From dcb28e59555095428ef454f56307ff084c5b917b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andley Chang <andley@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Mar 2023 10:53:15 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] vault backup: 2023-03-31 10:53:15
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Affected files:
.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-hider/data.json
.obsidian/workspace.json
Syntax/§311a.md
---
 .obsidian/plugins/obsidian-hider/data.json |  2 +-
 .obsidian/workspace.json                   | 45 ++++++++++++++++------
 Syntax/§311a.md                            | 20 +++++-----
 3 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-hider/data.json b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-hider/data.json
index 55774c7..895499a 100644
--- a/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-hider/data.json
+++ b/.obsidian/plugins/obsidian-hider/data.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "hideRibbon": false,
+  "hideRibbon": true,
   "hideStatus": false,
   "hideTabs": false,
   "hideScroll": false,
diff --git a/.obsidian/workspace.json b/.obsidian/workspace.json
index 4636c8e..5d07779 100644
--- a/.obsidian/workspace.json
+++ b/.obsidian/workspace.json
@@ -18,6 +18,18 @@
                 "source": true
               }
             }
+          },
+          {
+            "id": "d5ab504a751d37e8",
+            "type": "leaf",
+            "state": {
+              "type": "markdown",
+              "state": {
+                "file": "62-1John/1Jo.2.1-6.md",
+                "mode": "preview",
+                "source": true
+              }
+            }
           }
         ]
       },
@@ -26,7 +38,7 @@
         "type": "tabs",
         "children": [
           {
-            "id": "47c03451b47d11f1",
+            "id": "b2bb63766f5e07f1",
             "type": "leaf",
             "state": {
               "type": "markdown",
@@ -36,8 +48,21 @@
                 "source": true
               }
             }
+          },
+          {
+            "id": "2f66d15750364669",
+            "type": "leaf",
+            "state": {
+              "type": "markdown",
+              "state": {
+                "file": "62-1John/123John-Style.md",
+                "mode": "preview",
+                "source": true
+              }
+            }
           }
-        ]
+        ],
+        "currentTab": 1
       }
     ],
     "direction": "vertical"
@@ -83,13 +108,11 @@
               "state": {}
             }
           }
-        ],
-        "currentTab": 2
+        ]
       }
     ],
     "direction": "horizontal",
-    "width": 200,
-    "collapsed": true
+    "width": 200
   },
   "right": {
     "id": "1464b72f66019d33",
@@ -168,16 +191,17 @@
   },
   "active": "4cecd93ef675042c",
   "lastOpenFiles": [
-    "62-1John/1John-Notes.md",
-    "Syntax/§311a.md",
-    "62-1John/1Jo.2.18-27.md",
     "62-1John/123John-Style.md",
+    "Syntax/§311a.md",
+    "62-1John/1Jo.2.12-17.md",
+    "62-1John/1Jo.2.1-6.md",
+    "62-1John/1John-Notes.md",
+    "62-1John/1Jo.2.18-27.md",
     "62-1John/1John-Interlinear-TC.md",
     "62-1John/1John-Interlinear.md",
     "Untitled.md",
     "40-Matthew/Mat.19.5-6.md",
     "40-Matthew",
-    "62-1John/1Jo.2.12-17.md",
     "62-1John/1Jo.1.5-10.md",
     "66-Revelation/Rev.1.4-6.md",
     "48-Galatians/Gal.2.6-10.md",
@@ -187,7 +211,6 @@
     "cheatsheet.md",
     "43-John/Joh.3.16.md",
     "62-1John/1Jo.2.7-11.md",
-    "62-1John/1Jo.2.1-6.md",
     "open-source.md",
     "README.md",
     "Phrasing-Signs.md",
diff --git a/Syntax/§311a.md b/Syntax/§311a.md
index f59cd97..bb8de42 100644
--- a/Syntax/§311a.md
+++ b/Syntax/§311a.md
@@ -8,14 +8,15 @@ Eugene Van Ness Goetchius, _The Language of the New Testament_ (New York: Scribn
 Goetchius 用「限定 (definiteness)、非限定 (indefiniteness)」當指標，認為「限定 (definiteness)」程度越高的是主語 (S)，並且列出五條規則來判斷誰是 S (主語)、誰是 PN (述語主格)：
 
 - (a) If one of the two nous is a *proper name*, it is the subject.
-	- John 18:40 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἦν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>Was</rt></ruby><rt>V-IAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P <RUBY><ruby><ruby>δὲ<rt>δέ</rt></ruby><rt>now</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Βαραββᾶς<rt>Βαραββᾶς</rt></ruby><rt>Barabbas</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>λῃστής.¶<rt>λῃστής</rt></ruby><rt>an insurrectionist</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY>)PN
+	- John 18:40 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἦν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>Was</rt></ruby><rt>V-IAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P <RUBY><ruby><ruby>δὲ<rt>δέ</rt></ruby><rt>now</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Βαραββᾶς<rt>Βαραββᾶς</rt></ruby><rt>Barabbas</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>λῃστής.¶<rt>λῃστής</rt></ruby><rt>an insurrectionist</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY>)PN
 - (b) If only one of the nouns has the article, it is the subject:
-	- 1Jo 4:8 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὅτι<rt>ὅτι</rt></ruby><rt>because</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεὸς<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>God</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀγάπη<rt>ἀγάπη</rt></ruby><rt>love</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)PN (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐστίν.<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P
+	- 1Jo 4:8 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὅτι<rt>ὅτι</rt></ruby><rt>because</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεὸς<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>God</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀγάπη<rt>ἀγάπη</rt></ruby><rt>love</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)PN (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐστίν.<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P
 - (c) If both nouns are equally definite (or indefinite), the one which has the narrower reference is the subject:
-	- 1Jo 3:4 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>and</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἁμαρτία<rt>ἁμαρτία</rt></ruby><rt>sin</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐστὶν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀνομία.<rt>ἀνομία</rt></ruby><rt>lawlessness</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)PN
+	- 1Jo 3:4 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>and</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἁμαρτία<rt>ἁμαρτία</rt></ruby><rt>sin</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐστὶν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀνομία.<rt>ἀνομία</rt></ruby><rt>lawlessness</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)PN
+	- (i.e. there are other kinds of lawlessness besides sin)
 - (d) If one of the two nouns has been referred to in the immediately preceding context, it is the subject:
-	- 1Co 10:4 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>πέτρα<rt>πέτρα</rt></ruby><rt>rock</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S <RUBY><ruby><ruby>δὲ<rt>δέ</rt></ruby><rt>then</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἦν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>was</rt></ruby><rt>V-IAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστός.<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>Christ</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-T</rt></RUBY>)PN
-	- In this  particular example, since Christ may be regarded as a proper name, the translation may be reversed: Christ(S) was the rock(PN).
+	- 1Co 10:4 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>πέτρα<rt>πέτρα</rt></ruby><rt>rock</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S <RUBY><ruby><ruby>δὲ<rt>δέ</rt></ruby><rt>then</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἦν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>was</rt></ruby><rt>V-IAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστός.<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>Christ</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-T</rt></RUBY>)PN
+	- (In this  particular example, since Christ may be regarded as a proper name, the translation may be reversed: Christ[S] was the rock[PN].)
 - (e) If an equative verb joins a noun to a pronoun, the pronoun is the subject:
 	- Gal 4:24 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὗται<rt>οὗτος</rt></ruby><rt>these</rt></ruby><rt>D-NPF</rt></RUBY>)S <RUBY><ruby><ruby>γάρ<rt>γάρ</rt></ruby><rt>for</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>εἰσιν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3P</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>δύο<rt>δύο</rt></ruby><rt>two</rt></ruby><rt>A-NPF-NUI</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>διαθῆκαι,<rt>διαθήκη</rt></ruby><rt>covenants</rt></ruby><rt>N-NPF</rt></RUBY>)PN
 
@@ -23,13 +24,14 @@ Goetchius 用「限定 (definiteness)、非限定 (indefiniteness)」當指標
 
 Lane C. McGaughy, _Toward a Descriptive Analysis of ’Einai as a Linking Verb in New Testament Greek_, SBL Dissertation Series 6 (Missoula MT: Society of Biblical Literature, 1972), 23-65.
 
-McGaughy 
+McGaughy (1972, 32)  認為 Goetchius 的方法有缺陷：(1) 分類混亂。規則 (a) (b) (e) 是根據形式和結構 (morphology & syntax)，但規則 (d) 是根據上下文 (context)，規則 (c) 卻又是根據語意 (semantics)；(2) 五條規則沒有排列出優先順序；(3) 專有名詞未必「限定 (definiteness)」程度就一定比較高 (e.g. Joh 8:39 ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ ἐστιν Our father[S] is Abraham[PN])。因此，McGaughy (1972, 36-) 改用結構語言學的原則，從形式和結構入手，歸納出三大規則，並按優先順序排列如下：
 
-
-- Rule 1: "The subject is that word or word cluster which agrees in person a nd number with the personal ending of the verb."
+- Rule 1. *The subject is that word or word cluster which agrees in person and number with the personal ending (bound morpheme) of the verb.*
+	- 2Co 6:16 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡμεῖς<rt>ἐγώ</rt></ruby><rt>We</rt></ruby><rt>P-1NP</rt></RUBY>)S <RUBY><ruby><ruby>γὰρ<rt>γάρ</rt></ruby><rt>for</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ναὸς<rt>ναός</rt></ruby><rt>[the] temple</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεοῦ<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>of God</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM</rt></RUBY>)⦇ <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐσμεν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-1P</rt></RUBY> ⦈(<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ζῶντος,<rt>ζάω</rt></ruby><rt>[the] living</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAP-GSM</rt></RUBY>)PN
+		- ἡμεῖς 的人稱、數 (1P) 與動詞的人稱字尾 (1P) 一致，所以是 S。
 	- Mat 5:14 <RUBY><ruby><ruby><mark>Ὑμεῖς</mark><rt>σύ</rt></ruby><rt>You</rt></ruby><rt>P-2NP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστε</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-2P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τὸ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>φῶς<rt>φῶς</rt></ruby><rt>light</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῦ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>of the</rt></ruby><rt>T-GSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>κόσμου.<rt>κόσμος</rt></ruby><rt>world</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM</rt></RUBY> ⇐ 動詞是 2P，所以 Ὑμεῖς 是 S，τὸ φῶς (NSN) 只能是 C。
 	- 2Co 3:3 <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστὲ</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>you are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-<mark>2P</mark></rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐπιστολὴ<rt>ἐπιστολή</rt></ruby><rt>a letter</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστοῦ<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>of Christ</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM-T</rt></RUBY> ⇐ 動詞是 2P，所以 ἐπιστολὴ (NSF) 不能當 S，因此 S 是內含在動詞內的 2P。
-- Rule 2: "The word or word cluster with head term in the nominative case is the subject."
+- Rule 2. *The word or word cluster with head term in the nominative case is the subject.*
 	- 1Co 11:14 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀτιμία<rt>ἀτιμία</rt></ruby><rt>a dishonor</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὐτῷ<rt>αὐτός</rt></ruby><rt>to him</rt></ruby><rt>P-DSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστιν,</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>it is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY> 【便是他的羞辱】 ⇐ Young (64) 認為 ἀτιμία 是 S (dishonor is to him)，但或許應該當作 C 比較好 (BW10)。
 	- Co 6:19 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>οὐκ<rt>οὐ</rt></ruby><rt>not</rt></ruby><rt>PRT-N</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστὲ</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>you are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-2P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἑαυτῶν;<rt>ἑαυτοῦ</rt></ruby><rt>your own</rt></ruby><rt>F-2GPM</rt></RUBY> 【你們不是自己的人】
 - Rule 3: "The subject is determined by its antecedent."