Small fixes -- mostly removing stray spaces (#535)

Co-authored-by: Robert Hunt <Freely.Given.org@gmail.com>
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/pulls/535
Co-authored-by: Robert Hunt <robh@noreply.door43.org>
Co-committed-by: Robert Hunt <robh@noreply.door43.org>

.gitignore

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 .idea
 .DS_Store
+desktop.ini

LICENSE.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 **unfoldingWord® Translation Academy**
 
-**Copyright © 2020 by unfoldingWord**
+**Copyright © 2021 by unfoldingWord**
 
-This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.
+This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.
 
 unfoldingWord® is a registered trademark of unfoldingWord. Use of the unfoldingWord name or logo requires the written permission of unfoldingWord. Under the terms of the CC BY-SA license, you may copy and redistribute this unmodified work as long as you keep the unfoldingWord® trademark intact. If you modify a copy or translate this work, thereby creating a derivative work, you must remove the unfoldingWord® trademark.
 

README.md

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 ## Description
 
-[unfoldingWord® Translation Academy](https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta) (UTA) is a modular handbook that provides a condensed explanation of Bible translation and checking principles that the global Church has implicitly affirmed define trustworthy translations. It enables translators to learn how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.
+[unfoldingWord® Translation Academy](https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta) (UTA) is a modular handbook that provides a condensed explanation of Bible translation and checking principles that the global church has implicitly affirmed define trustworthy translations. It enables translators to learn how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.
 
 ## Downloading
 
-If you want to download unfoldingWord® Translation Academy to use, go here: [https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta](https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta). UTA is also included in [tS](http://ufw.io/ts) and [tC](http://ufw.io/tc).
+If you want to download unfoldingWord® Translation Academy to use, go here: [https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta](https://www.unfoldingword.org/uta). UTA is also included in [tS](https://ufw.io/ts) and [tC](https://ufw.io/tc).
 
 ## Improving UTA
 
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ UTA is written in a simple Markdown format and organized according to the [Resou
 
 Each manual has its own directory in this repository (for example, the Checking Manual is in the [checking](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/checking) directory). Each module has its own directory inside of these manual directories. Inside each of these are three files:
 
-* `01.md` - This is the main body of the module
-* `sub-title.md` - This file contians the question that the module is intended to answer.
-* `title.md` - This contains the title of the module
+* `01.md` — This is the main body of the module
+* `sub-title.md` — This file contains the question that the module is intended to answer.
+* `title.md` — This contains the title of the module
 
 There are also YAML formatted files in each manual’s directory. The `toc.yaml` file is for encoding the Table of Contents and the `config.yaml` file is for encoding dependencies between the modules.
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ There are also YAML formatted files in each manual’s directory. The `toc.yaml`
 
 ### UTA Translation Philosophy
 
-To learn the philosophy of how to translate the UTA please see the [Translate unfoldingWord® Translation Academy](http://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gl_translation.html#translating-translationacademy) article in the [Gateway Language Manual](http://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/).
+To learn the philosophy of how to translate the UTA please see the [Translate unfoldingWord® Translation Academy](https://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gl_translation.html#translating-translationacademy) article in the [Gateway Language Manual](https://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/).
 
 NOTE: The Bible was originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. In these languages, masculine pronouns and terms can apply to both men and women. The same is true in English, and in this manual we often use masculine terms to refer to both men and women. For example, in this manual we often use masculine pronouns to refer to people like you (and other translators) who will use this manual. But we do not intend to say that only men can use this manual or to say that only men can translate the Bible. We are simply using masculine terms to refer to both men and women.
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ If you are translating online, please fork the [Door43-Catalog/en_ta](https://gi
 * *Do not* rename any files or directories. Only translate what is inside the files.
 * The `config.yaml` and `toc.yaml` files do not need to be changed unless you add a new module. When you are finished translating, you may want to update the `title` fields in the `toc.yaml` file, but you shouldn’t make any other changes in those files.
 * Images that are included in UTA should be no more than 600px wide. NOTE: If you use the images already in UTA, you do not need to translate the names of the image files. They will work in their current format.
-* Hyperlinks (links to other articles or to other pages on the internet) follow this pattern: `[text to display](http://www.example.com)`. You can translate the “text to display” inside the square brackets but not the web address that follows inside the parentheses.
+* Hyperlinks (links to other articles or to other pages on the internet) follow this pattern: `[text to display](https://www.example.com)`. You can translate the “text to display” inside the square brackets but not the web address that follows inside the parentheses.
 
 You are free to add additional modules. In order for the new modules to be included, all of the following conditions need to be satisfied:
 
@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ You are free to add additional modules. In order for the new modules to be inclu
 
 ## License
 
-See the [LICENSE](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/LICENSE.md) file for licensing information.
+See the [LICENSE](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/LICENSE.md) file for licensing information.

checking/acceptable/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Translation in an Acceptable Style
 
 As you read the new translation, ask yourself these questions. These are questions that will help determine whether or not the translation has been done in a style that is acceptable to the language community:
@@ -8,4 +7,4 @@ As you read the new translation, ask yourself these questions. These are questio
 1. Does the translation use too many words that were borrowed from another language, or are these words acceptable to the language community?
 1. Did the writer use an appropriate form of the language acceptable to the wider language community? (Is the writer familiar with the dialects of your language found throughout the area? Did the writer use a form of the language that all of the language community understands well, or did he use a form that is used in only a small area?)
 
-If there is a place where the translation uses language in the wrong style, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
+If there is a place where the translation uses language in the wrong style, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.

checking/accuracy-check/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Checking the Translation for Accuracy by Pastors and Church Leaders
 
 It is very important to make sure that the new translation is accurate. A translation is accurate when it communicates the same meaning as the original. In other words, an accurate translation communicates the same message that the original writer intended to communicate. A translation can be accurate even though it uses more or fewer words or puts the ideas in a different order. Often this is necessary in order to make the original message clear in the target language.
@@ -40,7 +39,6 @@ These questions can also be helpful for finding anything that might be inaccurat
 * Were the people introduced in each story doing the same things as those mentioned in the source language translation? (Was it easy to see who was doing the events of the new translation when it was compared to the source language?)
 * Are there any unfoldingWord® Translation Words used in the new translation that do not match your understanding of the words in the source version? Think about things like this: How do your people talk about a priest (one who sacrifices to God) or a temple (the sacrifice place of the Jews) without using a word borrowed from the source language?
 * Are the phrases used in the new translation helpful in understanding the more difficult phrases of the source translation? (Are the phrases of the new translation put together in a way that brings better understanding yet still fits with the meaning of the source language translation?)
-* Another way to determine if the text is accurate is to ask comprehension questions about the translation, such as, “who did what, when, where, how, and why?” There are questions that have already been prepared to help with this. (To view the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions go to http://ufw.io/tq/.) The answers to those questions should be the same as the answers to those questions about the source language translation. If they are not, there is a problem in the translation.
+* Another way to determine if the text is accurate is to ask comprehension questions about the translation, such as, “who did what, when, where, how, and why?” There are questions that have already been prepared to help with this. (To view the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions go to https://ufw.io/tq/.) The answers to those questions should be the same as the answers to those questions about the source language translation. If they are not, there is a problem in the translation.
 
 For more general types of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
-

checking/alignment-tool/01.md

@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ Because each target language will have different requirements for sentence struc
 
 If you are a Quality Checker, after you have finished aligning a Bible book and making questions and comments about the translation, it is time to either send the questions to the translation team or plan to meet together with the translation team and discuss them. For the steps to complete this process, return to where you left off on the [Steps for Quality Checkers](../vol2-steps/01.md) page.
 
-To learn more about the kinds of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
+To learn more about the kinds of things that need to be checked, go to [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).

checking/alphabet/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### The Alphabet for the Translation
 
 As you read the translation, ask yourself these questions about the way words are spelled. These questions will help to determine if an appropriate alphabet has been chosen to represent the sounds of the language. They will also help to determine if words have been written in a consistent way so that the translation will be easy to read.
@@ -7,4 +6,4 @@ As you read the translation, ask yourself these questions about the way words ar
 1. Is the spelling used in the book consistent? (Are there rules that the writer should follow to show how words change in different situations? Can they be described so others will know how to read and write the language easily?)
 1. Has the translator used expressions, phrases, connectors, and spellings that will be recognized by most of the language community?
 
-If there is something about the alphabet or spelling that is not right, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
+If there is something about the alphabet or spelling that is not right, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.

checking/authority-process/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Explanation
 
 #### Accountability

checking/church-leader-check/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Accuracy Checking by Church Leaders
 
 After the translation has been checked by community members for clarity and naturalness, it will be checked by church leaders for accuracy. These are the guidelines for these church leaders who do the accuracy checking. They should be mother-tongue speakers of the target language and also understand well one of the languages in which the source text is available. They should not be the same people who did the translation. They should be church leaders who know the Bible well. Usually these reviewers will be pastors. These church leaders should represent as many of the different church networks in the language community as possible.
@@ -13,4 +12,3 @@ These reviewers should follow these steps:
 1. After you (the accuracy checker) have reviewed several chapters or one book of the Bible, meet with the translation team and ask about each problem that you have discovered. Discuss with the translation team how they might adjust the translation in order to fix each problem. Make plans to meet again with the translation team at a later time, after they have had time to adjust the translation and test it with the community.
 1. Meet again with the translation team to verify that they have fixed the problems.
 1. Affirm that the translation is good on the [Accuracy Affirmation](../good/01.md) page.
-

checking/clear/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### A Clear Translation
 
 A translation should be clear. That means that someone reading or hearing it can easily understand what it is trying to say. It is possible to see if a translation is clear by reading it to yourself. But it is even better if you read it out loud to someone else from the language community. As you read the translation, ask yourself (or the person that you are reading to) questions like those listed below to see if the translated message is clear. For this section of testing, do not compare the new translation with the source language translation. If there is a problem at any place, make a note of it so that you can discuss the problem with the translation team at a later time.
@@ -12,4 +11,3 @@ Additional help:
 
 * One way to determine if the text is clear is to read a few verses at a time out loud and ask someone listening to retell the story after each section. If the person can easily restate your message, then the writing is clear. For other methods of testing the translation, see [Other Methods](../other-methods/01.md).
 * If there is a place where the translation is not clear, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
-

checking/community-evaluation/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 This page can be used as a checklist for the work of the Community Checkers. This page can be printed, filled in by the translation team and community leaders, and kept as a record of the process of checking that was done for this translation.
 
 
@@ -28,4 +27,7 @@ Please also answer the following questions. The answers to these questions will
 <br>
 <br>
 
-The community leaders might want to add their own information to this or make a summary statement about how acceptable this translation is to the local community. The wider church leadership will have access to this information, and it will help them to understand and to have confidence in the checking process that has been done so far. This will help them to validate the translation as approved by the local Christian community both when they do the Accuracy Check and when they do the final Validation Check.
+The community leaders might want to add their own information to this or make a summary statement about how acceptable this translation is to the local community. The wider church leadership will have access to this information, and it will help them to understand and to have confidence in the checking process that has been done so far. This will help them to validate the translation as approved by the local Christian community both when they do the Accuracy Check and when they do the final Validation Check.
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>

checking/complete/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### A Complete Translation
 
 The purpose of this section is to make sure that the translation is complete. In this section, the new translation must be compared to the source translation. As you (the translator or checker) compare the two translations, ask yourself these questions:
@@ -7,4 +6,4 @@ The purpose of this section is to make sure that the translation is complete. In
 1. Does the translation include all the verses of the book that was translated? (When you look at the verse numbering of the source language translation, are all of the verses included in the target language translation?) Sometimes there are differences in verse numbering between translations. For example, in some translations some verses are grouped together or sometimes certain verses are put in footnotes. Even though there may be these kinds of differences between the source translation and the target translation, the target translation is still considered to be complete. For more information, see [Complete Versification](../verses/01.md).
 1. Are there places in the translation where something seems to be left out, or there seems to be a different message than is found in the source language translation? (The wording and the order can be different, but the language that the translator used should give the same message as the source language translation.)
 
-If there is a place where the translation is not complete, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.
+If there is a place where the translation is not complete, make a note of that so that you can discuss it with the translation team.

checking/formatting/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 There are checks that you can do before, during, and after translation of a book of the Bible that will make the translation process go much easier so that the translation will look good and be as easy to read as possible. The modules on these topics are gathered here under Formatting and Publishing, but they are things that the translation team should be thinking about and deciding throughout the translation process.
 
 ### Before Translating
@@ -19,4 +18,3 @@ After finishing a book, you can check to make sure that all the verses are there
 
 1. Versification (see [Complete Versification](../verses/01.md))
 1. Section Headings (see [Section Headings](../headings/01.md))
-

checking/goal-checking/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Why Check?
 
 The goal of checking is to help the translation team produce a translation that is accurate, natural, clear, and accepted by the church. The translation team also wants to achieve this goal. This might seem easy, but it is actually very difficult to do, and achieving it takes many people and many, many revisions to the translation. For this reason, the checkers play a very important role in helping the translation team to produce a translation that is accurate, natural, clear, and accepted by the church.
@@ -17,4 +16,4 @@ The checkers who are members of the language community will also help the transl
 
 #### Church-approved
 
-The checkers who are members of a church in the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is approved and accepted by the church in that community. They will do this by working together with members and leaders of other churches from the language community. When members and leaders that represent the churches of a language community work together and agree that the translation is good, then it will be accepted and used by the churches in that community. (For more information about translations that are approved by the church, see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md).)
+The checkers who are members of a church in the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is approved and accepted by the church in that community. They will do this by working together with members and leaders of other churches from the language community. When members and leaders that represent the churches of a language community work together and agree that the translation is good, then it will be accepted and used by the churches in that community. (For more information about translations that are approved by the church, see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md).)

checking/good/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Documentation for Affirmation of Accuracy and Community Evaluation
 
 We, as church leaders in our language community, affirm the following:
@@ -26,4 +25,3 @@ Names and positions of the Accuracy checkers:
     * Position:
 * Name:
     * Position:
-

checking/headings/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Decisions about Section Headings
 
 One of the decisions that the translation team will have to make is whether or not to use section headings. Section headings are like titles to each section of the Bible that begins a new topic. The section heading lets people know what that section is about. Some Bible translations use them, and others do not. You (the translator) may want to follow the practice of the Bible in the national language that most people use. You will also want to find out what the language community prefers.
@@ -17,4 +16,4 @@ There are many different kinds of section headings. Here are some different kind
 * Question: “Does Jesus have authority to heal and forgive sins?” This one creates a question that the information in the section answers. People who have a lot of questions about the Bible may find this especially helpful.
 * “About” comment: “About Jesus healing a paralyzed man.” This kind of heading explicitly tells the reader what the section is about. This may be the one that makes it easiest to see that the heading is not a part of the words of the Bible.
 
-As you can see, it is possible to make many different kinds of section headings, but they all have the same purpose. They all give the reader information about the main topic of the section of the Bible that follows. Some headings are shorter, and some headings are longer. Some give only a little information, and some give more information. You may want to experiment with the different kinds, and ask people which kind they think is most helpful for them.
+As you can see, it is possible to make many different kinds of section headings, but they all have the same purpose. They all give the reader information about the main topic of the section of the Bible that follows. Some headings are shorter, and some headings are longer. Some give only a little information, and some give more information. You may want to experiment with the different kinds, and ask people which kind they think is most helpful for them.

checking/important-term-check/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### How to do a translationWord check in translationCore®
 
 1. Sign in to translationCore®

checking/intro-check/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Translation Checking Manual
 
 This manual describes how to check Bible translations in Other Languages (OLs) for accuracy, clarity, and naturalness. (For the process to check Gateway Languages (GLs), see the [Gateway Language Manual](https://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)). This Translation Checking Manual also discusses the importance of obtaining approval for the translation and the translation process from the church leaders of the language area.
@@ -8,4 +7,4 @@ The manual begins with instructions for checking the translation that the transl
 After this, the translation team will need to check the translation with the [Language Community](../language-community-check/01.md) for clarity and naturalness. This is necessary because other speakers of the language can often suggest better ways of saying things that the translation team may not have thought of. Sometimes the translation team makes the translation sound strange because they are following the words of the source language too closely. Other speakers of the language can help them fix that.
 Another check that the translation team can do at this point is [Church Leader Check](../accuracy-check/01.md) (or OL pastor check). Since the OL pastors are familiar with the Bible in the Gateway Language (GL), they can check the translation for accuracy to the GL Bible. They can also catch mistakes that the translation team did not see because the translation team is so close to and involved in their work. Also, the translation team may lack some of the expertise or knowledge of the Bible that other OL pastors might have who are not part of the translation team. In this way, the whole language community can work together to make sure that the Bible translation is accurate, clear, and natural in the target language.
 
-A further check for the accuracy of the Bible translation is to align it to the original languages of the Bible using the [Word Alignment](../alignment-tool/01.md) tool in Translation Core. After all of these checks have been performed and the translation has been aligned, the leaders of the OL church networks will want to [Review](../vol2-steps/01.md) the translation and give their [Endorsement](../level3-approval/01.md). Because many leaders of church networks do not speak the language of the translation, there are also instructions for creating a [Back Translation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md), which allows people to check a translation in a language that they do not speak.
+A further check for the accuracy of the Bible translation is to align it to the original languages of the Bible using the [Word Alignment](../alignment-tool/01.md) tool in Translation Core. After all of these checks have been performed and the translation has been aligned, the leaders of the OL church networks will want to [Review](../vol2-steps/01.md) the translation and give their [Endorsement](../level3-approval/01.md). Because many leaders of church networks do not speak the language of the translation, there are also instructions for creating a [Back Translation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md), which allows people to check a translation in a language that they do not speak.

checking/intro-checking/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Translation Checking
 
 #### Introduction
@@ -25,4 +24,4 @@ This Checking Manual is a guide to the process of checking. It will guide you th
 
 For more examples of the things that need to be checked, see [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
 
-**Credits: Quotation used by permission, © 2013, SIL International, Sharing Our Native Culture, p. 69.**
+**Credits: Quotation used by permission, © 2013, Juan Tuggy P., Victor Raúl Paredes E., Sharing Our Native Culture, p. 69.**

checking/language-community-check/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Language Community Check
 
 After the translation team has completed the steps of drafting and checking as a team and performed the checks in translationCore, the translation is ready to be checked by the target language community. The community will help the translation team to make the translation communicate its message clearly and naturally in the target language. To do this, the translation committee will choose people to be trained in the process of community checking. These could be the same people who have been doing the translating.
@@ -9,7 +8,7 @@ To check a translation for naturalness and clarity, it is not helpful to compare
 
 To check for naturalness, you will read or play a recording of a section of the translation to members of the language community. Before you read or play the translation, tell the people listening that you want them to stop you if they hear something that is not natural in their language. (For more information on how to check a translation for naturalness, see [Natural Translation](../natural/01.md).) When they stop you, ask what was not natural, and ask how they would say it in a more natural way. Write down or record their answer, along with the chapter and verse where this phrase was, so that the translation team can consider using this way of saying the phrase in the translation.
 
-To check the translation for clarity, there is a set of questions and answers for each *Open Bible Story* and for each chapter of the Bible that you can use. When members of the language community can answer the questions easily, you will know that the translation is clear. (See http://ufw.io/tq/ for the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions.)
+To check the translation for clarity, there is a set of questions and answers for each *Open Bible Story* and for each chapter of the Bible that you can use. When members of the language community can answer the questions easily, you will know that the translation is clear. (See https://ufw.io/tq/ for the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions.)
 
 To use these questions, follow these steps:
 
@@ -31,4 +30,4 @@ To use these questions, follow these steps:
 
 9. Go to the Community Evaluation page and answer the questions there. (See [Language Community Evaluation Questions](../community-evaluation/01.md).)
 
-For more information about making a clear translation, see [Clear](../clear/01.md). There are also methods other than the Translation Questions that you can use to check a translation with the community. For these other methods, see [Other Methods](../other-methods/01.md).
+For more information about making a clear translation, see [Clear](../clear/01.md). There are also methods other than the Translation Questions that you can use to check a translation with the community. For these other methods, see [Other Methods](../other-methods/01.md).

checking/level3-approval/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Quality Checker Evaluation
 
 I, as a Quality Checker for the * <u>fill in name of church network or other organization</u> * Church Network or Organization serving the * <u>fill in the name of the language community</u> * language community, affirm that I have checked the translation of * <u>fill in name of the part of the Bible checked</u> * with members of the Translation Team, and also affirm the following:
@@ -14,4 +13,4 @@ Signed: <u>sign here</u>
 
 Position: <u>fill in your position here</u>
 
-For Gateway Languages, you will need to follow the [Source Text Process](../../process/source-text-process/01.md) so that your translation can become a source text.
+For Gateway Languages, you will need to follow the [Source Text Process](https://gl-manual.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gl_checking.html#source-text-creation) so that your translation can become a source text. 

checking/level3-questions/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Questions for Quality Checkers or Church Network Delegates
 
 If the Church Network leadership or Translation Committee has given you the task of checking the accuracy of the translation in the role of a Quality Checker (QC), you can use these questions to guide your evaluation of the translation.
@@ -38,4 +37,4 @@ If there were problems with the translation, make plans to meet with the transla
 
 For questions to guide you as you check individual passages of Scripture, go to: [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
 
-If the Church Network leadership or the Translation Committee want you to give a report of the results of your checking, you can use this form: [Translation Evaluation Form](../level3-approval/01.md).
+If the Church Network leadership or the Translation Committee want you to give a report of the results of your checking, you can use this form: [Translation Evaluation Form](../level3-approval/01.md).

checking/natural/01.md

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-
 ### A Natural Translation
 
 To translate the Bible so that it is natural means that the translation should sound like it was written by a member of the target language community. The translation should not sound like it was written by a foreigner. The translation should say things in the way that speakers of the target language say them. When a translation is natural, it is much easier to understand.
 
-To check a translation for naturalness, it is not helpful to compare it to the source language. During this check for naturalness, no one should look at the source language Bible. People will look at the source language Bible again for other checks––such as the check for accuracy––but not during this check.
+To check a translation for naturalness, it is not helpful to compare it to the source language. During this check for naturalness, no one should look at the source language Bible. People will look at the source language Bible again for other checks—such as the check for accuracy—but not during this check.
 
 To check a translation for naturalness, you or another member of the language community must read it out loud or play a recording of it. It is difficult to evaluate a translation for naturalness when you are only looking at it on paper. But when your people hear the language, they will know immediately if it sounds right or not.
 
@@ -11,4 +10,4 @@ You can read it out loud to one other person who speaks the target language or t
 
 It is helpful to think about a situation in your village in which people would talk about the same kind of thing that the translation is talking about. Imagine people that you know talking about that thing, and then say it out loud in that way. If others agree that that is a good and natural way to say it, then write it that way in the translation.
 
-It can also be helpful to read or play a passage of the translation several times. People might notice different things each time that they hear it, that is, things that could be said in a more natural way.
+It can also be helpful to read or play a passage of the translation several times. People might notice different things each time that they hear it, that is, things that could be said in a more natural way.

checking/other-methods/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Other Checking Methods
 
 As well as asking questions, there are other checking methods that you may also use to ensure that the translation is [clear](../clear/01.md), easy to read, and sounds [natural](../natural/01.md) to the listeners. Here are some other methods that you may like to try:
@@ -12,4 +11,3 @@ As well as asking questions, there are other checking methods that you may also
 * **Reviewer Input**: Let others whom you respect read your translation. Ask them to take notes and tell you where it might be improved. Look for better word choices, more natural expressions, and also spelling adjustments.
 
 * **Discussion Groups**: Ask people to read the translation out loud in a group of people and allow the people to ask questions for clarification. Pay attention to the words they use, since alternate words and expressions come up when someone is trying to make sense of a difficult point. These alternate words and expressions might be better than the ones in the translation. Write them down, along with the chapter and verse that they are about. The translation team can use these to improve the translation. Also make note of the places where people do not understand the translation so that the translation team can make those places clearer.
-

checking/peer-check/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### How to do an Oral Partner Check
 
 At this point, you (the translator) should have already gone through the steps of drafting at least one chapter of your translation, following the guidelines in the module called [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md). Now you are ready for others to help you to check it, to find any errors or problems, and to make it better. You (or your translation team) should check your translation before you translate very many stories or chapters of the Bible, so that you can correct mistakes as early as possible in the translation process. Many of the steps in this process will need to be done several times before the translation is finished. To do an Oral Partner Check, follow these steps.

checking/publishing/01.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 * Throughout the translation and checking process, the translation draft will be uploaded to and maintained in a repository under the username that you have chosen on the Door43 website. This is where translationStudio and translationCore send the drafts when you tell them to upload.
 * When checking has been completed and all appropriate edits have been made to the translation on door43, the checkers or church leaders will inform unfoldingWord of their desire to publish. They will provide unfoldingWord with the documents affirming that the [Pastors](../good/01.md), the [Community](../community-evaluation/01.md), and the [Church Network Leaders](../level3-approval/01.md) affirm that the translation is trustworthy. The documents also contain an affirmation of the unfoldingWord [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md) and the unfoldingWord [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md). All translated content is expected to be in accordance with the theology of the Statement of Faith. We also expect that the translators have followed the procedures and methodologies of the Translation Guidelines. unfoldingWord has no way to verify the accuracy of the translations or the affirmations, and so we rely on the integrity of the leadership of the church networks.
-* After obtaining these affirmations, unfoldingWord will then make a copy of the translation that is on Door43, digitally publish a static copy of it on the unfoldingWord website (see http://www.unfoldingword.org), and make it available on the unfoldingWord mobile app. A print-ready PDF will also be produced and made available for download. It will continue to be possible to change the checked version on Door43, allowing for future checking and editing.
+* After obtaining these affirmations, unfoldingWord will then make a copy of the translation that is on Door43, digitally publish a static copy of it on the unfoldingWord website (see https://www.unfoldingword.org), and make it available on the unfoldingWord mobile app. A print-ready PDF will also be produced and made available for download. It will continue to be possible to change the checked version on Door43, allowing for future checking and editing.
 * unfoldingWord will also need to know the version number of the source that was used for the translation. This number will be incorporated into the version number for the translation so that it will be easy to keep track of the state of the source and the translation as they both improve and change over time. For information about version numbers, see [Source Texts and Version Numbers](../../translate/translate-source-version/01.md).
 
 ### Ongoing Checking
 
-The process and checking framework described in this document depends on an ongoing process of checking and revising content, as determined by the Church that uses the content. We encourage each translation team to continue to accept feedback from the language and church community. By doing so, they can continue to improve the translation by incorporating corrections and including better ways of saying things as people discover them. For that reason, the translations of the content continue to be made available on the translation platform (see http://door43.org) indefinitely so that users can continue to improve it. We recommend that the translation committee invite input from the language community to Door43, and appoint one or more people to monitor the issues that people submit there for the translation. These people can make corrections to the translation and discuss other suggested changes with the translation committee. Over time, the committee may decide to adjust the style of the translation as well, such as to add or remove implied information or to use newer words or phrases. By maximizing input in this way from the greatest number of users of the content, the Church can work together to create biblical content that increases in quality and usability over time.
+The process and checking framework described in this document depends on an ongoing process of checking and revising content, as determined by the Church that uses the content. We encourage each translation team to continue to accept feedback from the language and church community. By doing so, they can continue to improve the translation by incorporating corrections and including better ways of saying things as people discover them. For that reason, the translations of the content continue to be made available on the translation platform (see https://door43.org) indefinitely so that users can continue to improve it. We recommend that the translation committee invite input from the language community to Door43, and appoint one or more people to monitor the issues that people submit there for the translation. These people can make corrections to the translation and discuss other suggested changes with the translation committee. Over time, the committee may decide to adjust the style of the translation as well, such as to add or remove implied information or to use newer words or phrases. By maximizing input in this way from the greatest number of users of the content, the Church can work together to create biblical content that increases in quality and usability over time.

checking/punctuation/01.md

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-
 “Punctuation” refers to the marks that indicate how a sentence is to be read or understood. Examples include the indicators of pauses such as the comma or period and the quotation marks that surround the exact words of a speaker. In order for the reader to be able to read and understand the translation correctly, it is important that you (the translator) use punctuation consistently.
 
 Before translating, the translation team will need to decide on the methods of punctuation that you will use in the translation. It may be easiest to adopt the method of punctuation that the national language uses, or that a national language Bible or related language Bible uses. Once the team decides on a method, make sure that everyone follows it. It may be helpful to distribute a guide sheet to each of the team members with examples on it of the correct use of different punctuation marks.
 
-Even with the guide sheet, it is common for translators to make mistakes in punctuation. Because of this, after a book has been translated, we recommend importing it into ParaText. You can enter the rules for punctuation in the target language into ParaText, and then run the different punctuation checks that ParaText can perform. ParaText will list all of the places where it finds punctuation errors and show them to you. You can then review these places to see if there is an error there or not. If there is an error, you can fix the error. After running these punctuation checks, you can be confident that your translation is using punctuation correctly.
+Even with the guide sheet, it is common for translators to make mistakes in punctuation. Because of this, after a book has been translated, we recommend importing it into ParaText. You can enter the rules for punctuation in the target language into ParaText, and then run the different punctuation checks that ParaText can perform. ParaText will list all of the places where it finds punctuation errors and show them to you. You can then review these places to see if there is an error there or not. If there is an error, you can fix the error. After running these punctuation checks, you can be confident that your translation is using punctuation correctly.

checking/self-assessment/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Self-assessment of Translation Quality
 
 The objective of this module is to describe a process by which the Church can reliably determine for themselves the quality of a translation. This assessment is intended to suggest some of the most important techniques for checking a translation. It does not describe every conceivable check that could be employed. Ultimately, the Church must make the decisions regarding what checks are used, when they are done, and who does those checks.
@@ -7,11 +6,11 @@ The objective of this module is to describe a process by which the Church can re
 
 This assessment method employs two types of statements. Some are “yes/no” statements, where a negative response indicates a problem that must be resolved. Other sections use an equally-weighted method that provides translation teams and checkers with statements about the translation. Each statement should be scored by the person doing the check (beginning with the translation team) on a scale of 0-2:
 
-**0** - disagree
+**0** — disagree
 
-**1** - agree somewhat
+**1** — agree somewhat
 
-**2** - strongly agree
+**2** — strongly agree
 
 At the end of the review, the total value of all responses in a section should be added up. If the responses accurately reflect the state of the translation, this value will provide the reviewer with an approximation of the probability that the translated chapter is of excellent quality. This assessment method is designed to be simple and provide the reviewer with an objective way to determine where the work needs improvement. **For example, if the translation scores relatively well in “Accuracy” but quite poorly in “Naturalness” and “Clarity,” then the translation team needs to do more community checking.**
 
@@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ Circle either “0” or “1” or “2” for each statement below.
 
 **no | yes** Church leaders who have checked this translation are first-language speakers of the target language, and include someone who understands well one of the languages in which the source text is available.
 
-**no | yes** People from the language community––both men and women, old and young––have reviewed the translation of this chapter and agree that it is natural and clear.
+**no | yes** People from the language community—both men and women, old and young—have reviewed the translation of this chapter and agree that it is natural and clear.
 
 **no | yes** Church leaders from at least two different church networks have reviewed the translation of this chapter and agree that it is accurate.
 

checking/spelling/01.md

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-
 In order for the reader to be able to read and understand the translation easily, it is important that you (the translator) spell words consistently. This can be difficult if there is not a tradition of writing or spelling in the target language. When there are several people working on different parts of a translation, they may spell the same words differently from each other. For that reason, it is important for the translation team to meet together before they start translating to talk about how they plan to spell words.
 
 As a team, discuss the words that are difficult to spell. If the words have sounds in them that are difficult to represent, then you may need to make a change in the writing system that you are using (see [Alphabet/Orthography](../../translate/translate-alphabet/01.md)). If the sounds in the words can be represented in different ways, then the team will need to agree on how to spell them. Make a list of the agreed-upon spellings of these words in alphabetical order. Make sure that each member of the team has a copy of this list so that they can consult it when translating. Add other difficult words to the list as you come across them, and make sure that these are added to everyone’s list with the same spelling. It may be helpful to use a spreadsheet to maintain your spelling list. This can be easily updated and shared electronically, or printed out periodically.
 
 The names of people and places in the Bible can be difficult to spell because many of them are unknown in target languages. Be sure to include these in your spelling list.
 
-Computers can be a great help for checking spelling. If you are working on a Gateway Language, a word processor may have a dictionary already available. If you are translating into an Other Language, you can use the find-and-replace feature of a word processor to fix misspelled words. ParaText also has a spell check feature which will find all variant spellings of words. It will present these to you, and then you can choose which spellings you have decided to use.
+Computers can be a great help for checking spelling. If you are working on a Gateway Language, a word processor may have a dictionary already available. If you are translating into an Other Language, you can use the find-and-replace feature of a word processor to fix misspelled words. ParaText also has a spell check feature which will find all variant spellings of words. It will present these to you, and then you can choose which spellings you have decided to use.

checking/team-oral-chunk-check/01.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 To check the translation of a passage or chapter as a team, do a Team Oral Chunk Check. To do this, each translator will read his translation out loud to the rest of the team. At the end of each chunk, the translator will stop so that the team can discuss that chunk. Ideally, each written translation is projected where all can see it while the translator reads the text orally.
 
-The duties of the team members are divided - it is important that each team member only plays one of the following roles at a time.
+The duties of the team members are divided—it is important that each team member only plays one of the following roles at a time.
 
 1. One or more team members listen for naturalness. If something is unnatural, at the end of reading the chunk, they recommend a more natural way to say it.
 1. One or more team members follow along in the source text, noting anything that is added, is missing, or is changed. At the end of reading the chunk, they alert the team that something was added, was missing, or was changed.
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ At this point, the translation is considered a first draft, and the team needs t
 
 1. Someone on the translation team needs to enter the text into translationStudio. If the team has been using translationStudio from the beginning of drafting, then all that needs to be entered at this point are the changes that the team has made.
 1. A new audio recording should be made of the translation, incorporating all of the changes and improvements that the team has made.
-1. The translationStudio files and the audio recording should be uploaded to the team repository on Door43.
+1. The translationStudio files and the audio recording should be uploaded to the team repository on Door43.

checking/trans-note-check/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-How do I do a translationNotes check?
+How do I do a translationNotes check?

checking/verses/01.md

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-
 It is important that your target language translation include all of the verses that are in the source language Bible. You do not want some verses to be missing by mistake. But remember that there can be good reasons why some Bibles have certain verses that other Bibles do not have.
 
 ### Reasons for Missing Verses
 
-1. **Textual Variants** - There are some verses that many Bible scholars do not believe were original to the Bible, but were added later. Therefore, the translators of some Bibles chose not to include those verses, or chose to include them only as footnotes. (For more information about this, see [Textual Variants](../../translate/translate-textvariants/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide whether you will include these verses or not.
-1. **Different Numbering** - Some Bibles use a different system of verse numbering than other Bibles. (For more information about this, see [Chapter and Verse Numbers](../../translate/translate-chapverse/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide which system to use.
-1. **Verse Bridges** - In some translations of the Bible, the contents of two or more verses are rearranged so that the order of information is more logical or easier to understand. When that happens, the verse numbers are combined, such as 4-5 or 4-6. The UST does this sometimes. Because not all of the verse numbers appear (or they do not appear where you expect them to be), it might look like some verses are missing. But the contents of those verses are there. (For more information about this, see [Verse Bridges](../../translate/translate-versebridge/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide whether to use verse bridges or not.
+1. **Textual Variants** — There are some verses that many Bible scholars do not believe were original to the Bible, but were added later. Therefore, the translators of some Bibles chose not to include those verses, or chose to include them only as footnotes. (For more information about this, see [Textual Variants](../../translate/translate-textvariants/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide whether you will include these verses or not.
+1. **Different Numbering** — Some Bibles use a different system of verse numbering than other Bibles. (For more information about this, see [Chapter and Verse Numbers](../../translate/translate-chapverse/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide which system to use.
+1. **Verse Bridges** — In some translations of the Bible, the contents of two or more verses are rearranged so that the order of information is more logical or easier to understand. When that happens, the verse numbers are combined, such as 4-5 or 4-6. The UST does this sometimes. Because not all of the verse numbers appear (or they do not appear where you expect them to be), it might look like some verses are missing. But the contents of those verses are there. (For more information about this, see [Verse Bridges](../../translate/translate-versebridge/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide whether to use verse bridges or not.
 
 ### Checking for Missing Verses
 
-Here is one way to check your translation for missing verses. After a book has been translated, import the translation into ParaText, and then run the check for “chapter/verse numbers.” ParaText will give you a list of all the places in that book where verses are missing. You can then look at each of those places and decide if the verse is missing because of one of the three reasons above, or if it is missing by mistake and you need to go back and translate that verse.
+Here is one way to check your translation for missing verses. After a book has been translated, import the translation into ParaText, and then run the check for “chapter/verse numbers.” ParaText will give you a list of all the places in that book where verses are missing. You can then look at each of those places and decide if the verse is missing because of one of the three reasons above, or if it is missing by mistake and you need to go back and translate that verse.

checking/vol2-backtranslation-guidelines/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### 1. Show the Target Language Usage for Words and Clauses
 
 For the purposes of this module, “target language” refers to the language into which the Bible draft was made, and “language of wider communication” refers to the language into which the back translation is being made.
@@ -27,4 +26,4 @@ Sometimes words in the target language will be more complex than words in the la
 
 ### 2. Use the Language of Wider Communication Style for Sentence and Logical Structure
 
-The back translation should use the sentence structure that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the structure that is used in the target language. This means that the back translation should use the word order that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the word order that is used in the target language. The back translation should also use the way of relating phrases to each other and the way of indicating logical relations (such as cause or purpose) that are natural for the language of wider communication. This will make it easier for the checker to read and to understand the back translation. This will also speed up the process of checking the back translation.
+The back translation should use the sentence structure that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the structure that is used in the target language. This means that the back translation should use the word order that is natural for the language of wider communication, not the word order that is used in the target language. The back translation should also use the way of relating phrases to each other and the way of indicating logical relations (such as cause or purpose) that are natural for the language of wider communication. This will make it easier for the checker to read and to understand the back translation. This will also speed up the process of checking the back translation.

checking/vol2-backtranslation-kinds/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### What kinds of back translations are there?
 
 #### Oral
@@ -17,4 +16,4 @@ Third, when the back translation is written, the translation checker can also pr
 
 Even if there is not time for the checker to send his questions to the translation team before their meeting, they will still be able to review more material at the meeting than they would have been able to review otherwise because the checker has already read the back translation and has already prepared his questions. Because he has had this previous preparation time, he and the translation team can use their meeting time to discuss only the problem areas of the translation rather than reading through the entire translation at a slow pace (as is required when making an oral back translation).
 
-Fourth, the written back translation relieves the strain on the checker from having to concentrate for many hours at a time on hearing and understanding an oral translation as it is spoken to him. If the checker and translation team are meeting in a noisy environment, the difficulty of making sure that he hears every word correctly can be quite exhausting for the checker. The mental strain of concentration increases the likelihood that the checker will miss some problems with the result that they remain uncorrected in the biblical text. For these reasons, we recommend the use of a written back translation whenever possible.
+Fourth, the written back translation relieves the strain on the checker from having to concentrate for many hours at a time on hearing and understanding an oral translation as it is spoken to him. If the checker and translation team are meeting in a noisy environment, the difficulty of making sure that he hears every word correctly can be quite exhausting for the checker. The mental strain of concentration increases the likelihood that the checker will miss some problems with the result that they remain uncorrected in the biblical text. For these reasons, we recommend the use of a written back translation whenever possible.

checking/vol2-backtranslation-purpose/01.md

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-
 ### Why is a back translation necessary?
 
 The purpose of a back translation is to allow a consultant or checker of biblical material who does not understand the target language to be able to see what is in the target language translation, even though he or she does not understand the target language. In this way, the checker can “look through” the back translation and check the target language translation without knowing the target language. Therefore, the language of the back translation needs to be a language that both the back translator (that is, the person doing the back translation) and the checker understand well. Often this means that the back translator will need to translate the target language text back into the same language of wider communication that was used for the source text.
 
 Some people might consider this to be unnecessary, since the biblical text already exists in the source language. But remember that the purpose of the back translation is to allow the checker to see what is in the target language translation. The checker cannot see what is in the target language translation by reading the original source language text. In order to see what is in the target language translation, the back translator must make a new translation back into the language of wider communication that is based only on the target language translation. For this reason, the back translator *must not* look at the source language text when doing his back translation, but *must look only* at the target language text. In this way, the checker can identify any problems that might exist in the target language translation and work with the translator to fix those problems.
 
-A back translation can also be very useful in improving the target language translation even before the checker uses it to check the translation. When the translation team reads the back translation, they can see how the back translator has understood their translation. Sometimes, the back translator has understood their translation in a different way than they intended to communicate. In those cases, they can change their translation so that it communicates more clearly the meaning that they intended. When the translation team is able to use the back translation in this way before they give it to the checker, they can make many improvements to their translation. When they do this, the checker can do his checking much more rapidly, because the translation team was able to correct many of the problems in the translation before meeting with the checker.
+A back translation can also be very useful in improving the target language translation even before the checker uses it to check the translation. When the translation team reads the back translation, they can see how the back translator has understood their translation. Sometimes, the back translator has understood their translation in a different way than they intended to communicate. In those cases, they can change their translation so that it communicates more clearly the meaning that they intended. When the translation team is able to use the back translation in this way before they give it to the checker, they can make many improvements to their translation. When they do this, the checker can do his checking much more rapidly, because the translation team was able to correct many of the problems in the translation before meeting with the checker.

checking/vol2-backtranslation-who/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Who should do the back translation?
 
 To do a good back translation, the person must have three qualifications.
@@ -6,4 +5,3 @@ To do a good back translation, the person must have three qualifications.
 1. The back translator should be someone who is a mother-tongue speaker of the local target language and who also speaks the language of wider communication well. In order to make a written back translation, he must also be able to read and write both languages well.
 1. The back translator must be someone who was not involved in making the local target language translation that he is back translating. This is because someone who made the local target language translation already knows what he intended the translation to mean, and will put that meaning in the back translation with the result that it looks the same as the source translation. But it is possible that a speaker of the local target language who did not work on the local target language translation will understand the translation differently, or will not understand parts of it at all. The checker wants to know what these other meanings are that other speakers of the local target language will understand from the translation so that he can work with the translation team to make those places communicate the right meaning more clearly.
 1. The back translator should be someone who does not know the Bible well. This is because the back translator must give only the meaning that he understands from looking at the target language translation, not from knowledge that he might have from reading the Bible in another language.
-

checking/vol2-backtranslation-written/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 There are two kinds of written back translations.
 
 ### Interlinear Back Translation
@@ -7,4 +6,4 @@ In an interlinear back translation, the back translator puts a translation for e
 
 ### Free Back Translation
 
-A free back translation is one in which the back translator makes a translation in the language of wider communication in a separate space from the target language translation. The disadvantage of this method is that the back translation is not related as closely to the target language translation. However, the back translator can help to overcome this disadvantage when back translating the Bible by including the verse numbers and punctuation with the back translation. By referring to the verse numbers in both translations and carefully reproducing the punctuation marks in their proper places, the translation checker can keep track of which part of the back translation represents which part of the target language translation. The advantage of this method is that the back translation can use the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, and so it is much easier for the translation checker to read and understand. Even while using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, however, the back translator should remember to translate the words in a literal way. This provides the most beneficial combination of literalness and readability for the checker. We recommend that the back translator use this method of free back translation.
+A free back translation is one in which the back translator makes a translation in the language of wider communication in a separate space from the target language translation. The disadvantage of this method is that the back translation is not related as closely to the target language translation. However, the back translator can help to overcome this disadvantage when back translating the Bible by including the verse numbers and punctuation with the back translation. By referring to the verse numbers in both translations and carefully reproducing the punctuation marks in their proper places, the translation checker can keep track of which part of the back translation represents which part of the target language translation. The advantage of this method is that the back translation can use the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, and so it is much easier for the translation checker to read and understand. Even while using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication, however, the back translator should remember to translate the words in a literal way. This provides the most beneficial combination of literalness and readability for the checker. We recommend that the back translator use this method of free back translation.

checking/vol2-backtranslation/01.md

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-
 ### What is a back translation?
 
 A back translation is a translation of the biblical text from the local target language (the OL) back into the language of wider communication (the GL). It is called a “back translation” because it is a translation in the opposite direction than what was done to create the local target language translation. The purpose of a back translation is to allow someone who does not speak the target language to know what the target language translation says.
 
-However, a back translation is not done in a completely normal style, because it does not have naturalness as a goal in the language of the translation (which is in this case, the language of wider communication). Instead, the goal of the back translation is to represent the words and expressions of the local language translation in a literal way, while also using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication. In this way, the translation checker can most clearly see the meaning of the words in the target language text, but can also understand the back translation well and read it more quickly and easily.
+However, a back translation is not done in a completely normal style, because it does not have naturalness as a goal in the language of the translation (which is in this case, the language of wider communication). Instead, the goal of the back translation is to represent the words and expressions of the local language translation in a literal way, while also using the grammar and word order of the language of wider communication. In this way, the translation checker can most clearly see the meaning of the words in the target language text, but can also understand the back translation well and read it more quickly and easily.

checking/vol2-steps/01.md

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-
-
 ### Steps for Quality Checkers
 
 These are steps for the Quality Checkers or Church Network Delegates to follow when checking a translation for accuracy on behalf of a Church Network. These steps assume that the checker has direct access to the translator or translation team, and can ask questions face-to-face as the checker and the translation team review the translation together. If this is not possible, then the checker should write down the questions for the translation team to review. This could be done using the comment feature of translationCore (preferably), or in the margins of a printed translation draft, or even in a spreadsheet.
@@ -25,7 +23,7 @@ If you speak the target language, then you can read or hear the translation and
 
 #### Using a Written Back Translation
 
-Even if you do not speak the target language, you can communicate to the translation team in the Gateway Language and help them to improve their translation. In that case, you will need to work from a back translation in the Gateway Language. This can be oral as you meet with the translation team, or in written form. If it is written, it can be written separately from the translation, or it can be written as an interlinear––that is, with a line of back translation written under each line of the translation. It is easier to compare the translation to the back translation when they are written as an interlinear, and it is easier to read a back translation that is written separately. Each method has its own strength. The person who makes the back translation should be someone who was not involved in making the translation. See [Back Translation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md) for more details.
+Even if you do not speak the target language, you can communicate to the translation team in the Gateway Language and help them to improve their translation. In that case, you will need to work from a back translation in the Gateway Language. This can be oral as you meet with the translation team, or in written form. If it is written, it can be written separately from the translation, or it can be written as an interlinear—that is, with a line of back translation written under each line of the translation. It is easier to compare the translation to the back translation when they are written as an interlinear, and it is easier to read a back translation that is written separately. Each method has its own strength. The person who makes the back translation should be someone who was not involved in making the translation. See [Back Translation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md) for more details.
 
 1. If possible, review the back translation in written form before meeting with the translator or translation team face-to-face. This will give you time to think about the passage and to do further research on questions that arise because of what the back translation says. It will also save a lot of time when you meet with the translation team, because there will be a lot of text that you do not need to talk about because you read it in the back translation and it did not have problems. When you meet together, you will be much more productive because you can spend all of your time on the problem areas.
 1. As you work through the back translation, make notes of questions that you want to ask the translator, either for clarification or to help the translator think about possible problems with the translation.
@@ -47,4 +45,4 @@ Some questions will need to be set aside for later, after the checking session.
 
 Make sure that the translation team is keeping a [list of the Key Words](../../translate/translate-key-terms/01.md) (important terms) from the Bible passages that they are translating, along with the term in the target language that they have decided to use for each of these important terms. You and the translation team will probably need to add to this list and modify the terms from the target language as you progress through the translation of the Bible. Use the list of Key Words to alert you when there are Key Words in the passage that you are translating. Whenever there is a Key Word in the Bible, make sure that the translation uses the term or phrase that has been chosen for that Key Word, and also make sure that it makes sense each time. If it does not make sense, then you will need to discuss why it makes sense in some places but not in others. Then you may need to modify or change the chosen term, or decide to use more than one term in the target language to fit different ways that the Key Word is used. One useful way to do this is to keep track of each important term on a spreadsheet, with columns for the source language term, the target language term, alternative terms and the Bible passages where you are using each term. We hope that this feature will be in future versions of translationStudio.
 
-For ideas of what kinds of things to check, see: [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).
+For ideas of what kinds of things to check, see: [Types of Things to Check](../vol2-things-to-check/01.md).

checking/vol2-things-to-check/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Types of Things to Check
 
 These are things to check as you look at a passage of Scripture to check it for accuracy. Pastors who speak the target language can use these guidelines, as well as Quality Checkers who do not speak the target language.
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ These are things to check as you look at a passage of Scripture to check it for
     1. Check for any meaning that appears to be different than the meaning of the source text.
 
 1. Check to make sure that the main point or the theme of the passage is clear. Ask the translation team to summarize what the passage is saying or teaching. If they choose a minor point as the primary one, they might need to adjust the way that they translated the passage.
-1. Check that the different parts of the passage are connected in the right way – that the reasons, additions, results, conclusions, etc. in the Bible passage are marked with the proper connectors in the target language.
+1. Check that the different parts of the passage are connected in the right way — that the reasons, additions, results, conclusions, etc. in the Bible passage are marked with the proper connectors in the target language.
 1. Check for the consistency of the unfoldingWord® Translation Words, as explained in the last section of [Steps for Quality Checking](../vol2-steps/01.md). Ask how each term is used in the culture, who uses the terms, and on what occasions. Also ask what other terms are similar and what the differences are between the similar terms. This helps the translator (or translation team) to see if some terms might have unwanted meanings, and to see which term might be better. The translation might need to use different terms in different contexts.
 1. Check figures of speech. Where there is a figure of speech in the ULT, see how it has been translated and make sure it communicates the same meaning. Where there is a figure of speech in the translation, check to make sure it communicates the same meaning as in the GL Bible text.
 1. Check to see how abstract ideas were translated, such as love, forgiveness, joy, etc. Many of these are also Key Words.

intro/finding-answers/01.md

@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
-
 ### How to Get Answers
 
 There are several resources available for finding answers to questions:
 
-* **unfoldingWord® Translation Academy** - This training manual is available at http://ufw.io/ta and has much information including:
-    * [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) - introduces this resource, the Gateway Languages strategy, and translation
-    * [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) - answers the question “what next?”
-    * [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) - explains the basics of translation theory and provides practical translation helps
-    * [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) - explains the basics of checking theory and best practices
-* **Door43 Slack** - Join the Door43 community, post your questions to the “#helpdesk” channel, and get real-time answers to your questions (sign up at http://ufw.io/door43)
-* **Door43 Forum** - A place to ask questions and get answers to technical, strategic, translation, and checking issues, https://forum.door43.org/
-* **Helpdesk** - email <help@door43.org> with your questions
-
+* **unfoldingWord® Translation Academy** — This training manual is available at https://ufw.io/ta and has much information including:
+  * [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) — introduces this resource, the Gateway Languages strategy, and translation
+  * [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) — answers the question “what next?”
+  * [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) — explains the basics of translation theory and provides practical translation helps
+  * [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) — explains the basics of checking theory and best practices
+* **Door43 Slack** — Join the Door43 community, post your questions to the “#helpdesk” channel, and get real-time answers to your questions (sign up at https://ufw.io/door43)
+* **Door43 Forum** — A place to ask questions and get answers to technical, strategic, translation, and checking issues, https://forum.door43.org/
+* **Helpdesk** — email <help@door43.org> with your questions

intro/gl-strategy/01.md

@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-
-**The official version of this document is found at http://ufw.io/gl/.**
+**The official version of this document is found at https://ufw.io/gl/.**
 
 ### Explanation
 
-The objective of the gateway languages strategy is to equip 100% of the people groups that comprise the global Church with biblical content that is released from copyright restrictions and made available in a language they understand well (a language of wider communication, also known as a “gateway language”) together with unrestricted translation training and tools that enable them to translate it into a language they understand fully (their own language). A “gateway language” is a language of wider communication through which second-language speakers of that language can gain access to content and translate it into their own language.
+The objective of the Gateway Languages strategy is to equip 100% of the people groups that comprise the global Church with biblical content that is released from copyright restrictions and made available in a language they understand well (a language of wider communication, also known as a “gateway language”) together with unrestricted translation training and tools that enable them to translate it into a language they understand fully (their own language). A Gateway Language is a language of wider communication through which second-language speakers of that language can gain access to content and translate it into their own language.
 
-The “gateway languages” at the world level comprise the smallest number of languages through which content can be delivered to every other language, via translation by bilingual speakers. For example, French is a gateway language for minority languages in Francophone Africa since content available in French can be translated by bilingual speakers from French into their own languages.
+The Gateway Languages at the world level comprise the smallest number of languages through which content can be delivered to every Other Language via translation by bilingual speakers. For example, French is a Gateway Language for minority languages in francophone Africa since content available in French can be translated by bilingual speakers from French into their own languages.
 
-At the country level, the gateway languages of a given country are the fewest languages of wider communication required for bilingual speakers in every minority language native to the country (not located there due to immigration) to gain access to content. For example, English is the gateway language for North Korea, because all people groups native to North Korea can be reached by translation of content into their language from English.
+At the country level, the gateway languages of a given country are the fewest languages of wider communication required for bilingual speakers in every minority language native to the country (not located there due to immigration) to gain access to content. For example, English is the Gateway Language for North Korea, because all people groups native to North Korea can be reached by translation of content into their language from English.
 
 ### Effects
 
-This model has two basic effects: First, it empowers all languages to “pull” content to their language once the content and helps have been “pushed” into a gateway language, thereby making that content accessible to every language of the world. Second, it limits the amount of translation that needs to be done as the translation helps only have to be translated into the gateway language. All other languages can translate only the biblical content, since no language will be dependent upon them for understanding the translation helps.
+This model has two basic effects: First, it empowers all languages to “pull” content to their language once the content and helps have been “pushed” into a Gateway Language, thereby making that content accessible to every language of the world. Second, it limits the amount of translation that needs to be done as the translation helps only have to be translated into the Gateway Language. All Other Languages can translate only the biblical content, since no language will be dependent upon them for understanding the translation helps.

intro/open-license/01.md

@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-
 ### A License for Freedom
 
-To achieve our vision of **the church in every people group and the Bible in every language**, a license is needed that gives the global church “unrestricted” access. We believe this movement will become unstoppable when the Church has unrestricted access. The [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) provides all the needed rights for translation and distribution of biblical content and ensures that the content remains unrestricted. Except where otherwise noted, all our content is licensed CC BY-SA.
+To achieve our vision of **the church in every people group and the Bible in every language**, a license is needed that gives the global church “unrestricted” access. We believe this movement will become unstoppable when the Church has unrestricted access. The [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) provides all the needed rights for translation and distribution of biblical content and ensures that the content remains unrestricted. Except where otherwise noted, all our content is licensed CC BY-SA.
 
 **The official license for Door43 is found at https://door43.org/en/legal/license.**
 
 ### Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
 
-This is a human-readable summary of (and not a substitute for) the [license](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
+This is a human-readable summary of (and not a substitute for) the [license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
 
 #### You are free to:
 
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ This principle applies to trademarks from other organizations as well. The CC BY
 
 On the derivative work, you must indicate what changes you have made and attribute the work as follows: “The original work by unfoldingWord is available from unfoldingword.org/uta.” You must also make your derivative work available under the same license (CC BY-SA).
 
-Suggested attribution statement for Door43 works: “Original work created by the Door43 World Missions Community, available at http://door43.org/, and released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). This work has been changed from the original, and the original authors have not endorsed this work.”
+Suggested attribution statement for Door43 works: “Original work created by the Door43 World Missions Community, available at https://door43.org/, and released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). This work has been changed from the original, and the original authors have not endorsed this work.”
 
 Other works on Door43 may have different suggestions for attribution, please check the LICENSE files that are distributed with the content.
 
@@ -55,9 +54,9 @@ Contributors to projects on Door43 agree that **the attribution that occurs auto
 
 Source texts may only be used if they have one of the following licenses:
 
-* **[CC0 Public Domain Dedication (CC0)](http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)**
-* **[CC Attribution (CC BY)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)**
-* **[CC Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**
-* **[Free Translate License](http://ufw.io/freetranslate/)**
+* **[CC0 Public Domain Dedication (CC0)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)**
+* **[CC Attribution (CC BY)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)**
+* **[CC Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**
+* **[Free Translate License](https://ufw.io/freetranslate/)**
 
 See [Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](../../translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md) for more information.

intro/open-license/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-What freedoms do users have with unfoldingWord® content?
+What freedoms do users have with unfoldingWord® content?

intro/statement-of-faith/01.md

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
+**The official version of this document is found at https://ufw.io/faith.**
 
-**The official version of this document is found at http://ufw.io/faith.**
-
-The following statement of faith is in agreement with these historical creeds: [Apostles’ Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/apostles.md), [Nicene Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/nicene.md), and [Athanasian Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/athanasian.md); and also the [Lausanne Covenant](http://www.lausanne.org/en/documents/lausanne-covenant.html).
+The following statement of faith is in agreement with these historical creeds: [Apostles’ Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/apostles.md), [Nicene Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/nicene.md), and [Athanasian Creed](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_creeds/src/master/content/athanasian.md); and also the [Lausanne Covenant](https://www.lausanne.org/en/documents/lausanne-covenant.html).
 
 We believe that Christian belief can and should be divided into **essential beliefs** and **peripheral beliefs** (Romans 14).
 

intro/ta-intro/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Welcome to unfoldingWord® Translation Academy
 
 unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is a collection of information and instruction on the topic of Bible translation. The primary users that we have in mind are church-based mother-tongue translators. It is written in simple language wherever possible and is intended to enable anyone, anywhere to equip themselves so that they will be able to make high-quality translations of biblical content into their own language.
@@ -7,7 +6,7 @@ unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is designed to be highly flexible. It is mod
 
 unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is organized into the following sections:
 
-* [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) - introduces this resource, the Gateway Languages strategy, and translation
-* [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) - answers the question “what next?”
-* [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) - explains the basics of translation theory and offers practical Bible translation helps
-* [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) - explains the basics of checking theory and best practices for checking translations
+* [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) — introduces this resource, the Gateway Languages strategy, and translation
+* [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) — answers the question “what next?”
+* [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) — explains the basics of translation theory and offers practical Bible translation helps
+* [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) — explains the basics of checking theory and best practices for checking translations

intro/toc.yaml

@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ sections:
     link: gl-strategy
 
   - title: "Finding Answers"
-    link: finding-answers
+    link: finding-answers

intro/translate-why/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 The purpose of unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is to train you to become a Bible translator. Translating God’s Word into your language to help your people grow as disciples of Jesus is an important task. You must be committed to this task, take your responsibility seriously, and pray that the Lord will help you.
 
 God has spoken to us in the Bible. He inspired the writers of the Bible to write his Word using the Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek languages. There were about 40 different authors writing from around 1400 B.C. to A.D. 100. These documents were written in the Middle East, North Africa and Europe. By recording his Word in those languages, God ensured that the people at those times and in those places could understand it.

intro/translation-guidelines/01.md

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-
-**The official version of this document is found at http://ufw.io/guidelines/.**
+**The official version of this document is found at https://ufw.io/guidelines/.**
 
 The following statement on the principles and procedures used in translation is subscribed to by unfoldingWord and its contributors. All translation activities are carried out according to these common guidelines.
 
@@ -18,10 +17,9 @@ The quality of a translation generally refers to the fidelity of the translation
 The specific steps involved may vary significantly, depending on the language and context of the translation project. Generally, we consider a good translation to be one that has been reviewed by the speakers of the language community and also by the leadership of the church in the language group so that it is:
 
 1. **Accurate, Clear, Natural, and Equal** — Faithful to the intended meaning of the original, as determined by the Church in that people group and in alignment with the Church global and historical, and consequently:
-1. **Affirmed by the Church** - Endorsed and used by the Church. (see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md))
+1. **Affirmed by the Church** — Endorsed and used by the Church. (see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md))
 
 We also recommend that the translation work be:
 
 1. **Collaborative** — Where possible, work together with other believers who speak your language to translate, check, and distribute the translated content, ensuring that it is of the highest quality and available to as many people as possible. (see [Create Collaborative Translations](../../translate/guidelines-collaborative/01.md))
 1. **Ongoing** — Translation work is never completely finished. Encourage those who are skilled with the language to suggest better ways to say things when they notice that improvements can be made. Any errors in the translation should also be corrected as soon as they are discovered. Also encourage the periodic review of translations to ascertain when revision or a new translation is needed. We recommend that each language community form a translation committee to oversee this ongoing work. Using the unfoldingWord® online tools, these changes to the translation can be made quickly and easily. (see [Create Ongoing Translations](../../translate/guidelines-ongoing/01.md))
-

intro/uw-intro/01.md

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-
 The vision of unfoldingWord is **the church in every people group and the Bible in every language**.
 
 Jesus commanded his disciples to make disciples of EVERY people group:
 
-> Jesus came to them and spoke to them, saying, “All authority has been given to me in heaven and on the earth.  Go, therefore, and make disciples of all the nations. Baptize them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Teach them to obey all the things that I have commanded you. See, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.” (Matthew 28:18-20 ULT)
+> Jesus came to them and spoke to them, saying, “All authority has been given to me in heaven and on the earth. Go, therefore, and make disciples of all the nations. Baptize them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Teach them to obey all the things that I have commanded you. See, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.” (Matthew 28:18-20 ULT)
 
 We have the promise that people from EVERY language will be in heaven:
 
@@ -17,11 +16,11 @@ Understanding the Word of God in one’s heart language is important:
 
 How do we accomplish the goal of **the church in every people group and the Bible in every language**?
 
-* [Church-Centric Bible Translation](https://www.ccbt.bible/) - By working with other like-minded churches and organizations
-* [Statement of Faith](../statement-of-faith/01.md) - By working with those who have the same beliefs
-* [Translation Guidelines](../translation-guidelines/01.md) - By using a common translation theory
-* [Open License](../open-license/01.md) - By releasing everything we create under an open license
-* [Gateway Languages Strategy](../gl-strategy/01.md) - By making Biblical content available to translate from a known language
+* [Church-Centric Bible Translation](https://www.ccbt.bible/) — By working with other like-minded churches and organizations
+* [Statement of Faith](../statement-of-faith/01.md) — By working with those who have the same beliefs
+* [Translation Guidelines](../translation-guidelines/01.md) — By using a common translation theory
+* [Open License](../open-license/01.md) — By releasing everything we create under an open license
+* [Gateway Languages Strategy](../gl-strategy/01.md) — By making biblical content available to translate from a known language
 
 ### What Do We Do?
 
@@ -29,23 +28,22 @@ How do we accomplish the goal of **the church in every people group and the Bibl
 
 We create and make available for translation free and unrestricted biblical content. See https://www.unfoldingword.org/content for a complete list of resources and translations. Here are a few samples:
 
-* **unfoldingWord® Open Bible Stories** - unrestricted visual Bible stories comprising 50 key stories of the Bible, from Creation to Revelation, for evangelism and discipleship, in print, audio, and video (see https://www.openbiblestories.org/).
-* **unfoldingWord® Literal Text** - a ‘form-centric’ translation of the Bible *for translators*. It increases the translator’s understanding of the lexical and grammatical composition of the underlying text by adhering closely to the word order and structure of the originals (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/ult).
-* **unfoldingWord® Simplified Text** - a ‘functional’ translation of the Bible *for translators*. It increases the translator’s understanding of the text by simplifying grammar, adding implied information, and translating theological terms as descriptive phrases (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/ust).
-* **unfoldingWord® Translation Notes** - linguistic, cultural, and exegetical helps for translators. They exist for Open Bible Stories and the Bible (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/utn).
-* **unfoldingWord® Translation Questions** - questions for each chunk of text that translators and checkers can ask to help ensure that their translation is understood correctly. Available for Open Bible Stories and the Bible (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/utq).
-* **unfoldingWord® Translation Words** - a list of important Biblical terms with a short explanation, cross references, and translation aids. Useful for Open Bible Stories and the Bible (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/utw).
+* **unfoldingWord® Open Bible Stories** — unrestricted visual Bible stories comprising 50 key stories of the Bible, from Creation to Revelation, for evangelism and discipleship, in print, audio, and video (see https://www.openbiblestories.org/).
+* **unfoldingWord® Literal Text** — a ‘form-centric’ translation of the Bible *for translators*. It increases the translator’s understanding of the lexical and grammatical composition of the underlying text by adhering closely to the word order and structure of the originals (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/ult).
+* **unfoldingWord® Simplified Text** — a ‘functional’ translation of the Bible *for translators*. It increases the translator’s understanding of the text by simplifying grammar, adding implied information, and translating theological terms as descriptive phrases (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/ust).
+* **unfoldingWord® Translation Notes** — linguistic, cultural, and exegetical helps for translators. They exist for Open Bible Stories and the Bible (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/utn).
+* **unfoldingWord® Translation Questions** — questions for each chunk of text that translators and checkers can ask to help ensure that their translation is understood correctly. Available for Open Bible Stories and the Bible (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/utq).
+* **unfoldingWord® Translation Words** — a list of important biblical terms with a short explanation, cross references, and translation aids. Useful for Open Bible Stories and the Bible (see https://www.unfoldingword.org/utw).
 
 #### Tools
 
 We create translation, checking, and distribution tools that are free and open-licensed. See https://www.unfoldingword.org/tools for a complete list of tools. Here are a few samples:
 
-* **Door43** - an online translation platform where people can collaborate on translation and checking, also the content and translation management system (see https://door43.org/).
-* **translationStudio** - a mobile app and a desktop app where translators can do offline translating (see http://ufw.io/ts/).
-* **unfoldingWord app** - a mobile app where Open Bible Stories and Bible translations can be distributed (see http://ufw.io/uw/).
-* **translationCore** - a program that enables comprehensive checking of Bible translations (see https://translationcore.com).
+* **Door43** — an online translation platform where people can collaborate on translation and checking, also the content and translation management system (see https://door43.org/).
+* **translationStudio** — a mobile app and a desktop app where translators can do offline translating (see https://ufw.io/ts/).
+* **unfoldingWord app** — a mobile app where Open Bible Stories and Bible translations can be distributed (see https://ufw.io/uw/).
+* **translationCore** — a program that enables comprehensive checking of Bible translations (see https://translationcore.com).
 
 #### Training
 
 We create resources to train mother tongue translation teams. unfoldingWord® Translation Academy (this resource) is our primary training tool. We also have audio recording and training resources. See https://www.unfoldingword.org/training for a complete list of training materials.
-

manifest.yaml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ dublin_core:
   conformsto: 'rc0.2'
   contributor:
     - 'Jesse Griffin, BA in Biblical Studies, MA in Biblical Languages'
-    - 'Perry Oakes, PhD in Old Testament, MA in Linguistics'
+    - 'Perry Oakes, PhD in Old Testament, MA in Linguistics, MA in Theology, BA in Biblical Studies'
     - 'Susan Quigley, MA in Linguistics'
     - 'Henry Whitney, BA in Linguistics'
     - 'James N. Pohlig, M.Div., MA in Linguistics, D. Litt. in Biblical Languages'
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ dublin_core:
   description: 'A modular handbook that provides a condensed explanation of Bible translation and checking principles that the global Church has implicitly affirmed define trustworthy translations. It enables translators to learn how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.'
   format: 'text/markdown'
   identifier: 'ta'
-  issued: '2020-10-29'
+  issued: '2021-06-28'
   language:
     identifier: 'en'
     title: 'English'
     direction: 'ltr'
-  modified: '2020-10-29'
+  modified: '2021-06-28'
   publisher: 'unfoldingWord®'
   relation:
     - 'en/ust'
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ dublin_core:
     -
       identifier: 'ta'
       language: 'en'
-      version: '14'
+      version: '21'
   subject: 'Translation Academy'
   title: 'unfoldingWord® Translation Academy'
   type: 'man'
-  version: '15'
+  version: '22'
 
 checking:
   checking_entity:

process/config.yaml

@@ -64,4 +64,4 @@ translation-overview:
   recommended:
     - intro-publishing
   dependencies:
-    - pretranslation-training
+    - pretranslation-training

process/intro-publishing/01.md

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-
 ### Publishing Overview
 
-Once a work has been uploaded to Door43, it is automatically available online under your user account. This is referred to as self-publishing. You will have access to a web version of your project at http://door43.org/u/user_name/project_name (where user_name is your username and project_name is your translation project). Both translationStudio and translationCore will give you the correct link when you upload. You can also browse all works on http://door43.org.
+Once a work has been uploaded to Door43, it is automatically available online under your user account. This is referred to as self-publishing. You will have access to a web version of your project at https://door43.org/u/user_name/project_name (where user_name is your username and project_name is your translation project). Both translationStudio and translationCore will give you the correct link when you upload. You can also browse all works on https://door43.org.
 
 From your Door43 project page you can:
 
@@ -12,4 +11,3 @@ From your Door43 project page you can:
 * Continue to edit and improve your project and keep track of all changes
 
 For more about distributing your project to others, see [Distribution](../intro-share/01.md).
-

process/intro-share/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Distribution Overview
 
 Biblical content is worthless unless it is distributed and used. One advantage of using the Door43 translation and publishing platform is that it provides multiple, simple ways of distributing content. On Door43:
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ The biggest factor that enables distribution of content is the [Open License](..
 * **Share** — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
 * **Adapt** — remix, transform, and build upon the material
 
-for any purpose, even commercial, without cost. “Freely you have received; freely give.” (Matthew 10:8)
+for any purpose, even commercial, without cost. “Freely you have received; freely give.” (Matthew 10:8b)
 
 For ways to share your translations both online and offline, see [Sharing Content](../share-content/01.md).
-

process/platforms/01.md

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-
 ### Recommended Platform
 
-The recommended platform for drafting Bible translations in the Door43 online community is translationStudio (http://ufw.io/ts/). The recommended platform for checking Bible translations is translationCore (http://ufw.io/tc/). You may set up translationStudio on Android, Windows, Mac, or Linux devices (see [Setting up translationStudio](../setup-ts/01.md) for more information). You may set up translationCore on Windows, Mac, or Linux devices. These platforms are free to download and use. They import and export Bible books in USFM format.
+The recommended platform for drafting Bible translations in the Door43 online community is translationStudio (https://ufw.io/ts/). The recommended platform for checking Bible translations is translationCore (https://ufw.io/tc/). You may set up translationStudio on Android, Windows, Mac, or Linux devices (see [Setting up translationStudio](../setup-ts/01.md) for more information). You may set up translationCore on Windows, Mac, or Linux devices. These platforms are free to download and use. They import and export Bible books in USFM format.
 
 ### Other Options
 
-If using translationStudio is not an option for your team, then you may consider using other online or offline tools. Please note: if you do not use translationStudio but do want to use other Bible translation software, then it will be your responsibility to ensure that your translated content is in USFM format (see [File Formats](../../translate/file-formats/01.md) for more information).
+If using translationStudio is not an option for your team, then you may consider using other online or offline tools. Please note: if you do not use translationStudio but do want to use other Bible translation software, then it will be your responsibility to ensure that your translated content is in USFM format (see [File Formats](../../translate/file-formats/01.md) for more information).

process/prechecking-training/01.md

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-
 ### Before Checking
 
 It is recommended that you consult the [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) frequently as you check your translation. Before you start checking, we recommend that you start working your way through the Checking Manual until you understand what is required for each check. As you work through the checking process, you will need to consult the Checking Manual frequently.
 
 Some information that the translation team should know before you start checking:
 
-* [Goal of Checking](../../checking/goal-checking/01.md) - What is the purpose of checking?
-* [Introduction to Translation Checking](../../checking/intro-checking/01.md) - Why do we need a team to check the translation?
+* [Goal of Checking](../../checking/goal-checking/01.md) — What is the purpose of checking?
+* [Introduction to Translation Checking](../../checking/intro-checking/01.md) — Why do we need a team to check the translation?

process/pretranslation-training/01.md

@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
-
 ### What to Know Before Translation
 
 It is recommended that you consult the [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) frequently as you translate. Before you start translating, we recommend that you start working your way through the Translation Manual at least until you know the difference between a literal translation and a meaning-based translation. Much of the rest of the Translation Manual can be used as a “just-in-time” learning resource.
 
 Some important subjects that everyone on the translation team must learn before starting a translation project include:
 
-* [The Qualities of a Good Translation](../../translate/guidelines-intro/01.md) - The definition of a good translation
-* [The Translation Process](../../translate/translate-process/01.md) - How a good translation is made
-    * [Form and Meaning](../../translate/translate-fandm/01.md) - The difference between form and meaning
-    * [Meaning-Based Translations](../../translate/translate-dynamic/01.md) - How to make a meaning-based translation
+* [The Qualities of a Good Translation](../../translate/guidelines-intro/01.md) — The definition of a good translation
+* [The Translation Process](../../translate/translate-process/01.md) — How a good translation is made
+    * [Form and Meaning](../../translate/translate-fandm/01.md) — The difference between form and meaning
+    * [Meaning-Based Translations](../../translate/translate-dynamic/01.md) — How to make a meaning-based translation
 
 Some other important topics as you get started also include:
 
-* [Choose a Translation Style](../../translate/choose-style/01.md) - Important decisions that must be made that will guide the translation process
-* [Choosing What to Translate](../../translate/translation-difficulty/01.md) - Suggestions for where to start translating
-* [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md) - How to make a first draft
-* [Help with Translating](../../translate/translate-help/01.md) - Using translation helps
+* [Choose a Translation Style](../../translate/choose-style/01.md) — Important decisions that must be made that will guide the translation process
+* [Choosing What to Translate](../../translate/translation-difficulty/01.md) — Suggestions for where to start translating
+* [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md) — How to make a first draft
+* [Help with Translating](../../translate/translate-help/01.md) — Using translation helps
 
 When you have [Set Up a Translation Team](../setup-team/01.md) and want to make a [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md) of your translation, use [translationStudio](../setup-ts/01.md). We recommend that you follow this [Translation Process](../translation-overview/01.md).
-

process/process-manual/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Welcome
 
 Welcome to Bible translation! We are pleased that you desire to translate God’s message into the language of your people, whether this is through translaton of Bible stories or books of Scripture. This Process Manual is a step-by-step guide to help translation teams know what they need to do from the start of a project to its completion. This guide will help a translation team from the initial setup to the final publishing of translated and checked content.
@@ -7,4 +6,4 @@ Welcome to Bible translation! We are pleased that you desire to translate God’
 
 Translation is a very complex task that takes commitment, organization, and planning. There are many required steps to take a translation from an idea to a completed, checked, distributed, and in-use translation. The information in this Process Manual will help you to know all of the necessary steps in the translation process.
 
-Translating the Bible requires many skills, so one of the first things that you need to think about is how to [choose a team](../setup-team/01.md) that can do this work.
+Translating the Bible requires many skills, so one of the first things that you need to think about is how to [choose a team](../setup-team/01.md) that can do this work.

process/setup-tc/01.md

@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ Instructions for using each tool can be found by clicking on the name of the too
 
 ### After Using translationCore®
 
-At any point, you may upload your work to [Door43](https://git.door43.org) by returning to the project list and clicking on the three-dot menu next to the project that you want to upload and choosing “Upload to Door43.” You can also save your project to a file on your computer. Once uploaded, Door43 will keep your work in a repository under your user name and you can access your work there (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)).
+At any point, you may upload your work to [Door43](https://git.door43.org) by returning to the project list and clicking on the three-dot menu next to the project that you want to upload and choosing “Upload to Door43.” You can also save your project to a file on your computer. Once uploaded, Door43 will keep your work in a repository under your user name and you can access your work there (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)).

process/setup-team/01.md

@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-
 ### Choosing a Team
 
 As you begin selecting a translation and checking team, there are many different types of people and roles that are needed. There are also specific qualifications that are needed for each team.
 
-* [Choosing a Translation Team](../../translate/choose-team/01.md) - Describes many of the roles that are needed
-* [Translator Qualifications](../../translate/qualifications/01.md) - Describes some of the skills needed by the translators
-* Remember that everyone on the team needs to sign a statement that they agree with (forms are available at http://ufw.io/forms/ ):
-    * [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md)
-    * [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md)
-    * [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md)
+* [Choosing a Translation Team](../../translate/choose-team/01.md) — Describes many of the roles that are needed
+* [Translator Qualifications](../../translate/qualifications/01.md) — Describes some of the skills needed by the translators
+* Remember that everyone on the team needs to sign a statement that they agree with (forms are available at https://ufw.io/forms)
+  * [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md)
+  * [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md)
+  * [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md)
 * Everyone on the team also needs to know the qualities of a good translation (see [The Qualities of a Good Translation](../../translate/guidelines-intro/01.md)).
 * The team also needs to know where they can find answers (see [Finding Answers](../../intro/finding-answers/01.md)).
 
@@ -16,14 +15,14 @@ As you begin selecting a translation and checking team, there are many different
 
 There are many decisions the translation team will need to make, many of them right at the beginning of the project. Included are the following:
 
-* [Choosing a Source Text](../../translate/translate-source-text/01.md) - Choosing a good source text is very important
-    * [Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](../../translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md) - Copyright issues must be considered when choosing a source text
-    * [Source Texts and Version Numbers](../../translate/translate-source-version/01.md) - Translating from the latest version of a source text is best
-* [Alphabet/Orthography](../../translate/translate-alphabet/01.md) - Many languages have alphabet decisions that need to be made
-* [Decisions for Writing Your Language](../../translate/writing-decisions/01.md) - Writing style, punctuation, translating names, spelling, and other decisions have to be made
-* [Translation Style](../../translate/choose-style/01.md) - The translation committee needs to agree on the style of the translation in the sense of how much they want it to imitate the form of the source, how much borrowing of words is allowed, and other topics. See also this section on making the translation [Acceptable](../../checking/acceptable/01.md).
-* [Choosing What to Translate](../../translate/translation-difficulty/01.md) - Books should be chosen based on the needs of the church and the difficulty of translation
+* [Choosing a Source Text](../../translate/translate-source-text/01.md) — Choosing a good source text is very important
+  * [Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](../../translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md) — Copyright issues must be considered when choosing a source text
+  * [Source Texts and Version Numbers](../../translate/translate-source-version/01.md) — Translating from the latest version of a source text is best
+* [Alphabet/Orthography](../../translate/translate-alphabet/01.md) — Many languages have alphabet decisions that need to be made
+* [Decisions for Writing Your Language](../../translate/writing-decisions/01.md) — Writing style, punctuation, translating names, spelling, and other decisions have to be made
+* [Translation Style](../../translate/choose-style/01.md) — The translation committee needs to agree on the style of the translation in the sense of how much they want it to imitate the form of the source, how much borrowing of words is allowed, and other topics. See also this section on making the translation [Acceptable](../../checking/acceptable/01.md).
+* [Choosing What to Translate](../../translate/translation-difficulty/01.md) — Books should be chosen based on the needs of the church and the difficulty of translation
 
 After the translation committee makes these decisions, it is good to write them down in a document that everyone involved in the translation can read. This will help everyone to make similar translation decisions and will avoid further arguments about these things.
 
-After choosing the translation team, it will be time to start giving them [Translation Training](../pretranslation-training/01.md).
+After choosing the translation team, it will be time to start giving them [Translation Training](../pretranslation-training/01.md).

process/setup-ts/01.md

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-
 ### Installing tS for Mobile
 
-The mobile (Android) edition of translationStudio is available from the [Google Play Store](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.translationstudio.androidapp ) or via direct download from http://ufw.io/ts/. If you install from the Play Store, then you will be notified by the Play Store when a new version is available. Note that you may also copy the installation file (apk) to other devices to share translationStudio with others without using the internet.
+The mobile (Android) edition of translationStudio is available from the [Google Play Store](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.translationstudio.androidapp ) or via direct download from https://ufw.io/ts/. If you install from the Play Store, then you will be notified by the Play Store when a new version is available. Note that you may also copy the installation file (apk) to other devices to share translationStudio with others without using the internet.
 
 ### Installing tS for Desktop
 
-The latest version of translationStudio for desktop or laptop computers (Windows, Mac, or Linux) is available from http://ufw.io/ts/. To install the program, navigate to the “Desktop” section and download the latest release. Note that you may also copy the installation file to other computers to share translationStudio with others without using the internet.
+The latest version of translationStudio for desktop or laptop computers (Windows, Mac, or Linux) is available from https://ufw.io/ts/. To install the program, navigate to the “Desktop” section and download the latest release. Note that you may also copy the installation file to other computers to share translationStudio with others without using the internet.
 
 ### Using tS
 
@@ -20,4 +19,3 @@ For more information on how to use translationStudio, please see the documentati
 1. Make sure that you have a translation team that can help you check your work (see [Training Before Checking Begins](../prechecking-training/01.md)).
 1. At any point, you may upload your work to [Door43](https://git.door43.org) by clicking on the three-dot menu and choosing Upload/Export. You will need to create a user name on Door43.
 1. Once uploaded, Door43 will keep your work in a repository under your user name and you can access your work there (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)).
-

process/share-content/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Sharing Content from tS and tC
 
 Sharing content that is in translationStudio is easy. For offine sharing, use the Backup feature from the tS menu. For online sharing, use the Upload feature from the tS menu. In translationCore, use the three-dot menu on the Projects page. For offline sharing, use either Export to USFM or Export to CSV. For online sharing, use Upload to Door43.
@@ -9,4 +8,4 @@ If you upload your work from translationStudio or translationCore, then it will
 
 ### Sharing Content Offline
 
-You can also generate and download documents from your project pages on Door43. Once you have downloaded these, you can transfer them to others however you would like, including printing and distributing paper copies.
+You can also generate and download documents from your project pages on Door43. Once you have downloaded these, you can transfer them to others however you would like, including printing and distributing paper copies.

process/translation-overview/01.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ After [Setting up a Translation Committee](../setup-team/01.md) and training tra
 4. Check the translation using the [translationNotes](../../checking/trans-note-check/01.md) and [translationWords](../../checking/important-term-check/01.md).
 5. Check the translation with the [Language Community](../../checking/language-community-check/01.md).
 6. Check the translation with [Pastors from the Language Community](../../checking/church-leader-check/01.md).
-7. Check the translation with [Leaders of Church Networks](../../checking/level3/01.md).
+7. Check the translation with [Leaders of Church Networks](../../checking/vol2-steps/01.md).
 8. [Publish](../intro-publishing/01.md) the translation on Door43, in print, and in audio, as desired.
 
 Repeat these steps with each story of Open Bible Stories, until you have finished all fifty.
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ After finishing Open Bible Stories, you will have gained enough skill and experi
 5. Check the translation with the [Language Community](../../checking/language-community-check/01.md).
 6. Check the translation with [Pastors from the Language Community](../../checking/church-leader-check/01.md).
 7. Align the translation with the original languages using the [Aligning Tool](../../checking/alignment-tool/01.md) in [translationCore](../setup-tc/01.md).
-8. Check the translation with [Leaders of Church Networks](../../checking/level3/01.md).
+8. Check the translation with [Leaders of Church Networks](../../checking/vol2-steps/01.md).
 9. [Publish](../intro-publishing/01.md) the translation on Door43, in print, and in audio, as desired.
 
 Repeat these steps with each Bible book.
 
-Plan to have someone from the translation team continue to maintain the translation on [Door43](http://git.door43.org), editing it to correct errors and improve it according to suggestions from the church community. The translation can easily be downloaded and reprinted as often as desired.
+Plan to have someone from the translation team continue to maintain the translation on [Door43](https://git.door43.org), editing it to correct errors and improve it according to suggestions from the church community. The translation can easily be downloaded and reprinted as often as desired.

translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md

@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
-
-
 ### Description
 
 The term “biblical imagery” refers in a general way to any kind of language in which an image is paired with an idea such that the image represents the idea. This general definition is applied most directly to [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) but can also include [similes](../figs-simile/01.md), [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md), and cultural models.
 
-We have included several modules about biblical imagery in order to tell about the various patterns of imagery found in the Bible. The patterns of pairings found in the Bible are often unique to the Hebrew and Greek languages. It is useful to recognize these patterns because they repeatedly present translators with the same problems regarding how to translate them. Once translators think through how they will handle these translation challenges, they will be ready to meet them anywhere they see the same patterns. See [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) for links to pages showing common patterns of pairings between ideas in similes and metaphors.
+We have included several modules about biblical imagery in order to tell about the various patterns of imagery found in the Bible. The patterns of pairings found in the Bible are often unique to the Hebrew and Greek languages. It is useful to recognize these patterns because they repeatedly present translators with the same problems regarding how to translate them. Once translators think through how they will handle these translation challenges, they will be ready to meet them anywhere they see the same patterns. See [Biblical Imagery — Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) for links to pages showing common patterns of pairings between ideas in similes and metaphors.
 
 ### Common Types of Biblical Imagery
 
 A **simile** is an explicit figure of speech that compares two items using one of the specific terms “like,” “as,” or “than.”
 
-A **metonymy** is an implicit figure of speech that refers to an item (either physical or abstract) not by its own name, but by the name of something closely related to it. See [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md) for a list of some common metonymies in the Bible.
+A **metonymy** is an implicit figure of speech that refers to an item (either physical or abstract) not by its own name, but by the name of something closely related to it. See [Biblical Imagery — Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md) for a list of some common metonymies in the Bible.
 
 A **metaphor** is a figure of speech which uses a physical image to refer to an abstract idea, either explicitly or implicitly. In our translation helps, we distinguish between three different types of metaphors: [simple metaphors](../figs-simetaphor/01.md), [extended metaphors](../figs-exmetaphor/01.md), and [complex metaphors](../figs-cometaphor/01.md).
 
@@ -24,8 +22,7 @@ An **extended metaphor** is an explicit metaphor that uses multiple images and m
 
 A **complex metaphor** is an implicit metaphor that uses multiple images and multiple ideas at the same time. Complex metaphors are very similar to extended metaphors, except that they are implied by the text rather than explicitly stated. Because of this, complex metaphors can be very difficult to identify in the Bible. For example, in Ephesians 6:10-20 the apostle Paul describes how a Christian should prepare to resist temptation by comparing abstract ideas to pieces of armor worn by a soldier. The term “full armor of God” is not a combination of several simple metaphors (where the belt represents truth, the helmet represents salvation, etc.). Rather, the unstated complex metaphor PREPARATION IS GETTING DRESSED underlies the entire description as a whole. The apostle Paul was using the physical Image of a soldier putting on his armor (that is, “GETTING DRESSED”) to refer to the abstract Idea (that is, “PREPARATION”) of a Christian preparing himself to resist temptation.
 
-In our translation helps, we use the term **cultural model** to refer to either an extended metaphor or a complex metaphor that is widely used within a specific culture but which may or may not be used within a different culture. See [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md) for a list of some cultural models found in the Bible.
-
+In our translation helps, we use the term **cultural model** to refer to either an extended metaphor or a complex metaphor that is widely used within a specific culture but which may or may not be used within a different culture. See [Biblical Imagery — Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md) for a list of some cultural models found in the Bible.
 
 ### Cultural Models
 
@@ -50,5 +47,3 @@ Another cultural model is found in Psalm 24, where the psalmist describes God as
 > Out of his mouth goes a sharp sword, so that with it he might strike the nations, and he will shepherd them with an iron rod. He tramples in the winepress of the fury of the wrath of **God Almighty**. He has a name written on his robe and on his thigh: “**King of kings and Lord of lords**.” (Revelation 19:15-16 ULT)
 
 This cultural model was very common in ancient Near Eastern cultures, and the ancient Israelites who read the Bible would have understood it easily because their nation was ruled by a king. However, many modern nations are not ruled by kings, so this specific cultural model is not as easily understood in many modern cultures.
-
-

translate/bita-animals/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving animals are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will somehow communicate  the concept of the Image.
+Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving animals are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will somehow communicate the concept of the Image.
 
 #### An ANIMAL HORN represents strength
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ A fowler is a person who catches birds, and a snare is a small trap.
 
 In Habakkuk and Hosea, Israel’s enemies who would come and attack them were compared to an eagle.
 
->  Their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an **eagle** hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULT)
+> Their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an **eagle** hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULT)
 
 > An **eagle** is coming over the house of Yahweh.
 > … Israel has rejected what is good,
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ In Matthew, Jesus called false prophets wolves because of the harm they did to p
 
 In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes because of the harm they did by teaching lies.
 
-> But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to him for baptism, he said to them, “You offspring of **vipers**, who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? (Matthew 3:7 ULT)
+> But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to him for baptism, he said to them, “You offspring of **vipers**, who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming?” (Matthew 3:7 ULT)
 
 #### EAGLES represent strength
 
@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau
 
 > For Yahweh says this, “See, the enemy will come flying like an **eagle**, spreading out his wings over Moab.” (Jeremiah 48:40 ULT)
 
-
 #### SHEEP or a FLOCK OF SHEEP represents people who need to be led or are in danger
 
 > My people have been a lost **flock**. Their shepherds have led them astray in the mountains. (Jeremiah 50:6 ULT)
@@ -91,4 +90,4 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau
 > Israel is a **sheep** scattered and driven away by lions. First the king of Assyria devoured him;
 > then after this, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon broke his bones. (Jeremiah 50:17 ULT)
 
-> See, I send you out as **sheep** in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
+> See, I send you out as **sheep** in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. (Matthew 10:16 ULT)

translate/bita-animals/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Animals
+Biblical Imagery — Animals

translate/bita-farming/01.md

@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
 
 > For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: ‘Plow your own **ground**, and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULT)
 >
-> When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it … This is the seed that was sown **beside the road**. That which was sown on **rocky ground** is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy … That which was sown **among the thorn plants**, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word…That which was sown on the **good soil**, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT)
+> When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it … This is the seed that was sown **beside the road**. That which was sown on **rocky ground** is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy … That which was sown **among the thorn plants**, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word… That which was sown on the **good soil**, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT)
 >
 > Break up your **unplowed ground**,
-> for it is time to seek Yahweh. Hosea 10:12 ULT)
+> for it is time to seek Yahweh. (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
 
 #### SOWING represents actions or attitudes, and REAPING represents judgment or reward
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
 
 #### THRESHING and WINNOWING represent the separation of evil people from good people
 
-After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a **threshing floor**, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to **thresh** it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and **winnow** the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff (waste) while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (See "thresh" and "winnow" pages in [unfoldingWord® Translation Words](http://ufw.io/tw/) for help translating thresh and winnow.)
+After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a **threshing floor**, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to **thresh** it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and **winnow** the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff (waste) while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (See “thresh” and “winnow” pages in [unfoldingWord® Translation Words](https://ufw.io/tw/) for help translating thresh and winnow.)
 
 > So I will **winnow** them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULT)
 >
@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a **thr
 >
 > For the land that drinks in the **rain** that often comes on it, and that produces plants useful to those for whom the land was also cultivated, receives a blessing from God. But land that bears thorns and thistles is worthless and is about to be cursed. Its end is to be burned. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULT)
 >
-> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord’s coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late **rains**. (James 5:7 ULT)
+> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord’s coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late **rains**. (James 5:7 ULT)

translate/bita-farming/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Farming
+Biblical Imagery — Farming

translate/bita-hq/01.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ In these verses, the body of Christ represents the group of people who follow Ch
 
 #### A BROTHER represents a person’s relatives, associates, or peers
 
-> For Mordecai the Jew was second to the King Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and favored by the multitude of his **brothers **… (Esther 10:3a ULT)
+> For Mordecai the Jew was second to the King Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and favored by the multitude of his \*\*brothers \*\* … (Esther 10:3a ULT)
 
 #### A DAUGHTER represents a village located near a town or city
 
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ To put something before one’s face is to look at it intently or pay attention
 
 #### A SON represents someone’s descendant(s)
 
->  But they acted presumptuously, they and our **fathers**. And they stiffened their neck and did not listen to your commandments. (Nehemiah 9:16 ULT)
+> But they acted presumptuously, they and our **fathers**. And they stiffened their neck and did not listen to your commandments. (Nehemiah 9:16 ULT)
 >
-> We have not listened to your servants the prophets who spoke in your name to our kings, our leaders, our **fathers**, and to all the people of the land. To you, Lord, belongs righteousness …" (Daniel 9:6-7a ULT)
+> “We have not listened to your servants the prophets who spoke in your name to our kings, our leaders, our **fathers**, and to all the people of the land. To you, Lord, belongs righteousness …” (Daniel 9:6-7a ULT)
 
 #### The HAND represents someone’s power, control, agency, or action
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ In this context, having a full heart means to be proud or arrogant.
 
 #### The EYES represent someone’s attitude
 
-> …but you bring down those with **proud, uplifted eyes**! (Psalm 18:27b ULT)
+> … but you bring down those with **proud, uplifted eyes**! (Psalm 18:27b ULT)
 
 Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud.
 
@@ -122,9 +122,9 @@ In these examples the mouth refers to what a person says.
 
 #### A NAME represents the person who has that name
 
-> May your God make **the name of Solomon** better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne.” (1 Kings 1:47 ULT)
+> “May your God make **the name of Solomon** better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne.” (1 Kings 1:47 ULT)
 >
-> See, I have sworn **by my great name**—says Yahweh. **My name** will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt.” (Jeremiah 44:26 ULT)
+> “See, I have sworn **by my great name**,” says Yahweh. “**My name** will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt.” (Jeremiah 44:26 ULT)
 
 If someone’s name is great, it means that he is great.
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that “becaus
 >
 > Smoke went up from out of **his nostrils**, and blazing fire came out of his mouth. (2 Samuel 22:9a ULT)
 >
-> Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious, **slow to anger **… (Exodus 34:6a ULT)
+> Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious, \*\*slow to anger \*\* … (Exodus 34:6a ULT)
 
 In Hebrew, a hot nose represents anger, including such images as a blast of air or smoke coming from someone’s nostrils. The opposite of a “hot nose” is a “long nose.” The phrase “slow to anger” in Hebrew literally means “long of nose.” A long nose represents patience, meaning that it takes a long time for that person’s nose to get hot.
 
@@ -187,4 +187,4 @@ Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry.
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-See the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).
+See the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery — Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).

translate/bita-hq/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Body Parts and Human Qualities
+Biblical Imagery — Body Parts and Human Qualities

translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord.
 
 #### COMING or STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE means serving him
 
-> How blessed are your wives, and how blessed are your servants who constantly **stand before you**, because they hear your wisdom.  (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)
+> How blessed are your wives, and how blessed are your servants who constantly **stand before you**, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)
 >
 > Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness **come before you**. (Psalm 89:14b ULT)
 
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ The mountain where God will be worshiped is viewed as his permanent possession.
 
 Moses asks God to still accept the people of Israel as his special possession, that is, as the people permanently belonging to him.
 
-> …the richness of the glory of his **inheritance** in the saints … (Ephesians 1:18b ULT) The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him are viewed as their permanent possessions.
+> … the richness of the glory of his **inheritance** in the saints … (Ephesians 1:18b ULT) The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him are viewed as their permanent possessions.
 >
 > For the promise to Abraham and to his descendants that he would be **heir** of the world did not come through the law but through the righteousness of faith. (Romans 4:13 ULT)
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
 
 #### RESTING or a RESTING PLACE means a safe and beneficial situation
 
-> Then Naomi, her mother-in-law, said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a **resting place** for you, that will be good for you? (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
+> Then Naomi, her mother-in-law, said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a **resting place** for you, that will be good for you?” (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
 >
 > Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my **resting place**. (Psalm 95:11 ULT)
 >
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
 
 #### SEEING means knowledge, perception, notice, attention, or judgment
 
-> Why have I found favor **in your eyes** that you should take notice of me…(Ruth 2:10b ULT)
+> Why have I found favor **in your eyes** that you should take notice of me … (Ruth 2:10b ULT)
 >
 > And the young woman was pleasing **in his eyes**, and she lifted kindness before his face. (Esther 2:9a ULT)
 >
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
 
 > So the wicked will not **stand** in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5 ULT)
 >
-> that the king gave to the Jews who were in every city by city: to gather and to **stand** for their life, to annihilate, and to slaughter, and to destroy any strength of a people or province that would attack them, children and women, and plunder their spoil; (Esther 8:11 ULT)
+> … that the king gave to the Jews who were in every city by city: to gather and to **stand** for their life, to annihilate, and to slaughter, and to destroy any strength of a people or province that would attack them, children and women, and plunder their spoil; (Esther 8:11 ULT)
 
 #### TURNING or TURNING OVER means changing
 
@@ -247,4 +247,4 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
 >
 > Turn from me the **path** of deceit. (Psalm 119:29a ULT)
 >
-> I will run in the **path** of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32a ULT)
+> I will run in the **path** of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32a ULT)

translate/bita-humanbehavior/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Human Behavior
+Biblical Imagery — Human Behavior

translate/bita-manmade/01.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
 
 #### CHAINS represent control
 
-> "Let us tear off the **shackles** they put on us and throw off their **chains**." Psalm 2:3
+> “Let us tear off the **shackles** they put on us and throw off their **chains**.” Psalm 2:3
 
 #### CLOTHING represents moral or emotional qualities (attitudes, spirit, life)
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
 
 #### A HOUSE represents a family or household (that is, the people who live and work at a family house or property)
 
-> Now Yahweh said to Abram, “Go from your country, and from your relatives, and from your father’s **household**, to the land that I will show you. (Genesis 12:1 ULT)
+> Now Yahweh said to Abram, “Go from your country, and from your relatives, and from your father’s **household**, to the land that I will show you.” (Genesis 12:1 ULT)
 >
 > On that day, the king Ahasuerus gave to Esther the queen the **house** of Haman, the adversary of the Jews. (Esther 8:1a ULT)
 >
@@ -66,4 +66,4 @@ In this case the snare was a persuasion to do evil, which leads to death.
 >
 > The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the **tent** of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULT)
 >
-> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s **tent** will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5a ULT)
+> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s **tent** will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5a ULT)

translate/bita-manmade/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects
+Biblical Imagery — Man-made Objects

translate/bita-part1/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-This page discusses ideas that are paired together in limited ways. (For a discussion of more complex pairings, see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).)
+This page discusses ideas that are paired together in limited ways. (For a discussion of more complex pairings, see [Biblical Imagery — Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).)
 
 ### Description
 
@@ -18,31 +18,28 @@ This pattern is also seen in Psalm 119:32 where running in the path of God’s c
 
 These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them:
 
-(1) When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, “It is God who puts strength on me like a belt” (Psalm 18:32 ULT) is based on the pairing of CLOTHING with moral quality. In this case, the image of a BELT represents strength. (See “CLOTHING represents a moral quality” in [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](../bita-manmade/01.md) as well as the module about [complex metaphors](../figs-cometaphor/01.md).)
+(1) When looking at particular metaphors in the Bible, it is not always obvious what two ideas are paired with each other. For example, it may not be immediately obvious that the expression, “It is God who puts strength on me like a belt” (Psalm 18:32 ULT) is based on the pairing of CLOTHING with moral quality. In this case, the image of a BELT represents strength. (See “CLOTHING represents a moral quality” in [Biblical Imagery — Man-made Objects](../bita-manmade/01.md) as well as the module about [complex metaphors](../figs-cometaphor/01.md).)
 
-(2) When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether “lamp” refers literally to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether “lamp” is a metaphor that represents life. (See “LIGHT or FIRE represents life” in [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](../bita-phenom/01.md).)
+(2) When looking at a particular expression, the translator needs to know whether or not it represents something. This can only be done by considering the surrounding text. The surrounding text shows us, for example, whether “lamp” refers literally to a container with oil and a wick for giving light or whether “lamp” is a metaphor that represents life. (See “LIGHT or FIRE represents life” in [Biblical Imagery — Natural Phenomena](../bita-phenom/01.md).)
 
 In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David’s life. When his men were concerned that he might “put out the lamp of Israel” they were concerned that he might be killed.
 
 > Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50a ULT)
 
+> Ishbibenob … intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp** of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)
 
-> Ishbibenob…intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp** of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)
-
-
-(3) Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with (and in some cases are based on) common metonymies and cultural models. (See [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).)
+(3) Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with (and in some cases are based on) common metonymies and cultural models. (See [Biblical Imagery — Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md) and [Biblical Imagery — Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).)
 
 For example, in 2 Samuel 14:7 below, “the burning coal” is an image for the life of the son, who represents what will cause people to remember his father. So there are two patterns of pairings here: the pairing of the burning coal with the life of the son, and the pairing of the son with the memory of his father.
 
 > They say, ‘Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out **the burning coal** that I have left, and they will leave for **my husband neither name nor descendant** on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7 ULT)
 
-
 #### Links to Lists of Images in the Bible
 
 The following pages have lists of some of the Images that represent Ideas in the Bible, together with examples from the Bible. They are organized according to the kinds of image:
 
-* [Biblical Imagery - Body Parts and Human Qualities](../bita-hq/01.md)
-* [Biblical Imagery - Human Behavior](../bita-humanbehavior/01.md) - Includes both physical and non-physical actions, conditions and experiences
-* [Biblical Imagery - Plants](../bita-plants/01.md)
-* [Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena](../bita-phenom/01.md)
-* [Biblical Imagery - Man-made Objects](../bita-manmade/01.md)
+* [Biblical Imagery — Body Parts and Human Qualities](../bita-hq/01.md)
+* [Biblical Imagery — Human Behavior](../bita-humanbehavior/01.md) — Includes both physical and non-physical actions, conditions and experiences
+* [Biblical Imagery — Plants](../bita-plants/01.md)
+* [Biblical Imagery — Natural Phenomena](../bita-phenom/01.md)
+* [Biblical Imagery — Man-made Objects](../bita-manmade/01.md)

translate/bita-part1/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns
+Biblical Imagery — Common Patterns

translate/bita-part2/01.md

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup.
 
 > Then Mordecai went out from before the face of the king in a garment of royalty of blue and white, with a great crown of gold and a robe of fine linen and purple, and **the city of Susa** cheered and rejoiced. (Esther 8:15 ULT)
 >
-> So as for me, should I not feel troubled about **Nineveh, the great city **… (Jonah 4:11a ULT)
+> So as for me, should I not feel troubled about \*\*Nineveh, the great city \*\* … (Jonah 4:11a ULT)
 
 #### The MEMORY OF A PERSON means \[his descendants\]
 
@@ -66,4 +66,4 @@ This means that he killed the serpent.
 
 > Yahweh has placed on him the **iniquity** of us all (Isaiah 53:6b ULT)
 
-This means that Yahweh placed on him the punishment that should have gone to all of us.
+This means that Yahweh placed on him the punishment that should have gone to all of us.

translate/bita-part2/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies
+Biblical Imagery — Common Metonymies

translate/bita-part3/01.md

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Some common cultural models found in the Bible are listed below. First there are
 > a **scepter** of justice is the scepter of your **kingdom**. (Psalm 45:6 ULT)
 >
 > This is what Yahweh says,
-> “Heaven is my **throne**, and the earth is my **footstool**. (Isaiah 66:1a ULT)
+> “Heaven is my **throne**, and the earth is my **footstool**.” (Isaiah 66:1a ULT)
 >
 > God **reigns** over the nations;
 > God sits on his holy **throne**.
@@ -28,20 +28,17 @@ Some common cultural models found in the Bible are listed below. First there are
 
 > Yahweh is a **warrior**. (Exodus 15:3a ULT)
 >
-> Yahweh will go out as a **warrior**;  as a \*\*man of war\*\* he will stir up his zeal..
-> He will shout, yes, he will roar his **battle cries**; he will **show his enemies his power**. (Isaiah 42:13 ULT)
+> Yahweh will go out as a **warrior**; as a \*\*man of war\*\* he will stir up his zeal.. He will shout, yes, he will roar his **battle cries**; he will **show his enemies his power**. (Isaiah 42:13 ULT)
 >
-> Your right hand, Yahweh, is **glorious in power**;
-> your right hand, Yahweh, **has shattered the enemy**. (Exodus 15:6 ULT)
+> Your right hand, Yahweh, is **glorious in power**; your right hand, Yahweh, **has shattered the enemy**. (Exodus 15:6 ULT)
 >
-> But **God will shoot them**;
-> suddenly they will be **wounded with his arrows**. (Psalm 64:7 ULT)
+> But **God will shoot them**; suddenly they will be **wounded with his arrows**. (Psalm 64:7 ULT)
 >
 > For you will turn them back; **you will draw your bow** before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULT)
 
 #### A leader is modeled as a SHEPHERD and those he leads are modeled as SHEEP
 
-> Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look…when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will **shepherd** my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’“ (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
+> Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look … when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will **shepherd** my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’” (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
 >
 > “Woe to the **shepherds** who destroy and scatter the **sheep** of my **pasture**—this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)
 >
@@ -61,7 +58,7 @@ If blood is spilled or shed, someone has been killed.
 
 If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who killed someone. (This also includes personification, because the blood is pictured as someone that can cry out. See: [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md))
 
-> Yahweh said, “What have you done? **Your brother’s blood is calling out to me** from the ground. (Genesis 4:10 ULT)
+> Yahweh said, “What have you done? **Your brother’s blood is calling out to me** from the ground.” (Genesis 4:10 ULT)
 
 #### A country is modeled as a WOMAN, and its gods are modeled as HER HUSBAND
 
@@ -95,7 +92,7 @@ The wind moves quickly and is modeled as having wings.
 
 > He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the **wings of the wind**. (Psalm 18:10 ULT)
 
-> you walk on the **wings of the wind** (Psalm 104:3 ULT)
+> You walk on the **wings of the wind**.(Psalm 104:3b ULT)
 
 #### Futility is modeled as something that the WIND can blow away
 
@@ -111,10 +108,10 @@ Psalm 1 and Job 27 show that wicked people are worthless and will not live long.
 
 The writer of Ecclesiastes says that everything is worthless.
 
-> "**Like a vapor of mist**,
+> “**Like a vapor of mist**,
 > **like a breeze in the wind**,
 > everything vanishes, leaving many questions.
-> What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun?" (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULT)
+> What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun?” (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULT)
 
 In Job 30:15, Job complains that his honor and prosperity are gone.
 
@@ -169,4 +166,4 @@ Leprosy is a disease. If a person had it, he was said to be unclean.
 
 An “unclean spirit” is an evil spirit.
 
-> When an **unclean spirit** has gone away from a man, it passes through waterless places and looks for rest, but does not find it. (Matthew 12:43 ULT)
+> When an **unclean spirit** has gone away from a man, it passes through waterless places and looks for rest, but does not find it. (Matthew 12:43 ULT)

translate/bita-part3/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models
+Biblical Imagery — Cultural Models

translate/bita-phenom/01.md

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
 
 > They say, ‘Give into our hand the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the **burning coal** that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7b ULT)
 >
-> "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp of Israel**." (2 Samuel 21:17b ULT)
+> “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp of Israel**.” (2 Samuel 21:17b ULT)
 >
 > I will give one tribe to Solomon’s son, so that David my servant may always have **a lamp** before me in Jerusalem. (1 Kings 11:36a ULT)
 >
@@ -126,4 +126,4 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
 
 > Who is a **rock** except our God? (Psalm 18:31b ULT)
 >
-> Yahweh, **my rock**, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14b ULT)
+> Yahweh, **my rock**, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14b ULT)

translate/bita-phenom/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Natural Phenomena
+Biblical Imagery — Natural Phenomena

translate/bita-plants/01.md

@@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ The action or behavior in the verses is marked in bold below.
 
 > Then the matter was sought out and was found out, and the two of them were hung on a **tree**. (Esther 2:23a ULT)
 
-This probably means that they were killed by either by being impaled on a wooden pole or by being hung from a gallows by a rope.
+This probably means that they were killed by either by being impaled on a wooden pole or by being hung from a gallows by a rope.

translate/bita-plants/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Biblical Imagery - Plants
+Biblical Imagery — Plants

translate/choose-style/01.md

@@ -2,22 +2,20 @@
 
 Before beginning a translation of the Bible, the translation committee needs to discuss and agree on the style that they want the translation to have. The following topics should be included in the discussion.
 
-1. **Form** – Should the translation follow the form of the source language so that people who are used to hearing and reading the Bible in the source language will feel more comfortable with it, or should the translation follow the form of the target language, and be easier to understand? In most cases we recommend that it is better if the translation follows the form of the target language so that people can understand it better. This means that it will be harder to compare with the source language Bible because it will put things in a different order and use different kinds of expressions that are clear and natural in the target language. But when a Bible is clear and natural, many people will want to read it and hear it, not just the people who have been part of the church for many years.
+1. **Form** — Should the translation follow the form of the source language so that people who are used to hearing and reading the Bible in the source language will feel more comfortable with it, or should the translation follow the form of the target language, and be easier to understand? In most cases we recommend that it is better if the translation follows the form of the target language so that people can understand it better. This means that it will be harder to compare with the source language Bible because it will put things in a different order and use different kinds of expressions that are clear and natural in the target language. But when a Bible is clear and natural, many people will want to read it and hear it, not just the people who have been part of the church for many years.
 
-2. **Format** - Is this a written translation to be read from a book, or a translation to be recorded and listened to? If it is a written translation to be used in church, the people may prefer a more formal style. If it is for a recording, the people may prefer a style that is more like people talking informally.
+2. **Format** — Is this a written translation to be read from a book, or a translation to be recorded and listened to? If it is a written translation to be used in church, the people may prefer a more formal style. If it is for a recording, the people may prefer a style that is more like people talking informally.
 
-3.	**Borrowing** – Should the translation borrow many words from the source language, or should the translators find ways to express these things using target language words? People who have been part of the church for many years may be used to hearing many biblical concepts expressed with source language words. If these words are widely understood outside of the church, then it may be fine to use them in the translation. But if people outside of the church do not understand these words, it would be better to find ways to express these things using target language words.
+3.	**Borrowing** — Should the translation borrow many words from the source language, or should the translators find ways to express these things using target language words? People who have been part of the church for many years may be used to hearing many biblical concepts expressed with source language words. If these words are widely understood outside of the church, then it may be fine to use them in the translation. But if people outside of the church do not understand these words, it would be better to find ways to express these things using target language words.
 
-4.	**Old Words** - Should the translation use words that only the old people know, or should it use words that everyone knows? Sometimes there is a good target language word for something, but the young people do not use it or know it. The translation committee can decide if they should use this word and teach it to the young people, or use a word borrowed from the source language, or express the same concept using a phrase or description using target language words that everyone knows.
+4.	**Old Words** — Should the translation use words that only the old people know, or should it use words that everyone knows? Sometimes there is a good target language word for something, but the young people do not use it or know it. The translation committee can decide if they should use this word and teach it to the young people, or use a word borrowed from the source language, or express the same concept using a phrase or description using target language words that everyone knows.
 
-5.	**Register** – If the target language has different registers or levels of the language, which one should the translation use? For example, if people of high status use one form of the target language and people of low status use a different form, which one should the translation use? Or if the target language has different words for “you” or uses different words to address a government official in contrast with someone who is a close family member, which should the translation use to address God? Thinking about the topic of **Audience** may also help to decide these questions.
+5.	**Register** — If the target language has different registers or levels of the language, which one should the translation use? For example, if people of high status use one form of the target language and people of low status use a different form, which one should the translation use? Or if the target language has different words for “you” or uses different words to address a government official in contrast with someone who is a close family member, which should the translation use to address God? Thinking about the topic of **Audience** may also help to decide these questions.
 
-6.	**Audience** - The translation committee should discuss who is the audience for this translation. Is it primarily educated people, so they should use a style that uses long sentences and many borrowed words? Is it primarily for young people, or old people, for men or women? Or is it for everyone? In that case, it should use simple language so that everyone can understand it. For more on this topic, see also [Aim](../translate-aim/01.md).
+6.	**Audience** — The translation committee should discuss who is the audience for this translation. Is it primarily educated people, so they should use a style that uses long sentences and many borrowed words? Is it primarily for young people, or old people, for men or women? Or is it for everyone? In that case, it should use simple language so that everyone can understand it. For more on this topic, see also [Aim](../translate-aim/01.md).
 
-7. **Footnotes** – Should the translation put explanations of difficult things in footnotes? If so, should it use many footnotes, or only for certain topics or especially difficult things? Will people understand what footnotes are and how they work, or will they be confused by them? Instead of footnotes, would it be better to put short explanations in the text of the Bible translation? Or should the translation not include any extra explanations at all? To help in making this decision, consider how well your people understand biblical culture and such things as shepherds, fishing with nets, sailing boats, kings, ancient warfare with chariots, etc., and how much of this might need to be explained.
-
-8. **Pictures** - Will pictures be used in the Bible translation? If so, how many? Pictures can be very useful for showing things that are unknown in the target culture, such as certain animals or tools or clothing. Using pictures for these things can reduce the need to explain them in footnotes.
-
-9. **Headings** – Should the translation use section headings that summarize what each section is talking about? If so, what style of headings should be used? These can be very helpful for finding different topics. See [Headings](../../checking/headings/01.md) for examples.
+7. **Footnotes** — Should the translation put explanations of difficult things in footnotes? If so, should it use many footnotes, or only for certain topics or especially difficult things? Will people understand what footnotes are and how they work, or will they be confused by them? Instead of footnotes, would it be better to put short explanations in the text of the Bible translation? Or should the translation not include any extra explanations at all? To help in making this decision, consider how well your people understand biblical culture and such things as shepherds, fishing with nets, sailing boats, kings, ancient warfare with chariots, etc., and how much of this might need to be explained.
 
+8. **Pictures** — Will pictures be used in the Bible translation? If so, how many? Pictures can be very useful for showing things that are unknown in the target culture, such as certain animals or tools or clothing. Using pictures for these things can reduce the need to explain them in footnotes.
 
+9. **Headings** — Should the translation use section headings that summarize what each section is talking about? If so, what style of headings should be used? These can be very helpful for finding different topics. See [Headings](../../checking/headings/01.md) for examples.

translate/choose-team/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Importance of a Translation Team
 
 Translating the Bible is a very large and difficult task that may take many people to
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ The people who are selected to [check the translation for accuracy](../../checki
 
 #### Validation Checkers
 
-Those who do [Validation Checking](../../checking/level3/01.md) should be leaders of groups of churches or people who are very widely respected in the language area. It is important that these people approve of the translation so that it will be accepted and used in the churches. Since many of these people are very busy, they may choose to appoint others whom they trust to check the translation for them. Also, it may work best to send different books or chapters to different people, and not burden one or two people with checking the whole translation.
+Those who do [Validation Checking](../../checking/alignment-tool/01.md) should be leaders of groups of churches or people who are very widely respected in the language area. It is important that these people approve of the translation so that it will be accepted and used in the churches. Since many of these people are very busy, they may choose to appoint others whom they trust to check the translation for them. Also, it may work best to send different books or chapters to different people, and not burden one or two people with checking the whole translation.
 
 #### Tech Support
 
@@ -76,4 +75,4 @@ given team cannot be prescribed in advance. It might even change over time, but
 
 2. We help them to identify an initial team composition based on the skills and contextual reality of their team (e.g., size of the team, theological ability, translation experience, language skill, geographic distribution, relationship dynamics, etc.). Their team may be small, with several skills being provided by the same person. Or the team may be large (in some cases as many as 25 full-time translators and hundreds of volunteers), with many people providing the same skill in an overlapping and intentionally redundant manner. Regardless of the structure and size of the team that is needed in a given context, the combined roles on any team must provide the combination of skills needed to achieve excellence in Bible translation.
 
-3. The team begins working together on an initial translation project (we recommend Open Bible Stories) and observes the effectiveness of their team’s configuration. As needed, adjustments to the team structure are made to improve efficiency, and training is provided to increase skill and effectiveness.
+3. The team begins working together on an initial translation project (we recommend Open Bible Stories) and observes the effectiveness of their team’s configuration. As needed, adjustments to the team structure are made to improve efficiency, and training is provided to increase skill and effectiveness.

translate/config.yaml

@@ -663,6 +663,11 @@ bita-plants:
     - bita-part1
     - figs-metaphor
     - figs-metonymy
+translate-blessing:
+  recommended: []
+  dependencies:
+    - writing-intro
+    - writing-poetry
 translate-bmoney:
   recommended:
     - translate-transliterate

translate/figs-123person/01.md

@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ Normally a speaker refers to himself as “I” and the person he is speaking to
 
 ### Description
 
-* First person - This is how a speaker normally refers to himself. English uses the pronouns “I” and “we.” (Also: me, my, mine; us, our, ours)
-* Second person - This is how a speaker normally refers to the person or people he is speaking to. English uses the pronoun “you.” (Also: your, yours)
-* Third person - This is how a speaker refers to someone else. English uses the pronouns “he,” “she,” “it,” and “they.” (Also: him, his, her, hers, its; them, their, theirs) Noun phrases like “the man” or “the woman” are also third person.
+* First person — This is how a speaker normally refers to himself. English uses the pronouns “I” and “we.” (Also: me, my, mine; us, our, ours)
+* Second person — This is how a speaker normally refers to the person or people he is speaking to. English uses the pronoun “you.” (Also: your, yours)
+* Third person — This is how a speaker refers to someone else. English uses the pronouns “he,” “she,” “it,” and “they.” (Also: him, his, her, hers, its; them, their, theirs) Noun phrases like “the man” or “the woman” are also third person.
 
 ### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
 
 Sometimes in the Bible a speaker uses the third person to refer to himself or to the people he is speaking to. Readers might think that the speaker was referring to someone else. They might not understand that he meant “I” or “you.”
 
-### Examples from the Bible
+### Examples From the Bible
 
 Sometimes people used the third person instead of “I” or “me” to refer to themselves.
 
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ Sometimes people used the third person instead of “I” or “me” to refer t
 David referred to himself in the third person as “your servant” and used “his.” He was calling himself Saul’s servant in order to show his humility before Saul.
 
 > Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said,
-> “… Do you have an arm like **God’s**? Can you thunder with a voice like **his**? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
+> “… Do you have an arm like **God’s**? Can you thunder with a voice like **his**?” (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
 
 God referred to himself in the third person with the words “God’s” and “his.” He did this to emphasize that he is God, and he is powerful.
 
 Sometimes people use the third person instead of “you” or “your” to refer to the person or people they are speaking to.
 
-> Abraham answered and said, “Look, I have undertaken to speak to my Lord, even though I am only dust and ashes! (Genesis 18:27 ULT)
+> Abraham answered and said, “Look, I have undertaken to speak to my Lord, even though I am only dust and ashes!” (Genesis 18:27 ULT)
 
 Abraham was speaking to the Lord, and referred to the Lord as “My Lord” rather than as “you.” He did this to show his humility before God.
 
@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ After saying “each of you,” Jesus used the third person “his” instead of
 
 If using the third person to mean “I” or “you” would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are some other options.
 
-(1) Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun “I” or “you.” (2) Simply use the first person (“I”) or second person (“you”) instead of the third person.
+(1) Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun “I” or “you.”<br>
+(2) Simply use the first person (“I”) or second person (“you”) instead of the third person.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
@@ -49,10 +50,10 @@ If using the third person to mean “I” or “you” would be natural and give
 
 (2) Simply use the first person (“I”) or second person (“you”) instead of the third person.
 
-> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like **God’s**? Can you thunder with a voice like **his**? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
+> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like **God’s**? Can you thunder with a voice like **his**?” (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
 >
-> > Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “…Do you have an arm like **mine**? Can you thunder with a voice like **mine**?”
+> > Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like **mine**? Can you thunder with a voice like **mine**?”
 >
 > So also my heavenly Father will do to you if **each of you** does not forgive **his** brother from your heart. (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
 >
-> > So also my heavenly Father will do to you if **each of you** does not forgive **your** brother from your heart.
+> > So also my heavenly Father will do to you if **each of you** does not forgive **your** brother from your heart.

translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
+### Description
 
 Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to attitudes, qualities, events, or situations. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as happiness, weight, unity, friendship, health, and reason. This is a translation issue because some languages may express a certain idea with an abstract noun, while others would need a different way to express it.
 
-
-### Description
-
 Remember that nouns are words that refer to a person, place, thing, or idea. Abstract nouns are the nouns that refer to ideas. These can be attitudes, qualities, events, situations, or even relationships between those ideas. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as joy, peace, creation, goodness, contentment, justice, truth, freedom, vengeance, slowness, length, weight, and many, many more.
 
-Some languages, such as Biblical Greek and English, use abstract nouns a lot.They provide a way of giving names to actions or qualities. With names, people who speak these languages can talk about the concepts as though they were things. For example, in languages that use abstract nouns, people can say, “I believe in the forgiveness of sin.”
+Some languages, such as Biblical Greek and English, use abstract nouns a lot. They provide a way of giving names to actions or qualities. With names, people who speak these languages can talk about the concepts as though they were things. For example, in languages that use abstract nouns, people can say, “I believe in the forgiveness of sin.”
 But some languages do not use abstract nouns very much. In these languages, speakers may not have the two abstract nouns “forgiveness” and “sin,” but they would express the same meaning in other ways. For example, they would express, “I believe that God is willing to forgive people after they have sinned,” by using verb phrases instead of nouns for those ideas.
 
 ### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
@@ -51,14 +49,11 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language
 >
 > But **godliness** with **contentment** is great **gain**. (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
 >
-> > But **being godly** and **content** is very **beneficial**.
-> > But we **benefit** greatly when we **are godly** and **content**.
-> > But we **benefit** greatly when we **honor and obey God** and when we are **happy with what we have**.
+> > But **being godly** and **content** is very **beneficial**. But we **benefit** greatly when we **are godly** and **content**. But we **benefit** greatly when we **honor and obey God** and when we are **happy with what we have**.
 >
 > Today **salvation** has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham. (Luke 19:9 ULT)
 >
-> > Today the people in this house **have been saved**…
-> > Today God **has saved** the people in this house…
+> > Today the people in this house **have been saved** … Today God **has saved** the people in this house …
 >
 > The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider **slowness** to be. (2 Peter 3:9a ULT)
 >
@@ -66,4 +61,4 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language
 >
 > He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the **purposes** of the heart. (1 Corinthians 4:5b ULT)
 >
-> > He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal **the things that people want to do and the reasons that they want to do them**.
+> > He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal **the things that people want to do and the reasons that they want to do them**.

translate/figs-activepassive/01.md

@@ -20,20 +20,20 @@ In the examples of active and passive sentences below, we have bolded the subjec
 
 #### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
 
-All languages use active forms. Some languages use passive forms, and some do not. Some languages use passive forms only for certain purposes, and the passive form is not used for the same purposes in all of the languages that use it.
+All languages use active forms. Some languages use passive forms, and some do not. Some languages use passive forms only for certain purposes, and the passive form is not used for the same purposes in all of the languages that use it.
 
 #### Purposes for the Passive
 
 * The speaker is talking about the person or thing the action was done to, not about the person who did the action.
-* The speaker does not want to tell who did the action. 
+* The speaker does not want to tell who did the action.
 * The speaker does not know who did the action.
 
 #### Translation Principles Regarding the Passive
 
-* Translators whose language does not use passive forms will need to find another way to express the idea. 
+* Translators whose language does not use passive forms will need to find another way to express the idea.
 * Translators whose language has passive forms will need to understand why the passive is used in a particular sentence in the Bible and decide whether or not to use a passive form for that purpose in his translation of the sentence.
 
-### Examples from the Bible
+### Examples From the Bible
 
 > Then their shooters shot at your soldiers from off the wall, and some of the king’s servants **were killed**, and your servant Uriah the Hittite **was killed** too. (2 Samuel 11:24 ULT)
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ This means that the enemy’s shooters shot and killed some of the king’s serv
 
 The men of the town saw what had happened to the altar of Baal, but they did not know who broke it down. The purpose of the passive form here is to communicate this event from the perspective of the men of the town.
 
-> It would be better for him if a millstone **were put** around his neck and he **were thrown** into the sea (Luke 17:2a ULT)
+> It would be better for him if a millstone **were put** around his neck and he **were thrown** into the sea. (Luke 17:2a ULT)
 
 This describes a situation in which a person ends up in the sea with a millstone around his neck. The purpose of the passive form here is to keep the focus on what happens to this person. Who does these things to the person is not important.
 
@@ -51,25 +51,27 @@ This describes a situation in which a person ends up in the sea with a millstone
 
 If your language would use a passive form for the same purpose as in the passage that you are translating, then use a passive form. If you decide that it is better to translate without a passive form, here are some strategies that you might consider.
 
-(1) Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who or what did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action. (2) Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell  who or what did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or ”people” or ”someone.”  (3) Use a different verb.
+(1) Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who or what did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.
+(2) Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell who or what did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or “people” or “someone.”
+(3) Use a different verb.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
-(1) Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.
+(1) Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.<br>
 
 > A loaf of bread **was given** him every day from the street of the bakers. (Jeremiah 37:21b ULT)
 >
 > > **The king’s servants gave** Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
 
-(2) Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell  who did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or  ”people” or  ”someone.” 
+(2) Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell who did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or “people” or “someone.”<br>
 
 > It would be better for him if a millstone **were put** around his neck and he **were thrown** into the sea. (Luke 17:2a ULT)
 >
 > > It would be better for him if **they were to put** a millstone around his neck and **throw** him into the sea.
 > > It would be better for him if **someone were to put** a heavy stone around his neck and **throw** him into the sea.
 
-(3) Use a different verb in an active sentence. 
+(3) Use a different verb in an active sentence.<br>
 
 > A loaf of bread **was given** him every day from the street of the bakers. (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
 >
-> > He **received** a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
+> > He **received** a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.

translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ King Saul was killed on Mount Gilboa, and David sang a sad song about it. By tel
 
 Jesus was expressing his feelings for the people of Jerusalem in front of his disciples and a group of Pharisees. By speaking directly to Jerusalem as though its people could hear him, Jesus showed how deeply he cared about them.
 
-> He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "**Altar**, **altar**! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’“ (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
+> He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: “**Altar**, **altar**! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’” (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
 
 The man of God spoke as if the altar could hear him, but he really wanted the king, who was standing there, to hear him.
 
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
-> He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: "**Altar**, **altar**! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’“ (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
+> He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: “**Altar**, **altar**! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’” (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
 >
-> > He said this about the altar: “This is what Yahweh says **about this altar.** ‘See, … they will burn people’s bones on **it**.’“
+> > He said this about the altar: “This is what Yahweh says **about this altar.** ‘See, … they will burn people’s bones on **it**.’”
 >
 > **Mountains of Gilboa**, let there not be dew or rain on **you.** (2 Samuel 1:21a ULT)
 >
-> > **As for these mountains of Gilboa**, let there not be dew or rain on **them**.
+> > **As for these mountains of Gilboa**, let there not be dew or rain on **them**.

translate/figs-aside/01.md

@@ -6,9 +6,12 @@ An aside is a figure of speech in which someone who is speaking to a person or g
 
 Many languages do not use asides, and readers could be confused by them. They may wonder why the speaker suddenly starts talking to himself or someone else about the people he is speaking with.
 
-### Examples from the Bible
+### Examples From the Bible
 
-> All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border. The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you. They of your bread will set a trap under you. **There is no understanding in him.** (Obadiah 1:7 ULT)
+> All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border.
+> The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you.
+> They of your bread will set a trap under you.
+> **There is no understanding in him.** (Obadiah 1:7 ULT)
 
 In the first three lines, Yahweh is telling the people of Edom what will happen to them because they did not help the people of Judah. In the fourth line, Yahweh says something about Edom to himself.
 
@@ -18,16 +21,24 @@ Nehemiah is speaking to the readers of his account and describing some of the ma
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-(1) If an aside would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. But if this way of speaking would be confusing, let the speaker continue speaking to the people who are listening to him, but make clear that he is now expressing his thoughts and feelings about them.
-
+(1) If an aside would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. But if this way of speaking would be confusing, let the speaker continue speaking to the people who are listening to him, but make clear that he is now expressing his thoughts and feelings about them.<br>
 (2) If a person speaks a prayer to God as an aside, you can put the prayer in quotation marks to indicate that.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
-> All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border. The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you. They of your bread will set a trap under you. **There is no understanding in him.** (Obadiah 1:7 ULT)
+(1)
 
-(1) All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border. The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you. They of your bread will set a trap under you. **You do not understand any of this.**
+> All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border.
+The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you.
+They of your bread will set a trap under you.
+**There is no understanding in him.** (Obadiah 1:7 ULT)
 
+All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border.
+The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you.
+They of your bread will set a trap under you.
+**You do not understand any of this.**
+
+(2)
 > And I purified them from everything foreign. And I caused the service watches to stand: for the priests and for the Levites, a man in his work; 31 and for the offering of pieces of wood at the appointed times; and for the firstfruits. **Remember me, my God, for good.** (Nehemiah 13:30-31 ULT)
 
-(2) And I cleansed them from everything foreign, and I made assignments for the priests and for the Levites, a man to his own work. And the wood offering at the stated time, and the firstfruits. **“Remember me, my God, for good."**
+And I cleansed them from everything foreign, and I made assignments for the priests and for the Levites, a man to his own work. And the wood offering at the stated time, and the firstfruits. **“Remember me, my God, for good.”**

translate/figs-aside/sub-title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-What is the figure of speech called an "aside"?
+What is the figure of speech called an “aside”?

translate/figs-cometaphor/01.md

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ The apostle Paul uses an even more difficult complex metaphor in Ephesians 6:10-
 
 In this paragraph, the apostle Paul describes how a Christian should prepare to resist temptation (the **Topic**) by comparing a series of abstract ideas to pieces of armor worn by a soldier. The term “full armor of God” is not a combination of several simple metaphors. The soldier’s belt does not represent truth, the helmet does not represent salvation, the shield does not represent faith, and so on. Rather, the apostle Paul was using the central **Image** of a soldier putting on his armor (that is, “GETTING DRESSED” for battle) to refer to the central abstract **Idea** of a Christian preparing himself (that is, “PREPARATION”) to resist temptation. The unstated complex metaphor PREPARATION IS GETTING DRESSED underlies the entire description as a whole.
 
-### Other Examples from the Bible
+### Other Examples From the Bible
 
 The Bible often speaks of God as doing things that people do, such as speaking, seeing, walking, etc. But God is not a human being, although Jesus is both God and a human being, of course. So when the Old Testament says that God speaks, we should not think that he has vocal chords that vibrate. And when the Bible says something about God doing something with his hand, we should not think that God has a physical hand made of flesh and bones. Rather, the writer is thinking about God as a person, using the physical **Image** of a human being to represent the abstract **Idea** “God.” The writer is using the complex metaphor GOD IS A HUMAN, even though he does not explicitly say so in the text.
 
@@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ The Bible often speaks of God as doing things that people do, such as speaking,
 
 * For strategies regarding translating metaphors, see [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md).
 
-* To learn more about biblical imagery, complex metaphors, and cultural models in the Bible, see [Biblical Imagery](../biblicalimageryta/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).
+* To learn more about biblical imagery, complex metaphors, and cultural models in the Bible, see [Biblical Imagery](../biblicalimageryta/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery — Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) and/or [Biblical Imagery — Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md).

translate/figs-declarative/01.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 ### Description
 
 Normally statements are used to give information. Sometimes they are used in the Bible for other functions.
@@ -7,7 +6,7 @@ Normally statements are used to give information. Sometimes they are used in the
 
 Some languages would not use a statement for some of the functions that statements are used for in the Bible.
 
-### Examples from the Bible
+### Examples From the Bible
 
 Statements are normally used to give **information**. All of the sentences in John 1:6-8 below are statements, and their function is to give information.
 
@@ -35,8 +34,8 @@ By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, **Jesus forgave** the man’s sins
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-(1) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **use a sentence type** that would express that function.
-(2) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **add a sentence type** that would express that function.
+(1) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **use a sentence type** that would express that function.<br>
+(2) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **add a sentence type** that would express that function.<br>
 (3) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, **use a verb form** that would express that function.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, **Jesus forgave** the man’s sins
 
 The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be translated using the sentence type of a normal instruction.
 
->> She will give birth to a son. **Name him Jesus**, because he will save his people from their sins.
+> > She will give birth to a son. **Name him Jesus**, because he will save his people from their sins.
 
 (2) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, add a sentence type that would express that function.
 
@@ -55,9 +54,9 @@ The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be trans
 
 The function of “I know you can” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
 
-> > Lord, **I know you can heal me**,. If you are willing, please do so**.**
+> > Lord, **I know you can heal me**. If you are willing, please do so**.**
 > >
-> > Lord, if you are willing, please heal me**.** **I know you can do so****.**
+> > Lord, if you are willing, please heal me. **I know you can do so.**
 
 (3) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a verb form that would express that function.
 
@@ -69,4 +68,4 @@ The function of “I know you can” is to make a request. In addition to the st
 >
 > > Son, I forgive your sins.
 > >
-> > Son, God has forgiven your sins.
+> > Son, God has forgiven your sins.

translate/figs-declarative/title.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Statements - Other Uses
+Statements — Other Uses

translate/figs-distinguish/01.md

@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@ Some languages use a comma to mark the difference between (1) making a distincti
 With the comma, the sentence is giving more information:
 
 * Mary gave some of the food to **her sister, who was very thankful**.
-    * This same phrase can be used give us more information about Mary’s sister. It tells us about how Mary’s sister responded when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish one sister from another sister.
+    * This same phrase can be used to give us more information about Mary’s sister. It tells us about how Mary’s sister responded when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish one sister from another sister.
 
 #### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
 
 * Many source languages of the Bible use phrases that modify a noun both for distinguishing the noun from another similar item and also for giving more information about the noun. You (the translator) must be careful to understand which meaning the author intended in each case.
 * Some languages use phrases that modify a noun only for distinguishing the noun from another similar item. When translating a phrase that is used for giving more information, translators who speak these languages will need to separate the phrase from the noun. Otherwise, people who read it or hear it will think that the phrase is meant to distinguish the noun from other similar items.
 
-### Examples from the Bible
+### Examples From the Bible
 
 #### Examples of words and phrases that are used to distinguish one item from other possible items:
 
@@ -51,28 +51,30 @@ The phrase “whom I have created” is a reminder of the relationship between G
 
 If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider keeping the phrase and the noun together. For languages that use words or phrases with a noun only to distinguish one item from another, here are some strategies for translating phrases that are used to inform or remind.
 
-(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose. (2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information. It may be by adding a small word, or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks, such as parentheses or commas.
+(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
+(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information. It may be by adding a small word, or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks, such as parentheses or commas.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
-(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
+(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.<br>
 
 > I hate those who serve **worthless** idols (Psalm 31:6 ULT)
-> By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
+
+By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
 >
-> >  **Because** **idols are worthless**, I hate those who serve them.
+> > **Because** **idols are worthless**, I hate those who serve them.
 >
 > … for your **righteous** judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39b ULT)
 >
 > > … for your judgments are good **because they are righteous**.
 >
 > Can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
-> The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
+
+The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
 >
 > > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** **she is 90 years old**?
 >
-> I will call on Yahweh, **who is worthy to be praised** (2 Samuel 22:4a ULT)
-> There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
+> I will call on Yahweh, **who is worthy to be praised**. (2 Samuel 22:4a ULT) There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
 >
 > > I will call on Yahweh, because **he is worthy to be praised**
 
@@ -81,4 +83,5 @@ If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider k
 > You are my Son, **whom I love**. I am pleased with you. (Luke 3:22 ULT)
 >
 > > You are my Son. **I love you** and I am pleased with you.
-> > **Receiving my love**, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.
+
+> > **Receiving my love**, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.

translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-
-A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each express the meaning of “not.”  Double negatives mean very different things in different languages. To translate sentences that have double negatives accurately and clearly, you need to know what a double negative means in the Bible and how to express this idea in your language.
+A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each express the meaning of “not.” Double negatives mean very different things in different languages. To translate sentences that have double negatives accurately and clearly, you need to know what a double negative means in the Bible and how to express this idea in your language.
 
 ### Description
 
@@ -9,7 +8,7 @@ A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each have a negative m
 
 > We did this **not** because we have **no** authority … (2 Thessalonians 3:9a ULT)
 >
-> And this was not done without an oath! (Hebrews 7:20a ULT)
+> And this was **not** done **without** an oath! (Hebrews 7:20a ULT)
 >
 > Be sure of this—the wicked person will **not** go **un**punished. (Proverbs 11:21a ULT)
 
@@ -17,14 +16,14 @@ A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each have a negative m
 
 Double negatives mean very different things in different languages.
 
-* In some languages, such as Spanish, a double negative emphasizes the negative. The  Spanish sentence, "No vi a nadie," literally says “I did not see no one.” It has both the word ‘no’ next to the verb and ‘nadie,’ which means “no one.” The two negatives are seen as in agreement with each other, and the sentence means, “I did not see anyone.”
+* In some languages, such as Spanish, a double negative emphasizes the negative. The Spanish sentence, “No vi a nadie,” literally says “I did not see no one.” It has both the word ‘no’ next to the verb and ‘nadie,’ which means “no one.” The two negatives are seen as in agreement with each other, and the sentence means, “I did not see anyone.”
 * In some languages, a second negative cancels the first one, creating a positive sentence. So, “He is not unintelligent” means “He is intelligent.”
 * In some languages the double negative creates a positive sentence, but it is a weak statement. So, “He is not unintelligent” means, “He is somewhat intelligent.”
 * In some languages, such as the languages of the Bible, the double negative can create a positive sentence, and often strengthens the statement. So, “He is not unintelligent” can mean “He is intelligent” or “He is very intelligent.”
 
 To translate sentences with double negatives accurately and clearly in your language, you need to know what a double negative means in the Bible and how to express the same idea in your language.
 
-### Examples from the Bible
+### Examples From the Bible
 
 > … in order **not** to be **unfruitful**. (Titus 3:14b ULT)
 
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ By using a double negative, John emphasized that the Son of God created absolute
 
 If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your language, consider using them. Otherwise, you could consider these strategies:
 
-(1) If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive.
+(1) If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive.<br>
 (2) If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as “very” or “surely” or “absolutely.”
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -45,10 +44,10 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan
 (1) If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive.
 
 > For we do **not** have a high priest who can**not** feel sympathy for our weaknesses. (Hebrews 4:15a ULT)
->> “For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses.”
+> > “For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses.”
 
 > … in order **not** to be **unfruitful**. (Titus 3:14b ULT)
->> “… so that they may be fruitful.”
+> > “… so that they may be fruitful.”
 
 (2) If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as “very” or “surely” or “absolutely.”
 
@@ -58,4 +57,4 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan
 >
 > All things were made through him and **without** him there was **not** one thing made that has been made. (John 1:3 ULT)
 >
-> > “All things were made through him. He made **absolutely** everything that has been made.”
+> > “All things were made through him. He made **absolutely** everything that has been made.”

translate/figs-doublet/01.md

@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ We are using the word “doublet” to refer to two words or phrases that are us
 
 In some languages people do not use doublets. Or they may use doublets, but only in certain situations, so a doublet might not make sense in their language in some verses. People might think that the verse is describing two ideas or actions, when it is only describing one. In this case, translators may need to find some other way to express the meaning expressed by the doublet.
 
-### Examples from the Bible
+### Examples From the Bible
 
 > He has one people **scattered** and **dispersed** among the peoples (Esther 3:8 ULT)
 
 The bolded words mean the same thing. Together they mean the people were spread out.
 
-> He attacked two men **more righteous** and **better** than himself. 1 Kings 2:32b ULT)
+> He attacked two men **more righteous** and **better** than himself. (1 Kings 2:32b ULT)
 
 This means that they were “much more righteous” than he was.
 
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ This means that they had decided to lie, which is another way of saying that the
 
 > … like of a lamb **without blemish** and **without spot**. (1 Peter 1:19b ULT)
 
-This means that he was like a lamb that did not have any defect--not even one.
+This means that he was like a lamb that did not have any defect—not even one.
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
 If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, consider these strategies.
 
-(1) Translate only one of the words or phrases.
-(2) If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words or phrases and add a word that intensifies it such as “very” or “great” or “many.”
+(1) Translate only one of the words or phrases.<br>
+(2) If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words or phrases and add a word that intensifies it such as “very” or “great” or “many.”<br>
 (3) If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language’s ways of doing that.
 
 ### Translation Strategies Applied
@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
 (1) Translate only one of the words.
 
  > You have decided to prepare **false** and **deceptive** words. (Daniel 2:9b ULT)
- >> “You have decided to prepare **false** things to say.”
+ > > “You have decided to prepare **false** things to say.”
 
 (2) If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as “very” or “great” or “many.”
 
  > He has one people **scattered** and **dispersed** among the peoples (Esther 3:8 ULT)
- >> “He has one people **very spread out**.”
+ > > “He has one people **very spread out**.”
 
 (3) If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language’s ways of doing that.
 
@@ -50,4 +50,4 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
 >
 > * English can emphasize this with “any” and “at all.”
 >
-> > “… like a lamb **without any blemish at all**.”
+> > “… like a lamb **without any blemish at all**.”

translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md

@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 ### Description
 
-An ellipsis occurs when a speaker or writer leaves out one or more words that normally should be in the sentence. The speaker or writer does this because he knows that the hearer or reader will understand the meaning of the sentence and supply the words in his mind when he hears or reads the words that are there. For example:
+An ellipsis<sup>1</sup> occurs when a speaker or writer leaves out one or more words that normally should be in the sentence. The speaker or writer does this because he knows that the hearer or reader will understand the meaning of the sentence and supply the words in his mind when he hears or reads the words that are there. For example:
 
-> So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, **nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous**. (Psalm 1:5b)
+> So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, **nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous**. (Psalm 1:5 ULT)
 
-There is ellipsis in the second part because “nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous” is not a complete sentence. The speaker assumes that the hearer will understand what it is that sinners will not do in the assembly of the righteous by filling in the action from the previous clause. With the action filled in, the complete sentence would end:
+There is ellipsis in the second part because “nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous” is not a complete sentence. The speaker assumes that the hearer will understand what it is that sinners will not do in the assembly of the righteous by filling in the action from the previous clause. With the action filled in, the complete sentence would read:
 
-> > … nor **will** sinners **stand** in the assembly of the righteous.
+> > So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor **will** sinners **stand** in the assembly of the righteous.
 
-#### There are two types of ellipsis.
+<sup>[1]</sup> English has a punctuation symbol which is also called an ellipsis. It is a series of three dots (…) used to indicate an intentional omission of a word, phrase, sentence or more from text without altering its original meaning. This translationAcademy article is not about the punctuation mark, but about the concept of omission of words that normally should be in the sentence.
+
+#### Two Types of Ellipsis
 
 1. A Relative Ellipsis happens when the reader has to supply the omitted word or words from the context. Usually the word is in the previous sentence, as in the example above.
 2. An Absolute Ellipsis happens when the omitted word or words are not in the context, but the phrases are common enough in the language that the reader is expected to supply what is missing from this common usage or from the nature of the situation.
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ There is ellipsis in the second part because “nor sinners in the assembly of t
 
 Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know that there is information missing that the writer expects them to fill in. Or readers may understand that there is information missing, but they may not know what information is missing because they do not know the original biblical language, culture, or situation as the original readers did. In this case, they may fill in the wrong information. Or readers may misunderstand the ellipsis if they do not use ellipsis in the same way in their language.
 
-### Examples from the Bible
+### Examples From the Bible
 
 #### Relative Ellipsis
 
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ The writer wants his words to be few and to make good poetry. The full sentence
 
 > > He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and **he makes** Sirion **skip** like a young ox.
 >
-> Watch carefully, therefore, how you walk—**not as unwise but as wise**. (Ephesians 5:15)
+> Watch carefully, therefore, how you walk—**not as unwise but as wise**. (Ephesians 5:15b ULT)
 
 The information that the reader must understand in the second parts of these sentences can be filled in from the first parts:
 
@@ -35,36 +37,36 @@ The information that the reader must understand in the second parts of these sen
 
 #### Absolute Ellipsis
 
-> Then when the he had come near, he asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” So he said, “Lord, **I want to see again**.” (Luke 18:40b-41 ULT)
+> Then when he had come near, he asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” And so he said, “Lord, **that I might recover my sight**.” (Luke 18:40b-41 ULT)
 
 It seems that the man answered in an incomplete sentence because he wanted to be polite and not directly ask Jesus for healing. He knew that Jesus would understand that the only way he could receive his sight would be for Jesus to heal him. The complete sentence would be:
 
 > > “Lord, **I want you to heal me so** that I might receive my sight.”
-
-> To Titus … **Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior**. (Titus 1:4 ULT)
+>
+> To Titus, a true son in our common faith. Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior. (Titus 1:4 ULT)
 
 The writer assumes that the reader will recognize this common form of a blessing or wish, so he does not need to include the full sentence, which would be:
 
-> > To Titus … **May you receive** grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior.
+> > To Titus, a true son in our common faith. **May you receive** grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior.
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
 If ellipsis would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here is another option:
 
-(1)  Add the missing words to the incomplete phrase or sentence.
+(1) Add the missing words to the incomplete phrase or sentence.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
 (1) Add the missing words to the incomplete phrase or sentence.
 
-> So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor **sinners in the assembly** of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5)
-
+> So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor **sinners in the assembly** of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5 ULT)
+>
 > > So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and **sinners will not stand in the assembly** of the righteous.
-
-> Then when the he had come near, he asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, **that I might receive my sight**.” (Luke 18:40b-41)
-
+>
+> Then when he had come near, he asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” And so he said, “Lord, **that I might recover my sight**.” (Luke 18:40b-41 ULT)
+>
 > > Then when the man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, **I want you to heal me** that I might receive my sight.”
-
-> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf **and Sirion like a young ox**. (Psalm 29:6)
-
-> > He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and **he makes** Sirion **skip** like a young ox.
+>
+> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf **and Sirion like a young ox**. (Psalm 29:6 ULT)
+>
+> > He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and **he makes** Sirion **skip** like a young ox.