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Affected files: .obsidian/plugins/obsidian-hider/data.json .obsidian/workspace.json Syntax/§311a.md
This commit is contained in:
Andley Chang
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@ -18,6 +18,18 @@
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@ -26,7 +38,7 @@
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@ -36,8 +48,21 @@
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@ -83,13 +108,11 @@
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@ -168,16 +191,17 @@
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"Syntax/§311a.md",
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@ -187,7 +211,6 @@
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"cheatsheet.md",
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"43-John/Joh.3.16.md",
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"Phrasing-Signs.md",
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@ -8,14 +8,15 @@ Eugene Van Ness Goetchius, _The Language of the New Testament_ (New York: Scribn
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Goetchius 用「限定 (definiteness)、非限定 (indefiniteness)」當指標，認為「限定 (definiteness)」程度越高的是主語 (S)，並且列出五條規則來判斷誰是 S (主語)、誰是 PN (述語主格)：
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- (a) If one of the two nous is a *proper name*, it is the subject.
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- John 18:40 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἦν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>Was</rt></ruby><rt>V-IAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P <RUBY><ruby><ruby>δὲ<rt>δέ</rt></ruby><rt>now</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Βαραββᾶς<rt>Βαραββᾶς</rt></ruby><rt>Barabbas</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>λῃστής.¶<rt>λῃστής</rt></ruby><rt>an insurrectionist</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY>)PN
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- John 18:40 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἦν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>Was</rt></ruby><rt>V-IAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P <RUBY><ruby><ruby>δὲ<rt>δέ</rt></ruby><rt>now</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Βαραββᾶς<rt>Βαραββᾶς</rt></ruby><rt>Barabbas</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>λῃστής.¶<rt>λῃστής</rt></ruby><rt>an insurrectionist</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY>)PN
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- (b) If only one of the nouns has the article, it is the subject:
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- 1Jo 4:8 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὅτι<rt>ὅτι</rt></ruby><rt>because</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεὸς<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>God</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀγάπη<rt>ἀγάπη</rt></ruby><rt>love</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)PN (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐστίν.<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P
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- 1Jo 4:8 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὅτι<rt>ὅτι</rt></ruby><rt>because</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεὸς<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>God</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀγάπη<rt>ἀγάπη</rt></ruby><rt>love</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)PN (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐστίν.<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P
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- (c) If both nouns are equally definite (or indefinite), the one which has the narrower reference is the subject:
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- 1Jo 3:4 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>and</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἁμαρτία<rt>ἁμαρτία</rt></ruby><rt>sin</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐστὶν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀνομία.<rt>ἀνομία</rt></ruby><rt>lawlessness</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)PN
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- 1Jo 3:4 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>and</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἁμαρτία<rt>ἁμαρτία</rt></ruby><rt>sin</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐστὶν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀνομία.<rt>ἀνομία</rt></ruby><rt>lawlessness</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)PN
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- (i.e. there are other kinds of lawlessness besides sin)
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- (d) If one of the two nouns has been referred to in the immediately preceding context, it is the subject:
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- 1Co 10:4 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>πέτρα<rt>πέτρα</rt></ruby><rt>rock</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S <RUBY><ruby><ruby>δὲ<rt>δέ</rt></ruby><rt>then</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἦν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>was</rt></ruby><rt>V-IAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστός.<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>Christ</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-T</rt></RUBY>)PN
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- In this particular example, since Christ may be regarded as a proper name, the translation may be reversed: Christ(S) was the rock(PN).
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- 1Co 10:4 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>πέτρα<rt>πέτρα</rt></ruby><rt>rock</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S <RUBY><ruby><ruby>δὲ<rt>δέ</rt></ruby><rt>then</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἦν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>was</rt></ruby><rt>V-IAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστός.<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>Christ</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-T</rt></RUBY>)PN
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- (In this particular example, since Christ may be regarded as a proper name, the translation may be reversed: Christ[S] was the rock[PN].)
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- (e) If an equative verb joins a noun to a pronoun, the pronoun is the subject:
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- Gal 4:24 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὗται<rt>οὗτος</rt></ruby><rt>these</rt></ruby><rt>D-NPF</rt></RUBY>)S <RUBY><ruby><ruby>γάρ<rt>γάρ</rt></ruby><rt>for</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>εἰσιν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3P</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>δύο<rt>δύο</rt></ruby><rt>two</rt></ruby><rt>A-NPF-NUI</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>διαθῆκαι,<rt>διαθήκη</rt></ruby><rt>covenants</rt></ruby><rt>N-NPF</rt></RUBY>)PN
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@ -23,13 +24,14 @@ Goetchius 用「限定 (definiteness)、非限定 (indefiniteness)」當指標
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Lane C. McGaughy, _Toward a Descriptive Analysis of ’Einai as a Linking Verb in New Testament Greek_, SBL Dissertation Series 6 (Missoula MT: Society of Biblical Literature, 1972), 23-65.
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McGaughy
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McGaughy (1972, 32) 認為 Goetchius 的方法有缺陷：(1) 分類混亂。規則 (a) (b) (e) 是根據形式和結構 (morphology & syntax)，但規則 (d) 是根據上下文 (context)，規則 (c) 卻又是根據語意 (semantics)；(2) 五條規則沒有排列出優先順序；(3) 專有名詞未必「限定 (definiteness)」程度就一定比較高 (e.g. Joh 8:39 ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ ἐστιν Our father[S] is Abraham[PN])。因此，McGaughy (1972, 36-) 改用結構語言學的原則，從形式和結構入手，歸納出三大規則，並按優先順序排列如下：
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- Rule 1: "The subject is that word or word cluster which agrees in person a nd number with the personal ending of the verb."
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- Rule 1. *The subject is that word or word cluster which agrees in person and number with the personal ending (bound morpheme) of the verb.*
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- 2Co 6:16 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡμεῖς<rt>ἐγώ</rt></ruby><rt>We</rt></ruby><rt>P-1NP</rt></RUBY>)S <RUBY><ruby><ruby>γὰρ<rt>γάρ</rt></ruby><rt>for</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ναὸς<rt>ναός</rt></ruby><rt>[the] temple</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεοῦ<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>of God</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM</rt></RUBY>)⦇ <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐσμεν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-1P</rt></RUBY> ⦈(<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ζῶντος,<rt>ζάω</rt></ruby><rt>[the] living</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAP-GSM</rt></RUBY>)PN
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- ἡμεῖς 的人稱、數 (1P) 與動詞的人稱字尾 (1P) 一致，所以是 S。
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- Mat 5:14 <RUBY><ruby><ruby><mark>Ὑμεῖς</mark><rt>σύ</rt></ruby><rt>You</rt></ruby><rt>P-2NP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστε</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-2P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τὸ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>φῶς<rt>φῶς</rt></ruby><rt>light</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῦ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>of the</rt></ruby><rt>T-GSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>κόσμου.<rt>κόσμος</rt></ruby><rt>world</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM</rt></RUBY> ⇐ 動詞是 2P，所以 Ὑμεῖς 是 S，τὸ φῶς (NSN) 只能是 C。
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- 2Co 3:3 <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστὲ</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>you are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-<mark>2P</mark></rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐπιστολὴ<rt>ἐπιστολή</rt></ruby><rt>a letter</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστοῦ<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>of Christ</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM-T</rt></RUBY> ⇐ 動詞是 2P，所以 ἐπιστολὴ (NSF) 不能當 S，因此 S 是內含在動詞內的 2P。
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- Rule 2: "The word or word cluster with head term in the nominative case is the subject."
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- Rule 2. *The word or word cluster with head term in the nominative case is the subject.*
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- 1Co 11:14 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀτιμία<rt>ἀτιμία</rt></ruby><rt>a dishonor</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὐτῷ<rt>αὐτός</rt></ruby><rt>to him</rt></ruby><rt>P-DSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστιν,</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>it is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> 【便是他的羞辱】 ⇐ Young (64) 認為 ἀτιμία 是 S (dishonor is to him)，但或許應該當作 C 比較好 (BW10)。
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- Co 6:19 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>οὐκ<rt>οὐ</rt></ruby><rt>not</rt></ruby><rt>PRT-N</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστὲ</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>you are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-2P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἑαυτῶν;<rt>ἑαυτοῦ</rt></ruby><rt>your own</rt></ruby><rt>F-2GPM</rt></RUBY> 【你們不是自己的人】
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- Rule 3: "The subject is determined by its antecedent."
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