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Co-authored-by: justplainjane47 <justplainjane47@noreply.door43.org>
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/pulls/394
This commit is contained in:
Richard Mahn 2020-09-17 14:25:58 +00:00
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2
checking/alignment-tool/sub-title.md
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How do I use the Alignment Tool in translationCore to do Alignment Checking?
How do I use the Alignment Tool in translationCore to do alignment checking?

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checking/goal-checking/sub-title.md
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What is the Goal of Checking?
What is the goal of checking?

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checking/vol2-steps/sub-title.md
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What are the steps I should follow to check a translation as a Quality Checker?
What are the steps that I, as a Quality Checker, should follow to check a translation?

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translate/bita-animals/01.md
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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ The horn is King David’s military strength.
This is because some birds are easily trapped.
> I have been hunted like a **bird** by those who were my enemies; they hunted me without a reason. (Lamentations 3:52 ULT)
>
> Save yourself like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter,
> like a **bird** from the hand of the fowler. (Proverbs 6:5 ULT)
@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ A fowler is a person who catches birds, and a snare is a small trap.
In Habakkuk and Hosea, Israel’s enemies who would come and attack them were compared to an eagle.
>  Their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an **eagle** hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULT)
>
> An **eagle** is coming over the house of Yahweh.
> . . . Israel has rejected what is good,
> and the enemy will pursue him. (Hosea 8:1,3 ULT)
> … Israel has rejected what is good,
> and the enemy will pursue him. (Hosea 8:1, 3 ULT)
In Isaiah, God called a certain foreign king a bird of prey because he would come quickly and attack Israel’s enemies.
@ -85,9 +85,9 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau
#### SHEEP or a FLOCK OF SHEEP represents people who need to be led or are in danger
> My people have been a lost **flock**. Their shepherds have led them astray in the mountains. (Jeremiah 50:6 ULT)
>
> He led his own people out like **sheep** and guided them through the wilderness like a **flock**. (Psalm 78:52 ULT)
>
> Israel is a **sheep** scattered and driven away by lions. First the king of Assyria devoured him;
> then after this, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon broke his bones. (Jeremiah 50:17 ULT)

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@ -13,10 +13,9 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
#### The GROUND represents people’s hearts (inner being)
> For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: ‘Plow your own **ground**,
> and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULT)
> For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: ‘Plow your own **ground**, and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULT)
>
> When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it . . . This is the seed that was sown **beside the road**. That which was sown on **rocky ground** is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy . . . That which was sown **among the thorn plants**, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word . . . That which was sown on the **good soil**, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT)
> When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it … This is the seed that was sown **beside the road**. That which was sown on **rocky ground** is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy … That which was sown **among the thorn plants**, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word…That which was sown on the **good soil**, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT)
>
> Break up your **unplowed ground**,
> for it is time to seek Yahweh. Hosea 10:12 ULT)
@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a **threshing floor**, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to **thresh** it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and **winnow** the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff (waste) while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (See "thresh" and "winnow" pages in [unfoldingWord® Translation Words](http://ufw.io/tw/) for help translating thresh and winnow.)
> So I will **winnow** them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULT)
>
> His **winnowing fork** is in his hand to thoroughly clear off his **threshing floor** and to gather the wheat into his storehouse. But he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire. (Luke 3:17 ULT)
#### GRAFTING represents God’s allowing the Gentiles to become his people
@ -41,8 +40,8 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a **thr
#### RAIN represents God’s gifts to his people
> . . . he comes and **rains** righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12b ULT)
> … he comes and **rains** righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12b ULT)
>
> For the land that drinks in the **rain** that often comes on it, and that produces plants useful to those for whom the land was also cultivated, receives a blessing from God. But land that bears thorns and thistles is worthless and is about to be cursed. Its end is to be burned. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULT)
>
> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord’s coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late **rains**. (James 5:7 ULT)

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What are some examples in the Bible of images taken from farming?
What are some examples of images taken from farming that are used as images in the Bible?

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translate/bita-hq/01.md
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@ -5,27 +5,23 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
> Now you are the **body** of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULT)
>
> Instead, speaking the truth in love, let us grow up in all things into him who is the head, even Christ, from whom the whole **body,** being joined and held together by every supporting ligament, according to the working in measure of each individual part, causes the growth of the **body** for building up itself in love.
>
>
>
>
In these verses, the body of Christ represents the group of people who follow Christ.
#### A BROTHER represents a person’s relatives, associates, or peers
> For Mordecai the Jew was second to the King Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and favored by the multitude of his **brothers** . . . (Esther 10:3a ULT)
> For Mordecai the Jew was second to the King Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and favored by the multitude of his **brothers **… (Esther 10:3a ULT)
#### A DAUGHTER represents a village located near a town or city
#### A MOTHER represents a town or city with villages surrounding it
> And for the villages in their fields, some from the sons of Judah dwelt: in Kiriath Arba and its daughters; and in Dibon and its daughters; and in Jekabzeel and its villages . . . (Nehemiah 11:25 ULT)
> And for the villages in their fields, some from the sons of Judah dwelt: in Kiriath Arba and its daughters; and in Dibon and its daughters; and in Jekabzeel and its villages … (Nehemiah 11:25 ULT)
#### The FACE represents someone’s presence, sight, knowledge, perception, attention, or judgment
> Then Esther repeated her action, and she spoke before the **face** of the king. (Esther 8:3a ULT)
>
> Why do you hide your **face** and forget our affliction and our oppression? (Psalm 44:24 ULT)
To hide one’s face from someone means to ignore him.
@ -35,29 +31,30 @@ To hide one’s face from someone means to ignore him.
If someone seeks another person’s face, he hopes that the person will pay attention to him.
> Do you not fear me—this is Yahweh’s declaration—or tremble before my **face**? (Jeremiah 5:22 ULT)
>
> Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity before his **face**, and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULT)
To put something before one’s face is to look at it intently or pay attention to it.
#### The FACE represents the front of something
> So Hathak went out to Mordecai, to the open place of the city that was before the **face** of the gate of the king. (Esther 4:6 ULT)
> So Hathak went out to Mordecai, to the open place of the city that was before the **face** of the gate of the king. (Esther 4:6 ULT)
>
> She fell before the **face** of his feet and wept and implored favor from him to take away the evil of Haman the Agagite and his plot that he had plotted against the Jews. (Esther 8:3b ULT)
#### The FACE represents the surface of something
> The famine was over all **the face** of the whole land. (Genesis 41:56a ULT)
>
> He covers **the face** of the moon and spreads his clouds on it. (Job 26:9 ULT)
#### A FATHER represents someone’s ancestor(s)
#### A SON represents someone’s descendant(s)
>  But they acted presumptuously, they and our **fathers**. And they stiffened their neck and did not listen to your commandments. (Nehemiah 9:16 ULT)
> We have not listened to your servants the prophets who spoke in your name to our kings, our leaders, our **fathers**, and to all the people of the land. To you, Lord, belongs righteousness . . ." (Daniel 9:6-7a ULT)
>
> We have not listened to your servants the prophets who spoke in your name to our kings, our leaders, our **fathers**, and to all the people of the land. To you, Lord, belongs righteousness …" (Daniel 9:6-7a ULT)
#### The HAND represents someone’s power, control, agency, or action
@ -80,22 +77,22 @@ To put something before one’s face is to look at it intently or pay attention
#### The HEART represents the action of thinking or feeling
> And Boaz ate and drank, and his **heart** was good, and he went to lie down at the end of the pile of grain. (Ruth 3:7a ULT)
> On the seventh day, when the **heart** of the king was pleased by the wine… (Esther 1:10a ULT)
>
> On the seventh day, when the **heart** of the king was pleased by the wine… (Esther 1:10a ULT)
#### The HEART represents someone’s attitude
> Then the king Ahasuerus spoke and said to Esther the queen, “Who is he, this man? Where is this man, he whose **heart** is full to do thus?” (Esther 7:5 ULT)
> Then the king Ahasuerus spoke and said to Esther the queen, “Who is he, this man? Where is this man, he whose **heart** is full to do thus?” (Esther 7:5 ULT)
In this context, having a full heart means to be proud or arrogant.
#### The EYES represent sight, knowledge, perception, attention, or judgment
> For the matter of the queen will go out to all the women, in order to make their husbands despised in their **eyes** . . . (Esther 1:17a ULT)
> For the matter of the queen will go out to all the women, in order to make their husbands despised in their **eyes** … (Esther 1:17a ULT)
#### The EYES represent someone’s attitude
> . . . but you bring down those with **proud, uplifted eyes**! (Psalm 18:27b ULT)
> …but you bring down those with **proud, uplifted eyes**! (Psalm 18:27b ULT)
Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud.
@ -120,12 +117,9 @@ To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by mon
> A fool’s **mouth** is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULT)
>
> I would strengthen you with my mouth. (Job 16:5 ULT)
>
>
In these examples the mouth refers to what a person says.
#### A NAME represents the person who has that name
> May your God make **the name of Solomon** better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne.” (1 Kings 1:47 ULT)
@ -144,7 +138,7 @@ To fear someone’s name is to honor him.
To profane God’s name is to profane his reputation, that is, to profane how people think about him.
> For I will make **my great name** holy, which you have profaned among the nations…. (Ezekiel 36:23 ULT)
> For I will make **my great name** holy, which you have profaned among the nations … (Ezekiel 36:23 ULT)
To make God’s name holy is to cause people to see that God is holy.
@ -158,19 +152,19 @@ The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that “becaus
#### The NOSE represents anger
> Then . . . the foundations of the world were laid bare at your rebuke, Yahweh, at the blast of the breath of **your nostrils**. (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
> Then … the foundations of the world were laid bare at your rebuke, Yahweh, at the blast of the breath of **your nostrils**. (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
>
> By the blast of **your nostrils** the waters were piled up. (Exodus 15:8a ULT)
>
> Smoke went up from out of **his nostrils**, and blazing fire came out of his mouth. (2 Samuel 22:9a ULT)
>
> Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious, **slow to anger . . .** (Exodus 34:6a ULT)
> Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious, **slow to anger **… (Exodus 34:6a ULT)
In Hebrew, a hot nose represents anger, including such images as a blast of air or smoke coming from someone’s nostrils. The opposite of a “hot nose” is a “long nose.” The phrase “slow to anger” in Hebrew literally means “long of nose.” A long nose represents patience, meaning that it takes a long time for that person’s nose to get hot.
#### A SON represents the offspring of an animal(s)
> And he sent letters (by the hand of runners on horses, riders of the royal pack horses, sons of the mares) . . . (Esther 8:10a ULT)
> And he sent letters (by the hand of runners on horses, riders of the royal pack horses, sons of the mares) … (Esther 8:10a ULT)
#### The SON OF SOMETHING represents something shares the qualities of another thing
@ -193,4 +187,4 @@ Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry.
### Translation Strategies
See the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).
See the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).

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@ -4,19 +4,16 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
> Yahweh supports all who are falling and raises up all those who are **bent over**. (Psalm 145:14 ULT)
#### Having BIRTH PAINS mean suffering that is necessary to achieve a new condition
> **Be in pain and labor to give birth**, daughter of Zion, like a **woman in labor**.
> For now you will go out of the city, live in the field, and go to Babylon.
> There you will be rescued.
> There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULT)
> There you will be rescued. There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULT)
>
> For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of **birth pains**. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULT)
>
> My little children, again I am in the **pains of childbirth** for you until Christ is formed in you.(Galatians 4:19 ULT)
#### Being CALLED SOMETHING means being that thing
> The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he **is called** the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULT)
@ -27,7 +24,7 @@ This is because he actually is the God of the whole earth.
This is because he actually is discerning.
> He will . . .**be called** the Son of the Most High. (Luke 1:32a ULT)
> He will … **be called** the Son of the Most High. (Luke 1:32a ULT)
This is because he actually is the Son of the Most High.
@ -39,23 +36,21 @@ This is because he actually is the Son of God.
This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord.
#### Being CLEAN means being acceptable for God’s purposes
> Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the **clean** animals and some of the **clean** birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma. (Genesis 8:20 ULT)
>
> The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him **clean**. It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is **clean**. (Leviticus 13:6 ULT)
#### CLEANSING or PURIFYING means making something acceptable for God’s purposes
> He must go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and he must take some of the bull’s blood and some of the goat’s blood and put it on the horns of the altar all around. He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to **cleanse** it and dedicate it to Yahweh, away from the **unclean** actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULT)
> This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to **cleanse** you from all your sins so you will be **clean** before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULT)
>
> This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to **cleanse** you from all your sins so you will be **clean** before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULT)
#### COMING or STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE means serving him
> How blessed are your wives, and how blessed are your servants who constantly **stand before you**, because they hear your wisdom.  (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)
> How blessed are your wives, and how blessed are your servants who constantly **stand before you**, because they hear your wisdom.  (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)
>
> Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness **come before you**. (Psalm 89:14b ULT)
@ -67,86 +62,72 @@ Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (See [Perso
>
> Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be **cut off from his people**. Whoever does any work on that day, **I, Yahweh, will destroy him** from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULT)
>
> But he was **cut off** from the land of the living . . . (Isaiah 53:8b ULT)
> But he was **cut off** from the land of the living … (Isaiah 53:8b ULT)
#### Being CUT OFF from something means being separated from it
#### Being CUT OFF from something means being sepa rated from it
> Uzziah, the king, was a leper to the day of his death, and lived in a separate house, since he was a leper; for he was **cut off from the house of Yahweh.** (2 Chronicles 26:21a ULT)
#### DRINKING WINE means being judged
Too much wine makes a person weak so that he staggers. So too, when God judges people, they become weak and stagger. So the idea of wine is used to represent God’s judgment.
> You have made your people see difficult things; you have made us **drink the wine of staggering**. (Psalm 60:3 ULT)
>
>
> But God is the judge;
> he brings down and he lifts up.
> For Yahweh holds in his hand a cup of **foaming wine**,
> which is mixed with spices, and pours it out.
> Surely all the wicked of the earth will **drink it** to the last drop. (Psalm 75:7-8 ULT)
>
> He also will drink from the **wine** of the wrath of God, the **wine** that has been poured undiluted into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10a ULT)
#### EATING UP means defeating, destroying, or harming
>
>
> God brings him out of Egypt.
> with strength like a wild ox.
> **He will eat up the nations who fight against him**.
> He will break their bones to pieces.
> He will shoot them with his arrows. (Numbers 24:8 ULT)
Another word for “eat up” is devour.
> Therefore as **the tongue of fire devours stubble**, and as the dry grass goes down in flame,
> so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust. (Isaiah 5:24 ULT)
> Therefore as **the tongue of fire devours stubble**, and as the dry grass goes down in flame, so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust. (Isaiah 5:24 ULT)
>
> Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him Rezin, his adversary, and will stir up his enemies,
> the Arameans on the east, and the Philistines on the west.
> Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him Rezin, his adversary, and will stir up his enemies, the Arameans on the east, and the Philistines on the west.
> **They will devour Israel with open mouth**. (Isaiah 9:11-12 ULT)
>
> I will make my arrows drunk with blood,
> and **my sword will devour flesh** with the blood of the killed and the captives,
> and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULT)
> I will make my arrows drunk with blood, and **my sword will devour flesh** with the blood of the killed and the captives, and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULT)
#### FALLING UPON or BEING UPON means affecting
> Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to **fall upon** the man, so the man slept. (Genesis 2:21a ULT)
>
> Will not his majesty terrify you, and the dread of him fall upon you? (Job 13:11 ULT)
> Then the Spirit of Yahweh **fell on me** and he said for me to say . . . (Ezekiel 11:5a ULT)
>
> Then the Spirit of Yahweh **fell on me** and he said for me to say … (Exekiel 11:5a ULT)
>
> Now look, the hand of the Lord **is upon you**, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11a ULT)
#### FOLLOWING SOMEONE means being loyal to him
> Thus they forsook Yahweh, the God of their fathers, the one who brought them out of the land of Egypt. **They went after** other gods from the gods of the people groups who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger. They forsook Yahweh and they served the Baal and the Ashtoreths.  (Judges 2:12-13 ULT)
> Thus they forsook Yahweh, the God of their fathers, the one who brought them out of the land of Egypt. **They went after** other gods from the gods of the people groups who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger. They forsook Yahweh and they served the Baal and the Ashtoreths. (Judges 2:12-13 ULT)
>
> For Solomon **followed** Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and **he followed** Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULT)
>
> Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. **He has followed me fully**; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULT)
#### GOING BEFORE, ACCOMPANYING, or FOLLOWING A KING WITH HIS OTHER ATTENDANTS means serving him
> See, his reward is **with him**, and his recompense is **going before him**. (Isaiah 62:11b ULT)
>
> Righteousness will **go before him** and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULT)
#### INHERITING means permanently possessing something
####INHERITING means permanently possessing something
#### an INHERITANCE means something that a person permanently possesses
#### an HEIR means someone who permanently possesses something
#### an HEIR means someone who permanently possesses something
> Then the King will say to those on his right hand, “Come, you who have been blessed by my Father, **inherit** the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world.” (Matthew 25:34)
@ -164,10 +145,8 @@ The mountain where God will be worshiped is viewed as his permanent possession.
Moses asks God to still accept the people of Israel as his special possession, that is, as the people permanently belonging to him.
> . . . the richness of the glory of his **inheritance** in the saints . . .   (Ephesians 1:18b ULT)
The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him are viewed as their permanent possessions.
> …the richness of the glory of his **inheritance** in the saints … (Ephesians 1:18b ULT) The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him are viewed as their permanent possessions.
>
> For the promise to Abraham and to his descendants that he would be **heir** of the world did not come through the law but through the righteousness of faith. (Romans 4:13 ULT)
The promise was that Abraham and his descendants would permanently possess the entire world.
@ -176,102 +155,96 @@ The promise was that Abraham and his descendants would permanently possess the e
God’s Son will receive all things as a permanent possession.
> By faith Noah . . .  condemned the world and became an heir of the righteousness that is according to faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULT)
> By faith Noah … condemned the world and became an heir of the righteousness that is according to faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULT)
Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
#### LIFTING means promoting or giving someone higher status or importance
> Then Haman recounted to them the glory of his wealth, and the multitude of his sons, and all about how the king had made him great and how he had **lifted** him over the officials and administrators of the king. (Esther 5:11 ULT)
> Then Haman recounted to them the glory of his wealth, and the multitude of his sons, and all about how the king had made him great and how he had **lifted** him over the officials and administrators of the king. (Esther 5:11 ULT)
#### LYING DOWN or SLEEPING means dying or being dead
> When your days are fulfilled and you **lie down with your fathers**, I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12a ULT)
> ‘Are you really more beautiful than anyone else? Go down and **lie down** with the uncircumcised.’
> They will fall among those who were killed by the sword. The sword has been drawn! She has been given to the sword; they will seize her and her multitudes. (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULT)
>
> ‘Are you really more beautiful than anyone else? Go down and **lie down** with the uncircumcised.’ They will fall among those who were killed by the sword. The sword has been drawn! She has been given to the sword; they will seize her and her multitudes. (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULT)
#### REIGNING or RULING means controlling
> This happened so that, as sin **ruled** in death, even so grace might **rule** through righteousness for everlasting life through Jesus Christ our Lord. (Romans 5:21 ULT)
>
> Therefore do not let sin **rule** in your mortal body in order that you obey its lusts. (Romans 6:12 ULT)
#### RESTING or a RESTING PLACE means a safe and beneficial situation
> Then Naomi, her mother-in-law, said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a **resting place** for you, that will be good for you? (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
>
> Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my **resting place**. (Psalm 95:11 ULT)
> This is my **resting place** forever. I will live here, for I desire her [Zion]. (Psalm 132:14 ULT)
>
> This is my **resting place** forever. I will live here, for I desire her \[Zion\]. (Psalm 132:14 ULT)
>
> The nations will seek him out, and his **resting place** will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10b ULT)
#### RISING or STANDING UP means doing or taking action
> **Rise up** for our help and redeem us for the sake of your covenant faithfulness. (Psalm 44:26 ULT)
>
> **Get up**, go to Nineveh, the great city, and call out against it, because their wickedness has risen up before my face. (Jonah 1:2 ULT)
#### SEEING means knowledge, perception, notice, attention, or judgment
> Why have I found favor **in your eyes** that you should take notice of me . . . (Ruth 2:10b ULT)
> Why have I found favor **in your eyes** that you should take notice of me…(Ruth 2:10b ULT)
>
> And the young woman was pleasing **in his eyes**, and she lifted kindness before his face. (Esther 2:9a ULT)
>
> The **eyes** of Yahweh are everywhere, **keeping watch** over the evil and the good. (Proverbs 15:3 ULT)
> But Haman remained in order to seek for his life from Esther the queen, for he **saw** that evil was determined against him by the king. (Esther 7:7b ULT)
>
> But Haman remained in order to seek for his life from Esther the queen, for he **saw** that evil was determined against him by the king. (Esther 7:7b ULT)
#### SEEKING means pleading or begging
> But Haman remained in order to **seek** for his life from Esther the queen, for he saw that evil was determined against him by the king. (Esther 7:7b ULT)
> But Haman remained in order to **seek** for his life from Esther the queen, for he saw that evil was determined against him by the king. (Esther 7:7b ULT)
#### SEEKING means trying to do something or making an effort to do something
> For Mordecai the Jew was second to the King Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and favored by the multitude of his brothers, **seeking** good for his people and speaking peace to all its seed. (Esther 10:3 ULT)
> For Mordecai the Jew was second to the King Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and favored by the multitude of his brothers, **seeking** good for his people and speaking peace to all its seed. (Esther 10:3 ULT)
#### SELLING means handing over to someone’s control
#### BUYING represents removing from someone’s control
> . . . [Yahweh] **sold** [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan-Rishathaim, the king of Aram
Naharaim. (Judges 3:8a ULT)
> … \[Yahweh\] **sold** \[the Israelites\] into the hand of Cushan-Rishathaim, the king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8a ULT)
#### SITTING means reigning, ruling, or judging
> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s tent will faithfully **sit** there. (Isaiah 16:5a ULT)
> . . . in those days, as the king Ahasuerus **sat** on his royal throne, which was in Susa the citadel: (Esther 1:2 ULT)
>
> … in those days, as the king Ahasuerus **sat** on his royal throne, which was in Susa the citadel: (Esther 1:2 ULT)
#### STANDING means defending or successfully resisting
> So the wicked will not **stand** in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5 ULT)
> that the king gave to the Jews who were in every city by city: to gather and to **stand** for their life, to annihilate, and to slaughter, and to destroy any strength of a people or province that would attack them, children and women, and plunder their spoil; (Esther 8:11 ULT)
>
> that the king gave to the Jews who were in every city by city: to gather and to **stand** for their life, to annihilate, and to slaughter, and to destroy any strength of a people or province that would attack them, children and women, and plunder their spoil; (Esther 8:11 ULT)
#### TURNING or TURNING OVER means changing
> . . . as the days when the Jews rested on them from their enemies, and as the month when it had **turned** for them from sorrow into joy and from mourning into a good day, in order to make them days of feasting and rejoicing and sending of gifts, a man to his friend, and gifts to the needy. (Esther 9:22 ULT)
> … as the days when the Jews rested on them from their enemies, and as the month when it had **turned** for them from sorrow into joy and from mourning into a good day, in order to make them days of feasting and rejoicing and sending of gifts, a man to his friend, and gifts to the needy. (Esther 9:22 ULT)
#### Being UNCLEAN means not being acceptable for God’s purposes
> You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and **you must not eat them**, animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is **unclean** for you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULT)
>
> And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be **unclean**, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be **unclean** until evening. Then it will be **clean**. (Leviticus 11:32 ULT)
#### WALKING means behaving
#### a PATH or a WAY means a person’s behavior
> Blessed is the man who does not **walk** in the advice of the wicked. (Psalm 1:1a ULT)
>
> For Yahweh approves of the **way** of the righteous. (Psalm 1:6a ULT)
> Turn from me the **path** of deceit. (Psalm 119:29a ULT)
> I will run in the **path** of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32a ULT)
>
> Turn from me the **path** of deceit. (Psalm 119:29a ULT)
>
> I will run in the **path** of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32a ULT)

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@ -2,71 +2,68 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
#### BRONZE represents strength
> He trains…my arms to bend a bow of **bronze**. (Psalm 18:34 ULT)
> He trains … my arms to bend a bow of **bronze**. (Psalm 18:34 ULT)
#### CHAINS represent control
> Let us tear off the **shackles** they put on us and throw off their **chains**. Psalm 2:3
> "Let us tear off the **shackles** they put on us and throw off their **chains**." Psalm 2:3
#### CLOTHING represents moral or emotional qualities (attitudes, spirit, life)
> It is God who puts strength on me like a **belt**. (Psalm 18:32 ULT)
> Righteousness will be the **belt of his waist**, and faithfulness the **belt around his hips**. (Isaiah 11:5 ULT)
> It is God who puts strength on me like a **belt**. (Psalm 18:32a ULT)
>
> Righteousness will be the **belt of his waist**, and faithfulness the **belt around his hips**. (Isaiah 11:5 ULT)
>
> May my adversaries be **clothed with shame**; may they **wear their shame like a robe**. (Psalm 109:29 ULT)
> I will **clothe his enemies with shame**. (Psalm 132:18 ULT)
>
> I will **clothe his enemies with shame**. (Psalm 132:18a ULT)
#### A HOUSE represents a family or household (that is, the people who live and work at a family house or property)
> Now Yahweh said to Abram, “Go from your country, and from your relatives, and from your father’s **household**, to the land that I will show you. (Genesis 12:1 ULT)
>
> On that day, the king Ahasuerus gave to Esther the queen the **house** of Haman, the adversary of the Jews. (Esther 8:1a ULT)
>
> They said, “Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your **household**.” They spoke the word of the Lord to him, together with everyone in his house. Then he took them at that same hour of the night, and washed them from the blows, and he was baptized immediately—he and all those who were his. (Acts 16:31-33 ULT)
> On that day, the king Ahasuerus gave to Esther the queen the **house** of Haman, the adversary of the Jews.
> They said, “Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your **household**.” 32 They spoke the word of the Lord to him, together with everyone in his house. 33 Then the jailer took them at the same hour of the night, and washed their wounds, and he and those in his entire house were baptized immediately. (Acts 16:31-33 ULT)
In the original languages (Hebrew and Greek), the words translated here as “household” literally mean “house.” The word “house” is a metonym for the people who live in the house. This is a very common metonym in the Bible.
In the original languages (Hebrew and Greek), the words translated here as “household” literally mean “house.” The word “house” is a metonym for the people who live in the house. This is a very common metonym in the Bible.
#### A HOUSE can represent a person’s descendants or possessions.
> You have even spoken about your servant’s family for a great while to come, and have shown me future generations, Lord Yahweh! … For you, Yahweh of hosts, the God of Israel, have revealed to your servant that you will build him a house. (2 Samuel 7:19.27 ULT)
> You have even spoken about your servant’s family for a great while to come, and have shown me future generations, Lord Yahweh!… For you, Yahweh of hosts, the God of Israel, have revealed to your servant that you will build him a **house**. (2 Samuel 7:19, 27a ULT)
Here “house” represents David’s descendants.
> On that day, the king Ahasuerus gave to Esther the queen the house of Haman, the adversary of the Jews. (Esther 8:1 ULT)
> On that day, the king Ahasuerus gave to Esther the queen the **house** of Haman, the adversary of the Jews. (Esther 8:1 ULT)
Here “house” represents all of Haman’s property and possessions.
#### A HOUSE can represent a people group.
> Not a word failed from all the good things that Yahweh had spoken to the house of Israel; it all came to be. (Joshua 21:45 ULT)
> Not a word failed from all the good things that Yahweh had spoken to the **house** of Israel; it all came to be. (Joshua 21:45 ULT)
Here “house” represents a people group, the people of Israel.
#### A SNARE (that is, a SMALL TRAP for birds worked by cords) represents death
> For he will rescue you from the **snare** of the hunter. (Psalm 91:3 ULT)
> The **cords of death** surrounded me, and the **snares** of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3 ULT)
> The **cords of the wicked** have **ensnared** me. (Psalm 119:61 ULT)
> The wicked have **set a snare** for me. (Psalm 119:110 ULT)
> The wicked is **ensnared** by his own actions. (Psalm 9:16 ULT)
> For he will rescue you from the **snare** of the hunter. (Psalm 91:3a ULT)
>
> The **cords of death** surrounded me, and the **snares** of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3a ULT)
>
> The **cords of the wicked** have **ensnared** me. (Psalm 119:61a ULT)
>
> The wicked have **set a snare** for me. (Psalm 119:110a ULT)
>
> The wicked is **ensnared** by his own actions. (Psalm 9:16b ULT)
>
> They mingled with the nations and learned their ways and worshiped their idols, which became **a snare** to them. (Psalm 106:35-36 ULT)
In this case the snare was a persuasion to do evil, which leads to death.
#### A TENT represents a house, home, people in one’s home, descendants
> God will likewise destroy you forever; he will take you up and pluck you out of your tent. (Psalm 52:5 ULT)
> The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the tent of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULT)
> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s tent will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5 ULT)
> God will likewise destroy you forever; he will take you up and pluck you out of your **tent**. (Psalm 52:5a ULT)
>
> The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the **tent** of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULT)
>
> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s **tent** will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5a ULT)

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What are some examples things people make that are used as images in the Bible?
What are some examples of things people make that are used as images in the Bible?

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This page discusses ideas that are paired together in limited ways. (For a discussion of more complex pairings, see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).)
### Description
In all languages, most [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) come from broad patterns of pairings of items in which a physical Image represents an abstract Idea. For example, some languages have the pattern of pairing **height** with “much” and pairing **being low** with “not much,” so that **height** represents “much” and **being low** represents “not much.” This could be because when there is a lot of something in a pile, that pile will be high. So also if something costs a lot money, in some languages people would say that the price is **high**, or if a city has more people in it than it used to have, we might say that its number of people has gone **up**. Likewise if someone gets thinner and loses weight, we would say that their weight has gone **down**.
In all languages, most [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) come from broad patterns of pairings of items in which a physical Image represents an abstract Idea. For example, some languages have the pattern of pairing **height** with “much” and pairing **being low** with “not much,” so that **height** represents “much” and **being low** represents “not much.” This could be because when there is a lot of something in a pile, that pile will be high. So also if something costs a lot money, in some languages people would say that the price is **high**, or if a city has more people in it than it used to have, we might say that its number of people has gone **up**. Likewise if someone gets thinner and loses weight, we would say that their weight has gone **down**.
The patterns found in the Bible are often unique to the Hebrew and Greek languages. It is useful to recognize these patterns because they repeatedly present translators with the same problems on how to translate them. Once translators think through how they will handle these translation challenges, they will be ready to meet them anywhere. (See the modules about [simple metaphors](../figs-simetaphor/01.md) and [extended metaphors](../figs-exmetaphor/01.md).)
The patterns found in the Bible are often unique to the Hebrew and Greek languages. It is useful to recognize these patterns because they repeatedly present translators with the same problems of how to translate them. Once translators think through how they will handle these translation challenges, they will be ready to meet them anywhere. (See the modules about [simple metaphors](../figs-simetaphor/01.md) and [extended metaphors](../figs-exmetaphor/01.md).)
For example, one pattern of pairings in the Bible is of WALKING representing “behaving” and a PATH representing a kind of behavior. In Psalm 1:1, to “walk” in the advice of the wicked represents doing what wicked people say to do.
> Blessed is the man who does not **walk** in the advice of the wicked (Psalm 1:1 ULT)
> Blessed is the man who does not **walk** in the advice of the wicked. (Psalm 1:1 ULT)
This pattern is also seen in Psalm 119:32 where running in the path of God’s commands represents doing what God commands. Since running is more intense than walking, the idea of running here might give the idea of doing this wholeheartedly.
This pattern is also seen in Psalm 119:32 where running in the path of God’s commands represents doing what God commands. Since running is more intense than walking, the idea of running here might give the idea of doing this whole-heartedly.
> I will **run in the path** of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32a ULT)
> I will **run in the path** of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULT)
#### Reasons this is a translation Issue
#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them:
@ -28,7 +24,7 @@ These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them:
In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David’s life. When his men were concerned that he might “put out the lamp of Israel” they were concerned that he might be killed.
> The cups, **lamp** trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULT)
> Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50a ULT)
> Ishbibenob…intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp** of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)

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Some very common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) from the Bible are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
#### A CUP or BOWL represents what is inside it
> my **cup** runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULT)
> My **cup** runs over. (Psalm 23:5b ULT)
There is so much in the cup that it runs over the top of the cup.
@ -15,50 +13,48 @@ People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup.
#### A LOCATION (city, nation, etc.) represents the people who live in or near that place
> Then Mordecai went out from before the face of the king in a garment of royalty of blue and white, with a great crown of gold and a robe of fine linen and purple, and **the city of Susa** cheered and rejoiced. (Esther 8:15 ULT)
>
> So as for me, should I not feel troubled about **Nineveh, the great city **… (Jonah 4:11a ULT)
> So as for me, should I not feel troubled about **Nineveh, the great city**… (Jonah 4:11a ULT)
#### The MEMORY OF A PERSON means [his descendants]
#### The MEMORY OF A PERSON means \[his descendants\]
The memory of a person represents his descendants, because they are the ones who should remember and honor him. When the Bible says that someone’s memory dies, it means that either he will not have any descendants, or his descendants will all die.
> You terrified the nations with your battle cry;
> You have rebuked the nations;
> you have destroyed the wicked;
> you have blotted out **their memory** forever.
> The enemy crumbled like ruins
> when you overthrew their cities.
> All **remembrance of them** has perished. (Psalm 9:5-6 ULT)
> **His memory** will perish from the earth (Job 18:17 ULT)
> Yahweh is against evildoers,
> in order to wipe out **their memory** from the earth. (Psalm 34:16 ULT)
>
> **His memory** will perish from the earth. (Job 18:17a ULT)
>
> The face of Yahweh is against those who do evil, to cut off **the memory of them** from the earth. (Psalm 34:16 ULT)
#### ONE PERSON means [a group of people]
#### ONE PERSON means \[a group of people\]
> For **the wicked person** boasts of his deepest desires;
> he blesses the greedy and insults Yahweh. (Psalm 10:3 ULT)
This does not refer to a particular wicked person, but to wicked people in general.
#### A PERSON’S NAME means [his descendants]
#### A PERSON’S NAME means \[his descendants\]
> Gad—raiders will attack him, but he will attack them at their heels.
> Asher’s food will be rich, and he will provide royal delicacies.
> Naphtali is a doe let loose; he will have beautiful fawns. (Genesis 49:19-21 ULT)
> **Gad**—raiders will attack him, but he will attack them at their heels.
> **Asher’s** food will be rich, and he will provide royal delicacies.
> **Naphtali** is a doe let loose; he will have beautiful fawns. (Genesis 49:19-21 ULT)
The names Gad, Asher, and Naphtali refer not only to those men, but to their descendants.
#### A PERSON means [himself and the people with him]
#### A PERSON means \[himself and the people with him\]
> It came about that when Abram entered into Egypt, the Egyptians saw that Sarai was very beautiful. (Genesis 12:14 ULT)
> It came about that when \*\*Abram\*\* entered into Egypt, the Egyptians saw that Sarai was very beautiful. (Genesis 12:14 ULT)
Here when it says “Abram” it represents Abram and all the people traveling with him. The focus was on Abram.
#### PIERCING means [killing]
#### PIERCING means \[killing\]
> His hand **pierced** the fleeing serpent. (Job 26:13 ULT)
> His hand **pierced** the fleeing serpent. (Job 26:13b ULT)
This means that he killed the serpent.
@ -66,8 +62,8 @@ This means that he killed the serpent.
“Those who pierced him” refers to those who killed Jesus.
#### SINS (or INIQUITY) means [punishment for wrongdoing]
#### SINS (or INIQUITY) means \[punishment for wrongdoing\]
> Yahweh has placed on him the **iniquity** of us all (Isaiah 53:6 ULT)
> Yahweh has placed on him the **iniquity** of us all (Isaiah 53:6b ULT)
This means that Yahweh placed on him the punishment that should have gone to all of us.

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### Description
Cultural models are mental images that the people of a culture use to think about and to talk about certain aspects of life or behavior. For example, Americans often think of many things, even marriage and friendship, as if they were machines. Americans might say “His marriage is breaking down” or “Their friendship is going full speed ahead.” In this example, human relationships are modeled as a MACHINE. One can say that cultural models are [complex metaphors](../figs-cometaphor/01.md) that are commonly used by people of a particular culture.
@ -7,46 +6,46 @@ Some common cultural models found in the Bible are listed below. First there are
#### God is modeled as a KING
> For God is the **King** over all the earth; (Psalm 47:7 ULT)
> For God is the **King** over all the earth. (Psalm 47:7a ULT)
>
> For the **kingdom** is Yahweh’s;
> he is the **ruler** over the nations. (Psalm 22:28 ULT)
>
> Your **throne**, God, is forever and ever;
> a **scepter** of justice is the scepter of your **kingdom**. (Psalm 45:6 ULT)
>
> This is what Yahweh says,
> “Heaven is my **throne**, and the earth is my **footstool**. (Isaiah 66:1 ULT)
> “Heaven is my **throne**, and the earth is my **footstool**. (Isaiah 66:1a ULT)
>
> God **reigns** over the nations;
> God sits on his holy **throne**.
> The **princes** of the peoples have gathered together
> to the people of the God of Abraham;
> for the **shields** of the earth belong to God;
> he is greatly exalted. (Psalm 47:8-9 ULT)
> he is greatly \*\*exalted\*\*. (Psalm 47:8-9 ULT)
#### God is modeled as a WARRIOR
> Yahweh is a **warrior**; (Exodus 15:3 ULT)
> Yahweh will go out as a **warrior**; he will proceed as a **man of war**. He will stir up his zeal.
> Yahweh is a **warrior**. (Exodus 15:3a ULT)
>
> Yahweh will go out as a **warrior**;  as a \*\*man of war\*\* he will stir up his zeal..
> He will shout, yes, he will roar his **battle cries**; he will **show his enemies his power**. (Isaiah 42:13 ULT)
>
> Your right hand, Yahweh, is **glorious in power**;
> your right hand, Yahweh, **has shattered the enemy**. (Exodus 15:6 ULT)
>
> But **God will shoot them**;
> suddenly they will be **wounded with his arrows**. (Psalm 65:7 ULT)
> For you will turn them back; **you will draw your bow** before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULT)
> suddenly they will be **wounded with his arrows**. (Psalm 64:7 ULT)
>
> For you will turn them back; **you will draw your bow** before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULT)
#### A leader is modeled as a SHEPHERD and those he leads are modeled as SHEEP
> Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look…when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will **shepherd** my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’“ (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
> “Woe to the **shepherds** who destroy and scatter the **sheep** of my **pasture**—this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)
> Therefore be careful about yourselves, and about all the **flock** of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to **shepherd** the assembly of the Lord, which he purchased with his own blood. 29I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will enter in among you, and not spare the **flock**. I know that from even among your own selves some men shall come and say corrupt things, in order to draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULT)
>
> “Woe to the **shepherds** who destroy and scatter the **sheep** of my **pasture**—this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)
>
> Guard yourselves and all the **flock** of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to **shepherd** the church of God, which he purchased with his own blood. I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will come in among you, not sparing the **flock**. Even among you yourselves, men will come speaking perverse things which draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULT)
#### Life is modeled as BLOOD
@ -56,9 +55,9 @@ In this model, the blood of a person or an animal represents its life.
If blood is spilled or shed, someone has been killed.
> Whoever **sheds man’s blood**, by man will his **blood be shed**, (Genesis 9:6 ULT)
> In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge **the blood that was shed**, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULT)
> Whoever **sheds man’s blood**, by man will his **blood be shed**. (Genesis 9:6a ULT)
>
> In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge **the blood that was shed**, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9b ULT)
If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who killed someone. (This also includes personification, because the blood is pictured as someone that can cry out. See: [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md))
@ -66,37 +65,36 @@ If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who ki
#### A country is modeled as a WOMAN, and its gods are modeled as HER HUSBAND
> It came about, as soon as Gideon was dead, the people of Israel turned again and **prostituted themselves** by worshiping the Baals. They made Baal Berith their god. (Judges 8:33 ULT)
> Now it happened that when Gideon had died, the sons of Israel turned back again and **pursued adulterously** after the Baals. They made Baal-Berith for themselves as a god. (Judges 8:33 ULT)
#### The nation of Israel is modeled as GOD’S SON
> When Israel was a young man I loved him, and I called **my son** out of Egypt. (Hosea 11:1 ULT)
> When Israel was a young man I loved him, and I called **my son** out of Egypt. (Hosea 11:1 ULT)
#### The sun is modeled as BEING IN A CONTAINER when it is not visible
> Yet their words go out over all the earth and their speech to the end of the world. He has pitched **a tent for the sun** among them. The sun is like a bridegroom coming out of **his chamber** and like a strong man who rejoices when he runs his race. (Psalm 19:4-5 ULT)
Psalm 110 pictures the sun as being in the womb before it comes out in the morning.
> from **the womb** of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3 ULT)
> From **the womb** of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3b ULT)
#### Things that can move fast are modeled as having WINGS
This is especially true of things that move in the air or the sky.
The sun is modeled as a disc with wings, which allow it to “fly” through the air from east to west during the daytime. In Psalm 139, “the wings of the morning” refers to the sun. In Malachi 4 God called himself the “sun of righteousness” and he spoke of the sun as having wings.
The sun is modeled as a disc with wings which allow it to “fly” through the air from east to west during the daytime. In Psalm 139, “the wings of the morning” refers to the sun. In Malachi 4 God called himself the “sun of righteousness” and he spoke of the sun as having wings.
> If I fly away on **the wings of the morning** and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea… (Psalm 139:9 ULT)
> If I fly away on **the wings of the morning** and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea … (Psalm 139:9 ULT)
> But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing **in its wings**. (Malachi 4:2 ULT)
The wind moves quickly and is modeled as having wings.
> He was seen flying on the **wings of the wind**. (2 Sam. 22:11 ULT)
> He was seen on the **wings of the wind**. (2 Sam. 22:11b ULT)
> He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the **wings of the wind**. (Psalm 18:10 ULT)
> you walk on the **wings of the wind** (Psalm 104:3 ULT)
#### Futility is modeled as something that the WIND can blow away
@ -107,15 +105,16 @@ Psalm 1 and Job 27 show that wicked people are worthless and will not live long.
> The wicked are not so,
> but are instead **like the chaff that the wind drives away**. (Psalm 1:4 ULT)
> **The east wind carries him away**, and he leaves;
> **it sweeps him out of his place**. (Job 27:21 ULT)
The writer of Ecclesiastes says that everything is worthless.
> **Like a vapor of mist**,
> "**Like a vapor of mist**,
> **like a breeze in the wind**,
> everything vanishes, leaving many questions.
> What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun? (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULT)
> What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun?" (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULT)
In Job 30:15, Job complains that his honor and prosperity are gone.
@ -128,21 +127,20 @@ In Job 30:15, Job complains that his honor and prosperity are gone.
When there was a war between nations, people believed that the gods of those nations were also at war.
> This happened while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, those whom Yahweh had killed among them, for **he also inflicted punishment on their gods**. (Numbers 33:4 ULT)
> And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?…You drove out nations **and their gods** from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULT)
> The servants of the king of Aram said to him, “**Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were**. But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they.” (1 Kings 20:23 ULT)
> And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself? … You drove out nations **and their gods** from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULT)
> The servants of the king of Aram said to him, “**Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were**. But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they are.” (1 Kings 20:23 ULT)
#### Constraints in life are modeled as PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES
The verses below are not about real physical boundaries but about difficulties or the lack of difficulties in life.
> He has built **a wall** around me, and I cannot escape. He has made my shackles heavy. (Lamentations 3:7 ULT)
> He has blocked my path with **walls of hewn stone**; every way I take is crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULT)
> **Measuring lines** have been laid for me in pleasant places (Psalm 16:6 ULT)
> He blocked my path with **a wall of hewn stone**; he made my paths crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULT)
> **Measuring lines** have been laid for me in pleasant places. (Psalm 16:6a ULT)
#### Dangerous places are modeled as NARROW PLACES
@ -152,18 +150,17 @@ In Psalm 4 David asks God to rescue him.
> give me room **when I am hemmed in**.
> Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. (Psalm 4:1 ULT)
#### A distressing situation is modeled as a WILDERNESS
When Job was distressed because of all the sad things that happened to him, he spoke as if he were in a wilderness. Jackals and ostriches are animals that live in the wilderness.
> My heart is troubled and does not rest;
> days of affliction have come on me.
> I go about with darkened skin but not because of the sun;
> I have gone about like one who was living in the dark, but not because of the sun;
> I stand up in the assembly and cry for help.
> I am **a brother to jackals**,
> **a companion of ostriches**. (Job 30:27-29 ULT)
#### Wellbeing is modeled as PHYSICAL CLEANLINESS, and evil is modeled as PHYSICAL DIRTINESS
Leprosy is a disease. If a person had it, he was said to be unclean.

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@ -3,38 +3,38 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
#### LIGHT represents moral righteousness, DARKNESS represents moral wickedness
> Woe to those **who call evil good, and good evil**; **who represent darkness as light, and light as darkness**; who represent bitter as sweet, and sweet as bitter! (Isaiah 5:20 ULT)
>
> But if your eye is **bad**, your whole body is **full of darkness**. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually **darkness**, how great is that **darkness**! (Matthew 6:23 ULT)
#### LIGHT or SWEETNESS represents pleasant feelings, DARKNESS or BITTERNESS represents unpleasant feelings
> Truly the **light is sweet**, and it is a **pleasant thing** for the eyes to see the sun. (Ecclesiastes 11:7 ULT)
>
> I am a man who has seen **misery** under the rod of Yahweh’s fury. He drove me away and caused me to walk in **darkness** rather than light. (Lamentations 3:1-2 ULT)
#### LIGHT represents wisdom, DARKNESS represents foolishness
> Then I began to understand that **wisdom has advantages over folly**, just as **light is better than darkness**. (Ecclesiastes 2:13 ULT)
>
> They are **darkened in their understanding**, being alienated from the life of God because of the **ignorance** that is in them, because of the **hardness of their hearts**. (Ephesians 4:18 ULT)
>
> For with you is the fountain of life; **in your light we will see light**. (Psalm 36:9 ULT)
#### LIGHT or FIRE represents life
> They say, ‘Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the **burning coal** that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7 ULT)
> You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp of Israel**. (2 Samuel 21:17 ULT)
> I will give one tribe to Solomon’s son, so that David my servant may always have **a lamp** before me in Jerusalem. (1 Kings 11:36 ULT)
> Nevertheless for David’s sake, Yahweh his God gave him **a lamp** in Jerusalem by raising up his son after him in order to strengthen Jerusalem. (1 Kings 15:4 ULT)
> They say, ‘Give into our hand the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the **burning coal** that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7b ULT)
>
> "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp of Israel**." (2 Samuel 21:17b ULT)
>
> I will give one tribe to Solomon’s son, so that David my servant may always have **a lamp** before me in Jerusalem. (1 Kings 11:36a ULT)
>
> Nevertheless for David’s sake, Yahweh his God gave him **a lamp** in Jerusalem by raising up his son after him in order to strengthen Jerusalem. (1 Kings 15:4 ULT)
>
> Indeed, **the light** of the wicked person will be put out; **the spark of his fire** will not shine. **The light** will be dark in his tent; **his lamp** above him will be put out. (Job 18:5-6 ULT)
> For you give **light to my lamp**; Yahweh my God **lights up my darkness**. (Psalm 18:28 ULT)
> A **dimly burning wick** he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3 ULT)
>
> For you give **light to my lamp**; Yahweh my God **lights up my darkness**. (Psalm 18:28 ULT)
>
> A **dimly burning wick** he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3b ULT)
#### DARKNESS or SHADOW represents death
@ -42,101 +42,88 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
#### LIGHT OF THE FACE represents smiling (that is, an attitude of grace or favor)
> Yahweh, lift up the **light of your face** on us. (Psalm 4:6 ULT)
> Yahweh, lift up the **light of your face** on us. (Psalm 4:6b ULT)
>
> For they did not obtain the land for their possession by their own sword,
> neither did their own arm save them;
> but your right hand, your arm, and the **light of your face**,
> because you were favorable to them. (Psalm 44:3 ULT)
> they did not reject the **light of my face**. (Job 29:24 ULT)
> Yahweh, they walk in the **light of your face**. (Psalm 89:15 ULT)
>
> they did not reject the **light of my face**. (Job 29:24b ULT)
>
> Yahweh, they walk in the **light of your face**. (Psalm 89:15b ULT)
#### FIRE represents extreme feelings, particularly love or anger
> Because iniquity will be increased, the love of many will **be extinguished**. (Matthew 24:12 ULT)
> Surging waters cannot **quench** love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULT)
> For **a fire is kindled by my anger** and **is burning** to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULT)
> Therefore **the anger of Yahweh was set on fire** against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULT)
> Because lawlessness will increase, the love of many will **grow cold**. (Matthew 24:12 ULT)
>
> Surging waters cannot **quench** love. (Song of Songs 8:7a ULT)
>
> For **a fire is kindled by my anger** and **is burning** to the lowest Sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22a ULT)
>
> Therefore **the anger of Yahweh blazed** against Israel. (Judges 3:8a ULT)
>
> When Yahweh heard this, **he was angry**; so **his fire burned** against Jacob, and **his anger** attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULT)
#### A WIDE SPACE reperesents safety, security, and ease
> They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support.
> He set me free in **a wide open place**; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalms 18:18-19 ULT)
>
> You have made **a wide place** for my feet beneath me,
> so my feet have not slipped. (2 Samuel 22:37 ULT)
>
> You made people ride over our heads;
> we went through fire and water,
> but you brought us out into **a spacious place**. (Psalms 66:12 ULT)
#### A NARROW SPACE represents danger or difficulties
> Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness;
> give me room when **I am hemmed in**.
> Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. (Psalm 4:1 ULT)
>
> For a prostitute is a deep pit,
> and an immoral woman is **a narrow well**. (Proverbs 23:27 ULT)
#### WATER or LIQUID represents a moral or emotional quality (attitude, spirit, life)
> Yahweh has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting **flood of water**. (2 Samuel 5:20 ULT)
> He will make a full end to his enemies with an overwhelming **flood**. (Nahum 1:8 ULT)
> My heart **drips** because of sadness. (Psalm 119:28 ULT)
> I am being **poured out like water**. (Psalm 22:14 ULT)
> It will come about afterward that I will **pour out** my Spirit on all flesh. (Joel 2:28 ULT)
> My God, my soul has **melted** within me. (Psalm 42:6 ULT)
> For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been **poured out** on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21 ULT)
>
> He will make a complete end to his enemies with an overwhelming **flood**. (Nahum 1:8a ULT)
>
> I am being **poured out like water**. (Psalm 22:14a ULT)
>
> It will come about afterward that I will **pour out** my Spirit on all flesh. (Joel 2:28a ULT)
>
> For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been **poured out** on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21b ULT)
#### FLOODING WATER represents disaster
> I have come into **deep waters**, where the **floods flow** over me. (Psalm 69:2 ULT)
> Do not let the **floods of water** overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15 ULT)
> Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of **many waters** from the hands of these foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULT)
> I have come into **deep waters**, where the **floods flow** over me. (Psalm 69:2b ULT)
>
> Do not let the **floods of water** overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15a ULT)
>
> Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of **many waters** from the hands of foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULT)
#### A FOUNTAIN or SPRING OF WATER represents the origin or source of something
> The fear of Yahweh is a **fountain of life**. (Proverbs 14:27 ULT)
> The fear of Yahweh is a **fountain of life**. (Proverbs 14:27a ULT)
>
> For with you is the **fountain of life**; in your light we will see light. (Psalm 36:9 ULT)
#### LIQUID represents what someone says
> A quarreling wife is a constant **dripping of water**. (Proverbs 19:13 ULT)
> His lips are lilies, **dripping myrrh**. (Song of Songs 5:13 ULT)
> My groaning is **poured out like water**. (Job 3:24 ULT)
> The words of a man’s mouth are **deep waters**; the **fountain of wisdom** is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:3 ULT)
> A quarreling wife is a constant **dripping of water**. (Proverbs 19:13b ULT)
>
> His lips are lilies, **dripping myrrh**. (Song of Songs 5:13b ULT)
>
> My groaning is **poured out like water**. (Job 3:24b ULT)
>
> The words of a man’s mouth are **deep waters**; the **fountain of wisdom** is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:4 ULT)
#### A ROCK represents salvation or protection
> Who is a **rock** except our God? (Psalm 18:31 ULT)
> Yahweh, **my rock**, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14 ULT)
> Who is a **rock** except our God? (Psalm 18:31b ULT)
>
> Yahweh, **my rock**, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14b ULT)

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Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving plants are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image which represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving plants are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image which represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will communicate somehow the concept of the Image.
#### A BRANCH represents a person’s descendant
In the examples below, Isaiah wrote about one of Jesse’s descendants and Jeremiah wrote about one of David’s descendants.
> **A shoot** will sprout from the root of Jesse, and **a branch** out of his root will bear fruit.
> The Spirit of Yahweh will rest upon him, the spirit of wisdom and understanding. (Isaiah 11:1 ULT)
> See, days are coming—this is Yahweh’s declaration—when I will raise up for David **a righteous branch**.
> He will reign as king; he will bring prosperity and carry out justice and righteousness in the land. (Jeremiah 23:5 ULT)
> **A shoot** will sprout from the root of Jesse, and **a branch** out of his root will bear fruit. (Isaiah 11:1 ULT)
>
> See, the days are coming—this is Yahweh’s declaration—when I will raise up for David a righteous **branch**. He will reign as king; he will act wisely and cause justice and righteousness in the land. (Jeremiah 23:5 ULT)
In Job when it says “his branch will be cut off,” it means that he will not have any descendants.
> His roots will be dried up beneath;
> above will **his branch be cut off**.
> His memory will perish from the earth;
> he will have no name in the street. (Job 18:17 ULT)
> he will have no name in the street. (Job 18:16-17 ULT)
#### A PLANT represents a person
> God will likewise destroy you forever; he will…**root you out** of the land of the living. (Psalm 52:5 ULT)
#### A PLANT represents an emotion or attitude
#### A PLANT represents actions or behaviors
Just as planting one kind of seeds results in that kind of plant growing, behaving in one way results in that kind of consequence.
The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below.
> Sow **righteousness** for yourselves, and reap the fruit of **covenant faithfulness**. (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
> Based on what I have observed, those who plow **iniquity** and sow **trouble**, reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULT)
> For the people sow **the wind** and reap **the whirlwind**. (Hosea 8:7 ULT)
> You have turned…the fruit of **righteousness** into bitterness. (Amos 6:12 ULT)
> What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now **ashamed**? (Romans 6:21 ULT)
The action or behavior in the verses is marked in bold below.
> **Sow righteousness** for yourselves, and **reap the fruit** of covenant faithfulness. (Hosea 10:12a ULT)
>
> According to what I have seen, those who **plow iniquity** and **sow trouble reap it**. (Job 4:8 ULT)
>
> For the people **sow the wind and reap the whirlwind**. (Hosea 8:7a ULT)
>
> … what **fruit then did you have** at that time of the things of which you are now ashamed? (Romans 6:21a ULT)
#### A SEED represents the descendant(s) of a person or group of people
> …the Jews set up and accepted for themselves, and for their **seed**, and for all those who unite themselves to them (and it will not pass away) to be making these two days according to their writing, and according to their appointed time every year by year. (Esther 9:27 ULT)
> The Jews set up and accepted for themselves, and for their **seed**, and for all those who unite themselves to them (and it will not pass away) to be making these two days according to their writing, and according to their appointed time every year by year. (Esther 9:27 ULT)
#### A TREE represents a person
> He will be like **a tree planted** by the streams of water that **produces its fruit in its season**, whose **leaves do not wither**; whatever he does will prosper. (Psalm 1:3 ULT)
> I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out **like a green tree in its native soil**. (Psalm 37:35 ULT)
> I am **like a green olive tree** in God’s house. (Psalm 52:8 ULT)
>
> I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out **like a green tree in its native soil**. (Psalm 37:35 ULT)
>
> … I am **like a green olive tree** in God’s house. (Psalm 52:8a ULT)
#### A TREE represents something made of wood (such as a pole or platform)

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What are some examples of plants that are used as images in the Bible?
What are some examples of how plants are used as images in the Bible?

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Before beginning a translation of the Bible, the translation committee needs to discuss and agree on the style that they want the translation to have. The following topics should be included in the discussion.
1. **Form** – Should the translation follow the form of the source language so that people who are used to hearing and reading the Bible in the source language will feel more comfortable with it, or should the translation follow the form of the target language, and be easier to understand? We recommend that, in most cases, it is better if the translation follows the form of the target language so that people can understand it better. This means that it will be harder to compare with the source language Bible because it will put things in a different order and use different kinds of expressions that are clear and natural in the target language. But when a Bible is clear and natural, many people will want to read it and hear it, not just the people who have been part of the church for many years.
1. **Form** – Should the translation follow the form of the source language so that people who are used to hearing and reading the Bible in the source language will feel more comfortable with it, or should the translation follow the form of the target language, and be easier to understand? In most cases we recommend that it is better if the translation follows the form of the target language so that people can understand it better. This means that it will be harder to compare with the source language Bible because it will put things in a different order and use different kinds of expressions that are clear and natural in the target language. But when a Bible is clear and natural, many people will want to read it and hear it, not just the people who have been part of the church for many years.
2. **Format** - Is this a written translation to be read from a book, or a translation to be recorded and listened to? If it is a written translation to be used in church, the people may prefer a more formal style. If it is for a recording, the people may prefer a style that is more like people talking informally.
@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ Before beginning a translation of the Bible, the translation committee needs to
6. **Audience** - The translation committee should discuss who is the audience for this translation. Is it primarily educated people, so they should use a style that uses long sentences and many borrowed words? Is it primarily for young people, or old people, for men or women? Or is it for everyone? In that case, it should use simple language so that everyone can understand it. For more on this topic, see also [Aim](../translate-aim/01.md).
7. **Footnotes** – Should the translation put explanations of difficult things in footnotes? If so, should it use many footnotes, or only for certain topics or especially difficult things? Will people understand what they are and how they work, or will they be confused by them? Instead of footnotes, would it be better to put short explanations in the text of the Bible translation? Or should the translation not include any extra explanations at all? To help in making this decision, consider how well your people understand biblical culture and such things as shepherds, fishing with nets, sailing boats, kings, ancient warfare with chariots, etc., and how much of this might need to be explained.
7. **Footnotes** – Should the translation put explanations of difficult things in footnotes? If so, should it use many footnotes, or only for certain topics or especially difficult things? Will people understand what footnotes are and how they work, or will they be confused by them? Instead of footnotes, would it be better to put short explanations in the text of the Bible translation? Or should the translation not include any extra explanations at all? To help in making this decision, consider how well your people understand biblical culture and such things as shepherds, fishing with nets, sailing boats, kings, ancient warfare with chariots, etc., and how much of this might need to be explained.
8. **Pictures** - Will pictures be used in the Bible translation? If so, how many? Pictures can be very useful for showing things that are unknown in the target culture, such as certain animals or tools or clothing. Using pictures for these things can reduce the need to explain them in footnotes.
9. **Headings** – Should the translation use section headings that summarize what each section is talking about? These can be very helpful for finding different topics. If so, what style of headings should be used? See [Headings](../../checking/headings/01.md) for examples.
9. **Headings** – Should the translation use section headings that summarize what each section is talking about? If so, what style of headings should be used? These can be very helpful for finding different topics. See [Headings](../../checking/headings/01.md) for examples.

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@ -28,19 +28,19 @@ It is good if the leaders of these churches and church networks can form a commi
This committee can also choose the pastors and other leaders who will check the translation at the Accuracy and Validation stages.
When it comes time, this committee can also make decisions about the format of the translation and how it will be distributed. They can also encourage the churches to use the translated Scriptures.
When it comes time, committee members can make decisions about the format of the translation and how it will be distributed. They can also encourage the churches to use the translated Scriptures.
This committee should also plan for the maintenance of the translation after it has been translated and distributed. They may want to appoint someone to review the comments and suggestions for improvement that will come from the churches that use the translation. Door43 provides a place for people to access the translation and also to leave these kinds of comments.
This committee should also plan for the maintenance of the translation after it has been translated and distributed. The committee may want to appoint someone to review the comments and suggestions for improvement that will come from the churches that use the translation. Door43 provides a place for people to access the translation and also to leave these kinds of comments.
#### Translators
These are the people who will do the work of making the translation drafts. They will be appointed by the Translation Committee. They need to be people who are native speakers of the target language, who can read the source language (the Gateway Language) very well, and who are respected in the community for their Christian character. For more details about these things, see [Translator Qualifications](../qualifications/01.md).
As well as making the first drafts, these people will form the core of the translation team that will check each other’s work, check the translation with the language community, and perform the [Translation Words](../../checking/important-term-check/01.md) and [Translation Notes](../../checking/trans-note-check/01.md) checks. After each review or checking session, these translators will be responsible to make the changes to the translation that are necessary so that it communicates what it should in the best way. So they will revise the translation many, many times.
Besides making the first drafts, these people will form the core of the translation team that will check each other’s work, check the translation with the language community, and perform the [Translation Words](../../checking/important-term-check/01.md) and [Translation Notes](../../checking/trans-note-check/01.md) checks. After each review or checking session, these translators will be responsible to make the changes to the translation that are necessary so that it communicates what it should in the best way. So they will revise the translation many, many times.
#### Typists
If the translators themselves are not typing the translation draft into a computer or tablet, then someone else on the team needs to do this. This needs to be someone who can type without making a lot of errors. This person also needs to know how to use punctuation marks correctly and consistently. This person may also need to type the revisions and corrections to the translation after each round of checking.
If the translators themselves are not typing the translation draft into a computer or tablet, then someone else on the team must do this. This needs to be someone who can type without making a lot of errors. This person also needs to know how to use punctuation marks correctly and consistently. This person may also need to type the revisions and corrections to the translation after each round of checking.
#### Translation Testers
@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ Some people need to test the translation with members of the language community
#### Accuracy Checkers
The people who are selected to [check the translation for accuracy](../../checking/accuracy-check/01.md) should be people who already know the Bible well in the source language. They should be able to read well in the source language. They will be comparing the translation to the source Bible, to make sure that the translation communicates everything that is in the source Bible. They should be people who are interested in the translation work and who have time to do a good job of checking. It is good if these people can include members of the different church groups who speak the target language and who will use the translation.
The people who are selected to [check the translation for accuracy](../../checking/accuracy-check/01.md) should be people who already know the Bible well in the source language. They should be able to read well in the source language. They will be comparing the translation to the source Bible, to make sure that the translation communicates everything that is in the source Bible. They should be people who are interested in the translation work and who have time to do a good job of checking. It is best for accuracy checkers to include members of the different church groups who speak the target language and who will use the translation.
#### Validation Checkers
Those who do [Validation Checking](../../checking/level3/01.md) should be leaders of groups of churches, or respected very widely in the language area. It is important that these people approve of the translation so that it will be accepted and used in the churches. Since many of these people are very busy, they may choose to appoint others whom they trust to check the translation for them. Also, it may work best to send different books or chapters to different people, and not burden one or two people with checking the whole translation.
Those who do [Validation Checking](../../checking/level3/01.md) should be leaders of groups of churches or people who are very widely respected in the language area. It is important that these people approve of the translation so that it will be accepted and used in the churches. Since many of these people are very busy, they may choose to appoint others whom they trust to check the translation for them. Also, it may work best to send different books or chapters to different people, and not burden one or two people with checking the whole translation.
#### Tech Support
@ -74,6 +74,6 @@ given team cannot be prescribed in advance. It might even change over time, but
1. We work with the leaders of the church networks to ensure that they understand the skills and functions needed on their translation team, as described in unfoldingWord® Translation Academy.
1. We help them to identify an initial team composition, based on the skills and contextual reality of their team (e.g., size of the team, theological ability, translation experience, language skill, geographic distribution, relationship dynamics, etc.). Their team may be small, with several skills being accomplished by the same person. Or the team may be large (in some cases as many as 25 full-time translators and hundreds of volunteers), with many people providing the same skill in an overlapping and intentionally redundant manner. Regardless of the structure and size of the team that is needed in a given context, the combined roles on any team must provide the combination of skills needed to achieve excellence in Bible translation.
2. We help them to identify an initial team composition based on the skills and contextual reality of their team (e.g., size of the team, theological ability, translation experience, language skill, geographic distribution, relationship dynamics, etc.). Their team may be small, with several skills being provided by the same person. Or the team may be large (in some cases as many as 25 full-time translators and hundreds of volunteers), with many people providing the same skill in an overlapping and intentionally redundant manner. Regardless of the structure and size of the team that is needed in a given context, the combined roles on any team must provide the combination of skills needed to achieve excellence in Bible translation.
1. The team begins working together on an initial translation project (we recommend Open Bible Stories) and observes the effectiveness of their team’s configuration. As needed, adjustments to the team structure are made to improve efficiency and training is provided to increase skill and effectiveness.
3. The team begins working together on an initial translation project (we recommend Open Bible Stories) and observes the effectiveness of their team’s configuration. As needed, adjustments to the team structure are made to improve efficiency, and training is provided to increase skill and effectiveness.

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@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
Normally a speaker refers to himself as “I” and the person he is speaking to as “you.” Sometimes in the Bible a speaker refers to himself or to the person he is speaking to with terms other than “I” or “you.”
### Description
* **First person** - This is how a speaker normally refers to himself. English uses the pronouns “I” and “we.” (Also: me, my, mine; us, our, ours)
* **Second person** - This is how a speaker normally refers to the person or people he is speaking to. English uses the pronoun “you.” (Also: your, yours)
* **Third person** - This is how a speaker refers to someone else. English uses the pronouns “he,” “she,” “it” and “they.” (Also: him, his, her, hers, its; them, their, theirs) Noun phrases like “the man” or “the woman” are also third person.
* First person - This is how a speaker normally refers to himself. English uses the pronouns “I” and “we.” (Also: me, my, mine; us, our, ours)
* Second person - This is how a speaker normally refers to the person or people he is speaking to. English uses the pronoun “you.” (Also: your, yours)
* Third person - This is how a speaker refers to someone else. English uses the pronouns “he,” “she,” “it,” and “they.” (Also: him, his, her, hers, its; them, their, theirs) Noun phrases like “the man” or “the woman” are also third person.
### Reason this is a Translation Issue
### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
Sometimes in the Bible a speaker uses the third person to refer to himself or to the people he is speaking to. Readers might think that the speaker was referring to someone else. They might not understand that he meant “I” or “you.”
### Examples from the Bible
Sometimes people used the third person instead of “I” or “me” to refer to themselves.
> But David said to Saul, “**Your servant** used to keep **his** father’s sheep.” (1 Samuel 17:34 ULT)
David referred to himself in the third person as “your servant” and “his.” He was calling himself Saul’s servant in order to show his humility before Saul.
David referred to himself in the third person as “your servant” and used “his.” He was calling himself Saul’s servant in order to show his humility before Saul.
> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said,
> “…Do you have an arm like **God’s**? Can you thunder with a voice like **him**? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
> “… Do you have an arm like **God’s**? Can you thunder with a voice like **his**? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
God referred to himself in the third person with the words “God’s” and “him.” He did this to emphasize that he is God, and he is powerful.
God referred to himself in the third person with the words “God’s” and “his.” He did this to emphasize that he is God, and he is powerful.
Sometimes people use the third person instead of “you” or “your” to refer to the person or people they are speaking to.
> Abraham answered and said, “Look what I have done, taking it upon myself to speak to **my Lord**, even though I am only dust and ashes! (Genesis 18:27 ULT)
> Abraham answered and said, “Look, I have undertaken to speak to my Lord, even though I am only dust and ashes! (Genesis 18:27 ULT)
Abraham was speaking to the Lord, and referred to the Lord as “My Lord” rather than as “you.” He did this to show his humility before God.
@ -37,25 +37,22 @@ After saying “each of you,” Jesus used the third person “his” instead of
If using the third person to mean “I” or “you” would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other options.
1. Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun “I” or “you.”
1. Simply use the first person (“I”) or second person (“you”) instead of the third person.
(1) Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun “I” or “you.” (2) Simply use the first person (“I”) or second person (“you”) instead of the third person.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun “I” or “you.”
> But David said to Saul, “**Your servant** used to keep **his** father’s sheep.” (1 Samuel 17:34)
>> But David said to Saul, “**I, your servant**, used to keep **my** father’s sheep.”
>
> > But David said to Saul, “**I, your servant**, used to keep **my** father’s sheep.”
(2) Simply use the first person (“I”) or second person (“you”) instead of the third person.
> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like **God’s**? Can you thunder with a voice like **him**? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
>> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like **mine**? Can you thunder with a voice like **me**?”
> So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if **each of you** does not forgive **his** brother from your heart. (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
>> So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if **each of you** does not forgive **your** brother from your heart.
> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like **God’s**? Can you thunder with a voice like **his**? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
>
> > Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “…Do you have an arm like **mine**? Can you thunder with a voice like **mine**?”
>
> So also my heavenly Father will do to you if **each of you** does not forgive **his** brother from your heart. (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
>
> > So also my heavenly Father will do to you if **each of you** does not forgive **your** brother from your heart.

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@ -4,34 +4,34 @@ Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to attitudes, qualities, events, or situatio
### Description
Remember that nouns are words that refer to a person, place, thing, or idea. **Abstract Nouns** are the nouns that refer to ideas. These can be attitudes, qualities, events, situations, or even relationships among these ideas. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as joy, peace, creation, goodness, contentment, justice, truth, freedom, vengeance, slowness, length, weight, and many, many more.
Remember that nouns are words that refer to a person, place, thing, or idea. Abstract nouns are the nouns that refer to ideas. These can be attitudes, qualities, events, situations, or even relationships between those ideas. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as joy, peace, creation, goodness, contentment, justice, truth, freedom, vengeance, slowness, length, weight, and many, many more.
Some languages, such as Biblical Greek and English, use abstract nouns a lot. It is a way of giving names to actions or qualities so that people who speak these languages can talk about them as though they were things. For example, in languages that use abstract nouns, people can say, “I believe in the forgiveness of sin.” But some languages do not use abstract nouns very much. In these languages, they may not have the two abstract nouns “forgiveness” and “sin,” but they would express the same meaning in other ways. They would say, for example, “I believe that God is willing to forgive people after they have sinned,” using verb phrases instead of nouns for those ideas.
Some languages, such as Biblical Greek and English, use abstract nouns a lot.They provide a way of giving names to actions or qualities. With names, people who speak these languages can talk about the concepts as though they were things. For example, in languages that use abstract nouns, people can say, “I believe in the forgiveness of sin.”
But some languages do not use abstract nouns very much. In these languages, speakers may not have the two abstract nouns “forgiveness” and “sin,” but they would express the same meaning in other ways. For example, they would express, “I believe that God is willing to forgive people after they have sinned,” by using verb phrases instead of nouns for those ideas.
#### Reason this is a translation issue
### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
The Bible that you translate from may use abstract nouns to express certain ideas. Your language might not use abstract nouns for some of those ideas; instead, it might use phrases to express those ideas. Those phrases will use other kinds of words such as adjectives, verbs, or adverbs to express the meaning of the abstract noun. For example, “What is its **weight**?” could be expressed as “How much does it **weigh**?” or “How **heavy** is it?”
The Bible that you translate from may use abstract nouns to express certain ideas. Your language might not use abstract nouns for some of those ideas. Instead, it might use phrases to express those ideas. Those phrases will use other kinds of words such as adjectives, verbs, or adverbs to express the meaning of the abstract noun. For example, “What is its **weight**?” could be expressed as “How much does it **weigh**?” or “How **heavy** is it?”
### Examples from the Bible
> …_from **childhood** you have known the sacred writings…_ (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
> From **childhood** you have known the sacred writings … (2 Timothy 3:15a ULT)
The abstract noun “childhood” refers to when someone is a child.
The abstract noun “childhood” refers to when someone was a child.
> But **godliness** with **contentment** is great **gain**. (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
The abstract nouns “godliness” and “contentment” refer to being godly and content.
The abstract noun “gain” refers to something that benefits or helps someone.
The abstract nouns “godliness” and “contentment” refer to being godly and content. The abstract noun “gain” refers to something that benefits or helps someone.
> Today **salvation** has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham. (Luke 19:9 ULT)
The abstract noun “salvation” here refers to being saved.
> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider **slowness** to be (2 Peter 3:9 ULT)
> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider **slowness** to be (2 Peter 3:9a ULT)
The abstract noun “slowness” refers how slowly something is done.
The abstract noun “slowness” refers to the lack of speed with which something is done.
> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the **purposes** of the heart. (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULT)
> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the **purposes** of the heart. (1 Corinthians 4:5b ULT)
The abstract noun “purposes” refers to the things that people want to do and the reasons they want to do them.
@ -39,27 +39,31 @@ The abstract noun “purposes” refers to the things that people want to do and
If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here is another option:
1. Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun.
(1) Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun.
> …from **childhood** you have known the sacred writings… (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
>> Ever since **you were a child** you have known the sacred writings.
> But **godliness** with **contentment** is great **gain**. (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
>> But **being godly** and **content** is very **beneficial**.
>> But we **benefit** greatly when we **are godly** and **content**.
>> But we **benefit** greatly when we **honor and obey God** and when we are **happy with what we have**.
> Today **salvation** has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham. (Luke 19:9 ULT)
>> Today the people in this house **have been saved**…
>> Today God **has saved** the people in this house…
> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider **slowness** to be. (2 Peter 3:9 ULT)
>> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider **moving slowly** to be.
> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the **purposes** of the heart. (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULT)
>> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal **the things that people want to do and the reasons that they want to do them**.
> …from **childhood** you have known the sacred writings … (2 Timothy 3:15a ULT)
>
> > Ever since **you were a child** you have known the sacred writings.
>
> But **godliness** with **contentment** is great **gain**. (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
>
> > But **being godly** and **content** is very **beneficial**.
> > But we **benefit** greatly when we **are godly** and **content**.
> > But we **benefit** greatly when we **honor and obey God** and when we are **happy with what we have**.
>
> Today **salvation** has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham. (Luke 19:9 ULT)
>
> > Today the people in this house **have been saved**…
> > Today God **has saved** the people in this house…
>
> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider **slowness** to be. (2 Peter 3:9a ULT)
>
> > The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider **moving slowly** to be.
>
> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the **purposes** of the heart. (1 Corinthians 4:5b ULT)
>
> > He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal **the things that people want to do and the reasons that they want to do them**.

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@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
Some languages use both active and passive sentences. In active sentences, the subject does the action. In passive sentences, the subject is the one that receives the action. Here are some examples with their subjects bolded:
Some languages use both active and passive sentences. In active sentences, the subject does the action. In passive sentences, the subject is the one that receives the action. Here are some examples with their subjects underlined:
* ACTIVE: **My father** built the house in 2010.
* PASSIVE: **The house** was built in 2010.
* Active: **My father** built the house in 2010.
* Passive: **The house** was built in 2010.
Translators whose languages do not use passive sentences will need to know how they can translate passive sentences that they find in the Bible. Other translators will need to decide when to use a passive sentence and when to use the active form.
@ -10,42 +9,41 @@ Translators whose languages do not use passive sentences will need to know how t
Some languages have both active and passive forms of sentences.
* In the **ACTIVE** form, the subject does the action and is always mentioned.
* In the **PASSIVE** form, the action is done to the subject, and the one who does the action is *not always* mentioned.
* In the active form, the subject does the action and is always mentioned.
* In the passive form, the action is done to the subject, and the one who does the action is not always mentioned.
In the examples of active and passive sentences below, we have underlined the subject.
In the examples of active and passive sentences below, we have bolded the subject.
* **ACTIVE**: **My father** built the house in 2010.
* **PASSIVE**: **The house** was built by my father in 2010.
* **PASSIVE**: **The house** was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.)
* active: **My father** built the house in 2010.
* passive: **The house** was built by my father in 2010.
* passive: **The house** was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.)
#### Reasons this is a translation issue
#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
All languages use active forms. Some languages use passive forms, and some do not. Some languages use passive forms only for certain purposes, and the passive form is not used for the same purposes in all of the languages that use it.
#### Purposes for the passive
#### Purposes for the Passive
* The speaker is talking about the person or thing the action was done to, not about the person who did the action.
* The speaker does not want to tell who did the action. 
* The speaker does not know who did the action.
* The speaker is talking about the person or thing the action was done to, not about the person who did the action.
* The speaker does not want to tell who did the action. 
* The speaker does not know who did the action.
#### Translation Principles Regarding the Passive
* Translators whose language does not use passive forms will need to find another way to express the idea. 
* Translators whose language has passive forms will need to understand why the passive is used in a particular sentence in the Bible and decide whether or not to use a passive form for that purpose in his translation of the sentence.
* Translators whose language does not use passive forms will need to find another way to express the idea. 
* Translators whose language has passive forms will need to understand why the passive is used in a particular sentence in the Bible and decide whether or not to use a passive form for that purpose in his translation of the sentence.
### Examples from the Bible
> And their shooters shot at your soldiers from off the wall, and some of the king’s servants **were killed**, and your servant Uriah the Hittite **was killed**, too. (2 Samuel 11:24 ULT)
> Then their shooters shot at your soldiers from off the wall, and some of the king’s servants **were killed**, and your servant Uriah the Hittite **was killed** too. (2 Samuel 11:24 ULT)
This means that the enemy’s shooters shot and killed some of the king’s servants, including Uriah. The point is what happened to the king’s servants and Uriah, not who shot them. The purpose of the passive form here is to keep the focus on the king’s servants and Uriah.
> In the morning when the men of the town got up, the altar of Baal **was broken down**… (Judges 6:28 ULT)
> When the men of the city arose early in the morning, and see, the altar of Baal **was torn down**. (Judges 6:28a ULT)
The men of the town saw what had happened to the altar of Baal, but they did not know who broke it down. The purpose of the passive form here is to communicate this event from the perspective of the men of the town.
> It would be better for him if a millstone **were put** around his neck and he **were thrown** into the sea (Luke 17:2 ULT)
> It would be better for him if a millstone **were put** around his neck and he **were thrown** into the sea (Luke 17:2a ULT)
This describes a situation in which a person ends up in the sea with a millstone around his neck. The purpose of the passive form here is to keep the focus on what happens to this person. Who does these things to the person is not important.
@ -53,25 +51,25 @@ This describes a situation in which a person ends up in the sea with a millstone
If your language would use a passive form for the same purpose as in the passage that you are translating, then use a passive form. If you decide that it is better to translate without a passive form, here are some strategies that you might consider.
1. Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who or what did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.
1. Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell  who or what did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or ”people” or ”someone.” 
1. Use a different verb.
(1) Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who or what did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action. (2) Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell  who or what did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or ”people” or ”someone.”  (3) Use a different verb.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.
(1) Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.
> A loaf of bread **was given** him every day from the street of the bakers. (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
>> **The king’s servants gave** Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
> A loaf of bread **was given** him every day from the street of the bakers. (Jeremiah 37:21b ULT)
>
> > **The king’s servants gave** Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
(2) Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell  who did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or  ”people” or  ”someone.” 
> It would be better for him if a millstone **were put** around his neck and he **were thrown** into the sea. (Luke 17:2 ULT)
>> It would be better for him if **they were to put** a millstone around his neck and **throw** him into the sea.
>> It would be better for him if **someone were to put** a heavy stone around his neck and **throw** him into the sea.
> It would be better for him if a millstone **were put** around his neck and he **were thrown** into the sea. (Luke 17:2a ULT)
>
> > It would be better for him if **they were to put** a millstone around his neck and **throw** him into the sea.
> > It would be better for him if **someone were to put** a heavy stone around his neck and **throw** him into the sea.
(3) Use a different verb in an active sentence. 
> A loaf of bread **was given** him every day from the street of the bakers. (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
>> He **received** a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
> A loaf of bread **was given** him every day from the street of the bakers. (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
>
> > He **received** a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.

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@ -1,40 +1,35 @@
### Definition
An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker turns his attention away from his listeners and speaks to someone or something that he knows cannot hear him.
### Description
He does this to tell his listeners his message or feelings about that person or thing in a very strong way.
An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker turns his attention away from his listeners and speaks to someone or something that he knows cannot hear him. He does this to tell his listeners his message or feelings about that person or thing in a very strong way.
### Reason this is a translation issue
#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
Many languages do not use apostrophe, and readers could be confused by it. They may wonder who the speaker is talking to, or think that the speaker is crazy to talk to things or people who cannot hear.
### Examples from the Bible
> Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you (2 Samuel 1:21 ULT)
> Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you. (2 Samuel 1:21a ULT)
King Saul was killed on Mount Gilboa, and David sang a sad song about it. By telling these mountains that he wanted them to have no dew or rain, he showed how sad he was.
> Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to you. (Luke 13:34 ULT)
> Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to you. (Luke 13:34a ULT)
Jesus was expressing his feelings for the people of Jerusalem in front of his disciples and a group of Pharisees. By speaking directly to Jerusalem as though its people could hear him, Jesus showed how deeply he cared about them.
> He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: **“Altar**, **altar**! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See,…on you they will burn human bones.’“ (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
> He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "**Altar**, **altar**! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’“ (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
The man of God spoke as if the altar could hear him, but he really wanted the king, who was standing there, to hear him.
### Translation Strategies
If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. But if this way of speaking would be confusing to your people, let the speaker continue speaking to the people that are listening to him as he tells **them** his message or feelings about the people or thing that cannot hear him. See the example below.
If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. But if this way of speaking would be confusing to your people, let the speaker continue speaking to the people that are listening to him as he tells **them** his message or feelings about the people or thing that cannot hear him. See the example below.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
> He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: **“Altar**, **altar**! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See,…on you they will burn human bones.’“ (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
>> He said this about the altar: “This is what Yahweh says **about this altar.** ‘See,…they will burn people’s bones on **it**.’“
> **Mountains of Gilboa**, let there not be dew or rain on **you** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULT)
>> **As for these mountains of Gilboa**, let there not be dew or rain on **them**
> He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "**Altar**, **altar**! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’“ (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
>
> > He said this about the altar: “This is what Yahweh says **about this altar.** ‘See, … they will burn people’s bones on **it**.’“
>
> **Mountains of Gilboa**, let there not be dew or rain on **you.** (2 Samuel 1:21a ULT)
>
> > **As for these mountains of Gilboa**, let there not be dew or rain on **them**.

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What is the figure of speech called apostrophe?
What is the figure of speech called an apostrophe?

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### Definition
An aside is a figure of speech in which someone who is speaking to a person or group pauses to speak confidentially to himself or someone else about those to whom he had been speaking.
### Description
The speaker does this to indicate his thoughts or feelings about that person or group in a strong way.
An aside is a figure of speech in which someone who is speaking to a person or group pauses to speak confidentially to himself or someone else about those to whom he had been speaking. The speaker does this to indicate in a strong way his thoughts or feelings about that person or group.
### Reason this is a translation issue
#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
Many languages do not use asides, and readers could be confused by them. They may wonder why the speaker suddenly starts talking to himself or someone else about the people he is speaking with.
### Examples from the Bible
> All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border.
The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you.
They of your bread will set a trap under you.
There is no understanding in him. (Obadiah 1:7 ULT)
> All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border. The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you. They of your bread will set a trap under you. **There is no understanding in him.** (Obadiah 1:7 ULT)
In the first three lines, Yahweh is telling the people of Edom what will happen to them because they did not help the people of Judah. In the fourth line, Yahweh says something about Edom to himself.
> And I cleansed them from everything foreign, and I made assignments for the priests and for the Levites, a man to his own work. And the wood offering at the stated time, and the firstfruits. Remember me, my God, for good. (Nehemiah 13:30–31 ULT)
> And I purified them from everything foreign. And I caused the service watches to stand: for the priests and for the Levites, a man in his work; and for the offering of pieces of wood at the appointed times; and for the firstfruits. **Remember me, my God, for good.** (Nehemiah 13:30-31 ULT)
Nehemiah is speaking to the readers of his account and describing some of the many things he did to restore true worship in Judah after the people returned from exile. But he suddenly turns aside and addresses God, asking God to bless him for what he, Nehemiah, has done for those people.
### Translation Strategies
1. If an aside would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. But if this way of speaking would be confusing, let the speaker continue speaking to the people who are listening to him but make clear that he is now expressing his thoughts and feelings about them.
(1) If an aside would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. But if this way of speaking would be confusing, let the speaker continue speaking to the people who are listening to him, but make clear that he is now expressing his thoughts and feelings about them.
2. If a person speaks a prayer to God as an aside, you can put the prayer in quotation marks to indicate that.
(2) If a person speaks a prayer to God as an aside, you can put the prayer in quotation marks to indicate that.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
> All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border.
The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you.
They of your bread will set a trap under you.
**There is no understanding in him.** (Obadiah 1:7 ULT)
> All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border. The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you. They of your bread will set a trap under you. **There is no understanding in him.** (Obadiah 1:7 ULT)
1. All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border.
The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you.
They of your bread will set a trap under you.
**You do not understand any of this.**
(1) All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border. The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you. They of your bread will set a trap under you. **You do not understand any of this.**
> And I cleansed them from everything foreign, and I made assignments for the priests and for the Levites, a man to his own work. And the wood offering at the stated time, and the firstfruits. **Remember me, my God, for good.** (Nehemiah 13:30–31 ULT)
2. And I cleansed them from everything foreign, and I made assignments for the priests and for the Levites, a man to his own work. And the wood offering at the stated time, and the firstfruits. **“Remember me, my God, for good."**
> And I purified them from everything foreign. And I caused the service watches to stand: for the priests and for the Levites, a man in his work; 31 and for the offering of pieces of wood at the appointed times; and for the firstfruits. **Remember me, my God, for good.** (Nehemiah 13:30-31 ULT)
(2) And I cleansed them from everything foreign, and I made assignments for the priests and for the Levites, a man to his own work. And the wood offering at the stated time, and the firstfruits. **“Remember me, my God, for good."**

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What is the figure of speech called aside?
What is the figure of speech called an "aside"?

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A **complex metaphor** is an *implicit* [metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md) that uses multiple images and multiple ideas at the same time. This is in contrast to [simple metaphors](../figs-simetaphor/01.md), which use only a single Image and a single Idea. Complex metaphors are similar to [extended metaphors](../figs-exmetaphor/01.md); the difference is that extended metaphors are explicitly stated in the text, but complex metaphors are not. For this reason, it can be extremely difficult to identify complex metaphors in the Bible.
A complex metaphor is an implicit [metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md) that uses multiple images and multiple ideas at the same time. This is in contrast to [simple metaphors](../figs-simetaphor/01.md), which use only a single Image and a single Idea. Complex metaphors are similar to [extended metaphors](../figs-exmetaphor/01.md); the difference is that extended metaphors are explicitly stated in the text, but complex metaphors are not. For this reason, it can be extremely difficult to identify complex metaphors in the Bible.
### Explanation of a Complex Metaphor
When using a metaphor, a writer/speaker uses a physical **Image** in order to express an abstract **Idea** about some immediate **Topic**, with at least one point of comparison between the Topic and the Image. In simple metaphors, usually the Topic and the Image are expressed, and the Idea is implied from the context. In extended metaphors, the writer or speaker explicitly states the topic, and then describes multiple images and communicates multiple ideas. A complex metaphor is different from both of these. In a complex metaphor, a writer/speaker uses multiple **Images** to express multiple **Ideas** about a **Topic**, but he does not explicitly say how the images and ideas are metaphorically related to one another. The reader/listener must think very carefully about what the writer/speaker is saying in order to figure out the underlying relationship between the images and the ideas. **One can say more precisely that a complex metaphor operates **in the mind of the writer/speaker** rather than **in the text itself**.**
When using a metaphor, a writer/speaker uses a physical **Image** in order to express an abstract **Idea** about some immediate **Topic**, with at least one point of comparison between the Topic and the Image.   
For example, the metaphor FORGIVENESS IS CLEANSING is a very common complex metaphor in both the Old Testament and the New Testament. Consider the following verses from Psalm 51.
In simple metaphors, usually the Topic and the Image are expressed, and the Idea is implied from the context. In extended metaphors, the writer or speaker explicitly states the topic, and then describes multiple images and communicates multiple ideas.   
A complex metaphor is different from both of these. In a complex metaphor, a writer/speaker uses multiple **Images** to express multiple **Ideas** about a **Topic**, but he does not explicitly say how the images and ideas are metaphorically related to one another. The reader/listener must think very carefully about what the writer/speaker is saying in order to figure out the underlying relationship between the images and the ideas.  
 One can say more precisely that a complex metaphor operates *in the mind of the writer/speaker* rather than **in the text itself**.
For example, the metaphor FORGIVENESS IS CLEANSING is a very common complex metaphor in both the Old Testament and the New Testament. Consider the following verses from Psalm 51.
> Have mercy on me, God, because of your covenant faithfulness; for the sake of the multitude of your merciful actions, **blot out** my transgressions. **Wash me thoroughly** from my iniquity and **cleanse me** from my sin. For I know my transgressions, and my sin is always before me. Against you, you only, I have sinned and done what is evil in your sight; you are right when you speak; you are correct when you judge. See, I was born in iniquity; as soon as my mother conceived me, I was in sin. See, you desire trustworthiness in my inner self; and you teach me wisdom in the secret place within. **Purify me** with hyssop, and **I will be clean**; **wash me**, and I will be whiter than snow. Make me hear joy and gladness so that the bones that you have broken may rejoice. Hide your face from my sins and **blot out** all my iniquities. Create in me **a clean heart**, God, and renew a right spirit within me. (Psa 51:1-10 ULT)
Here the psalmist is praying to God in earnest repentance for his sin (the **Topic**). This psalm includes multiple terms for sin (“transgressions,” “iniquity,” “evil”) as well as multiple images related to the event of cleansing (“wash,” “purify,” “blot out”). If you were to read the psalm literally, you might think that the psalmist is asking God to give him a bath! But the psalmist is not asking for that, because washing will not solve his problem. He knows that he is guilty of sin and that he deserves for God to judge him for his wrongdoing. Rather, the psalmist is asking God to forgive him for what he has done wrong, using words that mean “washing” or “cleansing.” In other words, in his mind the psalmist is imagining the action of forgiving as if it were washing. The psalmist is using the **Image** of CLEANSING to represent the **Idea** of FORGIVENESS. We express this as the complex metaphor FORGIVENESS IS CLEANSING, but this metaphor is nowhere stated in the text itself. (This same complex metaphor is also found in Isa 1:2-31, Eph 5:25-27, 1 John 1:7-9, and others.)
Here the psalmist is praying to God in earnest repentance for his sin (the **Topic**). This psalm includes multiple terms for sin (“transgressions,” “iniquity,” “evil”) as well as multiple images related to the event of cleansing (“wash,” “purify,” “blot out”). If you were to read the psalm literally, you might think that the psalmist is asking God to give him a bath! But the psalmist is not asking for that because washing will not solve his problem. He knows that he is guilty of sin and that he deserves that God would judge him for his wrongdoing. Rather, the psalmist is asking God to forgive him for what he has done wrong, using words that mean “washing” or “cleansing.” In other words, in his mind the psalmist is imagining the action of forgiving as if it were washing. The psalmist is using the **Image** of CLEANSING to represent the **Idea** of FORGIVENESS. We express this as the complex metaphor FORGIVENESS IS CLEANSING, but this metaphor is nowhere stated in the text itself. (This same complex metaphor is also found in Isa 1:2-31, Eph 5:25-27, 1 John 1:7-9, and others.)
The apostle Paul uses an even more difficult complex metaphor in Ephesians 6:10-20:
The apostle Paul uses an even more difficult complex metaphor in Ephesians 6:10-20:
> Finally, be strong in the Lord and in the power of his might. **Put on the whole armor of God, so that you may be able to stand against the scheming plans of the devil**. For our struggle is not against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the world-controllers of this darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places. Therefore put on the whole armor of God, so that you may be able to withstand in the evil day, and, having done everything, to stand. 14 Stand, therefore, after **having fastened up your robe around your waist with the truth** and **having put on the breastplate of righteousness**, and **having shod your feet with the readiness of the gospel of peace**. 16 In all circumstances **take up the shield of faith**, by which you will be able to put out all the flaming arrows of the evil one. **Take the helmet of salvation** and **the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God**. With every prayer and request, pray at all times in the Spirit. To this end, be watchful with all perseverance and requests for all the saints, and for me, that a message may be given to me when I open my mouth, to make known with boldness the mystery of the gospel (for which I am an ambassador in chains), so that in it I may speak boldly, as it is appropriate for me to speak. (Eph 6:10-20 ULT)
In this paragraph, the apostle Paul describes how a Christian should prepare to resist temptation (the **Topic**) by comparing a series of abstract ideas to pieces of armor worn by a soldier. The term “full armor of God” is not a combination of several simple metaphors. The soldier’s belt does not represent truth, the helmet does not represent salvation, the shield does not represent faith, and so on. Rather, the apostle Paul was using the central **Image** of a soldier putting on his armor (that is, “GETTING DRESSED” for battle) to refer to the central abstract **Idea** of a Christian preparing himself (that is, “PREPARATION”) to resist temptation. The unstated complex metaphor PREPARATION IS GETTING DRESSED underlies the entire description as a whole.
> Finally, be strong in the Lord and in the force of his strength. **Put on the whole armor of God, to enable you to stand against the scheming of the devil.** For our struggle is not against blood and flesh, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the world-controllers of this darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places. Therefore, put on the whole armor of God, so that you may be able to withstand in the evil day, and, having done everything, to stand. 14 Stand, therefore, **having fastened up your robe around your waist with the truth** and **having put on the breastplate of righteousness**, and **having shod your feet with the readiness of the gospel of peace**. 16 In everything **take up the shield of the faith**, by which you will be able to extinguish all the flaming arrows of the evil one. **Take the helmet of salvation and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God**. With every prayer and request, pray at all times in the Spirit. To this end, be watchful with all perseverance and requests for all the saints, 19 and for me, so that a message might be given to me when I open my mouth, to make known with boldness the mystery of the gospel 20 (for which I am an ambassador in chains), so that in it I may speak boldly, as it is necessary for me to speak. (Eph 6:10-20 ULT)
In this paragraph, the apostle Paul describes how a Christian should prepare to resist temptation (the **Topic**) by comparing a series of abstract ideas to pieces of armor worn by a soldier. The term “full armor of God” is not a combination of several simple metaphors. The soldier’s belt does not represent truth, the helmet does not represent salvation, the shield does not represent faith, and so on. Rather, the apostle Paul was using the central **Image** of a soldier putting on his armor (that is, “GETTING DRESSED” for battle) to refer to the central abstract **Idea** of a Christian preparing himself (that is, “PREPARATION”) to resist temptation. The unstated complex metaphor PREPARATION IS GETTING DRESSED underlies the entire description as a whole.
### Other Examples from the Bible
The Bible often speaks of God as doing things that people do, such as speaking, seeing, walking, etc. But God is not a human being. [Although Jesus IS both God and a human being, of course.] So when the Old Testament says that God speaks, we should not think that he has vocal chords that vibrate. And when the Bible says something about God doing something with his hand, we should not think that God has a physical hand made of flesh and bones. Rather, the writer is thinking about God as a person, using the physical **Image** of a human being to represent the abstract **Idea** “God.” The writer is using the complex metaphor GOD IS A HUMAN, even though he does not explicitly say so in the text.
The Bible often speaks of God as doing things that people do, such as speaking, seeing, walking, etc. But God is not a human being, although Jesus is both God and a human being, of course. So when the Old Testament says that God speaks, we should not think that he has vocal chords that vibrate. And when the Bible says something about God doing something with his hand, we should not think that God has a physical hand made of flesh and bones. Rather, the writer is thinking about God as a person, using the physical **Image** of a human being to represent the abstract **Idea** “God.” The writer is using the complex metaphor GOD IS A HUMAN, even though he does not explicitly say so in the text.
> If we hear **the voice of Yahweh our God** any longer, we will die. (Deuteronomy 5:25 ULT)
> I have been strengthened by **the hand of Yahweh my God** (Ezra 7:28 ULT)
> If we hear **the voice of Yahweh our God** any longer, we will die. (Deuteronomy 5:25b ULT)
>
> I was strengthened as **the hand of Yahweh** my God was upon me. (Ezra 7:28b ULT)
>
> You drove out the nations with **your hand**, but you planted our people; you afflicted the peoples, but you spread our people out in the land. For they did not obtain the land for their possession by their own sword, neither did their own arm save them; but **your right hand**, **your arm**, and the light of **your face**, because you were favorable to them. (Psa 44:2-3 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
* Complex metaphors in the Bible should be translated like passive metaphors.
* For strategies regarding translating metaphors, see [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md).
* To learn more about biblical imagery, complex metaphors, and cultural models in the Bible, see [Biblical Imagery](../biblicalimageryta/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).
* Complex metaphors in the Bible should be translated like passive metaphors.
* For strategies regarding translating metaphors, see [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md).
* To learn more about biblical imagery, complex metaphors, and cultural models in the Bible, see [Biblical Imagery](../biblicalimageryta/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).

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### Description
Normally statements are used to give information. But sometimes they are used in the Bible for other functions.
Normally statements are used to give information. Sometimes they are used in the Bible for other functions.
### Reason this is a translation issue
#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
Some languages would not use a statement for some of the functions that statements are used for in the Bible.
@ -11,27 +11,27 @@ Some languages would not use a statement for some of the functions that statemen
Statements are normally used to give **information**. All of the sentences in John 1:6-8 below are statements, and their function is to give information.
> There was a man who was sent from God, whose name was John. He came as a witness to testify about the light, that all might believe through him. John was not the light, but came that he might testify about the light. (John 1:6-8 ULT)
> There was a man who was sent from God, whose name was John. He came as a witness in order to testify about the light, that all might believe through him. John was not the light, but came that he might testify about the light. (John 1:6-8 ULT)
A statement can also be used as a **command** to tell someone what to do. In the examples below, the high priest used statements with the verb “will” to tell people what to do.
A statement can also be used as a **command** to tell someone what to do. In the examples below, the high priest used statements with the verb “will” to tell people what to do.
> He commanded them, saying, “This is what you **must** do. A third of you who come on the Sabbath _will_ keep watch over the king’s house, and a third _will_ be at the Sur Gate, and a third at the gate behind the guardhouse.” (2 Kings 11:5 ULT)
> He commanded them, saying, “This is what you **must** do. A third of you who come on the Sabbath **will** keep watch over the king’s house, and a third **will** be at the Sur Gate, and a third at the gate behind the guardhouse.” (2 Kings 11:5 ULT)
A statement can also be used to give **instructions**. The speaker below was not just telling Joseph about something Joseph would do in the future; he was telling Joseph what he needed to do.
> She will give birth to a son, and _you will call his name Jesus_, for he will save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21 ULT)
> She will give birth to a son, and \*\*you will call his name Jesus\*\*, for he will save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21 ULT)
A statement can also be used to make a **request**. The man with leprosy was not just saying what Jesus was able to do. He was also asking Jesus to heal him.
> Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, _you can make me clean_.” (Matthew 8:2 ULT)
> Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, **you can make me clean.**” (Matthew 8:2 ULT)
A statement can also be used to **perform** something. By telling Adam that the ground was cursed because of him, God actually cursed it.
> …cursed is the ground because of you; (Genesis 3:17 ULT)
> . . . cursed is the ground because of you; (Genesis 3:17 ULT)
By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man’s sins.
By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man’s sins.
> Seeing their faith, Jesus said to the paralyzed man, “Son, _your sins are forgiven_.” (Luke 2:5 ULT)
> Seeing their faith, Jesus said to the paralyzed man, “Son, your sins are forgiven.” (Luke 2:5 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man’s sins.
> She will give birth to a son, and **you will call his name Jesus**, for he will save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:21 ULT)
The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be translated using the sentence type of a normal instruction.
The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be translated using the sentence type of a normal instruction.
>> She will give birth to a son. **Name him Jesus**, because he will save his people from their sins.
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be trans
> Lord, if you are willing, **you can make me clean**. (Matthew 8:2 ULT)
The function of “you can make me clean” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
The function of “you can make me clean” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
>> Lord, if you are willing, **you can make me clean. Please do so.**
@ -67,5 +67,4 @@ The function of “you can make me clean” is to make a request. In addition to
> Son, your sins are forgiven. (Luke 2:5 ULT)
>> Son, I forgive your sins.
>> Son, God has forgiven your sins.
>> Son, God has forgiven your sins.

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### Description
In some languages, phrases that modify a noun can be used with the noun for two different purposes. They can either (1) distinguish the noun from other similar items, or (2) they can give more information about the noun. That information could be new to the reader, or a reminder about something the reader might already know. Other languages use modifying phrases with a noun only for distinguishing the noun from other similar things. When people who speak these languages hear a modifying phrase with a noun, they assume that its function is to distinguish one item from another similar item.
In some languages, phrases that modify a noun can be used with the noun for two different purposes. They can either (1) distinguish the noun from other similar items, or (2) they can give more information about the noun. That information could be new to the reader, or a reminder about something the reader might already know. Other languages use modifying phrases with a noun only for distinguishing the noun from other similar things. When people who speak these languages hear a modifying phrase along with a noun, they assume that its function is to distinguish one item from another similar item.
Some languages use a comma to mark the difference between (1) making a distinction between similar items and (2) giving more information about an item. Without the comma, the sentence below communicates that it is making a distinction:
* Mary gave some of the food to **her sister who was very thankful**.
* If her sister was usually thankful, the phrase “who was thankful” could **distinguish this sister** of Mary’s from another sister who was not usually thankful.
* Mary gave some of the food to **her sister who was very thankful**.
* If her sister was usually thankful, the phrase “who was thankful” could distinguish this sister of Mary’s from another sister who was not usually thankful.
With the comma, the sentence is giving more information:
* Mary gave some of the food to **her sister, who was very thankful**.
* This same phrase can be used give us more information about Mary’s sister. It tells us about **how Mary’s sister responded** when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish one sister from another sister.
* Mary gave some of the food to **her sister, who was very thankful**.
* This same phrase can be used give us more information about Mary’s sister. It tells us about how Mary’s sister responded when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish one sister from another sister.
### Reasons this is a translation issue
#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
* Many source languages of the Bible use phrases that modify a noun **both** for distinguishing the noun from another similar item **and also** for giving more information about the noun. You (the translator) must be careful to understand which meaning the author intended in each case.
* Some languages use phrases that modify a noun **only** for distinguishing the noun from another similar item. When translating a phrase that is used for giving more information, translators who speak these languages will need to separate the phrase from the noun. Otherwise, people who read it or hear it will think that the phrase is meant to distinguish the noun from other similar items.
* Many source languages of the Bible use phrases that modify a noun both for distinguishing the noun from another similar item and also for giving more information about the noun. You (the translator) must be careful to understand which meaning the author intended in each case.
* Some languages use phrases that modify a noun only for distinguishing the noun from another similar item. When translating a phrase that is used for giving more information, translators who speak these languages will need to separate the phrase from the noun. Otherwise, people who read it or hear it will think that the phrase is meant to distinguish the noun from other similar items.
### Examples from the Bible
**Examples of words and phrases that are used to distinguish one item from other possible items**: These usually do not cause any problem in translation.
#### Examples of words and phrases that are used to distinguish one item from other possible items:
> … The curtain is to separate **the holy place** from **the most holy place**. (Exodus 26:33 ULT)
(These usually do not cause any problem in translation.)
> The curtain is to separate **the holy place** from **the most holy place**. (Exodus 26:33b ULT)
The words “holy” and “most holy” distinguish two different places from each other and from any other place.
@ -30,15 +31,17 @@ The words “holy” and “most holy” distinguish two different places from e
The phrase “who bore him” distinguishes which woman the son is bitterness to. He is not bitterness to all women, but to his mother.
**Examples of words and phrases that are used to give added information or a reminder about an item**: These are a translation issue for languages that do not use these.
#### Examples of words and phrases that are used to give added information or a reminder about an item:
> …for **your righteous judgments** are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
(These are a translation issue for languages that do not use these.)
The word “righteous” simply reminds us that God’s judgments are righteous. It does not distinguish his righteous judgements from his unrighteous judgements, because all of his judgments are righteous.
> … for **your righteous judgments** are good. (Psalm 119:39b ULT)
> Can Sarah, **who is ninety years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT)
The word “righteous” simply reminds us that God’s judgments are righteous. It does not distinguish his righteous judgments from his unrighteous judgments, because all of his judgments are righteous.
The phrase “who is ninety years old” is the reason that Abraham did not think that Sarah could bear a son. He was not distinguishing one woman named Sarah from another woman named Sarah who was a different age, and he was not telling anyone something new about her age. He simply did not think that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
> How can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
The phrase “who is 90 years old” is the reason that Abraham did not think that Sarah could bear a son. He was not distinguishing one woman named Sarah from another woman named Sarah who was a different age, and he was not telling anyone something new about her age. He simply did not think that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
> I will wipe away mankind **whom I have created** from the surface of the earth. (Genesis 6:7 ULT)
@ -48,28 +51,34 @@ The phrase “whom I have created” is a reminder of the relationship between G
If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider keeping the phrase and the noun together. For languages that use words or phrases with a noun only to distinguish one item from another, here are some strategies for translating phrases that are used to inform or remind.
1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
1. Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information. It may be by adding a small word, or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks, such as parentheses or commas.
(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose. (2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information. It may be by adding a small word, or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks, such as parentheses or commas.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.   
> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
>> **Because** idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.
> …for your **righteous** judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
>> …for your judgments are good **because** they are righteous.
> Can Sarah, **who is ninety years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase “who is ninety years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
>> Can Sarah bear a son **even when** she is ninety years old?
> I will call on Yahweh, **who is worthy to be praised** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
>> I will call on Yahweh, **because** he is worthy to be praised
> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols (Psalm 31:6 ULT)
> By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols. 
>
> > ** Because** idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them. 
>
> … for your **righteous** judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39b ULT)
>
> > … for your judgments are good **because** they are righteous.  
>
> Can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
> The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
>
> > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** she is 90 years old?  
>
> I will call on Yahweh, **who is worthy to be praised** (2 Samuel 22:4a ULT)
> There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
>
> > I will call on Yahweh, **because** he is worthy to be praised
(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information.
> You are my Son, **whom I love**. I am pleased with you. (Luke 3:22 ULT)
>> You are my Son. **I love you** and I am pleased with you.
>> **Receiving my love**, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.
> You are my Son, **whom I love**. I am pleased with you. (Luke 3:22 ULT)
>
> > You are my Son. **I love you** and I am pleased with you.
> > **Receiving my love**, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.

3
translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md
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>> “Be sure of this—wicked people will **certainly** be punished…”
> All things were made through him and **without** him there was **not** one thing made that has been made. (John 1:3 ULT)
>> “All things were made through him. He made **absolutely** everything that has been made.”
>> “All things were made through him. He made **absolutely** everything that has been made.”

2
translate/figs-euphemism/sub-title.md
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What is a Euphemism?
What is a euphemism?

2
translate/figs-events/sub-title.md
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Why are the events not listed in the order they happened, and how do I translate them?
Why are some events not listed in the order they happened, and how do I translate them?

2
translate/figs-exclusive/sub-title.md
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What is exclusive and inclusive “we”?
What are the exclusive and inclusive forms of “we”?

2
translate/figs-grammar/sub-title.md
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What is some basic information about English Grammar?
What is some basic information about English grammar?

2
translate/figs-inclusive/sub-title.md
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What is inclusive and exclusive “we”?
What are the inclusive and exclusive forms of “we”?

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translate/figs-informremind/sub-title.md
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When phrases are used with nouns, what are phrases that inform or remind and how can I translate them?
When phrases are used with nouns, what are phrases that inform or remind, and how can I translate them?

2
translate/figs-possession/sub-title.md
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What is possession and how can I translate phrases that have it?
What is possession and how can I translate phrases that show it?

2
translate/figs-pronouns/sub-title.md
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What are pronouns and what kinds of pronouns are in some languages?
What are pronouns, and what kinds of pronouns are in some languages?

2
translate/figs-youformal/sub-title.md
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What are formal and informal “you”?
What are the formal and informal “you”?

7
translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal/01.md
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### Goal (or Purpose) Relationship
#### Definition
#### Description
A Goal Relationship is a logical relationship in which the second event is the purpose or goal of the first event. In order for something to be a Goal relationship, someone must do the first event with the intention that it will cause the second event.
A Goal Relationship is a logical relationship in which the second event is the purpose or goal of the first event. In order for something to be a goal relationship, someone must do the first event with the intention that it will cause the second event.
#### Reason this is a translation issue
@ -74,5 +74,4 @@ If your language uses Goal or Purpose relationships in the same way as in the te
> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him **and take over his inheritance**.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
>> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him **so that we can take over his inheritance**.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him **so that they could take over his inheritance**.
>> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him **so that we can take over his inheritance**.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him **so that they could take over his inheritance**.

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translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases/sub-title.md
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How do connecting words work to connect parts of the text in different ways?
How do connecting words work to join parts of the text in different ways?

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translate/resources-alter/sub-title.md
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What translating decision should I make when I see “Alternate Translation:” in the notes?
What translating decision should I make when I see “alternate translation:” in the notes?

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translate/resources-fofs/sub-title.md
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How will I know if the translationNote is about a Figure of Speech?
How will I know if the translationNote is about a figure of speech?

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translate/translate-discover/sub-title.md
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How Do I Discover the Meaning of the Text?
How do I discover the meaning of the text?

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translate/translate-dynamic/sub-title.md
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What are Meaning Based Translations?
What are meaning-based translations?

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translate/translate-levels/01.md
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@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ A good translation requires that the meaning be the same in the target language
There are many different levels of meaning in any text, including the Bible. These levels include:
* Meaning of words
* Meaning of phrases
* Meaning of sentences
* Meaning of paragraphs
* Meaning of chapters
* Meaning of books
* meaning of words
* meaning of phrases
* meaning of sentences
* meaning of paragraphs
* meaning of chapters
* meaning of books
### Words Have Meaning

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translate/translate-wforw/sub-title.md
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Why should I not translate using word for word substitution?
Why should I not translate using word-for-word substitution?

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translate/translate-whatis/sub-title.md
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What is Translation?
What is translation?