vault backup: 2023-03-31 07:27:36

Affected files:
.obsidian/workspace.json
Syntax/§311a.md

.obsidian/workspace.json

@@ -88,7 +88,8 @@
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     "direction": "horizontal",
-    "width": 200
+    "width": 200,
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Syntax/§311a.md

@@ -5,21 +5,27 @@
 #### Goetchius 規則 (1965)
 Eugene Van Ness Goetchius, _The Language of the New Testament_ (New York: Scribner, 1965), 45-46.
 
-Goetchius 列舉五條規則來判斷誰是 S、誰是 PN：
+Goetchius 用「限定 (definiteness)、非限定 (indefiniteness)」當指標，認為「限定 (definiteness)」程度越高的是主語 (S)，並且列出五條規則來判斷誰是 S (主語)、誰是 PN (述語主格)：
+
 - (a) If one of the two nous is a *proper name*, it is the subject.
 	- John 18:40 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἦν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>Was</rt></ruby><rt>V-IAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P <RUBY><ruby><ruby>δὲ<rt>δέ</rt></ruby><rt>now</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Βαραββᾶς<rt>Βαραββᾶς</rt></ruby><rt>Barabbas</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>λῃστής.¶<rt>λῃστής</rt></ruby><rt>an insurrectionist</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY>)PN
 - (b) If only one of the nouns has the article, it is the subject:
-	- 1Jo 4:8 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὅτι<rt>ὅτι</rt></ruby><rt>because</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεὸς<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>God</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀγάπη<rt>ἀγάπη</rt></ruby><rt>love</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)PN <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐστίν.<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY>
-- (c) If both nouns are equally definite (or indefinite)ㄝthe one which has the narrower reference is the subject:
-- １Jo 3:4
+	- 1Jo 4:8 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὅτι<rt>ὅτι</rt></ruby><rt>because</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεὸς<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>God</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀγάπη<rt>ἀγάπη</rt></ruby><rt>love</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)PN (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐστίν.<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P
+- (c) If both nouns are equally definite (or indefinite), the one which has the narrower reference is the subject:
+	- 1Jo 3:4 <RUBY><ruby><ruby>καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>and</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἁμαρτία<rt>ἁμαρτία</rt></ruby><rt>sin</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐστὶν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>is</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀνομία.<rt>ἀνομία</rt></ruby><rt>lawlessness</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)PN
 - (d) If one of the two nouns has been referred to in the immediately preceding context, it is the subject:
+	- 1Co 10:4 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>πέτρα<rt>πέτρα</rt></ruby><rt>rock</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S <RUBY><ruby><ruby>δὲ<rt>δέ</rt></ruby><rt>then</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἦν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>was</rt></ruby><rt>V-IAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστός.<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>Christ</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-T</rt></RUBY>)PN
+	- In this  particular example, since Christ may be regarded as a proper name, the translation may be reversed: Christ(S) was the rock(PN).
 - (e) If an equative verb joins a noun to a pronoun, the pronoun is the subject:
-
----
-Lane C. McGaughy, _Toward a Descriptive Analysis of ’Einai as a Linking Verb in New Testament Greek_, SBL Dissertation Series 6 (Missoula MT: Society of Biblical Literature, 1972), 23-65.
-
+	- Gal 4:24 (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὗται<rt>οὗτος</rt></ruby><rt>these</rt></ruby><rt>D-NPF</rt></RUBY>)S <RUBY><ruby><ruby>γάρ<rt>γάρ</rt></ruby><rt>for</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>εἰσιν<rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-3P</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>δύο<rt>δύο</rt></ruby><rt>two</rt></ruby><rt>A-NPF-NUI</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>διαθῆκαι,<rt>διαθήκη</rt></ruby><rt>covenants</rt></ruby><rt>N-NPF</rt></RUBY>)PN
 
 #### McGaughy 規則 (1972)
+
+Lane C. McGaughy, _Toward a Descriptive Analysis of ’Einai as a Linking Verb in New Testament Greek_, SBL Dissertation Series 6 (Missoula MT: Society of Biblical Literature, 1972), 23-65.
+
+McGaughy 
+
+
 - Rule 1: "The subject is that word or word cluster which agrees in person a nd number with the personal ending of the verb."
 	- Mat 5:14 <RUBY><ruby><ruby><mark>Ὑμεῖς</mark><rt>σύ</rt></ruby><rt>You</rt></ruby><rt>P-2NP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστε</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-2P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τὸ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>φῶς<rt>φῶς</rt></ruby><rt>light</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῦ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>of the</rt></ruby><rt>T-GSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>κόσμου.<rt>κόσμος</rt></ruby><rt>world</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM</rt></RUBY> ⇐ 動詞是 2P，所以 Ὑμεῖς 是 S，τὸ φῶς (NSN) 只能是 C。
 	- 2Co 3:3 <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐστὲ</strong><rt>εἰμί</rt></ruby><rt>you are</rt></ruby><rt>V-PAI-<mark>2P</mark></rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐπιστολὴ<rt>ἐπιστολή</rt></ruby><rt>a letter</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστοῦ<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>of Christ</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM-T</rt></RUBY> ⇐ 動詞是 2P，所以 ἐπιστολὴ (NSF) 不能當 S，因此 S 是內含在動詞內的 2P。