

checking/alphabet/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### The Alphabet for the Translation
 
 As you read the translation, ask yourself these questions about the way words are spelled. These questions will help to determine if an appropriate alphabet has been chosen to represent the sounds of the language. They will also help to determine if words have been written in a consistent way so that the translation will be easy to read.
@@ -7,4 +6,4 @@ As you read the translation, ask yourself these questions about the way words ar
 1. Is the spelling used in the book consistent? (Are there rules that the writer should follow to show how words change in different situations? Can they be described so others will know how to read and write the language easily?)
 1. Has the translator used expressions, phrases, connectors, and spellings that will be recognized by most of the language community?
 
-If there is something about the alphabet or spelling that is not right, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
+If there is something about the alphabet or spelling that is not right, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.

checking/authority-process/01.md

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-
 ### Explanation
 
 #### Accountability
 
-The Bible belongs to the global Church, meaning all Christians throughout history and throughout the world. Every part of the Church is accountable to every other part of the Church for how we interpret, proclaim, and live what the Bible says. In regard to Bible translation, each language of the world will have its own way of expressing the meaning that the Bible contains. Even so, the part of the Church that speaks each language is accountable to the other parts of the Church for how they express that meaning. For that reason, those who translate the Bible must study how others have translated it. They must be guided by and open to correction from others who are experts in biblical languages and how the Church has understood and interpreted the Bible through history.  
+The Bible belongs to the global Church, meaning all Christians throughout history and throughout the world. Every part of the Church is accountable to every other part of the Church for how we interpret, proclaim, and live what the Bible says. In regard to Bible translation, each language of the world will have its own way of expressing the meaning that the Bible contains. Even so, the part of the Church that speaks each language is accountable to the other parts of the Church for how they express that meaning. For that reason, those who translate the Bible must study how others have translated it. They must be guided by and open to correction from others who are experts in biblical languages and how the Church has understood and interpreted the Bible through history.
 
 #### Authority and Capacity
 

checking/church-leader-check/01.md

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-
 ### Accuracy Checking by Church Leaders
 
-After the translation has been checked by community members for clarity and naturalness, it will be checked by church leaders for accuracy. These are the guidelines for these church leaders who do the accuracy checking. They should be mother-tongue speakers of the target language and also understand well one of the languages in which the source text is available. They should not be the same people who did the translation. They should be church leaders who know the Bible well. Usually these reviewers will be pastors. These church leaders should represent as many of the different church networks in the language community as possible. 
+After the translation has been checked by community members for clarity and naturalness, it will be checked by church leaders for accuracy. These are the guidelines for these church leaders who do the accuracy checking. They should be mother-tongue speakers of the target language and also understand well one of the languages in which the source text is available. They should not be the same people who did the translation. They should be church leaders who know the Bible well. Usually these reviewers will be pastors. These church leaders should represent as many of the different church networks in the language community as possible.
 
 These reviewers should follow these steps:
 
@@ -13,4 +12,3 @@ These reviewers should follow these steps:
 1. After you (the accuracy checker) have reviewed several chapters or one book of the Bible, meet with the translation team and ask about each problem that you have discovered. Discuss with the translation team how they might adjust the translation in order to fix each problem. Make plans to meet again with the translation team at a later time, after they have had time to adjust the translation and test it with the community.
 1. Meet again with the translation team to verify that they have fixed the problems.
 1. Affirm that the translation is good on the [Accuracy Affirmation](../good/01.md) page.
-

checking/clear/01.md

@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-
 ### A Clear Translation
 
 A translation should be clear. That means that someone reading or hearing it can easily understand what it is trying to say. It is possible to see if a translation is clear by reading it to yourself. But it is even better if you read it out loud to someone else from the language community. As you read the translation, ask yourself (or the person that you are reading to) questions like those listed below to see if the translated message is clear. For this section of testing, do not compare the new translation with the source language translation. If there is a problem at any place, make a note of it so that you can discuss the problem with the translation team at a later time.
 
 1. Do the words and phrases of the translation make the message understandable? (Are the words confusing, or do they tell you plainly what the translator means?)
 1. Do your community members use the words and expressions found in the translation, or has the translator borrowed many words from the national language? (Is this the way your people talk when they want to say important things in your language?)
+2. Does the translation speak well to the audience that you have decided to aim your traslation at? (Remember that young and old people may choose different words and expressions.)
 1. Can you read the text easily and understand what the writer might say next? (Is the translator using a good style of telling the story? Is he telling things in a way that makes sense, so that each section fits with what came before and what comes after? Do you have to stop and read part of it again in order to understand it?)
 
 Additional help:
 
 * One way to determine if the text is clear is to read a few verses at a time out loud and ask someone listening to retell the story after each section. If the person can easily restate your message, then the writing is clear. For other methods of testing the translation, see [Other Methods](../other-methods/01.md).
 * If there is a place where the translation is not clear, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
-

checking/community-evaluation/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 This page can be used as a checklist for the work of the Community Checkers. This page can be printed, filled in by the translation team and community leaders, and kept as a record of the process of checking that was done for this translation.
 
 
@@ -12,20 +11,23 @@ Please also answer the following questions. The answers to these questions will
 
 * List a few passages where the community feedback was helpful. How did you change these passages to make them clearer?
 
-<br> 
-<br> 
-<br> 
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
 
 * Write an explanation for some of the Important Terms, explaining how they are equal to terms used in the source language. This will help the checkers understand why you chose these terms.
 
-<br> 
-<br> 
-<br> 
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
 
 * Does the community verify that there is a good flow to the language when the passages are read out loud? (Does the language sound like the writer was a person from your own community?)
 
-<br> 
-<br> 
-<br> 
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
 
-The community leaders might want to add their own information to this or make a summary statement about how acceptable this translation is to the local community. The wider church leadership will have access to this information, and it will help them to understand and to have confidence in the checking process that has been done so far. This will help them to validate the translation as approved by the local Christian community both when they do the Accuracy Check and when they do the final Validation Check.
+The community leaders might want to add their own information to this or make a summary statement about how acceptable this translation is to the local community. The wider church leadership will have access to this information, and it will help them to understand and to have confidence in the checking process that has been done so far. This will help them to validate the translation as approved by the local Christian community both when they do the Accuracy Check and when they do the final Validation Check.
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>

checking/complete/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### A Complete Translation
 
 The purpose of this section is to make sure that the translation is complete. In this section, the new translation must be compared to the source translation. As you (the translator or checker) compare the two translations, ask yourself these questions:
@@ -7,4 +6,4 @@ The purpose of this section is to make sure that the translation is complete. In
 1. Does the translation include all the verses of the book that was translated? (When you look at the verse numbering of the source language translation, are all of the verses included in the target language translation?) Sometimes there are differences in verse numbering between translations. For example, in some translations some verses are grouped together or sometimes certain verses are put in footnotes. Even though there may be these kinds of differences between the source translation and the target translation, the target translation is still considered to be complete. For more information, see [Complete Versification](../verses/01.md).
 1. Are there places in the translation where something seems to be left out, or there seems to be a different message than is found in the source language translation? (The wording and the order can be different, but the language that the translator used should give the same message as the source language translation.)
 
-If there is a place where the translation is not complete, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
+If there is a place where the translation is not complete, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.

checking/config.yaml

@@ -17,10 +17,11 @@ accuracy-check:
     - guidelines-accurate
     - important-term-check
 alignment-tool:
-  recommended: 
+  recommended:
     - vol2-things-to-check
-  dependencies: 
+  dependencies:
     - vol2-steps
+    - guidelines-accurate
 alphabet:
   recommended:
     - spelling
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ alphabet:
     - translate-alphabet
     - formatting
 authority-process:
-  recommended: 
+  recommended:
     - peer-check
   dependencies:
     - goal-checking
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ church-leader-check:
   recommended:
     - accuracy-check
     - good
-  dependencies: 
+  dependencies:
     - trans-note-check
 clear:
   recommended:
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ complete:
     - self-assessment
     - good
     - verses
-  dependencies: 
+  dependencies:
     - punctuation
 formatting:
   recommended:
@@ -71,7 +72,6 @@ formatting:
     - punctuation
   dependencies:
     - vol2-things-to-check
-    - level3-approval
 goal-checking:
   recommended:
     - intro-checking
@@ -82,7 +82,6 @@ goal-checking:
 good:
   recommended:
     - self-assessment
-    - level3
   dependencies:
     - complete
     - community-evaluation
@@ -119,18 +118,10 @@ language-community-check:
     - community-evaluation
   dependencies:
     - accuracy-check
-level3:
-  recommended:
-    - vol2-steps
-    - level3-questions
-  dependencies:
-    - accuracy-check
-    - good
 level3-approval:
   recommended:
     - formatting
   dependencies:
-    - level3
     - level3-questions
 level3-questions:
   recommended:
@@ -138,7 +129,6 @@ level3-questions:
     - level3-approval
     - self-assessment
   dependencies:
-    - level3
     - vol2-things-to-check
 natural:
   recommended:
@@ -181,11 +171,10 @@ self-assessment:
     - clear
     - natural
     - level3-questions
-    - level3-approval
   dependencies:
     - complete
     - church-leader-check
-    - level3
+    - alignment-tool
 spelling:
   recommended:
     - punctuation
@@ -245,8 +234,9 @@ vol2-backtranslation-written:
 vol2-steps:
   recommended:
     - alignment-tool
+    - vol2-things-to-check
   dependencies:
-    - level3
+    - good
 vol2-things-to-check:
   recommended:
     - level3-questions

checking/formatting/01.md

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-
-There are checks that you can do before, during, and after translation of a book of the Bible that will make the translation process go much easier so that the translation will look good and be as easy to read as possible. The modules on these topics are gathered here under Formatting and Publishing, but they are things that the translation team should be thinking about and deciding throughout the translation process. 
+There are checks that you can do before, during, and after translation of a book of the Bible that will make the translation process go much easier so that the translation will look good and be as easy to read as possible. The modules on these topics are gathered here under Formatting and Publishing, but they are things that the translation team should be thinking about and deciding throughout the translation process.
 
 ### Before Translating
 
@@ -19,4 +18,3 @@ After finishing a book, you can check to make sure that all the verses are there
 
 1. Versification (see [Complete Versification](../verses/01.md))
 1. Section Headings (see [Section Headings](../headings/01.md))
-

checking/goal-checking/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Why Check?
 
 The goal of checking is to help the translation team produce a translation that is accurate, natural, clear, and accepted by the church. The translation team also wants to achieve this goal. This might seem easy, but it is actually very difficult to do, and achieving it takes many people and many, many revisions to the translation. For this reason, the checkers play a very important role in helping the translation team to produce a translation that is accurate, natural, clear, and accepted by the church.
@@ -9,12 +8,12 @@ The checkers who are pastors, church leaders, and leaders of church networks wil
 
 #### Clear
 
-The checkers who are members of the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is clear. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation is confusing or does not make sense to them. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are clear.  (For more information about clear translations, see [Create Clear Translations](../../translate/guidelines-clear/01.md).)
+The checkers who are members of the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is clear. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation is confusing or does not make sense to them. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are clear. (For more information about clear translations, see [Create Clear Translations](../../translate/guidelines-clear/01.md).)
 
 #### Natural
 
-The checkers who are members of the language community will also help the translation team produce a translation that is natural. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation sounds strange and does not sound like the way that someone who speaks their language would say it. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are natural.  (For more information about natural translations, see [Create Natural Translations](../../translate/guidelines-natural/01.md).)
+The checkers who are members of the language community will also help the translation team produce a translation that is natural. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation sounds strange and does not sound like the way that someone who speaks their language would say it. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are natural. (For more information about natural translations, see [Create Natural Translations](../../translate/guidelines-natural/01.md).)
 
 #### Church-approved
 
-The checkers who are members of a church in the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is approved and accepted by the church in that community. They will do this by working together with members and leaders of other churches from the language community. When members and leaders that represent the churches of a language community work together and agree that the translation is good, then it will be accepted and used by the churches in that community. (For more information about translations that are approved by the church, see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md).)
+The checkers who are members of a church in the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is approved and accepted by the church in that community. They will do this by working together with members and leaders of other churches from the language community. When members and leaders that represent the churches of a language community work together and agree that the translation is good, then it will be accepted and used by the churches in that community. (For more information about translations that are approved by the church, see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md).)

checking/goal-checking/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-What is the Goal of Checking?
+What is the goal of checking?

checking/good/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Documentation for Affirmation of Accuracy and Community Evaluation
 
 We, as church leaders in our language community, affirm the following:
@@ -26,4 +25,3 @@ Names and positions of the Accuracy checkers:
     * Position:
 * Name:
     * Position:
-

checking/headings/01.md

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-
 ### Decisions about Section Headings
 
 One of the decisions that the translation team will have to make is whether or not to use section headings. Section headings are like titles to each section of the Bible that begins a new topic. The section heading lets people know what that section is about. Some Bible translations use them, and others do not. You (the translator) may want to follow the practice of the Bible in the national language that most people use. You will also want to find out what the language community prefers.
 
 Using section headings requires more work, because you will need either to write or to translate each one in addition to the text of the Bible. It will also make your translation of the Bible longer. But section headings can be very helpful to your readers. Section headings make it much easier to find where the Bible talks about different topics. If a person is looking for something in particular, he can just read the section headings until he finds one that introduces the topic that he wants to read about. Then he can read that section.
 
-If you have decided to use section headings, then you will need to decide which kind to use. Again, you should find out which kind of section heading the language community prefers. You may also choose to follow the style of the national language.  Be sure to use a kind of section heading that the people will understand is not part of the text that it introduces. The section heading is not a part of the Bible; it is just a guide to the different parts of the Bible. You might be able to make this clear by putting a space before and after the section heading and by using a different font (style of letters) or a different size of letters. See how the Bible in the national language does this, and test different methods with the language community.
+If you have decided to use section headings, then you will need to decide which kind to use. Again, you should find out which kind of section heading the language community prefers. You may also choose to follow the style of the national language. Be sure to use a kind of section heading that the people will understand is not part of the text that it introduces. The section heading is not a part of the Bible; it is just a guide to the different parts of the Bible. You might be able to make this clear by putting a space before and after the section heading and by using a different font (style of letters) or a different size of letters. See how the Bible in the national language does this, and test different methods with the language community.
 
 ### Kinds of Section Headings
 
@@ -17,4 +16,4 @@ There are many different kinds of section headings. Here are some different kind
 * Question: “Does Jesus have authority to heal and forgive sins?” This one creates a question that the information in the section answers. People who have a lot of questions about the Bible may find this especially helpful.
 * “About” comment: “About Jesus healing a paralyzed man.” This kind of heading explicitly tells the reader what the section is about. This may be the one that makes it easiest to see that the heading is not a part of the words of the Bible.
 
-As you can see, it is possible to make many different kinds of section headings, but they all have the same purpose. They all give the reader information about the main topic of the section of the Bible that follows. Some headings are shorter, and some headings are longer. Some give only a little information, and some give more information. You may want to experiment with the different kinds, and ask people which kind they think is most helpful for them.
+As you can see, it is possible to make many different kinds of section headings, but they all have the same purpose. They all give the reader information about the main topic of the section of the Bible that follows. Some headings are shorter, and some headings are longer. Some give only a little information, and some give more information. You may want to experiment with the different kinds, and ask people which kind they think is most helpful for them.

checking/important-term-check/01.md

@@ -1,31 +1,30 @@
-
 ### How to do a translationWord check in translationCore®
 
 1. Sign in to translationCore®
 1. Select the project (book of the Bible) that you want to check
 1. Select the category or categories of words that you want to check
 1. Select your Gateway Language
-1. Click "Launch"
-1. Work through the list of words on the left by following the instructions that appear to the right of the Bible verse. 
+1. Click “Launch”
+1. Work through the list of words on the left by following the instructions that appear to the right of the Bible verse.
 1. To understand the source word better, you can read the short definition in the blue bar, or the longer one in the panel on the right side.
-1. After selecting (highlighting) the translation for the word or phrase in the list, click "Save."
+1. After selecting (highlighting) the translation for the word or phrase in the list, click “Save.”
 1. Consider whether or not the term that was chosen makes sense in this context.
-1. If you think that the translation for the term is a good translation, then click "Save and Continue."
+1. If you think that the translation for the term is a good translation, then click “Save and Continue.”
 1. If you think that there is a problem with the verse or that the translation for the word or phrase is not good, then either edit the verse to make it better, or make a comment telling someone who will review your work what you think might be wrong with the translation here.
 1. If you have made an edit, you may need to make your selection again.
-1. When you are finished making your edit or comment, click "Save and Continue." If you prefer to only make a comment about a term and not make a selection for it, then click on the next verse in the list on the left to go on to the next word.  
+1. When you are finished making your edit or comment, click “Save and Continue.” If you prefer to only make a comment about a term and not make a selection for it, then click on the next verse in the list on the left to go on to the next word.
 
 After a selection has been made for all of the verses where a translationWord occurs, the list for that word can be reviewed. The instructions that follow are for the reviewer or for the translation team.
 
-1. You will now be able to see a list of the translations that were made for each term under each translationWord on the left. If you see that the word was translated in different ways in different verses, you will want to review the places that have differences to see if the target term used was the correct one for each context. 
-1. You will also want to review any comments that were made by others. To do that, click the funnel symbol to the right of "Menu" at the upper left. A list will open, including the word "Comments." 
-1. Click the box next to "Comments." This will make all verses that do not have comments in them disappear.
+1. You will now be able to see a list of the translations that were made for each term under each translationWord on the left. If you see that the word was translated in different ways in different verses, you will want to review the places that have differences to see if the target term used was the correct one for each context.
+1. You will also want to review any comments that were made by others. To do that, click the funnel symbol to the right of “Menu” at the upper left. A list will open, including the word “Comments.”
+1. Click the box next to “Comments.” This will make all verses that do not have comments in them disappear.
 1. To read the comments, click on the first verse in the list.
-1. Click on "Comment."
-1. Read the comment, and decide what you will do about it. 
-1. If you decide to make an edit to the verse, then click "Cancel" and then "Edit Verse." This will open a small screen where you can edit the verse.
-1. When you are finished making the edit, select the reason for the change, and then click "Save." 
+1. Click on “Comment.”
+1. Read the comment, and decide what you will do about it.
+1. If you decide to make an edit to the verse, then click “Cancel” and then “Edit Verse.” This will open a small screen where you can edit the verse.
+1. When you are finished making the edit, select the reason for the change, and then click “Save.”
 
-Continue this process until you have acted on all of the comments that were left for you.  
+Continue this process until you have acted on all of the comments that were left for you.
 
 If you are unsure if a translation for a certain term is correct in a certain context, it might be helpful to consult the key terms spreadsheet that the translation team made as they were creating the translation. You may also want to discuss a difficult term with others on the translation team and try to find a solution together. You may need to use a different term in some contexts, or find another way to communicate the concept, such as using a longer phrase.

checking/intro-check/01.md

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-
 ### Translation Checking Manual
 
-This manual describes how to check Bible translations in Other Languages (OLs) for accuracy, clarity, and naturalness. (For the process to check Gateway Languages (GLs), see the [Gateway Language Manual](https://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)). This Translation Checking Manual also discusses the importance of obtaining approval for the translation and the translation process from the church leaders of the language area. 
+This manual describes how to check Bible translations in Other Languages (OLs) for accuracy, clarity, and naturalness. (For the process to check Gateway Languages (GLs), see the [Gateway Language Manual](https://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)). This Translation Checking Manual also discusses the importance of obtaining approval for the translation and the translation process from the church leaders of the language area.
 
-The manual begins with instructions for checking the translation that the translation team will use to check each other’s work. These checks include the [Oral Partner Check](../peer-check/01.md) and the [Team Oral Chunk Check](../vol2-intro/01.md). Then there are instructions for the translation team to use for checking the translation with the translationCore software. These include the [Translation Words Check](../important-term-check/01.md) and the [Translation Notes check](../trans-note-check/01.md). 
+The manual begins with instructions for checking the translation that the translation team will use to check each other’s work. These checks include the [Oral Partner Check](../peer-check/01.md) and the [Team Oral Chunk Check](../team-oral-chunk-check/01.md). Then there are instructions for the translation team to use for checking the translation with the translationCore software. These include the [Translation Words Check](../important-term-check/01.md) and the [Translation Notes check](../trans-note-check/01.md).
 
-After this, the translation team will need to check the translation with the [Language Community](../language-community-check/01.md) for clarity and naturalness. This is necessary because other speakers of the language can often suggest better ways of saying things that the translation team may not have thought of. Sometimes the translation team makes the translation sound strange because they are following the words of the source language too closely. Other speakers of the language can help them fix that. 
-Another check that the translation team can do at this point is [Church Leader Check](../accuracy-check/01.md) (or OL pastor check). Since the OL pastors are familiar with the Bible in the Gateway Language (GL), they can check the translation for accuracy to the GL Bible. They can also catch mistakes that the translation team did not see because the translation team is so close to and involved in their work. Also, the translation team may lack some of the expertise or knowledge of the Bible that other OL pastors might have who are not part of the translation team. In this way, the whole language community can work together to make sure that the Bible translation is accurate, clear, and natural in the target language.  
+After this, the translation team will need to check the translation with the [Language Community](../language-community-check/01.md) for clarity and naturalness. This is necessary because other speakers of the language can often suggest better ways of saying things that the translation team may not have thought of. Sometimes the translation team makes the translation sound strange because they are following the words of the source language too closely. Other speakers of the language can help them fix that.
+Another check that the translation team can do at this point is [Church Leader Check](../accuracy-check/01.md) (or OL pastor check). Since the OL pastors are familiar with the Bible in the Gateway Language (GL), they can check the translation for accuracy to the GL Bible. They can also catch mistakes that the translation team did not see because the translation team is so close to and involved in their work. Also, the translation team may lack some of the expertise or knowledge of the Bible that other OL pastors might have who are not part of the translation team. In this way, the whole language community can work together to make sure that the Bible translation is accurate, clear, and natural in the target language.
 
-A further check for the accuracy of the Bible translation is to align it to the original languages of the Bible using the [Word Alignment](../alignment-tool/01.md) tool in Translation Core. After all of these checks have been performed and the translation has been aligned, the leaders of the OL church networks will want to [Review](../vol2-steps/01.md) the translation and give their [Endorsement](../level3-approval/01.md). Because many leaders of church networks do not speak the language of the translation, there are also instructions for creating a [Back Translation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md), which allows people to check a translation in a language that they do not speak.
+A further check for the accuracy of the Bible translation is to align it to the original languages of the Bible using the [Word Alignment](../alignment-tool/01.md) tool in Translation Core. After all of these checks have been performed and the translation has been aligned, the leaders of the OL church networks will want to [Review](../vol2-steps/01.md) the translation and give their [Endorsement](../level3-approval/01.md). Because many leaders of church networks do not speak the language of the translation, there are also instructions for creating a [Back Translation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md), which allows people to check a translation in a language that they do not speak.

checking/intro-checking/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Translation Checking
 
 #### Introduction
@@ -11,18 +10,18 @@ First, he may not have understood the source text correctly, and so someone who
 
 Or it could be that he did not understand something about what the Bible meant to communicate at a certain place. In this case, someone who knows the Bible well, such as a Bible teacher or a Bible translation checker, can correct the translation.
 
-Secondly, although the translator may know very well what the text should say, the way he translated it might mean something else to a different person. That is, another person might think that the translation is talking about something other than what the translator intended. Or the person hearing or reading the translation might not understand what the translator was trying to say. 
+Secondly, although the translator may know very well what the text should say, the way he translated it might mean something else to a different person. That is, another person might think that the translation is talking about something other than what the translator intended. Or the person hearing or reading the translation might not understand what the translator was trying to say.
 
 It often happens when one person writes a sentence and then another person reads it (or sometimes even if the first person reads it again later), that they understand it to say something different from what the writer meant. Take the following sentence as an example.
 
-"John took Peter to the temple and then he went home."
+“John took Peter to the temple and then he went home.”
 
 In his mind when he wrote it, the writer meant that Peter went home, but the reader thought that the writer probably meant that it was John who went home. The sentence needs to be changed so that it is more clear.
 
-Finally, a translation team is very close to and involved in their work, and so they sometimes do not see mistakes that others can see more easily. For these reasons, it is always necessary to check what someone else understands from the translation so that you (the translator) can make it more accurate and more clear.
+Finally, a translation team is very close to and involved in their work, and so they sometimes do not see mistakes that others can see more easily. For these reasons, it is always necessary to check what someone else understands from the translation so that you (the translator) can make it more accurate and more clear.
 
 This Checking Manual is a guide to the process of checking. It will guide you through several kinds of checks that will allow you to fix these problems. We believe that having many people doing a variety of different checks will result in a faster checking process, allow broad church participation and ownership, and produce better translations.
 
 For more examples of the things that need to be checked, see [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
 
-*Credits: Quotation used by permission, © 2013, SIL International, Sharing Our Native Culture, p. 69.*
+**Credits: Quotation used by permission, © 2013, Juan Tuggy P., Victor Raúl Paredes E., Sharing Our Native Culture, p. 69.**

checking/language-community-check/01.md

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-
 ### Language Community Check
 
-After the translation team has completed the steps of drafting and checking as a team and performed the checks in translationCore, the translation is ready to be checked by the target language community. The community will help the translation team to make the translation communicate its message clearly and naturally in the target language. To do this, the translation committee will choose people to be trained in the process of community checking. These could be the same people who have been doing the translating. 
+After the translation team has completed the steps of drafting and checking as a team and performed the checks in translationCore, the translation is ready to be checked by the target language community. The community will help the translation team to make the translation communicate its message clearly and naturally in the target language. To do this, the translation committee will choose people to be trained in the process of community checking. These could be the same people who have been doing the translating.
 
 These people will go throughout the language community and check the translation with members of the language community. It is best if they do this checking with a variety of people, including young and old, male and female, and speakers from various parts of the language area. This will help the translation to be understandable to everyone.
 
@@ -9,7 +8,7 @@ To check a translation for naturalness and clarity, it is not helpful to compare
 
 To check for naturalness, you will read or play a recording of a section of the translation to members of the language community. Before you read or play the translation, tell the people listening that you want them to stop you if they hear something that is not natural in their language. (For more information on how to check a translation for naturalness, see [Natural Translation](../natural/01.md).) When they stop you, ask what was not natural, and ask how they would say it in a more natural way. Write down or record their answer, along with the chapter and verse where this phrase was, so that the translation team can consider using this way of saying the phrase in the translation.
 
-To check the translation for clarity, there is a set of questions and answers for each *Open Bible Story* and for each chapter of the Bible that you can use. When members of the language community can answer the questions easily, you will know that the translation is clear. (See http://ufw.io/tq/ for the questions.)
+To check the translation for clarity, there is a set of questions and answers for each *Open Bible Story* and for each chapter of the Bible that you can use. When members of the language community can answer the questions easily, you will know that the translation is clear. (See https://ufw.io/tq/ for the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions.)
 
 To use these questions, follow these steps:
 
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ To use these questions, follow these steps:
 
 2. Ask the community members some of the questions for that passage, one question at a time. It is not necessary to use all of the questions for each story or chapter if it seems that the community members are understanding the translation well.
 
-3. After each question, a member of the language community will answer the question. If the person only answers with a “yes” or a “no”, then the questioner should ask a further question so that he can be sure that the translation is communicating well. A further question could be something like, “How do you know that?” or “What part of the translation tells you that?”
+3. After each question, a member of the language community will answer the question. If the person only answers with a “yes” or a “no,” then the questioner should ask a further question so that he can be sure that the translation is communicating well. A further question could be something like, “How do you know that?” or “What part of the translation tells you that?”
 
 4. Write down or record the answer that the person gives, along with the chapter and verse of the Bible or the story and frame number of Open Bible Stories that you are talking about. If the person’s answer is similar to the suggested answer that has been provided for the question, then the translation is clearly communicating the right information at that point. The answer does not have to be exactly the same as the suggested answer to be a right answer, but it should give basically the same information. Sometimes the suggested answer is very long. If the person answers with only part of the suggested answer, that is also a right answer.
 
@@ -27,8 +26,8 @@ To use these questions, follow these steps:
 
 7. After the translation team has revised the translation of a passage, then ask some other members of the language community the same questions for that passage. That is, ask other speakers of the language who have not been involved in checking that same passage before. If they answer the questions correctly, then the translation of that passage is now communicating well.
 
-8. Repeat this process with each story or Bible chapter until members of the language community can answer the questions well, showing that the translation is communicating the right information clearly. The translation is ready for the church leader's accuracy check when language community members who have not heard the translation before can answer the questions correctly.
+8. Repeat this process with each story or Bible chapter until members of the language community can answer the questions well, showing that the translation is communicating the right information clearly. The translation is ready for the church leader’s accuracy check when language community members who have not heard the translation before can answer the questions correctly.
 
 9. Go to the Community Evaluation page and answer the questions there. (See [Language Community Evaluation Questions](../community-evaluation/01.md).)
 
-For more information about making a clear translation, see [Clear](../clear/01.md). There are also methods other than the Translation Questions that you can use to check a translation with the community. For these other methods, see [Other Methods](../other-methods/01.md).
+For more information about making a clear translation, see [Clear](../clear/01.md). There are also methods other than the Translation Questions that you can use to check a translation with the community. For these other methods, see [Other Methods](../other-methods/01.md).

checking/level3-approval/01.md

@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
+### Quality Checker Evaluation
 
-### Validation Approval
-
-I, as a representative of the * <u>fill in name of church network or Bible translation organization</u> * Church Network or Bible translation organization serving the * <u>fill in the name of the language community</u> * language community, approve of the translation, and affirm the following:
+I, as a Quality Checker for the * <u>fill in name of church network or other organization</u> * Church Network or Organization serving the * <u>fill in the name of the language community</u> * language community, affirm that I have checked the translation of * <u>fill in name of the part of the Bible checked</u> * with members of the Translation Team, and also affirm the following:
 
 1. The translation conforms to the Statement of Faith and Translation Guidelines.
 1. The translation is accurate and clear in the target language.
 1. The translation uses an acceptable style of the language.
 1. The community approves of the translation.
 
-If any problems remain unresolved after meeting with the translation team a second time, please make note of them here.
+If any problems remain unresolved after meeting with the Translation Team a second time, please make note of them here.
 
-Signed: * <u>sign here</u> *
+Signed: <u>sign here</u>
 
-Position: * <u>fill in your position here</u> *
+Position: <u>fill in your position here</u>
 
-For Gateway Languages, you will need to follow the [Source Text Process](../../process/source-text-process/01.md) so that your translation can become a source text.
+For Gateway Languages, you will need to follow the [Source Text Process](https://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gl_checking.html#source-text-creation) so that your translation can become a source text. 

checking/level3-approval/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-How can I affirm a translation after Validation Checking?
+How can I communicate my evaluation of a translation to the Translation Committee?

checking/level3-approval/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Validation Approval
+Translation Evaluation Form

checking/level3-questions/01.md

@@ -1,33 +1,32 @@
+### Questions for Quality Checkers or Church Network Delegates
 
-### Questions for Validation Checking
-
-These are questions for you (the validation checker) to keep in mind as you read the new translation.
+If the Church Network leadership or Translation Committee has given you the task of checking the accuracy of the translation in the role of a Quality Checker (QC), you can use these questions to guide your evaluation of the translation.
 
 You can answer these questions after you read portions of the translation or as you come across problems in the text. If you answer “no” to any of these questions in the first group, please explain in more detail. Include the specific passage that you feel is not right, and give your recommendation for how the translation team should correct it.
 
 Keep in mind that the goal of the translation team is to express the meaning of the source text in a natural and clear way in the target language. This means that they may have needed to change the order of some clauses and that they had to represent many single words in the source language with multiple words in the target language. These things are not considered problems in Other Language (OL) translations. The only times that translators should avoid making these kinds of changes is for Gateway Language (GL) translations of the ULT and UST. The purpose of the ULT is to show the OL translator how the original biblical languages expressed the meaning, and the purpose of the UST is to express that same meaning in simple, clear forms, even though it might be more natural to use an idiom in the OL. GL translators need to remember those guidelines. But for OL translations, the goal is always to be natural and clear, as well as accurate.
 
-Also keep in mind that the translators may have included information that the original audience would have understood from the original message, but that the original author did not state explicitly. When this information is necessary for the target audience to understand the text, it is good to include it explicitly. For more about this, see [Implicit and Explicit Information](../../translate/figs-explicit/01.md).
+Also keep in mind that the translators may have included information that the original audience would have understood from the original message, but that the original author did not state explicitly. When this information is necessary for the target audience to understand the text, it is good to include it explicitly. For more about this, see [Implicit Information](../../translate/figs-explicit/01.md).
 
-#### Validation Questions
+#### Questions About the Translation as a Whole
 
 1. Does the translation conform to the Statement of Faith and Translation Guidelines?
 1. Did the translation team show a good understanding of the source language as well as the target language and culture?
 1. Does the language community affirm that the translation speaks in a clear and natural way in their language?
-1. Is the translation [complete](../complete/01.md)? (Does it have all of the verses, events, and information as the source)? 
+1. Is the translation [complete](../complete/01.md)? (Does it have all of the verses, events, and information as the source)?
 1. Which of the following translation styles did the translators appear to follow?
 
     1. word-by-word translation, staying very close to the form of the source translation
     1. phrase-by-phrase translation, using natural language phrase structures
-    1. meaning-focused translation, aiming for a freedom of local language expression  
-  
+    1. meaning-focused translation, aiming for a freedom of local language expression
+
 1. Do the community leaders feel that the style that the translators followed (as identified in question 4) is appropriate for the community?
 1. Do the community leaders feel that the dialect that the translators used is the best one to communicate to the wider language community? For example, did the translators use expressions, phrase connectors, and spellings that will be recognized by most people in the language community? For more ways to explore this question, see [Acceptable Style](../acceptable/01.md).
 1. As you read the translation, think about cultural issues in the local community that might make some passages in the book difficult to translate. Did the translation team translate these passages in a way that makes the message of the source text clear, and avoids any misunderstanding that people might have because of the cultural issue?
 1. In these difficult passages, do the community leaders feel that the translator used language that communicates the same message that is in the source text?
 1. In your judgment, does the translation communicate the same message as the source text? If any part of the translation causes you to answer “no,” please answer the second group of questions below.
 
-If you answer “yes” to any of the questions in this second group, please explain in more detail so that the translation team can know what the specific problem is, what part of the text needs correction, and how you would like them to correct it.
+If you answer “yes” to any of the questions in this second group (below), please explain in more detail so that the translation team can know what the specific problem is, what part of the text needs correction, and how you would like them to correct it.
 
 1. Are there any doctrinal errors in the translation?
 1. Did you find any areas of the translation that seem to contradict the national language translation or the important matters of faith found in your Christian community?
@@ -36,4 +35,6 @@ If you answer “yes” to any of the questions in this second group, please exp
 
 If there were problems with the translation, make plans to meet with the translation team and resolve these problems. After you meet with them, the translation team may need to check their revised translation with the community leaders to make sure that it still communicates well, and then meet with you again.
 
-When you are ready to approve the translation, go here: [Validation Approval](../level3-approval/01.md).
+For questions to guide you as you check individual passages of Scripture, go to: [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
+
+If the Church Network leadership or the Translation Committee want you to give a report of the results of your checking, you can use this form: [Translation Evaluation Form](../level3-approval/01.md).

checking/level3-questions/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-What do I look for in a Validation check?
+What are questions that a Quality Checker should ask about a translation?

checking/level3-questions/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Questions for Validation Checking
+Questions for Quality Checkers

checking/level3/01.md

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-
-### Validation Checking
-
-Validation Checking will be done by people who are chosen by the church leaders in the language community. These people are first-language speakers of the target language, are knowledgeable about the Bible, and are persons whose opinions are respected by the church leaders. If possible, they should be people who are trained in biblical languages, biblical content, and translation principles. When these people affirm the translation, the church leaders will approve of the distribution and use of the translation among the people who know and respect them. 
-
-If these people do not exist in the language community, then the translation team will prepare a [backtranslation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md) so that Bible experts from outside of the language community can do the Validation Checking.
-
-Those who do Validation Checking should be other than the people who did the previous [Accuracy Checking](../accuracy-check/01.md). Since Validation Checking is also a form of accuracy checking, the translation will receive the maximum benefit if different people do each of these checks.   
-
-The purpose of Validation Checking is to ensure that the translation accurately communicates the message of the original language texts and reflects the sound doctrine of the global Church throughout history and throughout the world. After Validation Checking, the leaders of the churches that speak the target language affirm that the translation is trustworthy for their people. 
-
-It is best if the leaders from every Church network in the language community can appoint or approve some of the people who will do the Validation Checking. In that way, all of the church leaders will be able to affirm that the translation is trustworthy and useful for all of the churches of the community.
-
-The tool that we recommend for Validation Checking is the Alignment Tool in translationCore. To learn more, go to [Alignment Tool](../alignment-tool/01.md).
-
-To learn more about the kinds of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
-
-To proceed with Validation Checking, go to [Steps for Validation Checking](../vol2-steps/01.md).

checking/level3/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-What is a Validation Check?

checking/level3/title.md

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Validation Checking

checking/natural/01.md

@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-
 ### A Natural Translation
 
-To translate the Bible so that it is natural means that the translation should sound like it was written by a member of the target language community.  The translation should not sound like it was written by a foreigner. The translation should say things in the way that speakers of the target language say them. When a translation is natural, it is much easier to understand.
+To translate the Bible so that it is natural means that the translation should sound like it was written by a member of the target language community. The translation should not sound like it was written by a foreigner. The translation should say things in the way that speakers of the target language say them. When a translation is natural, it is much easier to understand.
 
-To check a translation for naturalness, it is not helpful to compare it to the source language. During this check for naturalness, no one should look at the source language Bible. People will look at the source language Bible again for other checks––such as the check for accuracy––but not during this check.
+To check a translation for naturalness, it is not helpful to compare it to the source language. During this check for naturalness, no one should look at the source language Bible. People will look at the source language Bible again for other checks—such as the check for accuracy—but not during this check.
 
-To check a translation for naturalness, you or another member of the language community must read it out loud or play a recording of it. It is difficult to evaluate a translation for naturalness when you are only looking at it on paper. But when your people hear the language, they will know immediately if it sounds right or not. 
+To check a translation for naturalness, you or another member of the language community must read it out loud or play a recording of it. It is difficult to evaluate a translation for naturalness when you are only looking at it on paper. But when your people hear the language, they will know immediately if it sounds right or not.
 
 You can read it out loud to one other person who speaks the target language or to a group of people. Before you start reading, tell the people listening that you want them to stop you when they hear something that does not sound like the way someone from your language community would say it. When someone stops you, then you can discuss together how someone would say that same thing in a more natural way.
 
 It is helpful to think about a situation in your village in which people would talk about the same kind of thing that the translation is talking about. Imagine people that you know talking about that thing, and then say it out loud in that way. If others agree that that is a good and natural way to say it, then write it that way in the translation.
 
-It can also be helpful to read or play a passage of the translation several times. People might notice different things each time that they hear it, that is, things that could be said in a more natural way.
+It can also be helpful to read or play a passage of the translation several times. People might notice different things each time that they hear it, that is, things that could be said in a more natural way.

checking/other-methods/01.md

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-
 ### Other Checking Methods
 
 As well as asking questions, there are other checking methods that you may also use to ensure that the translation is [clear](../clear/01.md), easy to read, and sounds [natural](../natural/01.md) to the listeners. Here are some other methods that you may like to try:
 
-* **Retell Method**:  You (the translator or checker) can read a passage or story and ask someone else to retell what was said. If the person can easily retell the passage, then the passage was clear. Make a note of any place that the person left out or told incorrectly, along with the chapter and verse. The translation team may need to revise those places in the translation to make them more clear. Also make note of any different ways that the person said things that mean the same thing as in the translation. It may be that these ways of saying things are more natural than the ways in the translation. The translation team can use these ways of saying the same thing to make the translation more natural.
+* **Retell Method**: You (the translator or checker) can read a passage or story and ask someone else to retell what was said. If the person can easily retell the passage, then the passage was clear. Make a note of any place that the person left out or told incorrectly, along with the chapter and verse. The translation team may need to revise those places in the translation to make them more clear. Also make note of any different ways that the person said things that mean the same thing as in the translation. It may be that these ways of saying things are more natural than the ways in the translation. The translation team can use these ways of saying the same thing to make the translation more natural.
 
 * **Reading Method**: Someone other than you (the translator or checker) can read aloud a passage of the translation while you listen and take notes of where the person pauses or makes mistakes. This will show how easy or how difficult it is to read and understand the translation. Look at the places in the translation where the reader paused or made mistakes and consider what made that part of the translation difficult. The translation team may need to revise the translation at those points so that it is easier to read and understand.
 
@@ -12,4 +11,3 @@ As well as asking questions, there are other checking methods that you may also
 * **Reviewer Input**: Let others whom you respect read your translation. Ask them to take notes and tell you where it might be improved. Look for better word choices, more natural expressions, and also spelling adjustments.
 
 * **Discussion Groups**: Ask people to read the translation out loud in a group of people and allow the people to ask questions for clarification. Pay attention to the words they use, since alternate words and expressions come up when someone is trying to make sense of a difficult point. These alternate words and expressions might be better than the ones in the translation. Write them down, along with the chapter and verse that they are about. The translation team can use these to improve the translation. Also make note of the places where people do not understand the translation so that the translation team can make those places clearer.
-

checking/peer-check/01.md

@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-
 ### How to do an Oral Partner Check
 
 At this point, you (the translator) should have already gone through the steps of drafting at least one chapter of your translation, following the guidelines in the module called [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md). Now you are ready for others to help you to check it, to find any errors or problems, and to make it better. You (or your translation team) should check your translation before you translate very many stories or chapters of the Bible, so that you can correct mistakes as early as possible in the translation process. Many of the steps in this process will need to be done several times before the translation is finished. To do an Oral Partner Check, follow these steps.
 
-* Read your translation to a partner (a member of the translation team) who did not work on this passage.  
-* The partner can listen first for naturalness (without looking at the source text) and tell you which parts do not sound natural in your language. Together, you can think of how someone would say that meaning in your language.  
-* Use those ideas to change the unnatural parts of your translation to be more natural. For more information, see [Natural](../natural/01.md). 
-* Then read the passage to your partner again. This time, the partner can check for accuracy by listening to the translation while following along in the source text. The purpose of this step is to make sure that the translation accurately communicates the meaning of the original story or Bible passage.   
-* Your partner can tell you if there is any part where something was added, was missing, or was changed when compared to the source text.  
-* Correct those parts of the translation.  
+* Read your translation to a partner (a member of the translation team) who did not work on this passage.
+* The partner can listen first for naturalness (without looking at the source text) and tell you which parts do not sound natural in your language. Together, you can think of how someone would say that meaning in your language.
+* Use those ideas to change the unnatural parts of your translation to be more natural. For more information, see [Natural](../natural/01.md).
+* Then read the passage to your partner again. This time, the partner can check for accuracy by listening to the translation while following along in the source text. The purpose of this step is to make sure that the translation accurately communicates the meaning of the original story or Bible passage.
+* Your partner can tell you if there is any part where something was added, was missing, or was changed when compared to the source text.
+* Correct those parts of the translation.
 * It can also be useful to do accuracy checking with members of the community who are not part of the translation team. They should be speakers of the language of the translation, be respected in the community, and, if possible, know the Bible well in the source language. These checkers can help the translation team to think about the best way to translate the meaning of the story or Bible passage in their own language. Having more than one person checking a Bible passage in this way can be helpful, because often different checkers will notice different things.
-* For more help with checking for accuracy, see [Accuracy-Check](../accuracy-check/01.md). 
+* For more help with checking for accuracy, see [Accuracy-Check](../accuracy-check/01.md).
 * If you are unsure about something, ask other members of the translation team.

checking/publishing/01.md

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 ### Publishing on Door43
 
-* Throughout the translation and checking process, the translation draft will be uploaded to and maintained in a repository under the username that you have chosen on the Door43 website. This is where translationStudio and translationCore send the drafts when you tell them to upload. 
-* When checking has been completed and all appropriate edits have been made to the translation on door43, the checkers or church leaders will inform unfoldingWord of their desire to publish. They will provide unfoldingWord with the documents affirming that the [Pastors](../good/01.md), the [Community](../community-evaluation/01.md), and the [Church Network Leaders](../level3-approval/01.md) affirm that the translation is trustworthy. The documents also contain an affirmation of the unfoldingWord [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md) and the unfoldingWord [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md). All translated content is expected to be in accordance with the theology of the Statement of Faith.  We also expect that the translators have followed the procedures and methodologies of the Translation Guidelines. unfoldingWord has no way to verify the accuracy of the translations or the affirmations, and so we rely on the integrity of the leadership of the church networks.
-* After obtaining these affirmations, unfoldingWord will then make a copy of the translation that is on Door43, digitally publish a static copy of it on the unfoldingWord website (see http://www.unfoldingword.org), and make it available on the unfoldingWord mobile app. A print-ready PDF will also be produced and made available for download. It will continue to be possible to change the checked version on Door43, allowing for future checking and editing.
+* Throughout the translation and checking process, the translation draft will be uploaded to and maintained in a repository under the username that you have chosen on the Door43 website. This is where translationStudio and translationCore send the drafts when you tell them to upload.
+* When checking has been completed and all appropriate edits have been made to the translation on door43, the checkers or church leaders will inform unfoldingWord of their desire to publish. They will provide unfoldingWord with the documents affirming that the [Pastors](../good/01.md), the [Community](../community-evaluation/01.md), and the [Church Network Leaders](../level3-approval/01.md) affirm that the translation is trustworthy. The documents also contain an affirmation of the unfoldingWord [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md) and the unfoldingWord [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md). All translated content is expected to be in accordance with the theology of the Statement of Faith. We also expect that the translators have followed the procedures and methodologies of the Translation Guidelines. unfoldingWord has no way to verify the accuracy of the translations or the affirmations, and so we rely on the integrity of the leadership of the church networks.
+* After obtaining these affirmations, unfoldingWord will then make a copy of the translation that is on Door43, digitally publish a static copy of it on the unfoldingWord website (see https://www.unfoldingword.org), and make it available on the unfoldingWord mobile app. A print-ready PDF will also be produced and made available for download. It will continue to be possible to change the checked version on Door43, allowing for future checking and editing.
 * unfoldingWord will also need to know the version number of the source that was used for the translation. This number will be incorporated into the version number for the translation so that it will be easy to keep track of the state of the source and the translation as they both improve and change over time. For information about version numbers, see [Source Texts and Version Numbers](../../translate/translate-source-version/01.md).
 
 ### Ongoing Checking
 
-The process and checking framework described in this document depends on an ongoing process of checking and revising content, as determined by the Church that uses the content. We encourage each translation team to continue to accept feedback from the language and church community. By doing so, they can continue to improve the translation by incorporating corrections and including better ways of saying things as people discover them. For that reason, the translations of the content continue to be made available on the translation platform (see http://door43.org) indefinitely so that users can continue to improve it. We recommend that the translation committee invite input from the language community to Door43, and appoint one or more people to monitor the issues that people submit there for the translation. These people can make corrections to the translation and discuss other suggested changes with the translation committee. Over time, the committee may decide to adjust the style of the translation as well, such as to add or remove implied information or to use newer words or phrases. By maximizing input in this way from the greatest number of users of the content, the Church can work together to create biblical content that increases in quality and usability over time.
+The process and checking framework described in this document depends on an ongoing process of checking and revising content, as determined by the Church that uses the content. We encourage each translation team to continue to accept feedback from the language and church community. By doing so, they can continue to improve the translation by incorporating corrections and including better ways of saying things as people discover them. For that reason, the translations of the content continue to be made available on the translation platform (see https://door43.org) indefinitely so that users can continue to improve it. We recommend that the translation committee invite input from the language community to Door43, and appoint one or more people to monitor the issues that people submit there for the translation. These people can make corrections to the translation and discuss other suggested changes with the translation committee. Over time, the committee may decide to adjust the style of the translation as well, such as to add or remove implied information or to use newer words or phrases. By maximizing input in this way from the greatest number of users of the content, the Church can work together to create biblical content that increases in quality and usability over time.

checking/punctuation/01.md

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-
 “Punctuation” refers to the marks that indicate how a sentence is to be read or understood. Examples include the indicators of pauses such as the comma or period and the quotation marks that surround the exact words of a speaker. In order for the reader to be able to read and understand the translation correctly, it is important that you (the translator) use punctuation consistently.
 
 Before translating, the translation team will need to decide on the methods of punctuation that you will use in the translation. It may be easiest to adopt the method of punctuation that the national language uses, or that a national language Bible or related language Bible uses. Once the team decides on a method, make sure that everyone follows it. It may be helpful to distribute a guide sheet to each of the team members with examples on it of the correct use of different punctuation marks.
 
-Even with the guide sheet, it is common for translators to make mistakes in punctuation. Because of this, after a book has been translated, we recommend importing it into ParaText. You can enter the rules for punctuation in the target language into ParaText, and then run the different punctuation checks that ParaText can perform. ParaText will list all of the places where it finds punctuation errors and show them to you. You can then review these places to see if there is an error there or not. If there is an error, you can fix the error. After running these punctuation checks, you can be confident that your translation is using punctuation correctly.
+Even with the guide sheet, it is common for translators to make mistakes in punctuation. Because of this, after a book has been translated, we recommend importing it into ParaText. You can enter the rules for punctuation in the target language into ParaText, and then run the different punctuation checks that ParaText can perform. ParaText will list all of the places where it finds punctuation errors and show them to you. You can then review these places to see if there is an error there or not. If there is an error, you can fix the error. After running these punctuation checks, you can be confident that your translation is using punctuation correctly.

checking/self-assessment/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Self-assessment of Translation Quality
 
 The objective of this module is to describe a process by which the Church can reliably determine for themselves the quality of a translation. This assessment is intended to suggest some of the most important techniques for checking a translation. It does not describe every conceivable check that could be employed. Ultimately, the Church must make the decisions regarding what checks are used, when they are done, and who does those checks.
@@ -7,13 +6,13 @@ The objective of this module is to describe a process by which the Church can re
 
 This assessment method employs two types of statements. Some are “yes/no” statements, where a negative response indicates a problem that must be resolved. Other sections use an equally-weighted method that provides translation teams and checkers with statements about the translation. Each statement should be scored by the person doing the check (beginning with the translation team) on a scale of 0-2:
 
-**0** - disagree
+**0** — disagree
 
-**1** - agree somewhat
+**1** — agree somewhat
 
-**2** - strongly agree
+**2** — strongly agree
 
-At the end of the review, the total value of all responses in a section should be added up. If the responses accurately reflect the state of the translation, this value will provide the reviewer with an approximation of the probability that the translated chapter is of excellent quality. This assessment method is designed to be simple and provide the reviewer with an objective way to determine where the work needs improvement. *For example, if the translation scores relatively well in “Accuracy” but quite poorly in “Naturalness” and “Clarity,” then the translation team needs to do more community checking.*
+At the end of the review, the total value of all responses in a section should be added up. If the responses accurately reflect the state of the translation, this value will provide the reviewer with an approximation of the probability that the translated chapter is of excellent quality. This assessment method is designed to be simple and provide the reviewer with an objective way to determine where the work needs improvement. **For example, if the translation scores relatively well in “Accuracy” but quite poorly in “Naturalness” and “Clarity,” then the translation team needs to do more community checking.**
 
 This assessment method is intended to be used for each chapter of translated biblical content. The translation team should do an assessment of each chapter after they finish their other checks. Then the Level 2 checkers should do it again. Then the Level 3 checkers should also assess the translation with this checklist. As more detailed and extensive checking of the chapter is performed by the Church at each level, the points for the chapter should be updated from each of the first four sections (overview, naturalness, clarity, accuracy), allowing the church and community to see how the translation is improving.
 
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ The process is divided into five parts: the **overview** (information about the
 
 ##### 1. Overview
 
-*Circle either “no” or “yes” for each statement below.*
+Circle either “no” or “yes” for each statement below.
 
 **no | yes** This translation is a meaning-based translation that attempts to communicate the meaning of the original text in ways that are natural, clear, and accurate in the target language.
 
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ The process is divided into five parts: the **overview** (information about the
 
 ##### 2. Naturalness: “this is *my* language”
 
-*Circle either “0” or “1” or “2” for each statement below.*
+Circle either “0” or “1” or “2” for each statement below.
 
 This section can be strengthened by doing more community checking. (See [Language Community Check](../language-community-check/01.md))
 
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ This section can be strengthened by doing more community checking. (See [Languag
 
 ##### 3. Clarity: “the meaning is clear”
 
-*Circle either “0” or “1” or “2” for each statement below.*
+Circle either “0” or “1” or “2” for each statement below.
 
 This section can be strengthened by doing more community checking. (See [Language Community Check](../language-community-check/01.md))
 
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ This section can be strengthened by doing more community checking. (See [Languag
 
 ##### 4. Accuracy: “the translation communicates what the original source text communicated”
 
-*Circle either “0” or “1” or “2” for each statement below.*
+Circle either “0” or “1” or “2” for each statement below.
 
 This section can be strengthened by doing more accuracy checking. (See [Accuracy Check](../accuracy-check/01.md))
 
@@ -105,12 +104,12 @@ This section can be strengthened by doing more accuracy checking. (See [Accuracy
 
 ##### 5. Church approval: “the naturalness, clarity, and accuracy of the translation is approved by the Church that speaks that language”
 
-*Circle either “0” or “1” or “2” for each statement below.*
+Circle either “0” or “1” or “2” for each statement below.
 
 **no | yes** Church leaders who have checked this translation are first-language speakers of the target language, and include someone who understands well one of the languages in which the source text is available.
 
-**no | yes** People from the language community––both men and women, old and young––have reviewed the translation of this chapter and agree that it is natural and clear. 
+**no | yes** People from the language community—both men and women, old and young—have reviewed the translation of this chapter and agree that it is natural and clear.
 
-**no | yes** Church leaders from at least two different church networks have reviewed the translation of this chapter and agree that it is accurate. 
+**no | yes** Church leaders from at least two different church networks have reviewed the translation of this chapter and agree that it is accurate.
 
-**no | yes** The leadership (or their delegates) of at least two different church networks have reviewed the translation of this chapter and endorse it as a faithful translation of this chapter of the Bible in this language. 
+**no | yes** The leadership (or their delegates) of at least two different church networks have reviewed the translation of this chapter and endorse it as a faithful translation of this chapter of the Bible in this language.

checking/spelling/01.md

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
+In order for the reader to be able to read and understand the translation easily, it is important that you (the translator) spell words consistently. This can be difficult if there is not a tradition of writing or spelling in the target language. When there are several people working on different parts of a translation, they may spell the same words differently from each other. For that reason, it is important for the translation team to meet together before they start translating to talk about how they plan to spell words.
 
-In order for the reader to be able to read and understand the translation easily, it is important that you (the translator) spell words consistently. This can be difficult if there is not a tradition of writing or spelling in the target language. When there are several people working on different parts of a translation, they may spell the same words differently from each other.  For that reason, it is important for the translation team to meet together before they start translating to talk about how they plan to spell words.
-
-As a team, discuss the words that are difficult to spell. If the words have sounds in them that are difficult to represent, then you may need to make a change in the writing system that you are using (see [Alphabet/Orthography](../../translate/translate-alphabet/01.md)). If the sounds in the words can be represented in different ways, then the team will need to agree on how to spell them. Make a list of the agreed-upon spellings of these words in alphabetical order. Make sure that each member of the team has a copy of this list so that they can consult it when translating. Add other difficult words to the list as you come across them, and make sure that these are added to everyone's list with the same spelling. It may be helpful to use a spreadsheet to maintain your spelling list. This can be easily updated and shared electronically, or printed out periodically.
+As a team, discuss the words that are difficult to spell. If the words have sounds in them that are difficult to represent, then you may need to make a change in the writing system that you are using (see [Alphabet/Orthography](../../translate/translate-alphabet/01.md)). If the sounds in the words can be represented in different ways, then the team will need to agree on how to spell them. Make a list of the agreed-upon spellings of these words in alphabetical order. Make sure that each member of the team has a copy of this list so that they can consult it when translating. Add other difficult words to the list as you come across them, and make sure that these are added to everyone’s list with the same spelling. It may be helpful to use a spreadsheet to maintain your spelling list. This can be easily updated and shared electronically, or printed out periodically.
 
 The names of people and places in the Bible can be difficult to spell because many of them are unknown in target languages. Be sure to include these in your spelling list.
 
-Computers can be a great help for checking spelling. If you are working on a Gateway Language, a word processor may have a dictionary already available. If you are translating into an Other Language, you can use the find-and-replace feature of a word processor to fix misspelled words. ParaText also has a spell check feature which will find all variant spellings of words. It will present these to you, and then you can choose which spellings you have decided to use.
+Computers can be a great help for checking spelling. If you are working on a Gateway Language, a word processor may have a dictionary already available. If you are translating into an Other Language, you can use the find-and-replace feature of a word processor to fix misspelled words. ParaText also has a spell check feature which will find all variant spellings of words. It will present these to you, and then you can choose which spellings you have decided to use.

checking/team-oral-chunk-check/01.md

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 To check the translation of a passage or chapter as a team, do a Team Oral Chunk Check. To do this, each translator will read his translation out loud to the rest of the team. At the end of each chunk, the translator will stop so that the team can discuss that chunk. Ideally, each written translation is projected where all can see it while the translator reads the text orally.
 
-The duties of the team members are divided - it is important that each team member only plays one of the following roles at a time.
+The duties of the team members are divided—it is important that each team member only plays one of the following roles at a time.
 
 1. One or more team members listen for naturalness. If something is unnatural, at the end of reading the chunk, they recommend a more natural way to say it.
 1. One or more team members follow along in the source text, noting anything that is added, is missing, or is changed. At the end of reading the chunk, they alert the team that something was added, was missing, or was changed.
-1. Another team member follows along in the report mode of translationCore, noting all of the highlighted key terms in the source text. The team then discusses any key terms in the translation that seem inconsistent or inappropriate, along with any other problems that surface in the reading. If this mode is not available, this team member can look up the key terms on the team’s key term spreadsheet.  
+1. Another team member follows along in the report mode of translationCore, noting all of the highlighted key terms in the source text. The team then discusses any key terms in the translation that seem inconsistent or inappropriate, along with any other problems that surface in the reading. If this mode is not available, this team member can look up the key terms on the team’s key term spreadsheet.
 
 These steps can be repeated as necessary until the team is satisfied with their translation.
 
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ At this point, the translation is considered a first draft, and the team needs t
 
 1. Someone on the translation team needs to enter the text into translationStudio. If the team has been using translationStudio from the beginning of drafting, then all that needs to be entered at this point are the changes that the team has made.
 1. A new audio recording should be made of the translation, incorporating all of the changes and improvements that the team has made.
-1. The translationStudio files and the audio recording should be uploaded to the team repository on Door43.
+1. The translationStudio files and the audio recording should be uploaded to the team repository on Door43.

checking/toc.yaml

@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ sections:
         link: important-term-check
       - title: "translationNotes Check in tC"
         link: trans-note-check
-      - title: "Language Community Check" 
+      - title: "Language Community Check"
         sections:
           - title: "Checking the Translation for Clarity and Naturalness"
-            link: language-community-check  
+            link: language-community-check
           - title: "Other Methods"
             link: other-methods
           - title: "Clear Translation"
@@ -42,49 +42,48 @@ sections:
             link: accuracy-check
       - title: "Affirmation of Accuracy and Community Acceptance"
         link: good
-      - title: "Validation Checking"
-        link: level3
+      - title: "Alignment Check in tC"
+        link: alignment-tool
+      - title: "Quality Checkers"
         sections:
-          - title: "Steps for Validation Checking"
+          - title: "Steps for Quality Checkers"
             link: vol2-steps
-          - title: "Validating with the Alignment Tool in tC"
-            link: alignment-tool
           - title: "Types of Things to Check"
             link: vol2-things-to-check
-          - title: "Questions for Validation Checking"
+          - title: "Questions for Quality Checkers"
             link: level3-questions
-          - title: "Back Translation"
-            link: vol2-backtranslation
-            sections:
-              - title: "The Purpose of the Back Translation"
-                link: vol2-backtranslation-purpose
-              - title: "The Back Translator"
-                link: vol2-backtranslation-who
-              - title: "Kinds of Back Translations"
-                link: vol2-backtranslation-kinds
-              - title: "Kinds of Written Back Translations"
-                link: vol2-backtranslation-written
-              - title: "Guidelines for Creating a Good Back Translation"
-                link: vol2-backtranslation-guidelines
-          - title: "Validation Approval"
+          - title: "Quality Checker Evaluation"
             link: level3-approval
-      - title: "Formatting and Publishing"
+      - title: "Back Translation"
+        link: vol2-backtranslation
         sections:
-          - title: "How to Check for Good Formatting"
-            link: formatting
-          - title: "Appropriate Alphabet"
-            link: alphabet
-          - title: "Consistent Spelling"
-            link: spelling
-          - title: "Consistent Punctuation"
-            link: punctuation
-          - title: "Complete Translation"
-            link: complete
-          - title: "Complete Versification"
-            link: verses
-          - title: "Section Headings"
-            link: headings  
-          - title: "Publishing"
-            link: publishing
-          - title: "Self-Assessment Rubric"
-            link: self-assessment
+          - title: "The Purpose of the Back Translation"
+            link: vol2-backtranslation-purpose
+          - title: "The Back Translator"
+            link: vol2-backtranslation-who
+          - title: "Kinds of Back Translations"
+            link: vol2-backtranslation-kinds
+          - title: "Kinds of Written Back Translations"
+            link: vol2-backtranslation-written
+          - title: "Guidelines for Creating a Good Back Translation"
+            link: vol2-backtranslation-guidelines
+  - title: "Formatting and Publishing"
+    sections:
+      - title: "How to Check for Good Formatting"
+        link: formatting
+      - title: "Appropriate Alphabet"
+        link: alphabet
+      - title: "Consistent Spelling"
+        link: spelling
+      - title: "Consistent Punctuation"
+        link: punctuation
+      - title: "Complete Translation"
+        link: complete
+      - title: "Complete Versification"
+        link: verses
+      - title: "Section Headings"
+        link: headings
+      - title: "Publishing"
+        link: publishing
+      - title: "Self-Assessment Rubric"
+        link: self-assessment

checking/trans-note-check/01.md

@@ -4,21 +4,21 @@
 1. Select the project (book of the Bible) that you want to check
 1. Select the category or categories of Notes that you want to check
 1. Select your Gateway Language
-1. Click “Launch.” The verses to be checked will be listed on the left side, divided into different categories of Notes. 
-1. Select a verse to check, and read the Note for that verse in the blue bar. It is best to check all of the verses in the same category before moving to a new category.  
+1. Click “Launch.” The verses to be checked will be listed on the left side, divided into different categories of Notes.
+1. Select a verse to check, and read the Note for that verse in the blue bar. It is best to check all of the verses in the same category before moving to a new category.
 
-Some Notes refer to a more general issue that applies to the specific verse being examined. To understand this more general issue and how it applies to the current verse, read the information in the panel on the right side.  
+Some Notes refer to a more general issue that applies to the specific verse being examined. To understand this more general issue and how it applies to the current verse, read the information in the panel on the right side.
 
 1. After selecting (highlighting) the translation for the word or phrase in the Note, click “Save.”
-1. Consider whether or not the translation that was chosen for that word or phrase makes sense in this context. 
+1. Consider whether or not the translation that was chosen for that word or phrase makes sense in this context.
 1. Decide whether or not the translation is correct, considering the issue that the Note talks about.
-1. After considering these things, if you think that the translation is a good translation, then click “Save and Continue.” 
+1. After considering these things, if you think that the translation is a good translation, then click “Save and Continue.”
 1. If you think that there is a problem with the verse or that the translation for the word or phrase is not good, then either edit the verse to make it better, or make a comment telling someone who will review your work what you think might be wrong with the translation here. If you have made an edit, you may need to make your selection again.
-1. When you are finished making your edit or comment, click “Save and Continue.” If you prefer to only make a comment for the word or phrase and not make a selection for it, then click on the next verse in the list on the left to go on to the next verse.  
+1. When you are finished making your edit or comment, click “Save and Continue.” If you prefer to only make a comment for the word or phrase and not make a selection for it, then click on the next verse in the list on the left to go on to the next verse.
 
 After a selection has been made for all of the verses in a Note category, the list of translations in that category can be reviewed. The instructions that follow are for the reviewer or for the translation team.
 
-1. You will now be able to see a list of the translations that were made for each word or phrase under each translationNote category on the left. Choose the category that you want to review. It may be that different members of the translation team will have better knowledge in different areas. For example, one team member may be very good at reviewing metaphors, while another may be very good at understanding and correcting difficult grammar, such as passive voice constructions. 
+1. You will now be able to see a list of the translations that were made for each word or phrase under each translationNote category on the left. Choose the category that you want to review. It may be that different members of the translation team will have better knowledge in different areas. For example, one team member may be very good at reviewing metaphors, while another may be very good at understanding and correcting difficult grammar, such as passive voice constructions.
 1. 	You will want to review any comments that were made by others. To do that, click the funnel symbol to the right of “Menu” at the upper left. A list will open, including the word “Comments.”
 1. 	Click the box next to “Comments.” This will make all verses that do not have comments in them disappear.
 1. 	To read the comments, click on the first verse in the list.
@@ -26,6 +26,6 @@ After a selection has been made for all of the verses in a Note category, the li
 1. 	Read the comment, and decide what you will do about it.
 1. 	If you decide to make an edit to the verse, click “Cancel” and then “Edit Verse.” This will open a small screen where you can edit the verse.
 1. 	When you are finished making the edit, select the reason for the change, then click “Save.”
-1. 	Continue this process until you have acted on all of the comments that were left for you.  
+1. 	Continue this process until you have acted on all of the comments that were left for you.
 
-After you have finished reviewing a Note category or a Bible book, you may still have questions about some verses or Note checks. You may want to discuss a difficult verse with others on the translation team and try to find a solution together, study more Bible translation resources, or refer the question to a Bible translation expert. 
+After you have finished reviewing a Note category or a Bible book, you may still have questions about some verses or Note checks. You may want to discuss a difficult verse with others on the translation team and try to find a solution together, study more Bible translation resources, or refer the question to a Bible translation expert.

checking/trans-note-check/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-How do I do a translationNotes check?
+How do I do a translationNotes check?

checking/verses/01.md

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-
 It is important that your target language translation include all of the verses that are in the source language Bible. You do not want some verses to be missing by mistake. But remember that there can be good reasons why some Bibles have certain verses that other Bibles do not have.
 
 ### Reasons for Missing Verses
 
-1. **Textual Variants** - There are some verses that many Bible scholars do not believe were original to the Bible, but were added later. Therefore, the translators of some Bibles chose not to include those verses, or chose to include them only as footnotes. (For more information about this, see [Textual Variants](../../translate/translate-textvariants/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide whether you will include these verses or not.
-1. **Different Numbering** - Some Bibles use a different system of verse numbering than other Bibles. (For more information about this, see [Chapter and Verse Numbers](../../translate/translate-chapverse/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide which system to use.
-1. **Verse Bridges** - In some translations of the Bible, the contents of two or more verses are rearranged so that the order of information is more logical or easier to understand. When that happens, the verse numbers are combined, such as 4-5 or 4-6. The UST does this sometimes. Because not all of the verse numbers appear (or they do not appear where you expect them to be), it might look like some verses are missing. But the contents of those verses are there. (For more information about this, see [Verse Bridges](../../translate/translate-versebridge/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide whether to use verse bridges or not.
+1. **Textual Variants** — There are some verses that many Bible scholars do not believe were original to the Bible, but were added later. Therefore, the translators of some Bibles chose not to include those verses, or chose to include them only as footnotes. (For more information about this, see [Textual Variants](../../translate/translate-textvariants/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide whether you will include these verses or not.
+1. **Different Numbering** — Some Bibles use a different system of verse numbering than other Bibles. (For more information about this, see [Chapter and Verse Numbers](../../translate/translate-chapverse/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide which system to use.
+1. **Verse Bridges** — In some translations of the Bible, the contents of two or more verses are rearranged so that the order of information is more logical or easier to understand. When that happens, the verse numbers are combined, such as 4-5 or 4-6. The UST does this sometimes. Because not all of the verse numbers appear (or they do not appear where you expect them to be), it might look like some verses are missing. But the contents of those verses are there. (For more information about this, see [Verse Bridges](../../translate/translate-versebridge/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide whether to use verse bridges or not.
 
 ### Checking for Missing Verses
 
-Here is one way to check your translation for missing verses. After a book has been translated, import the translation into ParaText, and then run the check for “chapter/verse numbers". ParaText will give you a list of all the places in that book where verses are missing. You can then look at each of those places and decide if the verse is missing because of one of the three reasons above, or if it is missing by mistake and you need to go back and translate that verse.
+Here is one way to check your translation for missing verses. After a book has been translated, import the translation into ParaText, and then run the check for “chapter/verse numbers.” ParaText will give you a list of all the places in that book where verses are missing. You can then look at each of those places and decide if the verse is missing because of one of the three reasons above, or if it is missing by mistake and you need to go back and translate that verse.

checking/vol2-backtranslation-guidelines/01.md

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-
 ### 1. Show the Target Language Usage for Words and Clauses
 
-For the purposes of this module, "target language" refers to the language into which the Bible draft was made, and "language of wider communication" refers to the language into which the back translation is being made. 
+For the purposes of this module, “target language” refers to the language into which the Bible draft was made, and “language of wider communication” refers to the language into which the back translation is being made.
 
 #### Use the meaning of the word in context
 
@@ -23,8 +22,8 @@ The back translator should use the same punctuation in the back translation as i
 
 #### Express the full meaning of complex words
 
-Sometimes words in the target language will be more complex than words in the language of wider communication. In this case, the back translator will need to represent the target language word with a longer phrase in the language of wider communication. This is necessary so that the translation checker can see as much of the meaning as possible. For example, to translate one word in the target language it might be necessary to use a phrase in the language of wider communication such as “go up” or “be lying down”.   Also, many languages have words that contain more information than the equivalent words in the language of wider communication. In this case, it is most helpful if the back translator includes that additional information in parentheses, such as “we (inclusive)” or “you (feminine, plural)”.
+Sometimes words in the target language will be more complex than words in the language of wider communication. In this case, the back translator will need to represent the target language word with a longer phrase in the language of wider communication. This is necessary so that the translation checker can see as much of the meaning as possible. For example, to translate one word in the target language it might be necessary to use a phrase in the language of wider communication such as “go up” or “be lying down.” Also, many languages have words that contain more information than the equivalent words in the language of wider communication. In this case, it is most helpful if the back translator includes that additional information in parentheses, such as “we (inclusive)” or “you (feminine, plural).”
 
 ### 2. Use the Language of Wider Communication Style for Sentence and Logical Structure
 
-The back translation should use the sentence structure that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the structure that is used in the target language. This means that the back translation should use the word order that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the word order that is used in the target language. The back translation should also use the way of relating phrases to each other and the way of indicating logical relations (such as cause or purpose) that are natural for the language of wider communication. This will make it easier for the checker to read and to understand the back translation. This will also speed up the process of checking the back translation.
+The back translation should use the sentence structure that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the structure that is used in the target language. This means that the back translation should use the word order that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the word order that is used in the target language. The back translation should also use the way of relating phrases to each other and the way of indicating logical relations (such as cause or purpose) that are natural for the language of wider communication. This will make it easier for the checker to read and to understand the back translation. This will also speed up the process of checking the back translation.

checking/vol2-backtranslation-kinds/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### What kinds of back translations are there?
 
 #### Oral
@@ -17,4 +16,4 @@ Third, when the back translation is written, the translation checker can also pr
 
 Even if there is not time for the checker to send his questions to the translation team before their meeting, they will still be able to review more material at the meeting than they would have been able to review otherwise because the checker has already read the back translation and has already prepared his questions. Because he has had this previous preparation time, he and the translation team can use their meeting time to discuss only the problem areas of the translation rather than reading through the entire translation at a slow pace (as is required when making an oral back translation).
 
-Fourth, the written back translation relieves the strain on the checker from having to concentrate for many hours at a time on hearing and understanding an oral translation as it is spoken to him. If the checker and translation team are meeting in a noisy environment, the difficulty of making sure that he hears every word correctly can be quite exhausting for the checker. The mental strain of concentration increases the likelihood that the checker will miss some problems with the result that they remain uncorrected in the biblical text. For these reasons, we recommend the use of a written back translation whenever possible.
+Fourth, the written back translation relieves the strain on the checker from having to concentrate for many hours at a time on hearing and understanding an oral translation as it is spoken to him. If the checker and translation team are meeting in a noisy environment, the difficulty of making sure that he hears every word correctly can be quite exhausting for the checker. The mental strain of concentration increases the likelihood that the checker will miss some problems with the result that they remain uncorrected in the biblical text. For these reasons, we recommend the use of a written back translation whenever possible.

checking/vol2-backtranslation-purpose/01.md

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-
 ### Why is a back translation necessary?
 
-The purpose of a back translation is to allow a consultant or checker of biblical material who does not understand the target language to be able to see what is in the target language translation, even though he or she does not understand the target language. In this way, the checker can "look through" the back translation and check the target language translation without knowing the target language. Therefore, the language of the back translation needs to be a language that both the back translator (that is, the person doing the back translation) and the checker understand well.  Often this means that the back translator will need to translate the target language text back into the same language of wider communication that was used for the source text.
+The purpose of a back translation is to allow a consultant or checker of biblical material who does not understand the target language to be able to see what is in the target language translation, even though he or she does not understand the target language. In this way, the checker can “look through” the back translation and check the target language translation without knowing the target language. Therefore, the language of the back translation needs to be a language that both the back translator (that is, the person doing the back translation) and the checker understand well. Often this means that the back translator will need to translate the target language text back into the same language of wider communication that was used for the source text.
 
 Some people might consider this to be unnecessary, since the biblical text already exists in the source language. But remember that the purpose of the back translation is to allow the checker to see what is in the target language translation. The checker cannot see what is in the target language translation by reading the original source language text. In order to see what is in the target language translation, the back translator must make a new translation back into the language of wider communication that is based only on the target language translation. For this reason, the back translator *must not* look at the source language text when doing his back translation, but *must look only* at the target language text. In this way, the checker can identify any problems that might exist in the target language translation and work with the translator to fix those problems.
 
-A back translation can also be very useful in improving the target language translation even before the checker uses it to check the translation. When the translation team reads the back translation, they can see how the back translator has understood their translation. Sometimes, the back translator has understood their translation in a different way than they intended to communicate. In those cases, they can change their translation so that it communicates more clearly the meaning that they intended. When the translation team is able to use the back translation in this way before they give it to the checker, they can make many improvements to their translation. When they do this, the checker can do his checking much more rapidly, because the translation team was able to correct many of the problems in the translation before meeting with the checker.
+A back translation can also be very useful in improving the target language translation even before the checker uses it to check the translation. When the translation team reads the back translation, they can see how the back translator has understood their translation. Sometimes, the back translator has understood their translation in a different way than they intended to communicate. In those cases, they can change their translation so that it communicates more clearly the meaning that they intended. When the translation team is able to use the back translation in this way before they give it to the checker, they can make many improvements to their translation. When they do this, the checker can do his checking much more rapidly, because the translation team was able to correct many of the problems in the translation before meeting with the checker.

checking/vol2-backtranslation-who/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Who should do the back translation?
 
 To do a good back translation, the person must have three qualifications.
@@ -6,4 +5,3 @@ To do a good back translation, the person must have three qualifications.
 1. The back translator should be someone who is a mother-tongue speaker of the local target language and who also speaks the language of wider communication well. In order to make a written back translation, he must also be able to read and write both languages well.
 1. The back translator must be someone who was not involved in making the local target language translation that he is back translating. This is because someone who made the local target language translation already knows what he intended the translation to mean, and will put that meaning in the back translation with the result that it looks the same as the source translation. But it is possible that a speaker of the local target language who did not work on the local target language translation will understand the translation differently, or will not understand parts of it at all. The checker wants to know what these other meanings are that other speakers of the local target language will understand from the translation so that he can work with the translation team to make those places communicate the right meaning more clearly.
 1. The back translator should be someone who does not know the Bible well. This is because the back translator must give only the meaning that he understands from looking at the target language translation, not from knowledge that he might have from reading the Bible in another language.
-

checking/vol2-backtranslation-written/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 There are two kinds of written back translations.
 
 ### Interlinear Back Translation
@@ -7,4 +6,4 @@ In an interlinear back translation, the back translator puts a translation for e
 
 ### Free Back Translation
 
-A free back translation is one in which the back translator makes a translation in the language of wider communication in a separate space from the target language translation. The disadvantage of this method is that the back translation is not related as closely to the target language translation. However, the back translator can help to overcome this disadvantage when back translating the Bible by including the verse numbers and punctuation with the back translation. By referring to the verse numbers in both translations and carefully reproducing the punctuation marks in their proper places, the translation checker can keep track of which part of the back translation represents which part of the target language translation. The advantage of this method is that the back translation can use the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, and so it is much easier for the translation checker to read and understand. Even while using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, however, the back translator should remember to translate the words in a literal way. This provides the most beneficial combination of literalness and readability for the checker. We recommend that the back translator use this method of free back translation.
+A free back translation is one in which the back translator makes a translation in the language of wider communication in a separate space from the target language translation. The disadvantage of this method is that the back translation is not related as closely to the target language translation. However, the back translator can help to overcome this disadvantage when back translating the Bible by including the verse numbers and punctuation with the back translation. By referring to the verse numbers in both translations and carefully reproducing the punctuation marks in their proper places, the translation checker can keep track of which part of the back translation represents which part of the target language translation. The advantage of this method is that the back translation can use the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, and so it is much easier for the translation checker to read and understand. Even while using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, however, the back translator should remember to translate the words in a literal way. This provides the most beneficial combination of literalness and readability for the checker. We recommend that the back translator use this method of free back translation.

checking/vol2-backtranslation/01.md

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-
 ### What is a back translation?
 
 A back translation is a translation of the biblical text from the local target language (the OL) back into the language of wider communication (the GL). It is called a “back translation” because it is a translation in the opposite direction than what was done to create the local target language translation. The purpose of a back translation is to allow someone who does not speak the target language to know what the target language translation says.
 
-However, a back translation is not done in a completely normal style, because it does not have naturalness as a goal in the language of the translation (which is in this case, the language of wider communication). Instead, the goal of the back translation is to represent the words and expressions of the local language translation in a literal way, while also using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication. In this way, the translation checker can most clearly see the meaning of the words in the target language text, but can also understand the back translation well and read it more quickly and easily.
+However, a back translation is not done in a completely normal style, because it does not have naturalness as a goal in the language of the translation (which is in this case, the language of wider communication). Instead, the goal of the back translation is to represent the words and expressions of the local language translation in a literal way, while also using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication. In this way, the translation checker can most clearly see the meaning of the words in the target language text, but can also understand the back translation well and read it more quickly and easily.

checking/vol2-steps/01.md

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+### Steps for Quality Checkers
 
-
-### Steps for Validation Checking
-
-These are steps for the Church Network Delegates to follow when doing Validation Checking. These steps assume that the checker has direct access to the translator or translation team, and can ask questions face-to-face as the checker and the translation team review the translation together. If this is not possible, then the checker should write down the questions for the translation team to review. This could be done using the comment feature of translationCore (preferably), or in the margins of a printed translation draft, or even in a spreadsheet.
+These are steps for the Quality Checkers or Church Network Delegates to follow when checking a translation for accuracy on behalf of a Church Network. These steps assume that the checker has direct access to the translator or translation team, and can ask questions face-to-face as the checker and the translation team review the translation together. If this is not possible, then the checker should write down the questions for the translation team to review. This could be done using the comment feature of translationCore (preferably), or in the margins of a printed translation draft, or even in a spreadsheet.
 
 #### Before Checking
 
@@ -14,9 +12,9 @@ These are steps for the Church Network Delegates to follow when doing Validation
 
 #### While Checking
 
-1. **Align the passage**. Use the Aligning Tool in translationCore to align the passage with the original language. As a result of the aligning process, you will have questions about parts of the translation. Make note of these with the comment feature in translationCore so that you can ask the translation team about them when you meet, or so that the translation team can see and discuss them before you meet. For instructions about the alignment tool, go to [Alignment Tool](../alignment-tool/01.md). 
-1. **Ask Questions**. When you are with the translation team and you want to address something that you think might be a problem in the translation, do not make a statement to the translator that there is a problem in the translation. If you do not speak the target language, then you do not know if there is a problem or not. You only think that there might be a problem. Even if you do speak the target language, it is more polite to ask a question than to make a statement that something is wrong. You could ask something like, “What would you think about saying it this way?” and then suggest an alternative way to translate it. Then together you can discuss the different translation ideas, and you can give reasons why you think one translation alternative might be better than another. Then, after considering the alternatives, the translator or translation team must decide which way is best. For topics to ask questions about while checking a Bible translation, see [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md). 
-1. **Explore the target language and culture**.  The questions that you ask will be to discover what the phrase means in the target language. The best questions are the ones that help the translator to think about what the phrase means and how it is used. Useful questions are, “In what situations is this phrase used in your language?” or “Who usually says things like this, and why do they say it?” It is also useful to help the translator to think about what a person from his village would say if in the same situation as the person in the Bible.
+1. **Align the passage**. If this has not been done, then use the Aligning Tool in translationCore to align the passage with the original language. If you do not speak the target language, then work together with someone who does speak the target language. In this way, you can align the translation by combining your knowledge of the original language with the other person’s knowledge of the target language. As a result of the aligning process, you will have questions about parts of the translation. Make note of these with the comment feature in translationCore so that you can ask the translation team about them when you meet, or so that the translation team can see and discuss them before you meet. For instructions about the alignment tool, go to [Alignment Tool](../alignment-tool/01.md).
+1. **Ask Questions**. When you are with the translation team and you want to address something that you think might be a problem in the translation, do not make a statement to the translator that there is a problem in the translation. If you do not speak the target language, then you do not know if there is a problem or not. You only think that there might be a problem. Even if you do speak the target language, it is more polite to ask a question than to make a statement that something is wrong. You could ask something like, “What would you think about saying it this way?” and then suggest an alternative way to translate it. Then together you can discuss the different translation ideas, and you can give reasons why you think one translation alternative might be better than another. Then, after considering the alternatives, the translator or translation team must decide which way is best. For topics to ask questions about while checking a Bible translation, see [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
+1. **Explore the target language and culture**. The questions that you ask will be to discover what the phrase means in the target language. The best questions are the ones that help the translator to think about what the phrase means and how it is used. Useful questions are, “In what situations is this phrase used in your language?” or “Who usually says things like this, and why do they say it?” It is also useful to help the translator to think about what a person from his village would say if in the same situation as the person in the Bible.
 1. **Teach the translator**. After you explore the meaning of a phrase in the target language and culture, you can tell the translator what the phrase means in the source language and culture. Then together you can decide if the phrase in the translation or the phrase he has just thought of has that same meaning or not.
 
 #### Checking the Translation Directly
@@ -25,7 +23,7 @@ If you speak the target language, then you can read or hear the translation and
 
 #### Using a Written Back Translation
 
-If you do not speak the target language, then you will not be able to do the alignment. But you may be a Bible scholar who speaks the Gateway Language and you can help the translation team to improve their translation. In that case, you will need to work from a back translation in the Gateway Language. This can be written separately from the translation, or it can be written as an interlinear––that is, with a line of back translation written under each line of the translation. It is easier to compare the translation to the back translation when they are written as an interlinear, and it is easier to read a back translation that is written separately. Each method has its own strength. The person who makes the back translation should be someone who was not involved in making the translation. See [Back Translation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md) for more details.
+Even if you do not speak the target language, you can communicate to the translation team in the Gateway Language and help them to improve their translation. In that case, you will need to work from a back translation in the Gateway Language. This can be oral as you meet with the translation team, or in written form. If it is written, it can be written separately from the translation, or it can be written as an interlinear—that is, with a line of back translation written under each line of the translation. It is easier to compare the translation to the back translation when they are written as an interlinear, and it is easier to read a back translation that is written separately. Each method has its own strength. The person who makes the back translation should be someone who was not involved in making the translation. See [Back Translation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md) for more details.
 
 1. If possible, review the back translation in written form before meeting with the translator or translation team face-to-face. This will give you time to think about the passage and to do further research on questions that arise because of what the back translation says. It will also save a lot of time when you meet with the translation team, because there will be a lot of text that you do not need to talk about because you read it in the back translation and it did not have problems. When you meet together, you will be much more productive because you can spend all of your time on the problem areas.
 1. As you work through the back translation, make notes of questions that you want to ask the translator, either for clarification or to help the translator think about possible problems with the translation.
@@ -47,4 +45,4 @@ Some questions will need to be set aside for later, after the checking session.
 
 Make sure that the translation team is keeping a [list of the Key Words](../../translate/translate-key-terms/01.md) (important terms) from the Bible passages that they are translating, along with the term in the target language that they have decided to use for each of these important terms. You and the translation team will probably need to add to this list and modify the terms from the target language as you progress through the translation of the Bible. Use the list of Key Words to alert you when there are Key Words in the passage that you are translating. Whenever there is a Key Word in the Bible, make sure that the translation uses the term or phrase that has been chosen for that Key Word, and also make sure that it makes sense each time. If it does not make sense, then you will need to discuss why it makes sense in some places but not in others. Then you may need to modify or change the chosen term, or decide to use more than one term in the target language to fit different ways that the Key Word is used. One useful way to do this is to keep track of each important term on a spreadsheet, with columns for the source language term, the target language term, alternative terms and the Bible passages where you are using each term. We hope that this feature will be in future versions of translationStudio.
 
-When you have finished Validation Checking for a Bible book, answer the questions at: [Questions for Validation Checking](../level3-questions/01.md).
+For ideas of what kinds of things to check, see: [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).

checking/vol2-steps/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-What are the steps I should follow to check a translation at the Validation stage?
+What are the steps that I, as a Quality Checker, should follow to check a translation?

checking/vol2-steps/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Steps for Validation Checking
+Steps for Quality Checkers

checking/vol2-things-to-check/01.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+### Types of Things to Check
 
-### Types of things to check
-
+These are things to check as you look at a passage of Scripture to check it for accuracy. Pastors who speak the target language can use these guidelines, as well as Quality Checkers who do not speak the target language.
 
 1. Ask about anything that does not seem right to you, so that the translation team can explain it. If it also does not seem right to them, they can adjust the translation. In general:
 
@@ -9,12 +9,14 @@
     1. Check for any meaning that appears to be different than the meaning of the source text.
 
 1. Check to make sure that the main point or the theme of the passage is clear. Ask the translation team to summarize what the passage is saying or teaching. If they choose a minor point as the primary one, they might need to adjust the way that they translated the passage.
-1. Check that the different parts of the passage are connected in the right way – that the reasons, additions, results, conclusions, etc. in the Bible passage are marked with the proper connectors in the target language.
-1. Check for the consistency of the unfoldingWord® Translation Words, as explained in the last section of [Steps for Validation Checking](../vol2-steps/01.md). Ask how each term is used in the culture, who uses the terms, and on what occasions. Also ask what other terms are similar and what the differences are between the similar terms. This helps the translator (or translation team) to see if some terms might have unwanted meanings, and to see which term might be better. The translation might need to use different terms in different contexts.
-1. Check figures of speech. Where there is a figure of speech in the Bible text, see how it has been translated and make sure it communicates the same meaning. Where there is a figure of speech in the translation, check to make sure it communicates the same meaning as in the Bible text.
+1. Check that the different parts of the passage are connected in the right way — that the reasons, additions, results, conclusions, etc. in the Bible passage are marked with the proper connectors in the target language.
+1. Check for the consistency of the unfoldingWord® Translation Words, as explained in the last section of [Steps for Quality Checking](../vol2-steps/01.md). Ask how each term is used in the culture, who uses the terms, and on what occasions. Also ask what other terms are similar and what the differences are between the similar terms. This helps the translator (or translation team) to see if some terms might have unwanted meanings, and to see which term might be better. The translation might need to use different terms in different contexts.
+1. Check figures of speech. Where there is a figure of speech in the ULT, see how it has been translated and make sure it communicates the same meaning. Where there is a figure of speech in the translation, check to make sure it communicates the same meaning as in the GL Bible text.
 1. Check to see how abstract ideas were translated, such as love, forgiveness, joy, etc. Many of these are also Key Words.
 1. Check the translation of things or practices that might be unknown in the target culture. Showing the translation team pictures of these things and explaining to them what they are is very helpful.
 1. Discuss the words about the spirit world and how they are understood in the target culture. Make sure that the words used in the translation communicate the right meaning.
 1. Check anything that you think might be especially difficult to understand or translate in the passage.
 
 After checking all of these things and making corrections, ask the translation team to read the passage out loud again to each other or to other members of their community to make sure that everything still flows in a natural way and uses the right connectors. If a correction made something sound unnatural, they will need to make additional adjustments to the translation. This process of testing and revision should repeat until the translation communicates clearly and naturally in the target language.
+
+For questions to consider about the translation as a whole, see [Questions for Quality Checkers](../level3-questions/01.md).

intro/finding-answers/01.md

@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
-
 ### How to Get Answers
 
 There are several resources available for finding answers to questions:
 
-* **unfoldingWord® Translation Academy** - This training manual is available at http://ufw.io/ta and has much information including:
-    * [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) - introduces this resource, the Gateway Languages strategy, and translation
-    * [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md)  - answers the question “what next?”
-    * [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) - explains the basics of translation theory and provides practical translation helps
-    * [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) - explains the basics of checking theory and best practices
-* **Door43 Slack** - Join the Door43 community, post your questions to the “#helpdesk” channel, and get real-time answers to your questions (sign up at http://ufw.io/door43)
-* **Door43 Forum** - A place to ask questions and get answers to technical, strategic, translation, and checking issues, https://forum.door43.org/
-* **Helpdesk** - email <help@door43.org> with your questions
-
+* **unfoldingWord® Translation Academy** — This training manual is available at https://ufw.io/ta and has much information including:
+  * [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) — introduces this resource, the Gateway Languages strategy, and translation
+  * [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) — answers the question “what next?”
+  * [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) — explains the basics of translation theory and provides practical translation helps
+  * [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) — explains the basics of checking theory and best practices
+* **Door43 Slack** — Join the Door43 community, post your questions to the “#helpdesk” channel, and get real-time answers to your questions (sign up at https://ufw.io/door43)
+* **Door43 Forum** — A place to ask questions and get answers to technical, strategic, translation, and checking issues, https://forum.door43.org/
+* **Helpdesk** — email <help@door43.org> with your questions

intro/gl-strategy/01.md

@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-
-*The official version of this document is found at http://ufw.io/gl/.*
+**The official version of this document is found at https://ufw.io/gl/.**
 
 ### Explanation
 
-The objective of the gateway languages strategy is to equip 100% of the people groups that comprise the global Church with biblical content that is released from copyright restrictions and made available in a language they understand well (a language of wider communication, also known as a "gateway language") together with unrestricted translation training and tools that enable them to translate it into a language they understand fully (their own language). A “gateway language” is a language of wider communication through which second-language speakers of that language can gain access to content and translate it into their own language.
+The objective of the Gateway Languages strategy is to equip 100% of the people groups that comprise the global Church with biblical content that is released from copyright restrictions and made available in a language they understand well (a language of wider communication, also known as a “gateway language”) together with unrestricted translation training and tools that enable them to translate it into a language they understand fully (their own language). A Gateway Language is a language of wider communication through which second-language speakers of that language can gain access to content and translate it into their own language.
 
-The “gateway languages” at the world level comprise the smallest number of languages through which content can be delivered to every other language, via translation by bilingual speakers. For example, French is a gateway language for minority languages in Francophone Africa since content available in French can be translated by bilingual speakers from French into their own languages.
+The Gateway Languages at the world level comprise the smallest number of languages through which content can be delivered to every Other Language via translation by bilingual speakers. For example, French is a Gateway Language for minority languages in francophone Africa since content available in French can be translated by bilingual speakers from French into their own languages.
 
-At the country level, the gateway languages of a given country are the fewest languages of wider communication required for bilingual speakers in every minority language native to the country (not located there due to immigration) to gain access to content. For example, English is the gateway language for North Korea, because all people groups native to North Korea can be reached by translation of content into their language from English.
+At the country level, the gateway languages of a given country are the fewest languages of wider communication required for bilingual speakers in every minority language native to the country (not located there due to immigration) to gain access to content. For example, English is the Gateway Language for North Korea, because all people groups native to North Korea can be reached by translation of content into their language from English.
 
 ### Effects
 
-This model has two basic effects: First, it empowers all languages to “pull” content to their language once the content and helps have been “pushed” into a gateway language, thereby making that content accessible to every language of the world. Second, it limits the amount of translation that needs to be done as the translation helps only have to be translated into the gateway language. All other languages can translate only the biblical content, since no language will be dependent upon them for understanding the translation helps.
+This model has two basic effects: First, it empowers all languages to “pull” content to their language once the content and helps have been “pushed” into a Gateway Language, thereby making that content accessible to every language of the world. Second, it limits the amount of translation that needs to be done as the translation helps only have to be translated into the Gateway Language. All Other Languages can translate only the biblical content, since no language will be dependent upon them for understanding the translation helps.

intro/open-license/01.md

@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-
 ### A License for Freedom
 
-To achieve our vision of **the church in every people group and the Bible in every language**, a license is needed that gives the global church “unrestricted” access. We believe this movement will become unstoppable when the Church has unrestricted access. The [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) provides all the needed rights for translation and distribution of biblical content and ensures that the content remains unrestricted. Except where otherwise noted, all our content is licensed CC BY-SA.
+To achieve our vision of **the church in every people group and the Bible in every language**, a license is needed that gives the global church “unrestricted” access. We believe this movement will become unstoppable when the Church has unrestricted access. The [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) provides all the needed rights for translation and distribution of biblical content and ensures that the content remains unrestricted. Except where otherwise noted, all our content is licensed CC BY-SA.
 
-*The official license for Door43 is found at https://door43.org/en/legal/license.*
+**The official license for Door43 is found at https://door43.org/en/legal/license.**
 
 ### Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
 
-This is a human-readable summary of (and not a substitute for) the [license](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
+This is a human-readable summary of (and not a substitute for) the [license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
 
 #### You are free to:
 
@@ -39,9 +38,9 @@ This principle applies to trademarks from other organizations as well. The CC BY
 
 ### Attribution Statements
 
-On the derivative work, you must indicate what changes you have made and attribute the work as follows: “The original work by unfoldingWord is available from unfoldingword.org/uta”. You must also make your derivative work available under the same license (CC BY-SA).
+On the derivative work, you must indicate what changes you have made and attribute the work as follows: “The original work by unfoldingWord is available from unfoldingword.org/uta.” You must also make your derivative work available under the same license (CC BY-SA).
 
-Suggested attribution statement for Door43 works: “Original work created by the Door43 World Missions Community, available at http://door43.org/, and released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License  (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). This work has been changed from the original, and the original authors have not endorsed this work.”
+Suggested attribution statement for Door43 works: “Original work created by the Door43 World Missions Community, available at https://door43.org/, and released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). This work has been changed from the original, and the original authors have not endorsed this work.”
 
 Other works on Door43 may have different suggestions for attribution, please check the LICENSE files that are distributed with the content.
 
@@ -55,9 +54,9 @@ Contributors to projects on Door43 agree that **the attribution that occurs auto
 
 Source texts may only be used if they have one of the following licenses:
 
-* **[CC0 Public Domain Dedication (CC0)](http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)**
-* **[CC Attribution (CC BY)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)**
-* **[CC Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**
-* **[Free Translate License](http://ufw.io/freetranslate/)**
+* **[CC0 Public Domain Dedication (CC0)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)**
+* **[CC Attribution (CC BY)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)**
+* **[CC Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**
+* **[Free Translate License](https://ufw.io/freetranslate/)**
 
 See [Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](../../translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md) for more information.

intro/open-license/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-What freedoms do users have with unfoldingWord® content?
+What freedoms do users have with unfoldingWord® content?

intro/statement-of-faith/01.md

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
+**The official version of this document is found at https://ufw.io/faith.**
 
-*The official version of this document is found at http://ufw.io/faith.*
-
-*The following statement of faith is in agreement with these historical creeds: [Apostles’ Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/apostles.md), [Nicene Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/nicene.md), and [Athanasian Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/athanasian.md); and also the [Lausanne Covenant](http://www.lausanne.org/en/documents/lausanne-covenant.html).*
+The following statement of faith is in agreement with these historical creeds: [Apostles’ Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/apostles.md), [Nicene Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/nicene.md), and [Athanasian Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/athanasian.md); and also the [Lausanne Covenant](https://www.lausanne.org/en/documents/lausanne-covenant.html).
 
 We believe that Christian belief can and should be divided into **essential beliefs** and **peripheral beliefs** (Romans 14).
 

intro/ta-intro/01.md

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-
 ### Welcome to unfoldingWord® Translation Academy
 
-unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is intended to enable anyone, anywhere to equip themselves so that they will be able to make high-quality translations of biblical content into their own language. unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is designed to be highly flexible. It can be used in a systematic, in-advance approach, or it can be used for just-in-time learning (or both, as needed). It is modular in structure.
+unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is a collection of information and instruction on the topic of Bible translation. The primary users that we have in mind are church-based mother-tongue translators. It is written in simple language wherever possible and is intended to enable anyone, anywhere to equip themselves so that they will be able to make high-quality translations of biblical content into their own language.
 
-unfoldingWord® Translation Academy contains the following sections:
+unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is designed to be highly flexible. It is modular in structure, making possible many pathways through the material, depending on the needs and interests of the user. Although it does recommend certain steps and procedures, it seeks to be paradigm-neutral, so that it can be used in a variety of settings and processes. It can be used in systematic, in-advance approaches, or it can be used for just-in-time learning (or both, as needed).
 
-* [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) - introduces this resource, the Gateway Languages strategy, and translation
-* [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md)  - answers the question “what next?”
-* [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) - explains the basics of translation theory and practical translation helps
-* [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) - explains the basics of checking theory and best practices
+unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is organized into the following sections:
+
+* [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) — introduces this resource, the Gateway Languages strategy, and translation
+* [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) — answers the question “what next?”
+* [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) — explains the basics of translation theory and offers practical Bible translation helps
+* [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) — explains the basics of checking theory and best practices for checking translations

intro/toc.yaml

@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ sections:
     link: gl-strategy
 
   - title: "Finding Answers"
-    link: finding-answers
+    link: finding-answers

intro/translate-why/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 The purpose of unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is to train you to become a Bible translator. Translating God’s Word into your language to help your people grow as disciples of Jesus is an important task. You must be committed to this task, take your responsibility seriously, and pray that the Lord will help you.
 
 God has spoken to us in the Bible. He inspired the writers of the Bible to write his Word using the Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek languages. There were about 40 different authors writing from around 1400 B.C. to A.D. 100. These documents were written in the Middle East, North Africa and Europe. By recording his Word in those languages, God ensured that the people at those times and in those places could understand it.
@@ -7,4 +6,4 @@ Today, people in your country do not understand Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek. But t
 
 Someone’s “mother tongue” or “heart language” means the language they first spoke as a child and the one which they use at home. This is the language in which they are most comfortable and which they use to express their deepest thoughts. We want everyone to be able to read God’s Word in their heart language, even if you speak a language that has not been written down yet!
 
-Every language is important and valuable. Small languages are just as important as the national languages spoken in your country, and they can express meaning just as well. No one should be ashamed to speak their dialect. Sometimes, those in minority groups feel ashamed of their language and try not to use it around the people who are in the majority in their nation. But there is nothing inherently more important, more prestigious, or more educated about a national language than there is about local languages. Each language has nuances and shades of meaning that are unique.  We should use the language we are most comfortable with and with which we best communicate with others.
+Every language is important and valuable. Small languages are just as important as the national languages spoken in your country, and they can express meaning just as well. No one should be ashamed to speak their dialect. Sometimes, those in minority groups feel ashamed of their language and try not to use it around the people who are in the majority in their nation. But there is nothing inherently more important, more prestigious, or more educated about a national language than there is about local languages. Each language has nuances and shades of meaning that are unique. We should use the language we are most comfortable with and with which we best communicate with others.

intro/translation-guidelines/01.md

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
+**The official version of this document is found at https://ufw.io/guidelines/.**
 
-*The official version of this document is found at http://ufw.io/guidelines/.*
+The following statement on the principles and procedures used in translation is subscribed to by unfoldingWord and its contributors. All translation activities are carried out according to these common guidelines.
 
-*The following statement on the principles and procedures used in translation is subscribed to by unfoldingWord and its contributors. All translation activities are carried out according to these common guidelines.*
-
-1. **Accurate** — Translate accurately, without  detracting from, changing, or adding to the meaning of the original text. Translated content should faithfully communicate as precisely as possible the meaning of the original text as it would have been understood by the original audience. (see [Create Accurate Translations](../../translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md))
+1. **Accurate** — Translate accurately, without detracting from, changing, or adding to the meaning of the original text. Translated content should faithfully communicate as precisely as possible the meaning of the original text as it would have been understood by the original audience. (see [Create Accurate Translations](../../translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md))
 1. **Clear** — Use whatever language structures are necessary to achieve the highest level of comprehension. This includes rearranging the form of a text and using as many or as few terms as necessary to communicate the original meaning as clearly as possible. (see [Create Clear Translations](../../translate/guidelines-clear/01.md))
 1. **Natural** — Use language forms that are effective and that reflect the way your language is used in corresponding contexts. (see [Create Natural Translations](../../translate/guidelines-natural/01.md))
 1. **Faithful** — Avoid any political, denominational, ideological, social, cultural, or theological bias in your translation. Use key terms that are faithful to the vocabulary of the original biblical languages. Use equivalent common language terms for the biblical words that describe the relationship between God the Father and God the Son. These may be clarified, as needed, in footnotes or other supplemental resources. (see [Create Faithful Translations](../../translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md))
@@ -18,10 +17,9 @@ The quality of a translation generally refers to the fidelity of the translation
 The specific steps involved may vary significantly, depending on the language and context of the translation project. Generally, we consider a good translation to be one that has been reviewed by the speakers of the language community and also by the leadership of the church in the language group so that it is:
 
 1. **Accurate, Clear, Natural, and Equal** — Faithful to the intended meaning of the original, as determined by the Church in that people group and in alignment with the Church global and historical, and consequently:
-1. **Affirmed by the Church** - Endorsed and used by the Church. (see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md))
+1. **Affirmed by the Church** — Endorsed and used by the Church. (see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md))
 
 We also recommend that the translation work be:
 
 1. **Collaborative** — Where possible, work together with other believers who speak your language to translate, check, and distribute the translated content, ensuring that it is of the highest quality and available to as many people as possible. (see [Create Collaborative Translations](../../translate/guidelines-collaborative/01.md))
 1. **Ongoing** — Translation work is never completely finished. Encourage those who are skilled with the language to suggest better ways to say things when they notice that improvements can be made. Any errors in the translation should also be corrected as soon as they are discovered. Also encourage the periodic review of translations to ascertain when revision or a new translation is needed. We recommend that each language community form a translation committee to oversee this ongoing work. Using the unfoldingWord® online tools, these changes to the translation can be made quickly and easily. (see [Create Ongoing Translations](../../translate/guidelines-ongoing/01.md))
-

intro/uw-intro/01.md

@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-
 The vision of unfoldingWord is **the church in every people group and the Bible in every language**.
 
 Jesus commanded his disciples to make disciples of EVERY people group:
 
-> “Jesus came to them and spoke to them and said, ‘All authority has been given to me in heaven and on earth. Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations. Baptize them into the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Teach them to obey all the things that I have commanded you. And see, I am with you always, even to the end of the world.’” (Matthew 28:18-20 ULT)
+> Jesus came to them and spoke to them, saying, “All authority has been given to me in heaven and on the earth. Go, therefore, and make disciples of all the nations. Baptize them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Teach them to obey all the things that I have commanded you. See, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.” (Matthew 28:18-20 ULT)
 
 We have the promise that people from EVERY language will be in heaven:
 
-> “After these things I saw, and behold, there was a great crowd, which no one was able to number, out of every nation, tribe, people, and language, standing before the throne and before the Lamb.” (Revelation 7:9 ULT)
+> “After these things I looked, and there was a huge multitude that no one could count—from every nation, tribe, people, and language—standing before the throne and in front of the Lamb.” (Revelation 7:9 ULT)
 
 Understanding the Word of God in one’s heart language is important:
 
@@ -15,37 +14,36 @@ Understanding the Word of God in one’s heart language is important:
 
 ### How Do We Do This?
 
-How do we accomplish the goal of __the church in every people group and the Bible in every language__?
+How do we accomplish the goal of **the church in every people group and the Bible in every language**?
 
-* [Church-Centric Bible Translation](https://www.ccbt.bible/) - By working with other like-minded churches and organizations
-* [Statement of Faith](../statement-of-faith/01.md) - By working with those who have the same beliefs
-* [Translation Guidelines](../translation-guidelines/01.md) - By using a common translation theory
-* [Open License](../open-license/01.md) - By releasing everything we create under an open license
-* [Gateway Languages Strategy](../gl-strategy/01.md) - By making Biblical content available to translate from a known language
+* [Church-Centric Bible Translation](https://www.ccbt.bible/) — By working with other like-minded churches and organizations
+* [Statement of Faith](../statement-of-faith/01.md) — By working with those who have the same beliefs
+* [Translation Guidelines](../translation-guidelines/01.md) — By using a common translation theory
+* [Open License](../open-license/01.md) — By releasing everything we create under an open license
+* [Gateway Languages Strategy](../gl-strategy/01.md) — By making biblical content available to translate from a known language
 
 ### What Do We Do?
 
 #### Content
 
-We create and make available for translation free and unrestricted biblical content. See  https://www.unfoldingword.org/content for a complete list of resources and translations. Here are a few samples:
+We create and make available for translation free and unrestricted biblical content. See https://www.unfoldingword.org/content for a complete list of resources and translations. Here are a few samples:
 
-* **unfoldingWord® Open Bible Stories** - unrestricted visual Bible stories comprising 50 key stories of the Bible, from Creation to Revelation, for evangelism and discipleship, in print, audio, and video (see https://www.openbiblestories.org/).
-* **unfoldingWord® Literal Text** - a ‘form-centric’ translation of the Bible *for translators*. It increases the translator’s understanding of the lexical and grammatical composition of the underlying text by adhering closely to the word order and structure of the originals (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/ult).
-* **unfoldingWord® Simplified Text** - a ‘functional’ translation of the Bible *for translators*. It increases the translator’s understanding of the text by simplifying grammar, adding implied information, and translating theological terms as descriptive phrases (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/ust).
-* **unfoldingWord® Translation Notes** - linguistic, cultural, and exegetical helps for translators. They exist for Open Bible Stories and the Bible (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/utn).
-* **unfoldingWord® Translation Questions** - questions for each chunk of text that translators and checkers can ask to help ensure that their translation is understood correctly. Available for Open Bible Stories and the Bible (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/utq).
-* **unfoldingWord® Translation Words** - a list of important Biblical terms with a short explanation, cross references, and translation aids. Useful for Open Bible Stories and the Bible (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/utw).
+* **unfoldingWord® Open Bible Stories** — unrestricted visual Bible stories comprising 50 key stories of the Bible, from Creation to Revelation, for evangelism and discipleship, in print, audio, and video (see https://www.openbiblestories.org/).
+* **unfoldingWord® Literal Text** — a ‘form-centric’ translation of the Bible *for translators*. It increases the translator’s understanding of the lexical and grammatical composition of the underlying text by adhering closely to the word order and structure of the originals (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/ult).
+* **unfoldingWord® Simplified Text** — a ‘functional’ translation of the Bible *for translators*. It increases the translator’s understanding of the text by simplifying grammar, adding implied information, and translating theological terms as descriptive phrases (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/ust).
+* **unfoldingWord® Translation Notes** — linguistic, cultural, and exegetical helps for translators. They exist for Open Bible Stories and the Bible (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/utn).
+* **unfoldingWord® Translation Questions** — questions for each chunk of text that translators and checkers can ask to help ensure that their translation is understood correctly. Available for Open Bible Stories and the Bible (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/utq).
+* **unfoldingWord® Translation Words** — a list of important biblical terms with a short explanation, cross references, and translation aids. Useful for Open Bible Stories and the Bible (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/utw).
 
 #### Tools
 
 We create translation, checking, and distribution tools that are free and open-licensed. See https://www.unfoldingword.org/tools for a complete list of tools. Here are a few samples:
 
-* **Door43** - an online translation platform where people can collaborate on translation and checking, also the content and translation management system (see https://door43.org/).
-* **translationStudio** - a mobile app and a desktop app where translators can do offline translating (see http://ufw.io/ts/).
-* **unfoldingWord app** - a mobile app where Open Bible Stories and Bible translations can be distributed (see http://ufw.io/uw/).
-* **translationCore** - a program that enables comprehensive checking of Bible translations (see https://translationcore.com).
+* **Door43** — an online translation platform where people can collaborate on translation and checking, also the content and translation management system (see https://door43.org/).
+* **translationStudio** — a mobile app and a desktop app where translators can do offline translating (see https://ufw.io/ts/).
+* **unfoldingWord app** — a mobile app where Open Bible Stories and Bible translations can be distributed (see https://ufw.io/uw/).
+* **translationCore** — a program that enables comprehensive checking of Bible translations (see https://translationcore.com).
 
 #### Training
 
 We create resources to train mother tongue translation teams. unfoldingWord® Translation Academy (this resource) is our primary training tool. We also have audio recording and training resources. See https://www.unfoldingword.org/training for a complete list of training materials.
-

manifest.yaml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ dublin_core:
   conformsto: 'rc0.2'
   contributor:
     - 'Jesse Griffin, BA in Biblical Studies, MA in Biblical Languages'
-    - 'Perry Oakes, PhD in Old Testament, MA in Linguistics'
+    - 'Perry Oakes, PhD in Old Testament, MA in Linguistics, MA in Theology, BA in Biblical Studies'
     - 'Susan Quigley, MA in Linguistics'
     - 'Henry Whitney, BA in Linguistics'
     - 'James N. Pohlig, M.Div., MA in Linguistics, D. Litt. in Biblical Languages'
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ dublin_core:
   description: 'A modular handbook that provides a condensed explanation of Bible translation and checking principles that the global Church has implicitly affirmed define trustworthy translations. It enables translators to learn how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.'
   format: 'text/markdown'
   identifier: 'ta'
-  issued: '2019-11-01'
+  issued: '2021-06-28'
   language:
     identifier: 'en'
     title: 'English'
     direction: 'ltr'
-  modified: '2019-11-01'
+  modified: '2021-06-28'
   publisher: 'unfoldingWord®'
   relation:
     - 'en/ust'
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ dublin_core:
     -
       identifier: 'ta'
       language: 'en'
-      version: '11'
+      version: '21'
   subject: 'Translation Academy'
   title: 'unfoldingWord® Translation Academy'
   type: 'man'
-  version: '11'
+  version: '22'
 
 checking:
   checking_entity:

media.yaml

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-resource:
-  version: '{latest}'
-  media:
-    -
-     identifier: 'pdf'
-     version: '{latest}'
-     contributor: []
-     url: 'https://cdn.door43.org/en/ta/v{latest}/pdf/unfoldingWordTranslationAcademy-v{latest}.pdf'

process/config.yaml

@@ -64,4 +64,4 @@ translation-overview:
   recommended:
     - intro-publishing
   dependencies:
-    - pretranslation-training
+    - pretranslation-training

process/intro-publishing/01.md

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-
 ### Publishing Overview
 
-Once a work has been uploaded to Door43, it is automatically available online under your user account.  This is referred to as self-publishing. You will have access to a web version of your project at http://door43.org/u/user_name/project_name (where user_name is your username and project_name is your translation project).  Both translationStudio and translationCore will give you the correct link when you upload. You can also browse all works on http://door43.org.
+Once a work has been uploaded to Door43, it is automatically available online under your user account. This is referred to as self-publishing. You will have access to a web version of your project at https://door43.org/u/user_name/project_name (where user_name is your username and project_name is your translation project). Both translationStudio and translationCore will give you the correct link when you upload. You can also browse all works on https://door43.org.
 
 From your Door43 project page you can:
 
@@ -12,4 +11,3 @@ From your Door43 project page you can:
 * Continue to edit and improve your project and keep track of all changes
 
 For more about distributing your project to others, see [Distribution](../intro-share/01.md).
-

process/intro-share/01.md

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-
 ### Distribution Overview
 
 Biblical content is worthless unless it is distributed and used. One advantage of using the Door43 translation and publishing platform is that it provides multiple, simple ways of distributing content. On Door43:
 
-* You can safely store your translation 
-* People can see your translation 
+* You can safely store your translation
+* People can see your translation
 * People can leave comments and suggestions to improve your translation
 * People can download your translation to read, print, and share with others
 
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ The biggest factor that enables distribution of content is the [Open License](..
 * **Share** — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
 * **Adapt** — remix, transform, and build upon the material
 
-for any purpose, even commercial, without cost. "Freely you have received; freely give." (Matthew 10:8)
+for any purpose, even commercial, without cost. “Freely you have received; freely give.” (Matthew 10:8b)
 
 For ways to share your translations both online and offline, see [Sharing Content](../share-content/01.md).
-

process/platforms/01.md

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-
 ### Recommended Platform
 
-The recommended platform for drafting Bible translations in the Door43 online community is translationStudio (http://ufw.io/ts/). The recommended platform for checking Bible translations is translationCore (http://ufw.io/tc/). You may set up translationStudio on Android, Windows, Mac, or Linux devices (see [Setting up translationStudio](../setup-ts/01.md) for more information). You may set up translationCore on Windows, Mac, or Linux devices. These platforms are free to download and use. They import and export Bible books in USFM format.
+The recommended platform for drafting Bible translations in the Door43 online community is translationStudio (https://ufw.io/ts/). The recommended platform for checking Bible translations is translationCore (https://ufw.io/tc/). You may set up translationStudio on Android, Windows, Mac, or Linux devices (see [Setting up translationStudio](../setup-ts/01.md) for more information). You may set up translationCore on Windows, Mac, or Linux devices. These platforms are free to download and use. They import and export Bible books in USFM format.
 
 ### Other Options
 
-If using translationStudio is not an option for your team, then you may consider using other online or offline tools. Please note: if you do not use translationStudio but do want to use other Bible translation software, then it will be your responsibility to ensure that your translated content is in USFM format (see [File Formats](../../translate/file-formats/01.md) for more information).
+If using translationStudio is not an option for your team, then you may consider using other online or offline tools. Please note: if you do not use translationStudio but do want to use other Bible translation software, then it will be your responsibility to ensure that your translated content is in USFM format (see [File Formats](../../translate/file-formats/01.md) for more information).

process/prechecking-training/01.md

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-
 ### Before Checking
 
 It is recommended that you consult the [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) frequently as you check your translation. Before you start checking, we recommend that you start working your way through the Checking Manual until you understand what is required for each check. As you work through the checking process, you will need to consult the Checking Manual frequently.
 
 Some information that the translation team should know before you start checking:
 
-* [Goal of Checking](../../checking/goal-checking/01.md) - What is the purpose of checking?
-* [Introduction to Translation Checking](../../checking/intro-checking/01.md) - Why do we need a team to check the translation?
+* [Goal of Checking](../../checking/goal-checking/01.md) — What is the purpose of checking?
+* [Introduction to Translation Checking](../../checking/intro-checking/01.md) — Why do we need a team to check the translation?

process/pretranslation-training/01.md

@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
-
 ### What to Know Before Translation
 
 It is recommended that you consult the [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) frequently as you translate. Before you start translating, we recommend that you start working your way through the Translation Manual at least until you know the difference between a literal translation and a meaning-based translation. Much of the rest of the Translation Manual can be used as a “just-in-time” learning resource.
 
 Some important subjects that everyone on the translation team must learn before starting a translation project include:
 
-* [The Qualities of a Good Translation](../../translate/guidelines-intro/01.md) - The definition of a good translation
-* [The Translation Process](../../translate/translate-process/01.md) - How a good translation is made
-    * [Form and Meaning](../../translate/translate-fandm/01.md) - The difference between form and meaning
-    * [Meaning-Based Translations](../../translate/translate-dynamic/01.md) - How to make a meaning-based translation
+* [The Qualities of a Good Translation](../../translate/guidelines-intro/01.md) — The definition of a good translation
+* [The Translation Process](../../translate/translate-process/01.md) — How a good translation is made
+    * [Form and Meaning](../../translate/translate-fandm/01.md) — The difference between form and meaning
+    * [Meaning-Based Translations](../../translate/translate-dynamic/01.md) — How to make a meaning-based translation
 
 Some other important topics as you get started also include:
 
-* [Choosing What to Translate](../../translate/translation-difficulty/01.md) - Suggestions for where to start translating
-* [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md) - How to make a first draft
-* [Help with Translating](../../translate/translate-help/01.md) - Using translation helps
+* [Choose a Translation Style](../../translate/choose-style/01.md) — Important decisions that must be made that will guide the translation process
+* [Choosing What to Translate](../../translate/translation-difficulty/01.md) — Suggestions for where to start translating
+* [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md) — How to make a first draft
+* [Help with Translating](../../translate/translate-help/01.md) — Using translation helps
 
 When you have [Set Up a Translation Team](../setup-team/01.md) and want to make a [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md) of your translation, use [translationStudio](../setup-ts/01.md). We recommend that you follow this [Translation Process](../translation-overview/01.md).
-

process/process-manual/01.md

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-
 ### Welcome
 
-Welcome to Bible translation! We are pleased that you desire to translate God's message into the language of your people, whether this is through translaton of Bible stories or books of Scripture. This Process Manual is a step-by-step guide to help translation teams know what they need to do from the start of a project to its completion.  This guide will help a translation team from the initial setup to the final publishing of translated and checked content.
+Welcome to Bible translation! We are pleased that you desire to translate God’s message into the language of your people, whether this is through translaton of Bible stories or books of Scripture. This Process Manual is a step-by-step guide to help translation teams know what they need to do from the start of a project to its completion. This guide will help a translation team from the initial setup to the final publishing of translated and checked content.
 
 ### Getting Started
 
 Translation is a very complex task that takes commitment, organization, and planning. There are many required steps to take a translation from an idea to a completed, checked, distributed, and in-use translation. The information in this Process Manual will help you to know all of the necessary steps in the translation process.
 
-Translating the Bible requires many skills, so one of the first things that you need to think about is how to [choose a team](../setup-team/01.md) that can do this work.
+Translating the Bible requires many skills, so one of the first things that you need to think about is how to [choose a team](../setup-team/01.md) that can do this work.

process/setup-tc/01.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ### How to Get translationCore®
 
-translationCore® is an open-source and open-licensed software program for checking Bible translations. It is completely free to use. The latest version of translationCore for desktop or laptop computers (Windows, Mac, or Linux) is available from https://translationcore.com/.  To install the program, click on “Download” to get the latest release.  Note that you may also copy the installation file to other computers to share translationCore with others without using the internet.
+translationCore® is an open-source and open-licensed software program for checking Bible translations. It is completely free to use. The latest version of translationCore for desktop or laptop computers (Windows, Mac, or Linux) is available from https://translationcore.com/. To install the program, click on “Download” to get the latest release. Note that you may also copy the installation file to other computers to share translationCore with others without using the internet.
 
 ### How to Set Up translationCore®
 
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ For documentation on how to use translationCore, please see https://tc-documenta
 
 #### Log In
 
-To start, you will need to log in with a user name. If your translation is on Door43, use your Door43 user name. If you do not want to use the internet, then you can enter any name that you want to use, either real or a pseudonym. 
+To start, you will need to log in with a user name. If your translation is on Door43, use your Door43 user name. If you do not want to use the internet, then you can enter any name that you want to use, either real or a pseudonym.
 
 #### Choose a Project
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ If you logged in with your Door43 user name, translationCore will know which tra
 
 #### Choose a Tool
 
-translationCore currently contains three checking tools: 
+translationCore currently contains three checking tools:
 
 * [translationWords Tool](../../checking/important-term-check/01.md)
 * [translationNotes Tool](../../checking/trans-note-check/01.md)
@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ Instructions for using each tool can be found by clicking on the name of the too
 
 ### After Using translationCore®
 
-At any point, you may upload your work to [Door43](https://git.door43.org) by returning to the project list and clicking on the three-dot menu next to the project that you want to upload and choosing "Upload to Door43". You can also save your project to a file on your computer. Once uploaded, Door43 will keep your work in a repository under your user name and you can access your work there (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)).
+At any point, you may upload your work to [Door43](https://git.door43.org) by returning to the project list and clicking on the three-dot menu next to the project that you want to upload and choosing “Upload to Door43.” You can also save your project to a file on your computer. Once uploaded, Door43 will keep your work in a repository under your user name and you can access your work there (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)).

process/setup-team/01.md

@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-
 ### Choosing a Team
 
 As you begin selecting a translation and checking team, there are many different types of people and roles that are needed. There are also specific qualifications that are needed for each team.
 
-* [Choosing a Translation Team](../../translate/choose-team/01.md) - Describes many of the roles that are needed
-* [Translator Qualifications](../../translate/qualifications/01.md) - Describes some of the skills needed by the translators
-* Remember that everyone on the team needs to sign a statement that they agree with (forms are available at http://ufw.io/forms/ ):
-    * [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md)
-    * [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md)
-    * [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md)
+* [Choosing a Translation Team](../../translate/choose-team/01.md) — Describes many of the roles that are needed
+* [Translator Qualifications](../../translate/qualifications/01.md) — Describes some of the skills needed by the translators
+* Remember that everyone on the team needs to sign a statement that they agree with (forms are available at https://ufw.io/forms)
+  * [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md)
+  * [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md)
+  * [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md)
 * Everyone on the team also needs to know the qualities of a good translation (see [The Qualities of a Good Translation](../../translate/guidelines-intro/01.md)).
 * The team also needs to know where they can find answers (see [Finding Answers](../../intro/finding-answers/01.md)).
 
@@ -16,14 +15,14 @@ As you begin selecting a translation and checking team, there are many different
 
 There are many decisions the translation team will need to make, many of them right at the beginning of the project. Included are the following:
 
-* [Choosing a Source Text](../../translate/translate-source-text/01.md) - Choosing a good source text is very important
-    * [Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](../../translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md) - Copyright issues must be considered when choosing a source text
-    * [Source Texts and Version Numbers](../../translate/translate-source-version/01.md) - Translating from the latest version of a source text is best
-* [Alphabet/Orthography](../../translate/translate-alphabet/01.md) - Many languages have alphabet decisions that need to be made
-* [Decisions for Writing Your Language](../../translate/writing-decisions/01.md) - Writing style, punctuation, translating names, spelling, and other decisions have to be made
-* [Translation Style](../../translate/choose-style/01.md) - The translation committee needs to agree on the style of the translation in the sense of how much they want it to imitate the form of the source, how much borrowing of words is allowed, and other topics. See also this section on making the translation [Acceptable](../../checking/acceptable/01.md).
-* [Choosing What to Translate](../../translate/translation-difficulty/01.md) - Books should be chosen based on the needs of the church and the difficulty of translation 
+* [Choosing a Source Text](../../translate/translate-source-text/01.md) — Choosing a good source text is very important
+  * [Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](../../translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md) — Copyright issues must be considered when choosing a source text
+  * [Source Texts and Version Numbers](../../translate/translate-source-version/01.md) — Translating from the latest version of a source text is best
+* [Alphabet/Orthography](../../translate/translate-alphabet/01.md) — Many languages have alphabet decisions that need to be made
+* [Decisions for Writing Your Language](../../translate/writing-decisions/01.md) — Writing style, punctuation, translating names, spelling, and other decisions have to be made
+* [Translation Style](../../translate/choose-style/01.md) — The translation committee needs to agree on the style of the translation in the sense of how much they want it to imitate the form of the source, how much borrowing of words is allowed, and other topics. See also this section on making the translation [Acceptable](../../checking/acceptable/01.md).
+* [Choosing What to Translate](../../translate/translation-difficulty/01.md) — Books should be chosen based on the needs of the church and the difficulty of translation
 
-After the translation committee makes these decisions, it is good to write them down in a document that everyone involved in the translation can read. This will help everyone to make similar translation decisions and will avoid further arguments about these things. 
+After the translation committee makes these decisions, it is good to write them down in a document that everyone involved in the translation can read. This will help everyone to make similar translation decisions and will avoid further arguments about these things.
 
-After choosing the translation team, it will be time to start giving them [Translation Training](../pretranslation-training/01.md).
+After choosing the translation team, it will be time to start giving them [Translation Training](../pretranslation-training/01.md).

process/setup-ts/01.md

@@ -1,23 +1,21 @@
-
 ### Installing tS for Mobile
 
-The mobile (Android) edition of translationStudio is available from the [Google Play Store](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.translationstudio.androidapp ) or via direct download from http://ufw.io/ts/.  If you install from the Play Store, then you will be notified by the Play Store when a new version is available.  Note that you may also copy the installation file (apk) to other devices to share translationStudio with others without using the internet.
+The mobile (Android) edition of translationStudio is available from the [Google Play Store](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.translationstudio.androidapp ) or via direct download from https://ufw.io/ts/. If you install from the Play Store, then you will be notified by the Play Store when a new version is available. Note that you may also copy the installation file (apk) to other devices to share translationStudio with others without using the internet.
 
 ### Installing tS for Desktop
 
-The latest version of translationStudio for desktop or laptop computers (Windows, Mac, or Linux) is available from http://ufw.io/ts/.  To install the program, navigate to the “Desktop” section and download the latest release.  Note that you may also copy the installation file to other computers to share translationStudio with others without using the internet.
+The latest version of translationStudio for desktop or laptop computers (Windows, Mac, or Linux) is available from https://ufw.io/ts/. To install the program, navigate to the “Desktop” section and download the latest release. Note that you may also copy the installation file to other computers to share translationStudio with others without using the internet.
 
 ### Using tS
 
-Once installed, both editions of translationStudio are designed to work similarly.  You *do not* need an internet connection to use translationStudio!  When using translationStudio for the first time, the software will take you to a screen where you must sign an agreement to the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md), the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md), and the [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md).
+Once installed, both editions of translationStudio are designed to work similarly. You *do not* need an internet connection to use translationStudio! When using translationStudio for the first time, the software will take you to a screen where you must sign an agreement to the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md), the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md), and the [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md).
 
-After this first-use screen, the software will then take you to the Home screen where you can create a new project. You will need to give the project a name (usually a book of the Bible), identify the project type (usually Bible or Open Bible Stories), and identify the target language. Once your project is created, you can start translating. Make sure that you understand the [Principles of Good Translation](../pretranslation-training/01.md) and know how to use the [Translation Helps](../../translate/translate-help/01.md) that are built into translationStudio. These will help you to gain a better understanding of the source text and how to translate it.  Note that your work is automatically saved. You may also choose to back up, share, or upload your work at various intervals (use the menu to access these functions). For guidelines on how to start translating, see [Translation Overview](../translation-overview/01.md) and [Making a First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md).
+After this first-use screen, the software will then take you to the Home screen where you can create a new project. You will need to give the project a name (usually a book of the Bible), identify the project type (usually Bible or Open Bible Stories), and identify the target language. Once your project is created, you can start translating. Make sure that you understand the [Principles of Good Translation](../pretranslation-training/01.md) and know how to use the [Translation Helps](../../translate/translate-help/01.md) that are built into translationStudio. These will help you to gain a better understanding of the source text and how to translate it. Note that your work is automatically saved. You may also choose to back up, share, or upload your work at various intervals (use the menu to access these functions). For guidelines on how to start translating, see [Translation Overview](../translation-overview/01.md) and [Making a First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md).
 
 For more information on how to use translationStudio, please see the documentation at https://ts-info.readthedocs.io/.
 
 ### After Using tS
 
 1. Make sure that you have a translation team that can help you check your work (see [Training Before Checking Begins](../prechecking-training/01.md)).
-1. At any point, you may upload your work to [Door43](https://git.door43.org) by clicking on the three-dot menu and choosing Upload/Export. You will need to create a user name on Door43. 
+1. At any point, you may upload your work to [Door43](https://git.door43.org) by clicking on the three-dot menu and choosing Upload/Export. You will need to create a user name on Door43.
 1. Once uploaded, Door43 will keep your work in a repository under your user name and you can access your work there (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)).
-

process/share-content/01.md

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-
 ### Sharing Content from tS and tC
 
-Sharing content that is in translationStudio is easy.  For offine sharing, use the Backup feature from the tS menu.  For online sharing, use the Upload feature from the tS menu. In translationCore, use the three-dot menu on the Projects page. For offline sharing, use either Export to USFM or Export to CSV. For online sharing, use Upload to Door43.
+Sharing content that is in translationStudio is easy. For offine sharing, use the Backup feature from the tS menu. For online sharing, use the Upload feature from the tS menu. In translationCore, use the three-dot menu on the Projects page. For offline sharing, use either Export to USFM or Export to CSV. For online sharing, use Upload to Door43.
 
 ### Sharing Content on Door43
 
-If you upload your work from translationStudio or translationCore, then it will automatically appear online on Door43.  All of your uploaded content will appear under your user account.  For example, if your username is *test_user* then you may find all your work at https://git.door43.org/test_user/.  You can share your work with others online by giving them the link to the projects you have uploaded.
+If you upload your work from translationStudio or translationCore, then it will automatically appear online on Door43. All of your uploaded content will appear under your user account. For example, if your username is *test_user* then you may find all your work at https://git.door43.org/test_user/. You can share your work with others online by giving them the link to the projects you have uploaded.
 
 ### Sharing Content Offline
 
-You can also generate and download documents from your project pages on Door43.  Once you have downloaded these, you can transfer them to others however you would like, including printing and distributing paper copies.
+You can also generate and download documents from your project pages on Door43. Once you have downloaded these, you can transfer them to others however you would like, including printing and distributing paper copies.

process/translation-overview/01.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ### OL Translation Process
 
-For "Other Languages" (OLs, languages other than Gateway Languages), which are most of the languages of the world, the following is the process of translation that unfoldingWord recommends and supports with translation resources and tools.
+For “Other Languages” (OLs, languages other than Gateway Languages), which are most of the languages of the world, the following is the process of translation that unfoldingWord recommends and supports with translation resources and tools.
 
 After [Setting up a Translation Committee](../setup-team/01.md) and training translators in [Translation Principles](../pretranslation-training/01.md) and how to use [translationStudio](../setup-ts/01.md), we recommend that you follow this process:
 
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ After [Setting up a Translation Committee](../setup-team/01.md) and training tra
 4. Check the translation using the [translationNotes](../../checking/trans-note-check/01.md) and [translationWords](../../checking/important-term-check/01.md).
 5. Check the translation with the [Language Community](../../checking/language-community-check/01.md).
 6. Check the translation with [Pastors from the Language Community](../../checking/church-leader-check/01.md).
-7. Check the translation with [Leaders of Church Networks](../../checking/level3/01.md).
+7. Check the translation with [Leaders of Church Networks](../../checking/vol2-steps/01.md).
 8. [Publish](../intro-publishing/01.md) the translation on Door43, in print, and in audio, as desired.
 
 Repeat these steps with each story of Open Bible Stories, until you have finished all fifty.
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ After finishing Open Bible Stories, you will have gained enough skill and experi
 5. Check the translation with the [Language Community](../../checking/language-community-check/01.md).
 6. Check the translation with [Pastors from the Language Community](../../checking/church-leader-check/01.md).
 7. Align the translation with the original languages using the [Aligning Tool](../../checking/alignment-tool/01.md) in [translationCore](../setup-tc/01.md).
-8. Check the translation with [Leaders of Church Networks](../../checking/level3/01.md).
+8. Check the translation with [Leaders of Church Networks](../../checking/vol2-steps/01.md).
 9. [Publish](../intro-publishing/01.md) the translation on Door43, in print, and in audio, as desired.
 
-Repeat these steps with each Bible book. 
+Repeat these steps with each Bible book.
 
-Plan to have someone from the translation team continue to maintain the translation on [Door43](http://git.door43.org), editing it to correct errors and improve it according to suggestions from the church community. The translation can easily be downloaded and reprinted as often as desired. 
+Plan to have someone from the translation team continue to maintain the translation on [Door43](https://git.door43.org), editing it to correct errors and improve it according to suggestions from the church community. The translation can easily be downloaded and reprinted as often as desired.

translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md

@@ -1,54 +1,49 @@
-
-
 ### Description
 
-The term "biblical imagery" refers in a general way to any kind of language in which an image is paired with an idea such that the image represents the idea. This general definition is applied most directly to [metaphors](../figs-metaphor) but can also includes [similes](../figs-simile), [metonymies](../figs-metonymy), and cultural models. 
+The term “biblical imagery” refers in a general way to any kind of language in which an image is paired with an idea such that the image represents the idea. This general definition is applied most directly to [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) but can also include [similes](../figs-simile/01.md), [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md), and cultural models.
 
-We have included several modules about biblical imagery in order to tell about the various patterns of imagery found in the Bible. The patterns of pairings found in the Bible are often unique to the Hebrew and Greek languages. It is useful to recognize these patterns because they repeatedly present translators with the same problems regarding how to translate them. Once translators think through how they will handle these translation challenges, they will be ready to meet them anywhere they see the same patterns. See [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) for links to pages showing common patterns of pairings between ideas in similes and metaphors.
+We have included several modules about biblical imagery in order to tell about the various patterns of imagery found in the Bible. The patterns of pairings found in the Bible are often unique to the Hebrew and Greek languages. It is useful to recognize these patterns because they repeatedly present translators with the same problems regarding how to translate them. Once translators think through how they will handle these translation challenges, they will be ready to meet them anywhere they see the same patterns. See [Biblical Imagery — Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) for links to pages showing common patterns of pairings between ideas in similes and metaphors.
 
 ### Common Types of Biblical Imagery
 
-A **simile** is an explicit figure of speech that compares two items using one of the specific terms "like", "as", or "than".
+A **simile** is an explicit figure of speech that compares two items using one of the specific terms “like,” “as,” or “than.”
 
-A **metonymy** is an implicit figure of speech that refers to an item (either physical or abstract) not by its own name, but by the name of something closely related to it. See [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md) for a list of some common metonymies in the Bible.
+A **metonymy** is an implicit figure of speech that refers to an item (either physical or abstract) not by its own name, but by the name of something closely related to it. See [Biblical Imagery — Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md) for a list of some common metonymies in the Bible.
 
-A **metaphor** is a figure of speech which uses a physical image to refer to an abstract idea, either explicitly or implicitly.  In our translation helps, we distinguish between three different types of metaphors: [simple metaphors](../figs-simetaphor), [extended metaphors](../figs-exmetaphor), and [complex metaphors](../figs-cometaphor).  
+A **metaphor** is a figure of speech which uses a physical image to refer to an abstract idea, either explicitly or implicitly. In our translation helps, we distinguish between three different types of metaphors: [simple metaphors](../figs-simetaphor/01.md), [extended metaphors](../figs-exmetaphor/01.md), and [complex metaphors](../figs-cometaphor/01.md).
 
 In a metaphor, the **Image** is the physical term (object, event, action, etc.) that is used to refer to an abstract term (idea, concept, action, etc.).
 
 In a metaphor, the **Idea** is the abstract term (concept, action, etc.) which is referred to by the physical term (object, event, action, etc.). Often, the Idea of a metaphor is not explicitly stated in the Bible, but only implied from the context.
 
-A **simple metaphor** is an explicit metaphor in which a single physical image is used to refer to a single abstract idea. For example, when Jesus said "I am the light of the world" (John 8:12 ULT), he was using the Image of "light" to refer to an abstract Idea about himself. NOTE: as with many simple metaphors in the Bible, the Image is explicitly stated, but the Idea is implied from the context.
+A **simple metaphor** is an explicit metaphor in which a single physical image is used to refer to a single abstract idea. For example, when Jesus said “I am the light of the world” (John 8:12 ULT), he was using the Image of “light” to refer to an abstract Idea about himself. NOTE: As with many simple metaphors in the Bible, the Image is explicitly stated, but the Idea is implied from the context.
 
-An **extended metaphor** is an explicit metaphor that uses multiple images and multiple ideas at the same time. For example, in Psalm 23 the psalmist writes "Yahweh is my shepherd" and then goes on to describe multiple physical aspects of the relationship between sheep and a shepherd as well as multiple abstract ideas concerning the relationship between himself and Yahweh.
+An **extended metaphor** is an explicit metaphor that uses multiple images and multiple ideas at the same time. For example, in Psalm 23 the psalmist writes “Yahweh is my shepherd” and then goes on to describe multiple physical aspects of the relationship between sheep and a shepherd as well as multiple abstract ideas concerning the relationship between himself and Yahweh.
 
-A **complex metaphor** is an implicit metaphor that uses multiple images and multiple ideas at the same time.  *Complex metaphors are very similar to extended metaphors, except that they are implied by the text rather than explicitly stated.  Because of this, complex metaphors can be very difficult to identify in the Bible.* For example, in Ephesians 6:10-20 the apostle Paul describes how a Christian should prepare to resist temptation by comparing abstract ideas to pieces of armor worn by a soldier. The term "full armor of God" is not a combination of several simple metaphors (where the belt represents truth, the helmet represents salvation, etc.). Rather, the unstated complex metaphor PREPARATION IS GETTING DRESSED underlies the entire description as a whole. The apostle Paul was using the physical Image of a soldier putting on his armor (that is, "GETTING DRESSED") to refer to the abstract Idea (that is, "PREPARATION") of a Christian preparing himself to resist temptation.
-
-In our translation helps, we use the term **cultural model** to refer to either an extended metaphor or a complex metaphor that is widely used within a specific culture which may or may not be used within a different culture. See [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md) for a list of some cultural models found in the Bible.
+A **complex metaphor** is an implicit metaphor that uses multiple images and multiple ideas at the same time. Complex metaphors are very similar to extended metaphors, except that they are implied by the text rather than explicitly stated. Because of this, complex metaphors can be very difficult to identify in the Bible. For example, in Ephesians 6:10-20 the apostle Paul describes how a Christian should prepare to resist temptation by comparing abstract ideas to pieces of armor worn by a soldier. The term “full armor of God” is not a combination of several simple metaphors (where the belt represents truth, the helmet represents salvation, etc.). Rather, the unstated complex metaphor PREPARATION IS GETTING DRESSED underlies the entire description as a whole. The apostle Paul was using the physical Image of a soldier putting on his armor (that is, “GETTING DRESSED”) to refer to the abstract Idea (that is, “PREPARATION”) of a Christian preparing himself to resist temptation.
 
+In our translation helps, we use the term **cultural model** to refer to either an extended metaphor or a complex metaphor that is widely used within a specific culture but which may or may not be used within a different culture. See [Biblical Imagery — Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md) for a list of some cultural models found in the Bible.
 
 ### Cultural Models
 
-Cultural models are complex metaphors that people use to help them imagine and talk about various aspects of life and behavior. For example, Americans often think of many things, including marriage and friendship, as if they were machines. Americans might say, “His marriage is breaking down,” or “Their friendship is going full speed ahead.” Often, cultural models that are used in the Bible are not explicitly stated but must be learned by reading large amounts of text and looking for images and metaphors that are repeated in many different contexts.
+Cultural models are complex metaphors that people use to help them imagine and talk about various aspects of life and behavior. For example, Americans often think of many things, including marriage and friendship, as if they were machines. Americans might say, “His marriage is breaking up,” or “Their friendship is going full speed ahead.” Often, cultural models that are used in the Bible are not explicitly stated, but must be learned by reading large amounts of text and looking for images and metaphors that are repeated in many different contexts.
 
 For example, both the Old Testament and New Testament describe God as if he were a shepherd and his people were sheep. This is a cultural model that is used frequently in the Bible, and it appears as an extended metaphor in Psalm 23. In the culture of ancient Israel, GOD IS MODELED AS A SHEPHERD.
 
-> <u>Yahweh is my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULT) 
+> **Yahweh is my shepherd**; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
 
-> He led his own people out <u>like sheep</u> and guided them through the wilderness <u>like a flock</u>. (Psalm 78:52 ULT)
+> He led his own people out **like sheep** and guided them through the wilderness **like a flock**. (Psalm 78:52 ULT)
 
-> <u>I am the good shepherd</u>.  The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep. (John 10:11 ULT)
+> **I am the good shepherd**. The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep. (John 10:11 ULT)
 
-> Then when <u>the Chief Shepherd</u> is revealed, you will receive an unfading crown of glory. (1 Peter 5:4 ULT)
+> Then when **the Chief Shepherd** is revealed, you will receive an unfading crown of glory. (1 Peter 5:4 ULT)
 
-Another cultural model is found in Psalm 24, where the psalmist describes God as if he were a mighty and glorious king coming into a city.  In the culture of ancient Israel, GOD IS MODELED AS A KING. 
+Another cultural model is found in Psalm 24, where the psalmist describes God as if he were a mighty and glorious king coming into a city. In the culture of ancient Israel, GOD IS MODELED AS A KING.
 
-> Lift up your heads, you gates; be lifted up, everlasting doors, so that the King of glory may come in! Who is this King of glory? Yahweh, strong and mighty; Yahweh, mighty in battle. (Psalm 24:7-8 ULT)
-
-> Someone who breaks open their way for them will go ahead of them. They break through the gate and go out; <u>their king</u> will pass on before them. <u>Yahweh</u> will be at their head. (Micah 2:8 ULT)
-
-> Out of his mouth goes a sharp sword, so that with it he might strike the nations, and he will shepherd them with an iron rod. He tramples in the winepress of the fury of the wrath of <u>God Almighty</u>. He has a name written on his robe and on his thigh: “<u>King of kings and Lord of lords</u>." (Revelation 19:15-16 ULT)
+> Lift up your heads, you gates; be lifted up, everlasting doors, so that the **King of glory** may come in! Who is this **King of glory**? Yahweh, strong and mighty; Yahweh, mighty in battle. (Psalm 24:7-8 ULT)
+>
+> Someone who breaks open their way for them will go ahead of them. They break through the gate and go out; **their king** will pass on before them. **Yahweh** will be at their head. (Micah 2:8 ULT)
+>
+> Out of his mouth goes a sharp sword, so that with it he might strike the nations, and he will shepherd them with an iron rod. He tramples in the winepress of the fury of the wrath of **God Almighty**. He has a name written on his robe and on his thigh: “**King of kings and Lord of lords**.” (Revelation 19:15-16 ULT)
 
 This cultural model was very common in ancient Near Eastern cultures, and the ancient Israelites who read the Bible would have understood it easily because their nation was ruled by a king. However, many modern nations are not ruled by kings, so this specific cultural model is not as easily understood in many modern cultures.
-
-

translate/bita-animals/01.md

@@ -1,91 +1,93 @@
-
-Some images from the Bible involving animals are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters represents an idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the Image, but the Idea that the word represents does.
-
+Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving animals are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will somehow communicate the concept of the Image.
 
 #### An ANIMAL HORN represents strength
 
 > God is my rock. I take refuge in him.
-> He is my shield, the horn of my salvation, my stronghold, and my refuge,
+> He is my shield, the **horn** of my salvation, my stronghold, and my refuge,
 > the one who saves me from violence. (2 Samuel 22:3 ULT)
 
 The “horn of my salvation” is the strong one who saves me.
 
-> There I will make the horn of David to grow. (Psalm 132:17 ULT)
+> There I will make a **horn** to sprout for David. (Psalm 132:17a ULT)
 
-The “horn of David” is King David’s military strength.
+The horn is King David’s military strength.
 
 #### BIRDS represent people who are in danger and defenseless
 
 This is because some birds are easily trapped.
 
-> My enemies have relentlessly hunted me like a bird, without cause. (Lamentations 3:52 ULT)
+> I have been hunted like a **bird** by those who were my enemies; they hunted me without a reason. (Lamentations 3:52 ULT)
 
 > Save yourself like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter,
-> like a bird from the hand of the fowler. (Proverbs 6:5 ULT)
+> like a **bird** from the hand of the fowler. (Proverbs 6:5 ULT)
 
 A fowler is a person who catches birds, and a snare is a small trap.
 
-> We have escaped like a bird out of the snare of the fowlers;
+> We have escaped like a **bird** out of the snare of the fowlers;
 > the snare has been broken, and we have escaped. (Psalm 124:7 ULT)
 
 #### BIRDS THAT EAT MEAT represent enemies who attack swiftly
 
-In Habakkuk  and Hosea, Israel’s enemies who would come and attack them were compared to an eagle.
-> and their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an eagle hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULT)  
+In Habakkuk and Hosea, Israel’s enemies who would come and attack them were compared to an eagle.
 
-> An eagle is coming over the house of Yahweh.
-> …Israel has rejected what is good,
-> and the enemy will pursue him. (Hosea 8:1,3 ULT)
+> Their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an **eagle** hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULT)
+
+> An **eagle** is coming over the house of Yahweh.
+> … Israel has rejected what is good,
+> and the enemy will pursue him. (Hosea 8:1, 3 ULT)
 
 In Isaiah, God called a certain foreign king a bird of prey because he would come quickly and attack Israel’s enemies.
-> I call a bird of prey from the east, the man of my choice from a distant land; (Isaiah 46:11 ULT)
+
+> I call a **bird of prey** from the east, the man of my choice from a distant land. (Isaiah 46:11a ULT)
 
 #### A BIRD’S WINGS represent protection
 
 This is because birds spread their wings over their chicks to protect them from danger.
-> Protect me like the apple of your eye; hide me under the shadow of your wings
+
+> Protect me like the apple of your eye; hide me under the shadow of **your wings**
 > from the presence of the wicked ones who assault me, my enemies who surround me. (Psalms 17:8-9 ULT)
 
 Here is another example of how the wings represent protection.
+
 > Be merciful to me, God, be merciful to me,
 > for I take refuge in you until these troubles are over.
-> I stay under your wings for protection until this destruction is over.  (Psalm 57:1 ULT)
+> I stay under **your wings** for protection until this destruction is over. (Psalm 57:1 ULT)
 
 #### DANGEROUS ANIMALS represent dangerous people
 
 In Psalms, David referred to his enemies as lions.
-> My life is among lions;
+
+> My life is among **lions**;
 > I am among those who are ready to devour me.
 > I am among people whose teeth are spears and arrows,
-> and whose tongues are sharp swords.
-> Be exalted, God, above the heavens (Psalm 57:4 ULT)
+> and whose tongues are sharp swords. (Psalm 57:4 ULT)
 
 Peter called the devil a roaring lion.
-> Be sober, be watchful. Your adversary—the devil—like a roaring lion is stalking around, looking for someone to devour. (1 Peter 5:8 ULT)
+
+> Be sober, be watchful. Your adversary—the devil—like a roaring **lion** is stalking around, looking for someone to devour. (1 Peter 5:8 ULT)
 
 In Matthew, Jesus called false prophets wolves because of the harm they did to people by their lies.
-> Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but are truly ravenous wolves. (Matthew 7:15 ULT)
+
+> Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly they are ravenous **wolves**. (Matthew 7:15 ULT)
 
 In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes because of the harm they did by teaching lies.
-> But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to him for baptism, he said to them, “You offspring of poisonous snakes, who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? (Matthew 3:7 ULT)
+
+> But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to him for baptism, he said to them, “You offspring of **vipers**, who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming?” (Matthew 3:7 ULT)
 
 #### EAGLES represent strength
 
 > He satisfies your life with good things
-> so that your youth is renewed like the eagle. (Psalm 103:5 ULT)
-
-
-> For Yahweh says this, “See, the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings over Moab.”  (Isaiah 48:40 ULT)  
+> so that your youth is renewed like the **eagle**. (Psalm 103:5 ULT)
 
+> For Yahweh says this, “See, the enemy will come flying like an **eagle**, spreading out his wings over Moab.” (Jeremiah 48:40 ULT)
 
 #### SHEEP or a FLOCK OF SHEEP represents people who need to be led or are in danger
 
-> My people have been a lost flock. Their shepherds have led them astray in the mountains; (Jeremiah 50:6 ULT)
+> My people have been a lost **flock**. Their shepherds have led them astray in the mountains. (Jeremiah 50:6 ULT)
 
-> He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULT)  
+> He led his own people out like **sheep** and guided them through the wilderness like a **flock**. (Psalm 78:52 ULT)
 
-> Israel is a sheep scattered and driven away by lions. First the king of Assyria devoured him;
+> Israel is a **sheep** scattered and driven away by lions. First the king of Assyria devoured him;
 > then after this, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon broke his bones. (Jeremiah 50:17 ULT)
 
-
-> See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. Watch out for people! They will deliver you up to councils, and they will whip you in their synagogues. (Matthew 10:16 ULT)  
+> See, I send you out as **sheep** in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. (Matthew 10:16 ULT)

translate/bita-animals/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Animals
+Biblical Imagery — Animals

translate/bita-farming/01.md

@@ -1,52 +1,47 @@
-
-Some images from the Bible related to farming are listed below. The word in all capital letters represents an idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the Image, but the Idea that the word represents does appear.
+Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible relating to farming are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
 
 #### A FARMER represents God, and the VINEYARD represents his chosen people
 
-> My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill.
-> He spaded it and removed the stones, and planted it with the choicest vine.
+> My well beloved had a **vineyard** on a very fertile hill.
+> He spaded it, removed the stones, and planted it with an excellent kind of vine.
 > He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress.
-> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes. (Isaiah 5:1-2)
-
-> For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard. (Matthew 20:1 ULT) 
-
-> There was a man, a person with extensive land. He planted a vineyard, set a hedge about it, dug a winepress in it, built a watchtower, and rented it out to vine growers. Then he went into another country. (Matthew 21:33 ULT)
+> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced wild grapes. (Isaiah 5:1-2)
+>
+> For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his **vineyard**. (Matthew 20:1 ULT)
+>
+> There was a man, a landowner. He planted a **vineyard**, set a hedge about it, dug a winepress in it, built a watchtower, and rented it out to vine growers. Then he went into another country. (Matthew 21:33 ULT)
 
 #### The GROUND represents people’s hearts (inner being)
 
-> For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: ‘Plow your own ground,
-> and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULT)
-
-> When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it.…This is the seed that was sown beside the road. What was sown on rocky ground is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy….What was sown among the thorn plants, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word.…What was sown on the good soil, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT) 
-
-> Break up your unplowed ground,
-> for it is time to seek Yahweh.…(Hosea 10:12 ULT)
+> For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: ‘Plow your own **ground**, and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULT)
+>
+> When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it … This is the seed that was sown **beside the road**. That which was sown on **rocky ground** is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy … That which was sown **among the thorn plants**, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word… That which was sown on the **good soil**, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT)
+>
+> Break up your **unplowed ground**,
+> for it is time to seek Yahweh. (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
 
 #### SOWING represents actions or attitudes, and REAPING represents judgment or reward
 
-> Based on what I have observed, those who plow iniquity
-> and sow trouble reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULT)
-
-> Do not be deceived. God is not mocked. Whatever a man plants, that is what he will also harvest. For he who sows seed to his own sinful nature will harvest destruction, but he who sows seed to the Spirit, will harvest eternal life from the Spirit. (Galatians 6:7-8 ULT)
+> According to what I have seen, those who plow iniquity and **sow** trouble **reap** it. (Job 4:8 ULT)
+>
+> Do not be deceived. God is not mocked, for whatever a man **plants**, that he will also **gather** in. For he who **plants** seed to his own sinful nature, from the sinful nature **will gathe**r in destruction. But the one who **plants** seed to the Spirit, from the Spirit **will gather** in eternal life. (Galatians 6:7-8 ULT)
 
 #### THRESHING and WINNOWING represent the separation of evil people from good people
 
-After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _threshing floor_, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to _thresh_ it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and _winnow_ the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (see *thresh* and *winnow* pages in [unfoldingWord® Translation Words](http://ufw.io/tw/) for help translating “thresh” and “winnow”)
+After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a **threshing floor**, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to **thresh** it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and **winnow** the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff (waste) while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (See “thresh” and “winnow” pages in [unfoldingWord® Translation Words](https://ufw.io/tw/) for help translating thresh and winnow.)
 
-> So I will winnow them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULT)
-
-
-> His winnowing fork is in his hand to thoroughly clear off his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his storehouse. But he will burn up the chaff with fire that can never be put out. (Luke 3:17 ULT) 
+> So I will **winnow** them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULT)
+>
+> His **winnowing fork** is in his hand to thoroughly clear off his **threshing floor** and to gather the wheat into his storehouse. But he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire. (Luke 3:17 ULT)
 
 #### GRAFTING represents God’s allowing the Gentiles to become his people
 
-> For if you were cut out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature were grafted into a good olive tree, how much more will these Jews, who are the natural branches, be grafted back into their own olive tree? For I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, of this mystery, in order that you will not be wise in your own thinking. This mystery is that a partial hardening has occurred in Israel, until the completion of the Gentiles come in. (Romans 11:24-25 ULT)
+> For if you were cut out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature were **grafted** into a good olive tree, how much more will these Jews, who are the natural branches, be **grafted** back into their own olive tree? For I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, of this mystery, in order that you will not be wise in your own thinking. This mystery is that a partial hardening has occurred in Israel, until the completion of the Gentiles come in. (Romans 11:24-25 ULT)
 
 #### RAIN represents God’s gifts to his people
 
-> …he comes and rains righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
-
-> For the land that drinks in the rain that often comes on it, and that gives birth to the plants useful to those for whom the land was worked—this is the land that receives a blessing from God. But if it bears thorns and thistles, it is worthless and is near to a curse. Its end is in burning. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULT) 
-
-
-> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord’s coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late rains.  (James 5:7 ULT)
+> … he comes and **rains** righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12b ULT)
+>
+> For the land that drinks in the **rain** that often comes on it, and that produces plants useful to those for whom the land was also cultivated, receives a blessing from God. But land that bears thorns and thistles is worthless and is about to be cursed. Its end is to be burned. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULT)
+>
+> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord’s coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late **rains**. (James 5:7 ULT)

translate/bita-farming/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-What are some examples in the Bible of images taken from farming?
+What are some examples of images taken from farming that are used as images in the Bible?

translate/bita-farming/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Farming
+Biblical Imagery — Farming

translate/bita-hq/01.md

@@ -1,137 +1,190 @@
-
-### Description
-
-Some images from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters represents an idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does.
+Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
 
 #### The BODY represents a group of people
 
-> Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULT)
-
-> Rather we will speak the truth in love and grow up in all ways into him who is the head, Christ. Christ joins the whole body of believers together—it is held together by every supporting ligament so that the whole body grows and builds itself up in love. (Ephesians 4:15-16 ULT)  
+> Now you are the **body** of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULT)
+>
+> Instead, speaking the truth in love, let us grow up in all things into him who is the head, even Christ, from whom the whole **body,** being joined and held together by every supporting ligament, according to the working in measure of each individual part, causes the growth of the **body** for building up itself in love.
 
 In these verses, the body of Christ represents the group of people who follow Christ.
 
+#### A BROTHER represents a person’s relatives, associates, or peers
 
-#### The FACE represents someone’s presence
+> For Mordecai the Jew was second to the King Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and favored by the multitude of his \*\*brothers \*\* … (Esther 10:3a ULT)
 
-> Pharaoh said to Moses, “Go from me! Be careful about one thing, that you do not see me again, for on the day <u>you see my face</u>, you will die.” Moses said, “You yourself have spoken. <u>I will not see your face again</u>.” (Exodus 10:28-29 ULT)
+#### A DAUGHTER represents a village located near a town or city
 
-> > Do you not fear me—this is Yahweh’s declaration—or tremble <u>before my face</u>? (Jeremiah 5:22 ULT)
+#### A MOTHER represents a town or city with villages surrounding it
 
-To be before someone’s face is to be in their presence, that is, to be with them.
+> And for the villages in their fields, some from the sons of Judah dwelt: in Kiriath Arba and its daughters; and in Dibon and its daughters; and in Jekabzeel and its villages … (Nehemiah 11:25 ULT)
 
-#### The FACE represents someone’s attention
+#### The FACE represents someone’s presence, sight, knowledge, perception, attention, or judgment
 
-> Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity <u>before his face</u>, and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULT)
+> Then Esther repeated her action, and she spoke before the **face** of the king. (Esther 8:3a ULT)
+>
+> Why do you hide your **face** and forget our affliction and our oppression? (Psalm 44:24 ULT)
 
-To put something before one’s face is to look at it intently or pay attention to it.
+To hide one’s face from someone means to ignore him.
 
-> Many <u>seek the face</u> of the ruler, (Proverbs 29:26 ULT)
+> Many are those who seek the **face** of the ruler. (Proverbs 29:26 ULT)
 
 If someone seeks another person’s face, he hopes that the person will pay attention to him.
 
-> Why do you <u>hide your face</u> and forget our affliction and our oppression?  (Psalm 44:24 ULT)
+> Do you not fear me—this is Yahweh’s declaration—or tremble before my **face**? (Jeremiah 5:22 ULT)
+>
+> Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity before his **face**, and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULT)
 
-To hide one’s face from someone is to ignore him.
+To put something before one’s face is to look at it intently or pay attention to it.
+
+#### The FACE represents the front of something
+
+> So Hathak went out to Mordecai, to the open place of the city that was before the **face** of the gate of the king. (Esther 4:6 ULT)
+>
+> She fell before the **face** of his feet and wept and implored favor from him to take away the evil of Haman the Agagite and his plot that he had plotted against the Jews. (Esther 8:3b ULT)
 
 #### The FACE represents the surface of something
 
-> The famine was over all <u>the face</u> of the whole land. (Genesis 41:56 ULT)
+> The famine was over all **the face** of the whole land. (Genesis 41:56a ULT)
+>
+> He covers **the face** of the moon and spreads his clouds on it. (Job 26:9 ULT)
 
-> He encloses <u>the face</u> of the moon and spreads his clouds on it. (Job 26:9 ULT)  
+#### A FATHER represents someone’s ancestor(s)
 
+#### A SON represents someone’s descendant(s)
 
-#### The HAND represents a person’s agency or power
+> But they acted presumptuously, they and our **fathers**. And they stiffened their neck and did not listen to your commandments. (Nehemiah 9:16 ULT)
+>
+> “We have not listened to your servants the prophets who spoke in your name to our kings, our leaders, our **fathers**, and to all the people of the land. To you, Lord, belongs righteousness …” (Daniel 9:6-7a ULT)
 
-> Yahweh has burst through my enemies <u>by my hand</u> like a bursting flood of water. (1 Chronicles 14:11 ULT)
+#### The HAND represents someone’s power, control, agency, or action
+
+> Yahweh has burst through my enemies **by my hand** like a bursting flood of water. (1 Chronicles 14:11 ULT)
 
 “Yahweh has burst through my enemies by my hand” means “Yahweh has used me to burst through my enemies.”
 
-> <u>Your hand</u> will seize all your enemies; <u>your right hand</u> will seize those who hate you. (Psalm 21:8 ULT)
+> **Your hand** will seize all your enemies; **your right hand** will seize those who hate you. (Psalm 21:8 ULT)
 
 “Your hand will seize all your enemies” means “By your power you will seize all your enemies.”
 
-> Look, <u>Yahweh’s hand</u> is not so short that it cannot save. (Isaiah 59:1 ULT)
+> Look, **Yahweh’s hand** is not so short that it cannot save. (Isaiah 59:1 ULT)
 
 “His hand is not short” means that he is not weak.
 
-#### The NOSE represents anger
+#### The HEAD represents the tip, top, or uppermost part of something
 
-> Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of <u>your nostrils</u>. (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
+> And the king held out to Esther the scepter of gold which was in his hand, so Esther approached and touched the **head** of the scepter. (Esther 5:2b ULT)
 
-> By the blast of <u>your nostrils</u> the waters were piled up….  (Exodus 15:8 ULT) 
+#### The HEART represents the action of thinking or feeling
 
-> Smoke went up from out of <u>his nostrils</u>, and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULT)
+> And Boaz ate and drank, and his **heart** was good, and he went to lie down at the end of the pile of grain. (Ruth 3:7a ULT)
+>
+> On the seventh day, when the **heart** of the king was pleased by the wine… (Esther 1:10a ULT)
 
-> …This is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration: ‘My fury will arise in <u>my nostrils</u>!’  (Ezekiel 38:18 ULT) 
+#### The HEART represents someone’s attitude
 
-> Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious, <u>slow to anger</u>... (Exo 34:6 ULT)
+> Then the king Ahasuerus spoke and said to Esther the queen, “Who is he, this man? Where is this man, he whose **heart** is full to do thus?” (Esther 7:5 ULT)
 
-In Hebrew, a hot nose represents anger, including such images as a blast of air or smoke coming from someone's nostrils. The opposite of a "hot nose" is a "long nose". The phrase "slow to anger" in Hebrew literally means "long of nose". A long nose represents patience, meaning that it takes a long time for that person's nose to get hot.
+In this context, having a full heart means to be proud or arrogant.
 
-#### RAISED EYES represents arrogance
+#### The EYES represent sight, knowledge, perception, attention, or judgment
 
-> but you bring down those with <u>proud, uplifted eyes</u>!  (Psalm 18:27 ULT)
+> For the matter of the queen will go out to all the women, in order to make their husbands despised in their **eyes** … (Esther 1:17a ULT)
+
+#### The EYES represent someone’s attitude
+
+> … but you bring down those with **proud, uplifted eyes**! (Psalm 18:27b ULT)
 
 Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud.
 
-> God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with <u>lowered eyes</u>. (Job 22:29 ULT)
+> God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with **lowered eyes**. (Job 22:29 ULT)
 
 Lowered eyes show that a person is humble.
 
 #### The HEAD represents a ruler, a leader, or a person with authority over others
 
-> A man from each tribe, <u>a clan head</u>, must serve with you as his tribe’s leader. (Num 1:4 ULT)
- 
-> God has subjected all things under Christ’s feet and has <u>made him the head</u> over all things in the church, which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all things in all ways. (Ephesians 1:22 ULT)
+> A man from each tribe, **a clan head**, must serve with you as his tribe’s leader. (Num 1:4 ULT)
+>
+> He put all things under his feet and **gave him as head** over all things to the church, which is his body, the fullness of the one who fills all in all. (Ephesians 1:22-23 ULT)
+
+#### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act
+
+> No one can serve **two masters**, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT)
+
+To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by money.
+
+#### The MOUTH means speech or words
+
+> A fool’s **mouth** is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULT)
+>
+> I would strengthen you with my mouth. (Job 16:5 ULT)
+
+In these examples the mouth refers to what a person says.
 
 #### A NAME represents the person who has that name
 
-> May your God make <u>the name of Solomon</u> better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne.” 1 Kings 1:47 (ULT)
-
-> See, I have sworn <u>by my great name</u>—says Yahweh. <u>My name</u> will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt….”  (Jeremiah 44:26 ULT)  
+> “May your God make **the name of Solomon** better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne.” (1 Kings 1:47 ULT)
+>
+> “See, I have sworn **by my great name**,” says Yahweh. “**My name** will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt.” (Jeremiah 44:26 ULT)
 
 If someone’s name is great, it means that he is great.
 
-> Listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to <u>honor your name</u>…. Nehemiah 1:11 (ULT)
+> Please let your ear be attentive to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants, the ones who delight to **fear your name**. (Nehemiah 1:11 ULT)
 
-To honor someone’s name is to honor him.
+To fear someone’s name is to honor him.
 
-#### A NAME represents the fame or reputation of a person
+#### A NAME represents someone’s fame or reputation
 
-> You must no longer profane <u>my holy name</u> with your gifts and your idols. Ezekiel 20:39 (ULT)
+> You must no longer profane **my holy name** with your gifts and your idols. (Ezekiel 20:39 ULT)
 
 To profane God’s name is to profane his reputation, that is, to profane how people think about him.
 
-> For I will make <u>my great name</u> holy, which you have profaned among the nations…. Ezekiel 36:23 (ULT)
+> For I will make **my great name** holy, which you have profaned among the nations … (Ezekiel 36:23 ULT)
 
-To make God’s name holy is to cause people to to see that God is holy.
+To make God’s name holy is to cause people to see that God is holy.
 
-> Your servants have come here from a land very far away, because of <u>the name</u> of Yahweh your God. We have heard a report about him and about everything that he did in Egypt (Joshua 9:9 ULT)
+> Your servants have come from a very distant country, because of **the name** of Yahweh your God, for we have heard a report about him and about everything that he did in Egypt. (Joshua 9:9 ULT)
 
 The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that “because of the name of Yahweh” means because of Yahweh’s reputation.
 
-#### The SON OF SOMETHING shares its qualities
+#### A NAME represents someone’s power, authority, position, or status
 
-> no <u>son of wickedness</u> will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULT)
+> In the **name** of the king Ahasuerus it was written, and it was sealed with the signet ring of the king. (Esther 3:12b ULT)
+
+#### The NOSE represents anger
+
+> Then … the foundations of the world were laid bare at your rebuke, Yahweh, at the blast of the breath of **your nostrils**. (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
+>
+> By the blast of **your nostrils** the waters were piled up. (Exodus 15:8a ULT)
+>
+> Smoke went up from out of **his nostrils**, and blazing fire came out of his mouth. (2 Samuel 22:9a ULT)
+>
+> Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious, \*\*slow to anger \*\* … (Exodus 34:6a ULT)
+
+In Hebrew, a hot nose represents anger, including such images as a blast of air or smoke coming from someone’s nostrils. The opposite of a “hot nose” is a “long nose.” The phrase “slow to anger” in Hebrew literally means “long of nose.” A long nose represents patience, meaning that it takes a long time for that person’s nose to get hot.
+
+#### A SON represents the offspring of an animal(s)
+
+> And he sent letters (by the hand of runners on horses, riders of the royal pack horses, sons of the mares) … (Esther 8:10a ULT)
+
+#### The SON OF SOMETHING represents something shares the qualities of another thing
+
+> No **son of wickedness** will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULT)
 
 A son of wickedness is a wicked person.
 
 > May the groans of the prisoners come before you;
-> with the greatness of your power keep the <u>children of death</u> alive. (Psalm 79:11 ULT)
+> with the greatness of your power keep the **children of death** alive. (Psalm 79:11 ULT)
 
 Children of death here are people that others plan to kill.
 
-> We all were once among these unbelievers and acted according to the evil desires of our flesh, doing the will of the flesh and of the mind, and we were by nature <u>children of wrath</u> like the others. (Ephesians 2:3 ULT)
+> We all also once lived among these, in the evil desires of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the body and of the mind. We were by nature **children of wrath**, as also the rest. (Ephesians 2:3 ULT)
 
 Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry.
 
-#### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act
+#### The TONGUE represents the language spoken by a person or a group of people
 
-> No one can serve <u>two masters</u>, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT)
-
-To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by money.
+> Every man should be ruling in his house and speaking according to the **tongue** of his people. (Esther 1:22b ULT)
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-See the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).
+See the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery — Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).

translate/bita-hq/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Body Parts and Human Qualities
+Biblical Imagery — Body Parts and Human Qualities

translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md

@@ -1,265 +1,250 @@
+Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving human qualities are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
 
+#### Being BENT OVER means being discouraged or oppressed
 
-Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word in all capital letters represents an image. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the Image, but the Idea that the word represents does.
+> Yahweh supports all who are falling and raises up all those who are **bent over**. (Psalm 145:14 ULT)
 
-#### BEING BENT OVER represents being discouraged or oppressed
+#### Having BIRTH PAINS mean suffering that is necessary to achieve a new condition
 
-> Yahweh supports all who are falling and raises up all those who are <u>bent over</u>. (Psalm 145:14 ULT)
-
-
-#### BIRTH PAINS represent the suffering that is necessary to achieve a new condition
-
-> <u>Be in pain and labor to give birth</u>, daughter of Zion, like a <u>woman in labor</u>.
+> **Be in pain and labor to give birth**, daughter of Zion, like a **woman in labor**.
 > For now you will go out of the city, live in the field, and go to Babylon.
-> There you will be rescued.
-> There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULT)
+> There you will be rescued. There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULT)
+>
+> For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of **birth pains**. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULT)
+>
+> My little children, again I am in the **pains of childbirth** for you until Christ is formed in you.(Galatians 4:19 ULT)
 
-> For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of <u>birth pains</u>. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULT)
+#### Being CALLED SOMETHING means being that thing
 
-> My little children, I am suffering <u>labor pains</u> for you again, until Christ will have been formed in you! (Galatians 4:19 ULT)
-
-
-#### BEING CALLED SOMETHING represents being that thing
-
-> The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he is called the God of the whole earth.  (Isaiah 54:5b ULT)
+> The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he **is called** the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULT)
 
 This is because he actually is the God of the whole earth.
 
-> The one who is wise in heart is called discerning, (Proverbs 16:21a ULT)
+> The one who is wise in heart **is called** discerning, (Proverbs 16:21a ULT)
 
 This is because he actually is discerning.
 
-> He will…be called the Son of the Most High. (Luke 1:32 ULT)
+> He will … **be called** the Son of the Most High. (Luke 1:32a ULT)
 
 This is because he actually is the Son of the Most High.
 
-> So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God. (Luke 1:35 ULT)
+> Therefore, the holy one who will be borne will **be called** the Son of God. (Luke 1:35b ULT)
 
 This is because he actually is the Son of God.
 
-> Every male that opens the womb will be called dedicated to the Lord. (Luke 2:23 ULT)
+> Every male who opens the womb will **be called** dedicated to the Lord. (Luke 2:23b ULT)
 
 This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord.
 
+#### Being CLEAN means being acceptable for God’s purposes
 
-#### CLEANLINESS represents being acceptable for God’s purposes
+> Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the **clean** animals and some of the **clean** birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma. (Genesis 8:20 ULT)
+>
+> The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him **clean**. It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is **clean**. (Leviticus 13:6 ULT)
 
-> Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the <u>clean</u> animals and some of the <u>clean</u> birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma… (Genesis 8:20 ULT)
+#### CLEANSING or PURIFYING means making something acceptable for God’s purposes
 
-> The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him <u>clean</u>. It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is <u>clean</u>. (Leviticus 13:6 ULT)
+> He must go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and he must take some of the bull’s blood and some of the goat’s blood and put it on the horns of the altar all around. He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to **cleanse** it and dedicate it to Yahweh, away from the **unclean** actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULT)
+>
+> This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to **cleanse** you from all your sins so you will be **clean** before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULT)
 
+#### COMING or STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE means serving him
 
-#### CLEANSING or PURIFYING represents making something acceptable for God’s Purposes
-
-> He must go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and he must take some of the bull’s blood and some of the goat’s blood and put it on the horns of the altar all around. He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to <u>cleanse</u> it and dedicate it to Yahweh, away from the <u>unclean</u> actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULT)
-
-> This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to <u>cleanse</u> you from all your sins so you will be <u>clean</u> before Yahweh.  (Leviticus 16:30 ULT) 
-
-
-#### UNCLEANLINESS represents not being acceptable for God’s purposes
-
-> You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and <u>you must not eat them</u>, animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is <u>unclean</u> for you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULT)
-
-> And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be <u>unclean</u>, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be <u>unclean</u> until evening. Then it will be <u>clean</u>. (Leviticus 11:32 ULT)
-
-
-#### MAKING SOMETHING UNCLEAN represents making it unacceptable for God’s purposes.
-
-> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as <u>unclean</u>, whether it be the carcass of an <u>unclean</u> wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is <u>unclean</u> and <u>guilty</u>. (Leviticus 5:2 ULT)
-
-
-
-#### BEING CUT OFF FROM SOMETHING represents being separated from it
-
-> Uzziah, the king, was a leper to the day of his death, and lived in a separate house, since he was a leper; for he was <u>cut off from the house of Yahweh.</u> (2 Chronicles 26:21 ULT)
-
-
-#### BEING CUT OFF represents being killed
-
-> So you must keep the Sabbath, for it must be treated by you as holy, reserved for him. Everyone who defiles it must surely <u>be put to death</u>. Whoever works on the Sabbath, that person must surely <u>be cut off from his people</u>. (Exodus 31:14-15 ULT)
-
-> Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be <u>cut off from his people</u>. Whoever does any work on that day, <u>I, Yahweh, will destroy him</u> from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULT) 
-
-> But he was <u>cut off</u> from the land of the living. (Isaiah 53:8 ULT)
-
-
-#### COMING AND STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE represents serving him
-
-> How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly <u>stand before you</u>, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULT) 
-
-> Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness <u>come before you</u>. (Psalm 89:14 ULT)
+> How blessed are your wives, and how blessed are your servants who constantly **stand before you**, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)
+>
+> Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness **come before you**. (Psalm 89:14b ULT)
 
 Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (See [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md).)
 
+#### Being CUT OFF means being killed
 
-#### DRINKING WINE represents judgment
+> So you must keep the Sabbath, for it must be treated by you as holy, reserved for him. Everyone who defiles it must surely **be put to death**. Whoever works on the Sabbath, that person must surely **be cut off from his people**. (Exodus 31:14 ULT)
+>
+> Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be **cut off from his people**. Whoever does any work on that day, **I, Yahweh, will destroy him** from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULT)
+>
+> But he was **cut off** from the land of the living … (Isaiah 53:8b ULT)
 
-Too much wine makes a person weak and he staggers. So too, when God judges people, they become weak and stagger. So the idea of wine is used to represent God’s judgment.
+#### Being CUT OFF from something means being sepa rated from it
 
-> You have shown your people severe things;
-> you have made us <u>drink the wine of staggering</u>. (Psalm 60:3 ULT)
+> Uzziah, the king, was a leper to the day of his death, and lived in a separate house, since he was a leper; for he was **cut off from the house of Yahweh.** (2 Chronicles 26:21a ULT)
 
-Another example from Psalm.
+#### DRINKING WINE means being judged
 
+Too much wine makes a person weak so that he staggers. So too, when God judges people, they become weak and stagger. So the idea of wine is used to represent God’s judgment.
+
+> You have made your people see difficult things; you have made us **drink the wine of staggering**. (Psalm 60:3 ULT)
+>
 > But God is the judge;
-> he brings one down and raises up another.
-> For Yahweh holds a cup in his hand of <u>foaming wine</u>,
+> he brings down and he lifts up.
+> For Yahweh holds in his hand a cup of **foaming wine**,
 > which is mixed with spices, and pours it out.
-> Surely all the wicked of the earth will <u>drink it</u> to the last drop. (Psalm 75:8 ULT)
+> Surely all the wicked of the earth will **drink it** to the last drop. (Psalm 75:7-8 ULT)
+>
+> He also will drink from the **wine** of the wrath of God, the **wine** that has been poured undiluted into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10a ULT)
 
-An example from Revelation.
+#### EATING UP means defeating, destroying, or harming
 
-> he also will drink the <u>wine</u> of God’s wrath, the <u>wine</u> that has been prepared and poured unmixed into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10 ULT)
-
-
-#### EATING UP represents destroying
-
-> God brings [Israel] out of Egypt.
-> He has strength like a wild ox.
-> <u>He will eat up the nations who fight against him</u>.
+> God brings him out of Egypt.
+> with strength like a wild ox.
+> **He will eat up the nations who fight against him**.
 > He will break their bones to pieces.
-> He will shoot them with his arrows. Numbers 24:8 ULT)
-
+> He will shoot them with his arrows. (Numbers 24:8 ULT)
 
 Another word for “eat up” is devour.
 
-> Therefore as <u>the tongue of fire devours stubble</u>, and as the dry grass goes down in flame,
-> so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust, (Isaiah 5:24 ULT)
+> Therefore as **the tongue of fire devours stubble**, and as the dry grass goes down in flame, so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust. (Isaiah 5:24 ULT)
+>
+> Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him Rezin, his adversary, and will stir up his enemies, the Arameans on the east, and the Philistines on the west.
+> **They will devour Israel with open mouth**. (Isaiah 9:11-12 ULT)
+>
+> I will make my arrows drunk with blood, and **my sword will devour flesh** with the blood of the killed and the captives, and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULT)
 
-> Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him, Rezin, his adversary, and will stir up his enemies,
-> the Arameans on the east, and the Philistines on the west.
-> <u>They will devour Israel with open mouth</u>. (Isaiah 9:11-12 ULT)
+#### FALLING UPON or BEING UPON means affecting
 
-> I will make my arrows drunk with blood,
-> and <u>my sword will devour flesh</u> 
-> with the blood of the killed and the captives,
-> and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy.  (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULT)
+> Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to **fall upon** the man, so the man slept. (Genesis 2:21a ULT)
+>
+> Will not his majesty terrify you, and the dread of him fall upon you? (Job 13:11 ULT)
+>
+> Then the Spirit of Yahweh **fell on me** and he said for me to say … (Exekiel 11:5a ULT)
+>
+> Now look, the hand of the Lord **is upon you**, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11a ULT)
 
+#### FOLLOWING SOMEONE means being loyal to him
 
-#### FALLING UPON or BEING UPON represents affecting
+> Thus they forsook Yahweh, the God of their fathers, the one who brought them out of the land of Egypt. **They went after** other gods from the gods of the people groups who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger. They forsook Yahweh and they served the Baal and the Ashtoreths. (Judges 2:12-13 ULT)
+>
+> For Solomon **followed** Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and **he followed** Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULT)
+>
+> Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. **He has followed me fully**; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULT)
 
-> Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to <u>fall upon</u> the man, so the man slept. (Genesis 2:21 ULT)
+#### GOING BEFORE, ACCOMPANYING, or FOLLOWING A KING WITH HIS OTHER ATTENDANTS means serving him
 
-> Would not his majesty make you afraid?
-> Would not his dread <u>fall upon</u> you? (Job 13:11 ULT)
+> See, his reward is **with him**, and his recompense is **going before him**. (Isaiah 62:11b ULT)
+>
+> Righteousness will **go before him** and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULT)
 
-> Then the Spirit of Yahweh <u>fell on me</u> and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULT) 
+#### INHERITING means permanently possessing something
 
-> Now look, the hand of the Lord <u>is upon you</u>, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULT)
+#### an INHERITANCE means something that a person permanently possesses
 
+#### an HEIR means someone who permanently possesses something
 
-#### FOLLOWING SOMEONE represents being loyal to him
-
-> They broke away from Yahweh, the God of their fathers, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt. <u>They went after other gods</u>, the very gods of the peoples who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger because they broke away from Yahweh and worshiped Baal and the Ashtoreths.
-
-> For Solomon <u>followed</u> Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and <u>he followed</u> Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULT) 
-
-> Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. <u>He has followed me fully</u>; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULT)
-
-
-#### GOING BEFORE, ACCOMPANYING, or FOLLOWING A KING WITH HIS OTHER ATTENDANTS represents serving him
-
-> See, his reward is <u>with him</u>, and his recompense is <u>going before him</u>. (Isaiah 62:11 ULT)
-
-> Righteousness will <u>go before him</u> and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULT)
-
-
-#### INHERITING is permanently possessing something
-
-> Then the King will say to those on his right hand, “Come, you who have been blessed by my Father, <u>inherit</u> the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world.” (Matthew 25:34)
+> Then the King will say to those on his right hand, “Come, you who have been blessed by my Father, **inherit** the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world.” (Matthew 25:34)
 
 The blessing of God’s complete rule is given as the permanent possession to those to whom the King is speaking.
 
-> Now this I say, brothers and sisters, that flesh and blood cannot <u>inherit</u> the kingdom of God. Neither does what is perishable <u>inherit</u> what is imperishable. (1 Corinthians 15:50 ULT)
+> Now this I say, brothers and sisters, that flesh and blood cannot **inherit** the kingdom of God. Neither does what is perishable **inherit** what is imperishable. (1 Corinthians 15:50 ULT)
 
 People cannot receive the kingdom of God in its complete form as a permanent possession while they are still in their mortal bodies.
 
-An **INHERITANCE** is something that someone permanently possesses
-
-> You will bring them and plant them on the mountain of your <u>inheritance</u>. (Exodus 15:17 ULT)
+> You will bring them and plant them on the mountain of your **inheritance**. (Exodus 15:17a ULT)
 
 The mountain where God will be worshiped is viewed as his permanent possession.
 
-> Pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us as your <u>inheritance</u>. (Exodus 34:9 ULT)
+> Pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us as your **inheritance**. (Exodus 34:9b ULT)
 
 Moses asks God to still accept the people of Israel as his special possession, that is, as the people permanently belonging to him.
 
-> the richness of the glory of his <u>inheritance</u> among those who are set apart for him. (Ephesians 1:18 ULT)
-
-The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him is viewed as their permanent possession.
-
-An **HEIR** is someone who permanently possesses something
-
-> For it was not through the law that the promise was given to Abraham and to his descendants, this promise that they would be <u>heirs</u> of the world. (Romans 4:13 ULT)
+> … the richness of the glory of his **inheritance** in the saints … (Ephesians 1:18b ULT) The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him are viewed as their permanent possessions.
+>
+> For the promise to Abraham and to his descendants that he would be **heir** of the world did not come through the law but through the righteousness of faith. (Romans 4:13 ULT)
 
 The promise was that Abraham and his descendants would permanently possess the entire world.
 
-> God has spoken to us by a Son, whom he appointed to be the <u>heir</u> of all things. (Hebrews 1:2 ULT)
+> He has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the **heir** of all things. (Hebrews 1:2b ULT)
 
 God’s Son will receive all things as a permanent possession.
 
-> It was by faith that Noah…condemned the world and became an <u>heir</u> of the righteousness that comes through faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULT)
+> By faith Noah … condemned the world and became an heir of the righteousness that is according to faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULT)
 
 Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
 
+#### LIFTING means promoting or giving someone higher status or importance
 
-#### LYING DOWN or SLEEPING represents DYING
+> Then Haman recounted to them the glory of his wealth, and the multitude of his sons, and all about how the king had made him great and how he had **lifted** him over the officials and administrators of the king. (Esther 5:11 ULT)
 
-> When your days are fulfilled and you <u>lie down with your fathers</u>, I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12 ULT)
+#### LYING DOWN or SLEEPING means dying or being dead
 
-> Ask them, ‘Are you really more beautiful than anyone else? <u>Go down and lie</u> with the uncircumcised!’
-> They will fall among those who were killed by the sword! Egypt is given to the sword; her enemies will seize her and her servants!  (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULT)
+> When your days are fulfilled and you **lie down with your fathers**, I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12a ULT)
+>
+> ‘Are you really more beautiful than anyone else? Go down and **lie down** with the uncircumcised.’ They will fall among those who were killed by the sword. The sword has been drawn! She has been given to the sword; they will seize her and her multitudes. (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULT)
 
+#### REIGNING or RULING means controlling
 
-#### REIGNING or RULING represents controlling
+> This happened so that, as sin **ruled** in death, even so grace might **rule** through righteousness for everlasting life through Jesus Christ our Lord. (Romans 5:21 ULT)
+>
+> Therefore do not let sin **rule** in your mortal body in order that you obey its lusts. (Romans 6:12 ULT)
 
-> This happened so that, as sin <u>ruled</u> in death, even so grace might <u>rule</u> through righteousness for everlasting life through Jesus Christ our Lord. (Romans 5:21 ULT)
+#### RESTING or a RESTING PLACE means a safe and beneficial situation
 
-> Therefore do not let sin <u>rule</u> in your mortal body in order that you obey its lusts. (Romans 6:12 ULT)
+> Then Naomi, her mother-in-law, said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a **resting place** for you, that will be good for you?” (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
+>
+> Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my **resting place**. (Psalm 95:11 ULT)
+>
+> This is my **resting place** forever. I will live here, for I desire her \[Zion\]. (Psalm 132:14 ULT)
+>
+> The nations will seek him out, and his **resting place** will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10b ULT)
 
+#### RISING or STANDING UP means doing or taking action
 
-#### RESTING or a RESTING PLACE represents a permanent beneficial situation
+> **Rise up** for our help and redeem us for the sake of your covenant faithfulness. (Psalm 44:26 ULT)
+>
+> **Get up**, go to Nineveh, the great city, and call out against it, because their wickedness has risen up before my face. (Jonah 1:2 ULT)
 
-> Naomi her mother-in-law said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to <u>rest</u>, so that things may go well for you?” (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
+#### SEEING means knowledge, perception, notice, attention, or judgment
 
-> Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my <u>resting place</u>. (Psalm 95:11 ULT) 
+> Why have I found favor **in your eyes** that you should take notice of me … (Ruth 2:10b ULT)
+>
+> And the young woman was pleasing **in his eyes**, and she lifted kindness before his face. (Esther 2:9a ULT)
+>
+> The **eyes** of Yahweh are everywhere, **keeping watch** over the evil and the good. (Proverbs 15:3 ULT)
+>
+> But Haman remained in order to seek for his life from Esther the queen, for he **saw** that evil was determined against him by the king. (Esther 7:7b ULT)
 
-> This is my <u>resting place</u> forever; I will live here, for I desire her [Zion].  (Psalm 132:14 ULT)
+#### SEEKING means pleading or begging
 
-> The nations will seek him out, and his <u>resting place</u> will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10 ULT) 
+> But Haman remained in order to **seek** for his life from Esther the queen, for he saw that evil was determined against him by the king. (Esther 7:7b ULT)
 
+#### SEEKING means trying to do something or making an effort to do something
 
-#### RISING or STANDING UP represents acting
+> For Mordecai the Jew was second to the King Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and favored by the multitude of his brothers, **seeking** good for his people and speaking peace to all its seed. (Esther 10:3 ULT)
 
-> <u>Rise up</u> for our help and redeem us for the sake of your covenant faithfulness. (Psalm 44:26 ULT)
+#### SELLING means handing over to someone’s control
 
+#### BUYING represents removing from someone’s control
 
-#### SEEING SOMETHING represents being there
+> … \[Yahweh\] **sold** \[the Israelites\] into the hand of Cushan-Rishathaim, the king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8a ULT)
 
-> You will not let the one who has covenant faithfulness <u>see</u> the pit. (Psalm 16:10 ULT)
+#### SITTING means reigning, ruling, or judging
 
+> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s tent will faithfully **sit** there. (Isaiah 16:5a ULT)
+>
+> … in those days, as the king Ahasuerus **sat** on his royal throne, which was in Susa the citadel: (Esther 1:2 ULT)
 
-#### SELLING represents handing over to someone’s control; BUYING represents removing from someone’s control
+#### STANDING means defending or successfully resisting
 
-> [Yahweh] <u>sold</u> [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim.   (Judges 3:8 ULT)
+> So the wicked will not **stand** in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5 ULT)
+>
+> … that the king gave to the Jews who were in every city by city: to gather and to **stand** for their life, to annihilate, and to slaughter, and to destroy any strength of a people or province that would attack them, children and women, and plunder their spoil; (Esther 8:11 ULT)
 
+#### TURNING or TURNING OVER means changing
 
-#### SITTING represents ruling or judging
+> … as the days when the Jews rested on them from their enemies, and as the month when it had **turned** for them from sorrow into joy and from mourning into a good day, in order to make them days of feasting and rejoicing and sending of gifts, a man to his friend, and gifts to the needy. (Esther 9:22 ULT)
 
-> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s tent will faithfully <u>sit</u> there. ( Isaiah 16:5 ULT)
+#### Being UNCLEAN means not being acceptable for God’s purposes
 
+> You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and **you must not eat them**, animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is **unclean** for you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULT)
+>
+> And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be **unclean**, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be **unclean** until evening. Then it will be **clean**. (Leviticus 11:32 ULT)
 
-#### STANDING represents successfully resisting
+#### WALKING means behaving
 
-> So the wicked will not <u>stand</u> in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:2 ULT)
+#### a PATH or a WAY means a person’s behavior
 
-
-#### WALKING represents behaving; a PATH or a WAY represents behavior
-
-> Blessed is the man who does not <u>walk</u> in the advice of the wicked.  Psalm 1:1 ULT)
-
-> For Yahweh approves of the <u>way</u> of the righteous. (Psalm 1:6 ULT)
-
-> Turn from me the <u>path</u> of deceit.  (Psalm 119:28 ULT)
-
-> I will run in the <u>path</u> of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULT)
+> Blessed is the man who does not **walk** in the advice of the wicked. (Psalm 1:1a ULT)
+>
+> For Yahweh approves of the **way** of the righteous. (Psalm 1:6a ULT)
+>
+> Turn from me the **path** of deceit. (Psalm 119:29a ULT)
+>
+> I will run in the **path** of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32a ULT)

translate/bita-humanbehavior/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Human Behavior
+Biblical Imagery — Human Behavior

translate/bita-manmade/01.md

@@ -1,48 +1,69 @@
-
-
-Some images from the Bible involving man-made objects are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters represents an image. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the Image, but the Idea that the word represents does.
+Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving man-made objects or are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
 
 #### BRONZE represents strength
 
-> He trains…my arms to bend a bow of <u>bronze</u>. Psalm 18:34 ULT)
-
+> He trains … my arms to bend a bow of **bronze**. (Psalm 18:34 ULT)
 
 #### CHAINS represent control
 
-> Let us tear off the <u>shackles</u> they put on us and throw off their <u>chains</u>. Psalm 2:3
-
+> “Let us tear off the **shackles** they put on us and throw off their **chains**.” Psalm 2:3
 
 #### CLOTHING represents moral or emotional qualities (attitudes, spirit, life)
 
-> It is God who puts strength on me like a <u>belt</u>. (Psalm 18:32 ULT)
+> It is God who puts strength on me like a **belt**. (Psalm 18:32a ULT)
+>
+> Righteousness will be the **belt of his waist**, and faithfulness the **belt around his hips**. (Isaiah 11:5 ULT)
+>
+> May my adversaries be **clothed with shame**; may they **wear their shame like a robe**. (Psalm 109:29 ULT)
+>
+> I will **clothe his enemies with shame**. (Psalm 132:18a ULT)
 
-> Righteousness will be the <u>belt of his waist</u>, and faithfulness the <u>belt around his hips</u>. (Isaiah 11:5 ULT) 
+#### A HOUSE represents a family or household (that is, the people who live and work at a family house or property)
 
-> May my adversaries be <u>clothed with shame</u>; may they <u>wear their shame like a robe</u>. (Psalm 109:29 ULT)
+> Now Yahweh said to Abram, “Go from your country, and from your relatives, and from your father’s **household**, to the land that I will show you.” (Genesis 12:1 ULT)
+>
+> On that day, the king Ahasuerus gave to Esther the queen the **house** of Haman, the adversary of the Jews. (Esther 8:1a ULT)
+>
+> They said, “Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your **household**.” They spoke the word of the Lord to him, together with everyone in his house. Then he took them at that same hour of the night, and washed them from the blows, and he was baptized immediately—he and all those who were his. (Acts 16:31-33 ULT)
 
-> I will <u>clothe his enemies with shame</u>. (Psalm 132:18 ULT)
+In the original languages (Hebrew and Greek), the words translated here as “household” literally mean “house.” The word “house” is a metonym for the people who live in the house. This is a very common metonym in the Bible.
 
+#### A HOUSE can represent a person’s descendants or possessions.
+
+> You have even spoken about your servant’s family for a great while to come, and have shown me future generations, Lord Yahweh!… For you, Yahweh of hosts, the God of Israel, have revealed to your servant that you will build him a **house**. (2 Samuel 7:19, 27a ULT)
+
+Here “house” represents David’s descendants.
+
+> On that day, the king Ahasuerus gave to Esther the queen the **house** of Haman, the adversary of the Jews. (Esther 8:1 ULT)
+
+Here “house” represents all of Haman’s property and possessions.
+
+#### A HOUSE can represent a people group.
+
+> Not a word failed from all the good things that Yahweh had spoken to the **house** of Israel; it all came to be. (Joshua 21:45 ULT)
+
+Here “house” represents a people group, the people of Israel.
 
 #### A SNARE (that is, a SMALL TRAP for birds worked by cords) represents death
 
-> For he will rescue you from the <u>snare</u> of the hunter.  (Psalm 91:3 ULT)
-
-> The <u>cords of death</u> surrounded me, and the <u>snares</u> of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3 ULT) 
-
-> The <u>cords of the wicked</u> have <u>ensnared</u> me. (Psalm 119:61 ULT)
-
-> The wicked have <u>set a snare</u> for me.  (Psalm 119:110 ULT) 
-
-> The wicked is <u>ensnared</u> by his own actions. (Psalm 9:16 ULT)
-
-> They mingled with the nations and learned their ways and worshiped their idols, which became <u>a snare</u> to them. (Psalm 106:35-36 ULT)
+> For he will rescue you from the **snare** of the hunter. (Psalm 91:3a ULT)
+>
+> The **cords of death** surrounded me, and the **snares** of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3a ULT)
+>
+> The **cords of the wicked** have **ensnared** me. (Psalm 119:61a ULT)
+>
+> The wicked have **set a snare** for me. (Psalm 119:110a ULT)
+>
+> The wicked is **ensnared** by his own actions. (Psalm 9:16b ULT)
+>
+> They mingled with the nations and learned their ways and worshiped their idols, which became **a snare** to them. (Psalm 106:35-36 ULT)
 
 In this case the snare was a persuasion to do evil, which leads to death.
 
 #### A TENT represents a house, home, people in one’s home, descendants
 
-> God will likewise destroy you forever; he will take you up and pluck you out of your tent. (Psalm 52:5 ULT)
-
-> The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the tent of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULT)
-
-> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s tent will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5 ULT)
+> God will likewise destroy you forever; he will take you up and pluck you out of your **tent**. (Psalm 52:5a ULT)
+>
+> The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the **tent** of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULT)
+>
+> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s **tent** will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5a ULT)

translate/bita-manmade/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-What are some examples things people make that are used as images in the Bible?
+What are some examples of things people make that are used as images in the Bible?

translate/bita-manmade/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects
+Biblical Imagery — Man-made Objects

translate/bita-part1/01.md

@@ -1,52 +1,45 @@
-
-
-This page discusses ideas that are paired together in limited ways. (For a discussion of more complex pairings, see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).)
+This page discusses ideas that are paired together in limited ways. (For a discussion of more complex pairings, see [Biblical Imagery — Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).)
 
 ### Description
 
-In all languages, most [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) come from broad patterns of pairings of items in which a physical Image represents an abstract Idea. For example, some languages have the pattern of pairing __height__ with “much” and pairing __being low__ with  “not much,” so that __height__ represents “much” and __being low__ represents “not much.” This could be because when there is a lot of something in a pile, that pile will be high. So also if something costs a lot money, in some languages people would say that the price is __high__, or if a city has more people in it than it used to have, we might say that its number of people has gone __up__. Likewise if someone gets thinner and loses weight, we would say that their weight has gone __down__.
+In all languages, most [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) come from broad patterns of pairings of items in which a physical Image represents an abstract Idea. For example, some languages have the pattern of pairing **height** with “much” and pairing **being low** with “not much,” so that **height** represents “much” and **being low** represents “not much.” This could be because when there is a lot of something in a pile, that pile will be high. So also if something costs a lot money, in some languages people would say that the price is **high**, or if a city has more people in it than it used to have, we might say that its number of people has gone **up**. Likewise if someone gets thinner and loses weight, we would say that their weight has gone **down**.
 
-The patterns found in the Bible are often unique to the Hebrew and Greek languages. It is useful to recognize these patterns because they repeatedly present translators with the same problems on how to translate them. Once translators think through how they will handle these translation challenges, they will be ready to meet them anywhere. (See the modules about [simple metaphors](../figs-simetaphor/01.md) and [extended metaphors](../figs-exmetaphor/01.md).)
+The patterns found in the Bible are often unique to the Hebrew and Greek languages. It is useful to recognize these patterns because they repeatedly present translators with the same problems of how to translate them. Once translators think through how they will handle these translation challenges, they will be ready to meet them anywhere. (See the modules about [simple metaphors](../figs-simetaphor/01.md) and [extended metaphors](../figs-exmetaphor/01.md).)
 
-For example, one pattern of pairings in the Bible is of WALKING representing “behaving” and a PATH representing a kind of behavior. In Psalm 1:1, to "walk" in the advice of the wicked represents doing what wicked people say to do.
+For example, one pattern of pairings in the Bible is of WALKING representing “behaving” and a PATH representing a kind of behavior. In Psalm 1:1, to “walk” in the advice of the wicked represents doing what wicked people say to do.
 
-> Blessed is the man who does not <u>walk</u> in the advice of the wicked (Psalm 1:1 ULT)
+> Blessed is the man who does not **walk** in the advice of the wicked. (Psalm 1:1 ULT)
 
+This pattern is also seen in Psalm 119:32 where running in the path of God’s commands represents doing what God commands. Since running is more intense than walking, the idea of running here might give the idea of doing this wholeheartedly.
 
-This pattern is also seen in Psalm 119:32 where running in the path of God’s commands represents doing what God commands. Since running is more intense than walking, the idea of running here might give the idea of doing this whole-heartedly.
+> I will **run in the path** of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32a ULT)
 
-> I will <u>run in the path</u> of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULT)
-
-
-#### Reasons this is a translation Issue
+#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
 
 These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them:
 
-(1) When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, "It is God who puts strength on me like a belt" (Psalm 18:32 ULT) is based on the pairing of CLOTHING with moral quality. In this case, the image of a BELT represents strength. (See “CLOTHING represents a moral quality” in [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](../bita-manmade/01.md) as well as the module about [complex metaphors](../figs-cometaphor/01.md).)
+(1) When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, “It is God who puts strength on me like a belt” (Psalm 18:32 ULT) is based on the pairing of CLOTHING with moral quality. In this case, the image of a BELT represents strength. (See “CLOTHING represents a moral quality” in [Biblical Imagery — Man-made Objects](../bita-manmade/01.md) as well as the module about [complex metaphors](../figs-cometaphor/01.md).)
 
-(2) When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether “lamp” refers literally to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether “lamp” is a metaphor that represents life. (See “LIGHT or FIRE represents life” in [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](../bita-phenom/01.md).)
+(2) When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether “lamp” refers literally to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether “lamp” is a metaphor that represents life. (See “LIGHT or FIRE represents life” in [Biblical Imagery — Natural Phenomena](../bita-phenom/01.md).)
 
 In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David’s life. When his men were concerned that he might “put out the lamp of Israel” they were concerned that he might be killed.
 
-> The cups, <u>lamp</u> trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners were all made of pure gold.  (1 Kings 7:50 ULT) 
+> Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50a ULT)
 
+> Ishbibenob … intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp** of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)
 
-> Ishbibenob…intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the <u>lamp</u> of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)
-
-
-(3) Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with (and in some cases are based on) common metonymies and cultural models. (See [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).)
+(3) Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with (and in some cases are based on) common metonymies and cultural models. (See [Biblical Imagery — Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md) and [Biblical Imagery — Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).)
 
 For example, in 2 Samuel 14:7 below, “the burning coal” is an image for the life of the son, who represents what will cause people to remember his father. So there are two patterns of pairings here: the pairing of the burning coal with the life of the son, and the pairing of the son with the memory of his father.
 
-> They say, ‘Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out <u>the burning coal</u> that I have left, and they will leave for <u>my husband neither name nor descendant</u> on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7 ULT)
-
+> They say, ‘Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out **the burning coal** that I have left, and they will leave for **my husband neither name nor descendant** on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7 ULT)
 
 #### Links to Lists of Images in the Bible
 
 The following pages have lists of some of the Images that represent Ideas in the Bible, together with examples from the Bible. They are organized according to the kinds of image:
 
-* [Biblical Imagery - Body Parts and Human Qualities](../bita-hq/01.md)
-* [Biblical Imagery - Human Behavior](../bita-humanbehavior/01.md) - Includes both physical and non-physical actions, conditions and experiences
-* [Biblical Imagery - Plants](../bita-plants/01.md)
-* [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](../bita-phenom/01.md)
-* [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](../bita-manmade/01.md)
+* [Biblical Imagery — Body Parts and Human Qualities](../bita-hq/01.md)
+* [Biblical Imagery — Human Behavior](../bita-humanbehavior/01.md) — Includes both physical and non-physical actions, conditions and experiences
+* [Biblical Imagery — Plants](../bita-plants/01.md)
+* [Biblical Imagery — Natural Phenomena](../bita-phenom/01.md)
+* [Biblical Imagery — Man-made Objects](../bita-manmade/01.md)

translate/bita-part1/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns
+Biblical Imagery — Common Patterns

translate/bita-part2/01.md

@@ -1,85 +1,69 @@
+Some very common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) from the Bible are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
 
+#### A CUP or BOWL represents what is inside it
 
-Some common metonymies from the Bible are listed below in alphabetical order. In the examples below, the WORD IN ALL CAPITAL LETTERS is the <u>name that is used</u> in the metonymy. The [word or phrase in brackets] is the <u>name that is meant</u> by the metonymy.
-
-#### A CUP (or bowl) means [what is inside it]
-
-> my <u>cup</u> runs over.  (Psalm 23:5 ULT)
+> My **cup** runs over. (Psalm 23:5b ULT)
 
 There is so much in the cup that it runs over the top of the cup.
 
-> For every time you eat this bread and drink this <u>cup</u>, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULT)
+> For every time you eat this bread and drink this **cup**, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULT)
 
 People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup.
 
-#### The MOUTH means [speech] or [words]
+#### A LOCATION (city, nation, etc.) represents the people who live in or near that place
 
-> A fool’s <u>mouth</u> is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULT)
+> Then Mordecai went out from before the face of the king in a garment of royalty of blue and white, with a great crown of gold and a robe of fine linen and purple, and **the city of Susa** cheered and rejoiced. (Esther 8:15 ULT)
+>
+> So as for me, should I not feel troubled about \*\*Nineveh, the great city \*\* … (Jonah 4:11a ULT)
 
-> Oh, how I would encourage you with my <u>mouth</u>! (Job 16:5 ULT) 
-
-> I heard you when you boasted against me with your <u>mouth</u>; you said many things against me. I heard them. (Ezekiel 35:13 ULT)
-
-In these examples the mouth refers to what a person says.
-
-#### A HOUSE means [the people who live in the house] or [a family]
-
-> Now Yahweh said to Abram, “Go from your country, and from your relatives, and from your father’s <u>household</u>, to the land that I will show you. (Genesis 12:1 ULT)
-
-> They said, “Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your <u>household</u>.” 32 They spoke the word of the Lord to him, together with everyone in his house. 33 Then the jailer took them at the same hour of the night, and washed their wounds, and he and those in his entire house were baptized immediately. (Acts 16:31-33 ULT)
-
-In the original languages (Hebrew and Greek), the words translated here as "household" literally mean "house".  The word "house" is a metonym for the people who live in the house. This is a very common metonym in the Bible.
-
-#### The MEMORY OF A PERSON means [his descendants]
+#### The MEMORY OF A PERSON means \[his descendants\]
 
 The memory of a person represents his descendants, because they are the ones who should remember and honor him. When the Bible says that someone’s memory dies, it means that either he will not have any descendants, or his descendants will all die.
 
-> You terrified the nations with your battle cry;
+> You have rebuked the nations;
 > you have destroyed the wicked;
-> you have blotted out <u>their memory</u> forever.
+> you have blotted out **their memory** forever.
 > The enemy crumbled like ruins
 > when you overthrew their cities.
-> All <u>remembrance of them</u> has perished. (Psalm 9:5-6 ULT)
+> All **remembrance of them** has perished. (Psalm 9:5-6 ULT)
+>
+> **His memory** will perish from the earth. (Job 18:17a ULT)
+>
+> The face of Yahweh is against those who do evil, to cut off **the memory of them** from the earth. (Psalm 34:16 ULT)
 
-> <u>His memory</u> will perish from the earth (Job 18:17 ULT)  
+#### ONE PERSON means \[a group of people\]
 
-> Yahweh is against evildoers,
-> in order to wipe out <u>their memory</u> from the earth. (Psalm 34:16 ULT)
-
-
-#### ONE PERSON means [a group of people]
-
-> For <u>the wicked person</u> boasts of his deepest desires;
+> For **the wicked person** boasts of his deepest desires;
 > he blesses the greedy and insults Yahweh. (Psalm 10:3 ULT)
 
 This does not refer to a particular wicked person, but to wicked people in general.
 
-#### A PERSON’S NAME means [his descendants]
+#### A PERSON’S NAME means \[his descendants\]
 
-> Gad—raiders will attack him, but he will attack them at their heels.
-> Asher’s food will be rich, and he will provide royal delicacies.
-> Naphtali is a doe let loose; he will have beautiful fawns. (Genesis 49:19-21 ULT)
+> **Gad**—raiders will attack him, but he will attack them at their heels.
+> **Asher’s** food will be rich, and he will provide royal delicacies.
+> **Naphtali** is a doe let loose; he will have beautiful fawns. (Genesis 49:19-21 ULT)
 
 The names Gad, Asher, and Naphtali refer not only to those men, but to their descendants.
 
-#### A PERSON means [himself and the people with him]
+#### A PERSON means \[himself and the people with him\]
 
-> It came about that when Abram entered into Egypt, the Egyptians saw that Sarai was very beautiful. (Genesis 12:14 ULT)
+> It came about that when \*\*Abram\*\* entered into Egypt, the Egyptians saw that Sarai was very beautiful. (Genesis 12:14 ULT)
 
 Here when it says “Abram” it represents Abram and all the people traveling with him. The focus was on Abram.
 
-#### PIERCING means [killing]
+#### PIERCING means \[killing\]
 
-> His hand <u>pierced</u> the fleeing serpent. (Job 26:13 ULT)
+> His hand **pierced** the fleeing serpent. (Job 26:13b ULT)
 
 This means that he killed the serpent.
 
-> Look, he is coming with the clouds; every eye will see him, including those who <u>pierced</u> him. (Revelation 1:7 ULT)
+> Look, he is coming with the clouds; every eye will see him, including those who **pierced** him. (Revelation 1:7 ULT)
 
 “Those who pierced him” refers to those who killed Jesus.
 
-#### SINS (or INIQUITY) means [punishment for wrongdoing]
+#### SINS (or INIQUITY) means \[punishment for wrongdoing\]
 
-> Yahweh has placed on him the <u>iniquity</u> of us all   (Isaiah 53:6 ULT)
+> Yahweh has placed on him the **iniquity** of us all (Isaiah 53:6b ULT)
 
-This means that Yahweh placed on him the punishment that should have gone to all of us.
+This means that Yahweh placed on him the punishment that should have gone to all of us.

translate/bita-part2/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies
+Biblical Imagery — Common Metonymies

translate/bita-part3/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Description
 
 Cultural models are mental images that the people of a culture use to think about and to talk about certain aspects of life or behavior. For example, Americans often think of many things, even marriage and friendship, as if they were machines. Americans might say “His marriage is breaking down” or “Their friendship is going full speed ahead.” In this example, human relationships are modeled as a MACHINE. One can say that cultural models are [complex metaphors](../figs-cometaphor/01.md) that are commonly used by people of a particular culture.
@@ -7,97 +6,93 @@ Some common cultural models found in the Bible are listed below. First there are
 
 #### God is modeled as a KING
 
-> For God is the <u>King</u> over all the earth; (Psalm 47:7 ULT)
-
-> For the <u>kingdom</u> is Yahweh’s;
-> he is the <u>ruler</u> over the nations. (Psalm 22:28 ULT)
-
-> Your <u>throne</u>, God, is forever and ever;
-> a <u>scepter</u> of justice is the scepter of your <u>kingdom</u>. (Psalm 45:6 ULT)
-
+> For God is the **King** over all the earth. (Psalm 47:7a ULT)
+>
+> For the **kingdom** is Yahweh’s;
+> he is the **ruler** over the nations. (Psalm 22:28 ULT)
+>
+> Your **throne**, God, is forever and ever;
+> a **scepter** of justice is the scepter of your **kingdom**. (Psalm 45:6 ULT)
+>
 > This is what Yahweh says,
-> “Heaven is my <u>throne</u>, and the earth is my <u>footstool</u>. (Isaiah 66:1 ULT)
-
-> God <u>reigns</u> over the nations;
-> God sits on his holy <u>throne</u>.
-> The <u>princes</u> of the peoples have gathered together
+> “Heaven is my **throne**, and the earth is my **footstool**.” (Isaiah 66:1a ULT)
+>
+> God **reigns** over the nations;
+> God sits on his holy **throne**.
+> The **princes** of the peoples have gathered together
 > to the people of the God of Abraham;
-> for the <u>shields</u> of the earth belong to God;
-> he is greatly exalted.  (Psalm 47:8-9 ULT)
+> for the **shields** of the earth belong to God;
+> he is greatly \*\*exalted\*\*. (Psalm 47:8-9 ULT)
 
 #### God is modeled as a WARRIOR
 
-> Yahweh is a <u>warrior</u>; (Exodus 15:3 ULT)
-
-> Yahweh will go out as a <u>warrior</u>; he will proceed as a <u>man of war</u>. He will stir up his zeal.
-> He will shout, yes, he will roar his <u>battle cries</u>; he will <u>show his enemies his power</u>. (Isaiah 42:13 ULT)
-
-> Your right hand, Yahweh, is <u>glorious in power</u>;
-> your right hand, Yahweh, <u>has shattered the enemy</u>. (Exodus 15:6 ULT)
-
-> But <u>God will shoot them</u>;
-> suddenly they will be <u>wounded with his arrows</u>. (Psalm 65:7 ULT)
-
-> For you will turn them back; <u>you will draw your bow</u> before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULT) 
+> Yahweh is a **warrior**. (Exodus 15:3a ULT)
+>
+> Yahweh will go out as a **warrior**; as a \*\*man of war\*\* he will stir up his zeal.. He will shout, yes, he will roar his **battle cries**; he will **show his enemies his power**. (Isaiah 42:13 ULT)
+>
+> Your right hand, Yahweh, is **glorious in power**; your right hand, Yahweh, **has shattered the enemy**. (Exodus 15:6 ULT)
+>
+> But **God will shoot them**; suddenly they will be **wounded with his arrows**. (Psalm 64:7 ULT)
+>
+> For you will turn them back; **you will draw your bow** before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULT)
 
 #### A leader is modeled as a SHEPHERD and those he leads are modeled as SHEEP
 
-> Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look…when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will <u>shepherd</u> my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’“ (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
-
-> “Woe to the <u>shepherds</u> who destroy and scatter the <u>sheep</u> of my <u>pasture</u>—this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1  ULT)
-
-> Therefore be careful about yourselves, and about all the <u>flock</u> of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to <u>shepherd</u> the assembly of the Lord, which he purchased with his own blood. 29I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will enter in among you, and not spare the <u>flock</u>. I know that from even among your own selves some men shall come and say corrupt things, in order to draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULT)
+> Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look … when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will **shepherd** my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’” (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
+>
+> “Woe to the **shepherds** who destroy and scatter the **sheep** of my **pasture**—this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)
+>
+> Guard yourselves and all the **flock** of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to **shepherd** the church of God, which he purchased with his own blood. I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will come in among you, not sparing the **flock**. Even among you yourselves, men will come speaking perverse things which draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULT)
 
 #### Life is modeled as BLOOD
 
 In this model, the blood of a person or an animal represents its life.
 
-> But you must not eat meat with <u>its life—that is its blood</u>—in it. (Genesis 9:4 ULT)
+> But you must not eat meat with **its life—that is its blood**—in it. (Genesis 9:4 ULT)
 
 If blood is spilled or shed, someone has been killed.
 
-> Whoever <u>sheds man’s blood</u>, by man will his <u>blood be shed</u>, (Genesis 9:6 ULT)
-
-> In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge <u>the blood that was shed</u>, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULT) 
+> Whoever **sheds man’s blood**, by man will his **blood be shed**. (Genesis 9:6a ULT)
+>
+> In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge **the blood that was shed**, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9b ULT)
 
 If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who killed someone. (This also includes personification, because the blood is pictured as someone that can cry out. See: [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md))
 
-> Yahweh said, “What have you done? <u>Your brother’s blood is calling out to me</u> from the ground. (Genesis 4:10 ULT)
+> Yahweh said, “What have you done? **Your brother’s blood is calling out to me** from the ground.” (Genesis 4:10 ULT)
 
 #### A country is modeled as a WOMAN, and its gods are modeled as HER HUSBAND
 
-> It came about, as soon as Gideon was dead, the people of Israel turned again and <u>prostituted themselves</u> by worshiping the Baals. They made Baal Berith their god. (Judges 8:33 ULT)
+> Now it happened that when Gideon had died, the sons of Israel turned back again and **pursued adulterously** after the Baals. They made Baal-Berith for themselves as a god. (Judges 8:33 ULT)
 
 #### The nation of Israel is modeled as GOD’S SON
 
-> When Israel was a young man I loved him, and I called <u>my son</u> out of Egypt.  (Hosea 11:1 ULT)
-
+> When Israel was a young man I loved him, and I called **my son** out of Egypt. (Hosea 11:1 ULT)
 
 #### The sun is modeled as BEING IN A CONTAINER when it is not visible
 
-> Yet their words go out over all the earth and their speech to the end of the world. He has pitched <u>a tent for the sun</u> among them. The sun is like a bridegroom coming out of <u>his chamber</u> and like a strong man who rejoices when he runs his race. (Psalm 19:4-5 ULT)
+> Yet their words go out over all the earth and their speech to the end of the world. He has pitched **a tent for the sun** among them. The sun is like a bridegroom coming out of **his chamber** and like a strong man who rejoices when he runs his race. (Psalm 19:4-5 ULT)
 
 Psalm 110 pictures the sun as being in the womb before it comes out in the morning.
-> from <u>the womb</u> of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew.  (Psalm 110:3 ULT)
 
+> From **the womb** of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3b ULT)
 
 #### Things that can move fast are modeled as having WINGS
 
 This is especially true of things that move in the air or the sky.
 
-The sun is modeled as a disc with wings, which allow it to “fly” through the air from east to west during the daytime. In Psalm 139, “the wings of the morning” refers to the sun. In Malachi 4 God called himself the “sun of righteousness” and he spoke of the sun as having wings.
+The sun is modeled as a disc with wings which allow it to “fly” through the air from east to west during the daytime. In Psalm 139, “the wings of the morning” refers to the sun. In Malachi 4 God called himself the “sun of righteousness” and he spoke of the sun as having wings.
 
-> If I fly away on <u>the wings of the morning</u> and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea… (Psalm 139:9 ULT)
+> If I fly away on **the wings of the morning** and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea … (Psalm 139:9 ULT)
 
-> But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing <u>in its wings</u>. (Malachi 4:2 ULT)
+> But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing **in its wings**. (Malachi 4:2 ULT)
 
 The wind moves quickly and is modeled as having wings.
 
-> He was seen flying on the <u>wings of the wind</u>. (2 Sam. 22:11 ULT)
+> He was seen on the **wings of the wind**. (2 Sam. 22:11b ULT)
 
-> He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the <u>wings of the wind</u>. (Psalm 18:10 ULT)
+> He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the **wings of the wind**. (Psalm 18:10 ULT)
 
-> you walk on the <u>wings of the wind</u> (Psalm 104:3 ULT)
+> You walk on the **wings of the wind**.(Psalm 104:3b ULT)
 
 #### Futility is modeled as something that the WIND can blow away
 
@@ -106,70 +101,69 @@ In this model, the wind blows away things that are worthless, and they are gone.
 Psalm 1 and Job 27 show that wicked people are worthless and will not live long.
 
 > The wicked are not so,
-> but are instead <u>like the chaff that the wind drives away</u>. (Psalm 1:4 ULT)
+> but are instead **like the chaff that the wind drives away**. (Psalm 1:4 ULT)
 
-> <u>The east wind carries him away</u>, and he leaves;
-> <u>it sweeps him out of his place</u>. (Job 27:21 ULT)
+> **The east wind carries him away**, and he leaves;
+> **it sweeps him out of his place**. (Job 27:21 ULT)
 
 The writer of Ecclesiastes says that everything is worthless.
-> <u>Like a vapor of mist</u>,
-> <u>like a breeze in the wind</u>,
+
+> “**Like a vapor of mist**,
+> **like a breeze in the wind**,
 > everything vanishes, leaving many questions.
-> What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun? (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULT)
+> What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun?” (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULT)
 
 In Job 30:15, Job complains that his honor and prosperity are gone.
 
 > Terrors are turned upon me;
-> my honor is <u>driven away as if by the wind</u>;
-> my prosperity <u>passes away as a cloud</u>. (Job 30:15 ULT)
+> my honor is **driven away as if by the wind**;
+> my prosperity **passes away as a cloud**. (Job 30:15 ULT)
 
 #### Human warfare is modeled as DIVINE WARFARE
 
 When there was a war between nations, people believed that the gods of those nations were also at war.
 
-> This happened while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, those whom Yahweh had killed among them, for <u>he also inflicted punishment on their gods</u>. (Numbers 33:4 ULT)
+> This happened while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, those whom Yahweh had killed among them, for **he also inflicted punishment on their gods**. (Numbers 33:4 ULT)
 
-> And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?…You drove out nations <u>and their gods</u> from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULT) 
-
-> The servants of the king of Aram said to him, “<u>Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were</u>. But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they.” (1 Kings 20:23 ULT)
+> And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself? … You drove out nations **and their gods** from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULT)
 
+> The servants of the king of Aram said to him, “**Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were**. But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they are.” (1 Kings 20:23 ULT)
 
 #### Constraints in life are modeled as PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES
 
 The verses below are not about real physical boundaries but about difficulties or the lack of difficulties in life.
 
-> He has built <u>a wall</u> around me, and I cannot escape. He has made my shackles heavy. (Lamentations 3:7 ULT)
+> He has built **a wall** around me, and I cannot escape. He has made my shackles heavy. (Lamentations 3:7 ULT)
 
-> He has blocked my path with <u>walls of hewn stone</u>; every way I take is crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULT) 
+> He blocked my path with **a wall of hewn stone**; he made my paths crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULT)
 
-> <u>Measuring lines</u> have been laid for me in pleasant places (Psalm 16:6 ULT)
+> **Measuring lines** have been laid for me in pleasant places. (Psalm 16:6a ULT)
 
 #### Dangerous places are modeled as NARROW PLACES
 
 In Psalm 4 David asks God to rescue him.
 
 > Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness;
-> give me room <u>when I am hemmed in</u>.
+> give me room **when I am hemmed in**.
 > Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. (Psalm 4:1 ULT)
 
-
 #### A distressing situation is modeled as a WILDERNESS
 
 When Job was distressed because of all the sad things that happened to him, he spoke as if he were in a wilderness. Jackals and ostriches are animals that live in the wilderness.
+
 > My heart is troubled and does not rest;
 > days of affliction have come on me.
-> I go about with darkened skin but not because of the sun;
+> I have gone about like one who was living in the dark, but not because of the sun;
 > I stand up in the assembly and cry for help.
-> I am <u>a brother to jackals</u>,
-> <u>a companion of ostriches</u>. (Job 30:27-29 ULT)
-
+> I am **a brother to jackals**,
+> **a companion of ostriches**. (Job 30:27-29 ULT)
 
 #### Wellbeing is modeled as PHYSICAL CLEANLINESS, and evil is modeled as PHYSICAL DIRTINESS
 
 Leprosy is a disease. If a person had it, he was said to be unclean.
 
-> Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean</u>.” Jesus reached out his hand and touched him, saying, “I am willing. Be clean.” Immediately he was <u>cleansed of his leprosy.</u> (Matthew 8:2-3 ULT)
+> Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, **you can make me clean**.” Jesus reached out his hand and touched him, saying, “I am willing. Be clean.” Immediately he was **cleansed of his leprosy.** (Matthew 8:2-3 ULT)
 
 An “unclean spirit” is an evil spirit.
 
-> When an <u>unclean spirit</u> has gone away from a man, it passes through waterless places and looks for rest, but does not find it. (Matthew 12:43 ULT)
+> When an **unclean spirit** has gone away from a man, it passes through waterless places and looks for rest, but does not find it. (Matthew 12:43 ULT)

translate/bita-part3/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models
+Biblical Imagery — Cultural Models

translate/bita-phenom/01.md

@@ -1,142 +1,129 @@
-
-
-Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The word in all capital letters is a physical Image that represents an abstract Idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does appear.
+Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
 
 #### LIGHT represents moral righteousness, DARKNESS represents moral wickedness
 
-> Woe to those <u>who call evil good, and good evil</u>; <u>who represent darkness as light, and light as darkness</u>; <u>who represent bitter as sweet, and sweet as bitter</u>! (Isaiah 5:20 ULT)
-
-> But if your eye is <u>bad</u>, your whole body is <u>full of darkness</u>. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually <u>darkness</u>, how great is that <u>darkness</u>! (Matthew 6:23 ULT)
+> Woe to those **who call evil good, and good evil**; **who represent darkness as light, and light as darkness**; who represent bitter as sweet, and sweet as bitter! (Isaiah 5:20 ULT)
+>
+> But if your eye is **bad**, your whole body is **full of darkness**. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually **darkness**, how great is that **darkness**! (Matthew 6:23 ULT)
 
 #### LIGHT or SWEETNESS represents pleasant feelings, DARKNESS or BITTERNESS represents unpleasant feelings
 
-> Truly the <u>light is sweet</u>, and it is a <u>pleasant thing</u> for the eyes to see the sun. (Ecclesiastes 11:7 ULT)
-
-> I am a man who has seen <u>misery</u> under the rod of Yahweh’s fury. He drove me away and caused me to walk in <u>darkness</u> rather than light. (Lamentations 3:1-2 ULT)
+> Truly the **light is sweet**, and it is a **pleasant thing** for the eyes to see the sun. (Ecclesiastes 11:7 ULT)
+>
+> I am a man who has seen **misery** under the rod of Yahweh’s fury. He drove me away and caused me to walk in **darkness** rather than light. (Lamentations 3:1-2 ULT)
 
 #### LIGHT represents wisdom, DARKNESS represents foolishness
 
-> Then I began to understand that <u>wisdom has advantages over folly</u>, just as <u>light is better than darkness</u>. (Ecclesiastes 2:13 ULT)
-
-> They are <u>darkened in their understanding</u>, being alienated from the life of God because of the <u>ignorance</u> that is in them, because of the <u>hardness of their hearts</u>. (Ephesians 4:18 ULT)
+> Then I began to understand that **wisdom has advantages over folly**, just as **light is better than darkness**. (Ecclesiastes 2:13 ULT)
+>
+> They are **darkened in their understanding**, being alienated from the life of God because of the **ignorance** that is in them, because of the **hardness of their hearts**. (Ephesians 4:18 ULT)
+>
+> For with you is the fountain of life; **in your light we will see light**. (Psalm 36:9 ULT)
 
 #### LIGHT or FIRE represents life
 
-> They say, ‘Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the <u>burning coal</u> that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7 ULT)
-
-> You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the <u>lamp of Israel</u>. (2 Samuel 21:17 ULT)  
-
-> I will give one tribe to Solomon’s son, so that David my servant may always have <u>a lamp</u> before me in Jerusalem. (1 Kings 11:36 ULT)
-
-> Nevertheless for David’s sake, Yahweh his God gave him <u>a lamp</u> in Jerusalem by raising up his son after him in order to strengthen Jerusalem. (1 Kings 15:4 ULT) 
-
-> Indeed, <u>the light</u> of the wicked person will be put out; <u>the spark of his fire</u> will not shine. <u>The light</u> will be dark in his tent; <u>his lamp</u> above him will be put out. (Job 18:5-6 ULT)
-
-> For you give <u>light to my lamp</u>; Yahweh my God <u>lights up my darkness</u>. (Psalm 18:28 ULT) 
-
-> A dimly burning wick he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3 ULT)
+> They say, ‘Give into our hand the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the **burning coal** that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7b ULT)
+>
+> “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp of Israel**.” (2 Samuel 21:17b ULT)
+>
+> I will give one tribe to Solomon’s son, so that David my servant may always have **a lamp** before me in Jerusalem. (1 Kings 11:36a ULT)
+>
+> Nevertheless for David’s sake, Yahweh his God gave him **a lamp** in Jerusalem by raising up his son after him in order to strengthen Jerusalem. (1 Kings 15:4 ULT)
+>
+> Indeed, **the light** of the wicked person will be put out; **the spark of his fire** will not shine. **The light** will be dark in his tent; **his lamp** above him will be put out. (Job 18:5-6 ULT)
+>
+> For you give **light to my lamp**; Yahweh my God **lights up my darkness**. (Psalm 18:28 ULT)
+>
+> A **dimly burning wick** he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3b ULT)
 
 #### DARKNESS or SHADOW represents death
 
-> Yet you have severely broken us in the place of jackals and covered us with the <u>shadow of death</u>. (Psalm 44:19 ULT)
+> Yet you have severely broken us in the place of jackals and covered us with the **shadow of death**. (Psalm 44:19 ULT)
 
 #### LIGHT OF THE FACE represents smiling (that is, an attitude of grace or favor)
 
-> Yahweh, lift up the <u>light of your face</u> on us. (Psalm 4:6 ULT) 
-
+> Yahweh, lift up the **light of your face** on us. (Psalm 4:6b ULT)
+>
 > For they did not obtain the land for their possession by their own sword,
 > neither did their own arm save them;
-> but your right hand, your arm, and the <u>light of your face</u>,
+> but your right hand, your arm, and the **light of your face**,
 > because you were favorable to them. (Psalm 44:3 ULT)
-
-> they did not reject the <u>light of my face</u>. (Job 29:24 ULT) 
-
-> Yahweh, they walk in the <u>light of your face</u>. (Psalm 89:15 ULT)
+>
+> they did not reject the **light of my face**. (Job 29:24b ULT)
+>
+> Yahweh, they walk in the **light of your face**. (Psalm 89:15b ULT)
 
 #### FIRE represents extreme feelings, particularly love or anger
 
-> Because iniquity will be increased, the love of many will <u>be extinguished</u>. (Matthew 24:12 ULT)
+> Because lawlessness will increase, the love of many will **grow cold**. (Matthew 24:12 ULT)
+>
+> Surging waters cannot **quench** love. (Song of Songs 8:7a ULT)
+>
+> For **a fire is kindled by my anger** and **is burning** to the lowest Sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22a ULT)
+>
+> Therefore **the anger of Yahweh blazed** against Israel. (Judges 3:8a ULT)
+>
+> When Yahweh heard this, **he was angry**; so **his fire burned** against Jacob, and **his anger** attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULT)
 
-> Surging waters cannot <u>quench</u> love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULT) 
-
-> For <u>a fire is kindled by my anger</u> and <u>is burning</u> to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULT)
-
-> Therefore <u>the anger of Yahweh was set on fire</u> against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULT) 
-
-> When Yahweh heard this, <u>he was angry</u>; so <u>his fire burned</u> against Jacob, and <u>his anger</u> attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULT)
-
-
-#### A WIDE SPACE reperesents safetey, security, and ease
+#### A WIDE SPACE represents safety, security, and ease
 
 > They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support.
-> He set me free in <u>a wide open place</u>; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalms 18:18-19 ULT)
-
-> You have made <u>a wide place</u> for my feet beneath me,
+> He set me free in **a wide open place**; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalms 18:18-19 ULT)
+>
+> You have made **a wide place** for my feet beneath me,
 > so my feet have not slipped. (2 Samuel 22:37 ULT)
-
+>
 > You made people ride over our heads;
 > we went through fire and water,
-> but you brought us out into <u>a spacious place</u>. (Psalms 66:12 ULT)
-
+> but you brought us out into **a spacious place**. (Psalms 66:12 ULT)
 
 #### A NARROW SPACE represents danger or difficulties
 
 > Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness;
-> give me room when <u>I am hemmed in</u>.
+> give me room when **I am hemmed in**.
 > Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. (Psalm 4:1 ULT)
-
+>
 > For a prostitute is a deep pit,
-> and an immoral woman is <u>a narrow well</u>. (Proverbs 23:27 ULT)
-
+> and an immoral woman is **a narrow well**. (Proverbs 23:27 ULT)
 
 #### WATER or LIQUID represents a moral or emotional quality (attitude, spirit, life)
 
-> Yahweh has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting <u>flood of water</u>. (2 Samuel 5:20 ULT)
-
-> He will make a full end to his enemies with an overwhelming <u>flood</u>. (Nahum 1:8 ULT) 
-
-> My heart <u>drips</u> because of sadness. (Psalm 119:28 ULT)
-
-> I am being <u>poured out like water</u>. (Psalm 22:14 ULT)  
-
-> It will come about afterward that I will <u>pour out</u> my Spirit on all flesh. (Joel 2:28 ULT)
-
-> My God, my soul has <u>melted</u> within me. (Psalm 42:6 ULT) 
-
-> For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been <u>poured out</u> on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21 ULT)
-
+> Yahweh has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting **flood of water**. (2 Samuel 5:20 ULT)
+>
+> He will make a complete end to his enemies with an overwhelming **flood**. (Nahum 1:8a ULT)
+>
+> I am being **poured out like water**. (Psalm 22:14a ULT)
+>
+> It will come about afterward that I will **pour out** my Spirit on all flesh. (Joel 2:28a ULT)
+>
+> For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been **poured out** on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21b ULT)
 
 #### FLOODING WATER represents disaster
 
-> I have come into <u>deep waters</u>, where the <u>floods flow</u> over me. (Psalm 69:2 ULT)
+> I have come into **deep waters**, where the **floods flow** over me. (Psalm 69:2b ULT)
+>
+> Do not let the **floods of water** overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15a ULT)
+>
+> Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of **many waters** from the hand of foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULT)
 
-> Do not let the <u>floods of water</u> overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15 ULT) 
-
-> Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of <u>many waters</u> from the hands of these foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULT)
-
-#### A FOUNTAIN or SPRING OF WATER represents the origins of something
-
-> The fear of Yahweh is a <u>fountain of life</u>. (Proverbs 14:27 ULT)
-
-> Text. (Psalm 36:10 ULT)
+#### A FOUNTAIN or SPRING OF WATER represents the origin or source of something
 
+> The fear of Yahweh is a **fountain of life**. (Proverbs 14:27a ULT)
+>
+> For with you is the **fountain of life**; in your light we will see light. (Psalm 36:9 ULT)
 
 #### LIQUID represents what someone says
 
-> A quarreling wife is a constant <u>dripping of water</u>. (Proverbs 19:13 ULT)
-
-> His lips are lilies, <u>dripping myrrh</u>. (Song of Songs 5:13 ULT) 
-
-> My groaning is <u>poured out like water</u>. (Job 3:24 ULT)
-
-> The words of a man’s mouth are <u>deep waters</u>; the <u>fountain of wisdom</u> is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:3 ULT) 
+> A quarreling wife is a constant **dripping of water**. (Proverbs 19:13b ULT)
+>
+> His lips are lilies, **dripping liquid myrrh**. (Song of Songs 5:13b ULT)
+>
+> My groaning is **poured out like water**. (Job 3:24b ULT)
+>
+> The words of a man’s mouth are **deep waters**; the **fountain of wisdom** is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:4 ULT)
 
 #### A ROCK represents salvation or protection
 
-> Who is a <u>rock</u> except our God? (Psalm 18:31 ULT)
-
-> Yahweh, <u>my rock</u>, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14 ULT) 
-
-
-
-
+> Who is a **rock** except our God? (Psalm 18:31b ULT)
+>
+> Yahweh, **my rock**, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14b ULT)

translate/bita-phenom/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena
+Biblical Imagery — Natural Phenomena