Andley_BG4e/Syntax/§311a.md

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## 聯繫動詞 (Copular Verb)
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### 用法
- 聯繫動詞 (copular/linking verb) 的用法有三種:
- (1) 等同 (identification)
- Mat 16:16 (Σὺ)S (εἶ)P (ὁ Χριστὸς)C (ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος)=C ⟦你是基督,是永生神的兒子⟧
- (2) 類別 (classification)、屬性 (property)
- Mat 11:29 ὅτι (πραΰς)C (εἰμι)P καὶ ταπεινὸς τῇ καρδίᾳ ⟦(因為)我心裡柔和謙卑⟧
- Luk 19:2 καὶ (αὐτὸς)S (ἦν)P (ἀρχιτελώνης)C ⟦他是稅吏長⟧
- Mat 5:3 Ὅτι (αὐτῶν)C (ἐστιν)P (ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν)S ⟦因為天國是他們的⟧
- Mar 3:29 ἀλλὰ (ἔνοχός)⦇ (ἐστιν)P ⦈(αἰωνίου ἁμαρτήματος)C ⟦乃要擔當永遠的罪⟧
- Mat 28:20 καὶ ἰδοὺ (ἐγὼ)S (μεθ᾽ ὑμῶν)C (εἰμι)P (πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας)A (ἕως τῆς συντελείας τοῦ αἰῶνος)A ⟦(看哪)我就常與你們同在,直到世界的末了⟧
- Mat 2:15 καὶ (ἦν)P <mark>(ἐκεῖ)C</mark> (ἕως τῆς τελευτῆς Ἡρῴδου)A ⟦住在那裡,直到希律死了⟧
- Mar 13:28 ὅτι <mark>(ἐγγὺς)C</mark> (τὸ θέρος)S (ἐστίν)P ⟦你們就知道夏天近了⟧
- Act 10:38 ὅτι (ὁ Θεὸς) (ἦν)P <mark>(μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ)C</mark> ⟦因為神(是)與他同在⟧
- Php 3:20 (Ἡμῶν)⦇ γὰρ ⦈(τὸ πολίτευμα)S <mark>(ἐν οὐρανοῖς)C</mark> (ὑπάρχει)P ⟦我們卻是天上的國民⟧
### 主語 (S)、補語 (C) 的區分
原則:已知的資訊是 S新的資訊是 C。
判斷依據:
優先次序:代名詞 帶冠詞的實名詞 ≒ 專有名詞 動詞內含的主詞 沒有冠詞的實名詞
#### Goetchius 規則 (1965)
Eugene Van Ness Goetchius, _The Language of the New Testament_ (New York: Scribner, 1965), 45-46.
Goetchius 用「限定 (definiteness)、非限定 (indefiniteness)」當指標,認為「限定 (definiteness)」程度越高的是主語 (S),並且列出五條規則來判斷誰是 S (主語)、誰是 PN (述語主格)
- (a) If one of the two nous is a *proper name*, it is the subject.
- John 18:40 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἦν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>Was</rt></ruby><rt>V-IAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P <RUBY><ruby><ruby>δὲ<rt>δέ</rt></ruby><rt>now</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Βαραββᾶς<rt>Βαραββᾶς</rt></ruby><rt>Barabbas</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>λῃστής.<rt>λῃστής</rt></ruby><rt>an insurrectionist</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY>)PN
- (b) If only one of the nouns has the article, it is the subject:
- 1Jo 4:8 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὅτι<rt>ὅτι</rt></ruby><rt>because</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεὸς<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>God</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀγάπη<rt>ἀγάπη</rt></ruby><rt>love</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)PN (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐστίν.<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P
- (c) If both nouns are equally definite (or indefinite), the one which has the narrower reference is the subject:
- 1Jo 3:4 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>and</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἁμαρτία<rt>ἁμαρτία</rt></ruby><rt>sin</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐστὶν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀνομία.<rt>ἀνομία</rt></ruby><rt>lawlessness</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)PN
- (i.e. there are other kinds of lawlessness besides sin)
- (d) If one of the two nouns has been referred to in the immediately preceding context, it is the subject:
- 1Co 10:4 <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>πέτρα<rt>πέτρα</rt></ruby><rt>rock</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S <RUBY><ruby><ruby>δὲ<rt>δέ</rt></ruby><rt>then</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἦν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>was</rt></ruby><rt>V-IAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστός.<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>Christ</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-T</rt></RUBY>)PN
- (In this particular example, since Christ may be regarded as a proper name, the translation may be reversed: Christ[S] was the rock[PN].)
- (e) If an equative verb joins a noun to a pronoun, the pronoun is the subject:
- Gal 4:24 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὗται<rt>οὗτος</rt></ruby><rt>these</rt></ruby><rt>D-NPF</rt></RUBY>)S <RUBY><ruby><ruby>γάρ<rt>γάρ</rt></ruby><rt>for</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>εἰσιν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3P</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>δύο<rt>δύο</rt></ruby><rt>two</rt></ruby><rt>A-NPF-NUI</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>διαθῆκαι,<rt>διαθήκη</rt></ruby><rt>covenants</rt></ruby><rt>N-NPF</rt></RUBY>)PN
#### McGaughy 規則 (1972)
Lane C. McGaughy, _Toward a Descriptive Analysis of Einai as a Linking Verb in New Testament Greek_, SBL Dissertation Series 6 (Missoula MT: Society of Biblical Literature, 1972), 23-65.
McGaughy (1972, 32) 認為 Goetchius 的方法有缺陷:(1) 分類混亂。規則 (a) (b) (e) 是根據形式和結構 (morphology & syntax),但規則 (d) 是根據上下文 (context),規則 (c) 卻又是根據語意 (semantics)(2) 五條規則沒有排列出優先順序;(3) 專有名詞未必「限定 (definiteness)」程度就一定比較高 (e.g. Joh 8:39 ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ ἐστιν Our father[S] is Abraham[PN])。因此McGaughy (1972, 36-) 改用結構語言學的原則,從形式和結構入手,歸納出三大規則,並按優先順序排列如下:
- Rule 1. *The subject is that word or word cluster which agrees in person and number with the personal ending (bound morpheme) of the verb.*
- 2Co 6:16 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡμεῖς<rt>ἐγώ</rt></ruby><rt>We</rt></ruby><rt>P-1NP</rt></RUBY>)S <RUBY><ruby><ruby>γὰρ<rt>γάρ</rt></ruby><rt>for</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ναὸς<rt>ναός</rt></ruby><rt>[the] temple</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεοῦ<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>of God</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM</rt></RUBY>)⦇ <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐσμεν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-1P</rt></RUBY> ⦈(<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ζῶντος,<rt>ζάω</rt></ruby><rt>[the] living</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAP-GSM</rt></RUBY>)PN
- ἡμεῖς 的人稱、數 (1P) 與動詞的人稱字尾 (1P) 一致,所以是 S。
- Mat 5:14 <RUBY><ruby><ruby><mark>Ὑμεῖς</mark><rt>σύ</rt></ruby><rt>You</rt></ruby><rt>P-2NP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστε</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-2P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τὸ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>φῶς<rt>φῶς</rt></ruby><rt>light</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῦ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>of the</rt></ruby><rt>T-GSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>κόσμου.<rt>κόσμος</rt></ruby><rt>world</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM</rt></RUBY> ⇐ 動詞是 2P所以 Ὑμεῖς 是 Sτὸ φῶς (NSN) 只能是 C。
- 2Co 3:3 <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστὲ</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>you are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-<mark>2P</mark></rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐπιστολὴ<rt>ἐπιστολή</rt></ruby><rt>a letter</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστοῦ<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>of Christ</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM-T</rt></RUBY> ⇐ 動詞是 2P所以 ἐπιστολὴ (NSF) 不能當 S因此 S 是內含在動詞內的 2P。
- Rule 2. *The word or word cluster with head term in the nominative case is the subject.*
- 1Co 11:14 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀτιμία<rt>ἀτιμία</rt></ruby><rt>a dishonor</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὐτῷ<rt>αὐτός</rt></ruby><rt>to him</rt></ruby><rt>P-DSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστιν,</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>it is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> 【便是他的羞辱】 ⇐ Young (64) 認為 ἀτιμία 是 S (dishonor is to him),但或許應該當作 C 比較好 (BW10)。
- Co 6:19 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>οὐκ<rt>οὐ</rt></ruby><rt>not</rt></ruby><rt>PRT-N</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστὲ</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>you are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-2P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἑαυτῶν;<rt>ἑαυτοῦ</rt></ruby><rt>your own</rt></ruby><rt>F-2GPM</rt></RUBY> 【你們不是自己的人】
- Rule 3: "The subject is determined by its antecedent."
- Rule 3a: "Demonstrative and relative pronouns are subjects."
- Mat 3:17 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Οὗτός<rt>οὗτος</rt></ruby><rt>This</rt></ruby><rt>D-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστιν</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Υἱός<rt>υἱός</rt></ruby><rt>Son</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>μου<rt>ἐγώ</rt></ruby><rt>of me</rt></ruby><rt>P-1GS</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀγαπητός,<rt>ἀγαπητός</rt></ruby><rt>beloved</rt></ruby><rt>A-NSM</rt></RUBY> ⇐ Οὗτός 是 S。
- Mat 10:2 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Τῶν<rt></rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-GPM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>δὲ<rt>δέ</rt></ruby><rt>And</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>δώδεκα<rt>δώδεκα</rt></ruby><rt>of the twelve</rt></ruby><rt>A-GPM-NUI</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀποστόλων<rt>ἀπόστολος</rt></ruby><rt>apostles</rt></ruby><rt>N-GPM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τὰ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NPN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὀνόματά<rt>ὄνομα</rt></ruby><rt>names</rt></ruby><rt>N-NPN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστιν</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ταῦτα·<rt>οὗτος</rt></ruby><rt>these</rt></ruby><rt>D-NPN</rt></RUBY> ⇐ ταῦτα 是 S。
- Mat 16:20 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὐτός<rt>αὐτός</rt></ruby><rt>He</rt></ruby><rt>P-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστιν</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστός.<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>Christ</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-T</rt></RUBY> ⇐ αὐτός 是 S。
- Rule 3b: "The subject is indicated by zero anaphora."
- Joh 21:7 <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>The</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Κύριός<rt>κύριος</rt></ruby><rt>Lord</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστιν.</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>it is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> ⇐ 主語 (S) 內含在動詞裡面,所以要理解成:(it/he) is the Lord.
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- Rule 3c: "The word or word cluster determined by an article is the subject."
- Rule 3d: "If both words or word clusters are determined by an article, the first one is the subject."
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針對 Rule 3cMcGaughy 找到五節 的例外:
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- Joh 20:31 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰησοῦς<rt>Ἰησοῦς</rt></ruby><rt>Jesus</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστιν</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστὸς<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>Christ,</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-T</rt></RUBY></mark> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Υἱὸς<rt>υἱός</rt></ruby><rt>Son</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῦ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-GSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεοῦ,<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>of God,</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM</rt></RUBY>
- 1Jo 2:22 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰησοῦς<rt>Ἰησοῦς</rt></ruby><rt>Jesus</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>οὐκ<rt>οὐ</rt></ruby><rt>not</rt></ruby><rt>PRT-N</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἔστιν</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστός;<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>Christ?</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-T</rt></RUBY>
- 1Jo 4:15 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰησοῦς<rt>Ἰησοῦς</rt></ruby><rt>Jesus</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστιν</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Υἱὸς<rt>υἱός</rt></ruby><rt>Son</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῦ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-GSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεοῦ,<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>of God,</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM</rt></RUBY>
- 1Jo 5:1 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰησοῦς<rt>Ἰησοῦς</rt></ruby><rt>Jesus</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστιν</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστὸς<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>Christ,</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-T</rt></RUBY>
- 1Jo 5:5 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰησοῦς<rt>Ἰησοῦς</rt></ruby><rt>Jesus</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστιν</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Υἱὸς<rt>υἱός</rt></ruby><rt>Son</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῦ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-GSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεοῦ;<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>of God?</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM</rt></RUBY>
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---
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#### 但 Goethius (1976) 認為這些其實不是例外
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Goetchius, E. V. N. "Review of Toward a Descriptive Analysis of Einai as a Linking Verb in New Testament Greek." _Journal of Biblical Literature_ 95.1 (1976): 147-49, , http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3265495.
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從以下幾節可以看出:
- Act 18:5 <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>συνείχετο</strong><rt>συνέχω</rt></ruby><rt>was occupied</rt></ruby><rt>V-IPI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τῷ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>with the</rt></ruby><rt>T-DSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>λόγῳ<rt>λόγος</rt></ruby><rt>word</rt></ruby><rt>N-DSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Παῦλος<rt>Παῦλος</rt></ruby><rt>Paul,</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><em>διαμαρτυρόμενος</em><rt>διαμαρτύρομαι</rt></ruby><rt>earnestly testifying</rt></ruby><rt>V-PNP-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῖς<rt></rt></ruby><rt>to the</rt></ruby><rt>T-DPM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰουδαίοις<rt>Ἰουδαῖος</rt></ruby><rt>Jews</rt></ruby><rt>A-DPM-PG</rt></RUBY> <mark><RUBY><ruby><ruby><em>εἶναι</em><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>to be</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τὸν<rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-ASM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστὸν<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>Christ</rt></ruby><rt>N-ASM-T</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰησοῦν.<rt>Ἰησοῦς</rt></ruby><rt>Jesus.</rt></ruby><rt>N-ASM-P</rt></RUBY></mark>
- Act 18:28 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>εὐτόνως<rt>εὐτόνως</rt></ruby><rt>Powerfully</rt></ruby><rt>ADV</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>γὰρ<rt>γάρ</rt></ruby><rt>for</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῖς<rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-DPM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰουδαίοις<rt>Ἰουδαῖος</rt></ruby><rt>Jews</rt></ruby><rt>A-DPM-PG</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>διακατηλέγχετο</strong><rt>διακατελέγχομαι</rt></ruby><rt>he was refuting</rt></ruby><rt>V-INI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>δημοσίᾳ<rt>δημόσιος</rt></ruby><rt>publicly,</rt></ruby><rt>A-DSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><em>ἐπιδεικνὺς</em><rt>ἐπιδείκνυμι</rt></ruby><rt>showing</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAP-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>διὰ<rt>διά</rt></ruby><rt>by</rt></ruby><rt>PREP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τῶν<rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-GPF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>γραφῶν<rt>γραφή</rt></ruby><rt>Scriptures</rt></ruby><rt>N-GPF</rt></RUBY> <mark><RUBY><ruby><ruby><em>εἶναι</em><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>to be</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τὸν<rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-ASM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστὸν<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>Christ</rt></ruby><rt>N-ASM-T</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰησοῦν. <rt>Ἰησοῦς</rt></ruby><rt>Jesus.</rt></ruby><rt>N-ASM-P</rt></RUBY></mark>
- Act 5:42 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>πᾶσάν<rt>πᾶς</rt></ruby><rt>Every</rt></ruby><rt>A-ASF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τε<rt>τε</rt></ruby><rt>then</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡμέραν<rt>ἡμέρα</rt></ruby><rt>day,</rt></ruby><rt>N-ASF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐν<rt>ἐν</rt></ruby><rt>in</rt></ruby><rt>PREP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τῷ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-DSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἱερῷ<rt>ἱερός</rt></ruby><rt>temple</rt></ruby><rt>N-DSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>and</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>κατ᾽<rt>κατά</rt></ruby><rt>in</rt></ruby><rt>PREP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>οἶκον<rt>οἶκος</rt></ruby><rt>house,</rt></ruby><rt>N-ASM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>οὐκ<rt>οὐ</rt></ruby><rt>not</rt></ruby><rt>PRT-N</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐπαύοντο</strong><rt>παύω</rt></ruby><rt>they ceased</rt></ruby><rt>V-IMI-3P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><em>διδάσκοντες</em><rt>διδάσκω</rt></ruby><rt>teaching</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAP-NPM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>and</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><em>εὐαγγελιζόμενοι</em><rt>εὐαγγελίζομαι</rt></ruby><rt>proclaiming the good news that</rt></ruby><rt>V-PMP-NPM</rt></RUBY> <mark><RUBY><ruby><ruby>τὸν<rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-ASM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστὸν<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>Christ</rt></ruby><rt>N-ASM-T</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰησοῦν. <rt>Ἰησοῦς</rt></ruby><rt>[is] Jesus.</rt></ruby><rt>N-ASM-P</rt></RUBY></mark>
2021-10-20 07:01:34 +00:00
---
Daniel B. Wallace, _Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics_ (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996), 40-48.
#### Wallace 規則 (1996)
- 對等動詞 (equative verb)、聯繫動詞 (linking/copular verb)
- 例如: εἰμί, γίνομαι, and ὑπάρχω 等 (GGBB, 40)
- 誰是 S
- 基本原則:已知的是 S (GGBB, 42)
- 二者之一合乎以下規則的是 S (GGBB, 43-44)
- (1) 代名詞 & 動詞內含的主詞
- 疑問代名詞 τίς 例外:
- 少數例外:指示代名詞後面跟著一連串同位 (apposition)、補述 (epexegetical) 字串的時候 (GGBB, 40 n.12)
- Jas 1:27 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>θρησκεία<rt>θρησκεία</rt></ruby><rt>Religion</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>καθαρὰ<rt>καθαρός</rt></ruby><rt>pure</rt></ruby><rt>A-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>and</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀμίαντος<rt>ἀμίαντος</rt></ruby><rt>undefiled</rt></ruby><rt>A-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>παρὰ<rt>παρά</rt></ruby><rt>before</rt></ruby><rt>PREP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τῷ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-DSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεῷ<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>God</rt></ruby><rt>N-DSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>and</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Πατρὶ<rt>πατήρ</rt></ruby><rt>Father</rt></ruby><rt>N-DSM</rt></RUBY>)A (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὕτη<rt>οὗτος</rt></ruby><rt>this</rt></ruby><rt>D-NSF</rt></RUBY>)C (<RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστίν,</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P ={ (<RUBY><ruby><ruby><em>ἐπισκέπτεσθαι</em><rt>ἐπισκέπτομαι</rt></ruby><rt>to visit</rt></ruby><rt>V-PNN</rt></RUBY>)p (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὀρφανοὺς<rt>ὀρφανός</rt></ruby><rt>orphans</rt></ruby><rt>A-APM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>and</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>χήρας<rt>χήρα</rt></ruby><rt>widows</rt></ruby><rt>A-APF</rt></RUBY>)c (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐν<rt>ἐν</rt></ruby><rt>in</rt></ruby><rt>PREP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τῇ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-DSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>θλίψει<rt>θλῖψις</rt></ruby><rt>tribulation</rt></ruby><rt>N-DSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὐτῶν,<rt>αὐτός</rt></ruby><rt>of them</rt></ruby><rt>P-GPM</rt></RUBY>)a }C ={ (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἄσπιλον<rt>ἄσπιλος</rt></ruby><rt>unstained</rt></ruby><rt>A-ASM</rt></RUBY>)+c (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἑαυτὸν<rt>ἑαυτοῦ</rt></ruby><rt>oneself</rt></ruby><rt>F-3ASM</rt></RUBY>)c (<RUBY><ruby><ruby><em>τηρεῖν</em><rt>τηρέω</rt></ruby><rt>to keep</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAN</rt></RUBY>)p (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀπὸ<rt>ἀπό</rt></ruby><rt>from</rt></ruby><rt>PREP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῦ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-GSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>κόσμου.<rt>κόσμος</rt></ruby><rt>world</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM</rt></RUBY>)a }C
- (2) 帶冠詞的實名詞
- (3) 專有名詞
- 例外:談論 ὄνομα (姓名) 的時候,因為「每個人都有姓名」是已知概念,而「名字」是未知概念,
- Luk 1:63 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰωάννης<rt>Ἰωάννης</rt></ruby><rt>John</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστὶν</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὄνομα<rt>ὄνομα</rt></ruby><rt>[the] name</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὐτοῦ.<rt>αὐτός</rt></ruby><rt>of him</rt></ruby><rt>P-GSM</rt></RUBY>
- 二者都合乎上述規則時:
- 優先順序 (pecking order; GGBB, 44-45)
- 代名詞有最高優先權
- 疑問代名詞 τίς 例外
- 字詞順序 (word-order) 在前面的
- 語意 ⇒ 互換命題 (SC)
- 例外?:
- Joh 5:15 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰησοῦς<rt>Ἰησοῦς</rt></ruby><rt>Jesus</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστιν</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>it is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>the [One]</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><em>ποιήσας</em><rt>ποιέω</rt></ruby><rt>having made</rt></ruby><rt>V-AAP-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὐτὸν<rt>αὐτός</rt></ruby><rt>him</rt></ruby><rt>P-ASM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὑγιῆ.<rt>ὑγιής</rt></ruby><rt>well</rt></ruby><rt>A-ASM</rt></RUBY>
2021-11-08 11:23:58 +00:00
---
#### John 20:31 爭議
vault backup: 2022-05-07 11:39:04 Affected files: 50-Philippians/Philippians-Interlinear-TC.md 50-Philippians/Philippians-Interlinear.md 50-Philippians/Philippians-Notes.md 50-Philippians/Php.1.1-2.md 50-Philippians/Php.1.12-14.md 50-Philippians/Php.1.15-26.md 50-Philippians/Php.1.27-30.md 50-Philippians/Php.1.3-11.md 50-Philippians/Php.2.1-11.md 50-Philippians/Php.2.12-18.md 50-Philippians/Php.2.19-24.md 50-Philippians/Php.2.25-30.md 50-Philippians/Php.3.1-11.md 50-Philippians/Php.3.12-16.md 50-Philippians/Php.3.17-21.md 50-Philippians/Php.4.1.md 50-Philippians/Php.4.10-14.md 50-Philippians/Php.4.15-20.md 50-Philippians/Php.4.2-7.md 50-Philippians/Php.4.21-23.md 50-Philippians/Php.4.8-9.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.1.10–12.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.1.13–16.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.1.17–21.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.1.1–2.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.1.22–25.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.1.3–9.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.2.11–12.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.2.13–17.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.2.18–25.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.3.13–22.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.3.1–6.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.3.7.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.3.8–12.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.4.12–19.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.4.1–6.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.4.7–11.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.5.12–14.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.5.1–4.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.5.5.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.5.6–7.md 60-1Peter/1Pe.5.8–11.md 60-1Peter/1Peter-Interlinear-TC.md 60-1Peter/1Peter-Interlinear.md 60-1Peter/1Peter-Notes.md 62-1John/123John-Clause.md 62-1John/1Jo.1.1–4.md 62-1John/1Jo.1.5–10.md 62-1John/1Jo.2.18–27.md 62-1John/1Jo.2.1–6.md 62-1John/1Jo.2.28–3.10.md 62-1John/1Jo.2.7–17.md 62-1John/1Jo.3.11–18.md 62-1John/1Jo.3.19–24.md 62-1John/1Jo.4.1–6.md 62-1John/1Jo.4.7–21.md 62-1John/1Jo.5.13–21.md 62-1John/1Jo.5.1–5.md 62-1John/1Jo.5.6–12.md 62-1John/1John-Interlinear-TC.md 62-1John/1John-Interlinear.md 62-1John/1John-Notes.md 63-2John/2Jo.1.12–13.md 63-2John/2Jo.1.1–3.md 63-2John/2Jo.1.4–11.md 63-2John/2John-Interlinear-TC.md 63-2John/2John-Interlinear.md 63-2John/2John-Notes.md 64-3John/3Jo.1.13–15.md 64-3John/3Jo.1.1–4.md 64-3John/3Jo.1.5–12.md 64-3John/3John-Interlinear-TC.md 64-3John/3John-Interlinear.md 64-3John/3John-Notes.md 65-Jude/Jude-Interlinear-TC.md 65-Jude/Jude-Interlinear.md 65-Jude/Jude-Notes.md Aspect and Prominence.md BBG4E/HW1-Key.md BBG4E/HW1.md BBG4E/HW10-Key.md BBG4E/HW10.md BBG4E/HW11.md BBG4E/HW12.md BBG4E/HW2-Key.md BBG4E/HW2.md BBG4E/HW3-Key.md BBG4E/HW3.md BBG4E/HW4-Key.md BBG4E/HW4.md BBG4E/HW5-Key.md BBG4E/HW5.md BBG4E/HW6-Key.md BBG4E/HW6.md BBG4E/HW7-Key.md BBG4E/HW7.md BBG4E/HW8-Key.md BBG4E/HW8.md BBG4E/HW9-Key.md BBG4E/HW9.md BG4E–III/2021-CTTS.md BG4E–III/HW1-Key.md BG4E–III/HW1.md BG4E–III/HW2-Key.md BG4E–III/HW2.md BG4E–III/HW3-Key.md BG4E–III/HW3.md BG4E–III/HW4-Key.md BG4E–III/HW4.md BG4E–III/HW5-Key.md BG4E–III/HW5.md BG4E–III/HW6-Key.md BG4E–III/HW6.md BG4E–III/HW7-Key.md BG4E–III/HW7.md BG4E–III/HW8-Key.md BG4E–III/HW8.md Biblography.md Digital-Tools.md Idioms.md Mounce-BBG/BBG.md Mounce-BBG/複習 2 (1Jo4.1–6) 解答.md Mounce-BBG/複習 2 (1Jo4.1–6).md Mounce-BBG/複習 3 (1Jo 1.5–2.5) 解答.md Mounce-BBG/複習 3 (1Jo 1.5–2.5).md Mounce-BBG/複習 4 (Joh 12.27–36) 解答.md Mounce-BBG/複習 4 (Joh 12.27–36).md Mounce-BBG/複習 5 (Joh 9.18–34) 解答.md Mounce-BBG/複習 5 (Joh 9.18–34).md Mounce-BBG/複習 6 (Mar 1.1–22) 解答.md Mounce-BBG/複習 6 (Mar 1.1–22).md Mounce-BBG/複習 7 (Mat 13.1–23) 解答.md Mounce-BBG/複習 7 (Mat 13.1–23).md Mounce-Reader/GRBG-01a.md Mounce-Reader/GRBG-01b.md Mounce-Reader/GRBG-01c.md Mounce-Reader/GRBG.md NewPhp/Php.1.1–2.md NewPhp/Php.1.3–11.md NewPhp/Php.2.12–18.md NewPhp/Php.2.1–11.md NewPhp/Php.3.12–4.1.md NewPhp/Php.3.1–11.md NewPhp/Php.4.10–20.md NewPhp/Php.4.21–23.md NewPhp/Php.4.2–9.md Parables/Parables-John.md Parables/Parables-Mark.md Parables/Syllabus.md Quotations.md README.md Syntax/#3 類條件句.md Syntax/Aspect.md Syntax/James Nugget.md Syntax/Minimalistic Grammar.md Syntax/minimalist approach.md Syntax/§0 BG4E-Syntax.md Syntax/§31.1.md Syntax/§52.md Syntax/§62.md Syntax/πᾶς–ὁ.md Untitled.md
2022-05-07 03:39:04 +00:00
D. A. Carson, "The Purpose of the Fourth Gospel: John 20:31 Reconsidered," *JBL* 106 (1987): 639-51, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3260824.
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---
2021-10-20 07:01:34 +00:00
區分 S(N) or C(PN)
1Jo 1:5 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>and</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>σκοτία<rt>σκοτία</rt></ruby><rt>darkness</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐν<rt>ἐν</rt></ruby><rt>in</rt></ruby><rt>PREP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὐτῷ<rt>αὐτός</rt></ruby><rt>Him,</rt></ruby><rt>P-DSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>οὐκ<rt>οὐ</rt></ruby><rt>not</rt></ruby><rt>PRT-N</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἔστιν</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>οὐδεμία.<rt>οὐδείς</rt></ruby><rt>none.</rt></ruby><rt>A-NSF</rt></RUBY>
2021-10-20 07:01:34 +00:00
Cascadia
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OpenText
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區分 S(N) or C(PN)
Php 2:13 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεὸς<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>God</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>γάρ<rt>γάρ</rt></ruby><rt>for</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστιν</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>the [One]</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><em>ἐνεργῶν</em><rt>ἐνεργέω</rt></ruby><rt>working</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAP-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐν<rt>ἐν</rt></ruby><rt>in</rt></ruby><rt>PREP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὑμῖν<rt>σύ</rt></ruby><rt>you</rt></ruby><rt>P-2DP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>both</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τὸ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-ASN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><em>θέλειν</em><rt>θέλω</rt></ruby><rt>to will</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>and</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τὸ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-ASN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><em>ἐνεργεῖν</em><rt>ἐνεργέω</rt></ruby><rt>to work</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὑπὲρ<rt>ὑπέρ</rt></ruby><rt>according to</rt></ruby><rt>PREP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τῆς<rt></rt></ruby><rt>[His]</rt></ruby><rt>T-GSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>εὐδοκίας.<rt>εὐδοκία</rt></ruby><rt>good pleasure.</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSF</rt></RUBY>
2021-10-20 07:01:34 +00:00
Cascadia
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OpenText
2021-10-20 07:17:20 +00:00
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BibleWorks10
2021-11-05 23:01:28 +00:00
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---
2021-11-09 22:28:39 +00:00
Matthew D. Jensen, “John Is No Exception: Identifying the Subject of Εἰμί and Its Implications,” _Journal of Biblical Literature_.2 (2021): 15, 347.
Jensen 指出 Wallace 規則的缺點:
- Joh 5:15 <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἀπῆλθεν</strong><rt>ἀπέρχομαι</rt></ruby><rt>Went away</rt></ruby><rt>V-2AAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἄνθρωπος<rt>ἄνθρωπος</rt></ruby><rt>man</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY>
- <RUBY><ruby><ruby>καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>and</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἀνήγγειλεν</strong><rt>ἀναγγέλλω</rt></ruby><rt>told</rt></ruby><rt>V-AAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῖς<rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-DPM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰουδαίοις<rt>Ἰουδαῖος</rt></ruby><rt>Jews</rt></ruby><rt>A-DPM-PG</rt></RUBY>
- <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὅτι<rt>ὅτι</rt></ruby><rt>that</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <mark><RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰησοῦς<rt>Ἰησοῦς</rt></ruby><rt>Jesus</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστιν</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>it is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>the [One]</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><em>ποιήσας</em><rt>ποιέω</rt></ruby><rt>having made</rt></ruby><rt>V-AAP-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὐτὸν<rt>αὐτός</rt></ruby><rt>him</rt></ruby><rt>P-ASM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὑγιῆ.<rt>ὑγιής</rt></ruby><rt>well.</rt></ruby><rt>A-ASM</rt></RUBY></mark>
2021-11-09 22:28:39 +00:00
【已知的是 ὁ οιήσας_ αὐτὸν ὑγιῆ,新資訊是「耶穌」,所以即便耶穌在前,但還是應該當作 PN (補語)】
2021-11-09 22:28:39 +00:00
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2021-11-05 23:01:28 +00:00
GGBB 沒考慮的情況:
1) 不定詞內嵌子句當作 S
2022-05-07 12:14:18 +00:00
<rt>Php 1:7</rt> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Καθώς<rt>καθώς</rt></ruby><rt>Accordingly,</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστιν</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>it is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>δίκαιον<rt>δίκαιος</rt></ruby><rt>right</rt></ruby><rt>A-NSN</rt></RUBY>)C (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐμοὶ<rt>ἐγώ</rt></ruby><rt>for me</rt></ruby><rt>P-1DS</rt></RUBY>)A { <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῦτο<rt>οὗτος</rt></ruby><rt>this</rt></ruby><rt>D-ASN</rt></RUBY> c <RUBY><ruby><ruby><em>φρονεῖν</em><rt>φρονέω</rt></ruby><rt>to feel</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὑπὲρ<rt>ὑπέρ</rt></ruby><rt>about</rt></ruby><rt>PREP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>πάντων<rt>πᾶς</rt></ruby><rt>all</rt></ruby><rt>A-GPM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὑμῶν<rt>σύ</rt></ruby><rt>of you,</rt></ruby><rt>P-2GP</rt></RUBY> a }S