Replace Manifest with valid YAML file

Signed-off-by: unfoldingWord <info@unfoldingword.org>

intro/finding-answers/01.md

@@ -7,6 +7,5 @@ There are several resources available for finding answers to questions:
   * [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) — answers the question “what next?”
   * [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) — explains the basics of translation theory and provides practical translation helps
   * [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) — explains the basics of checking theory and best practices
-* **Door43 Slack** — Join the Door43 community, post your questions to the “#helpdesk” channel, and get real-time answers to your questions (sign up at https://ufw.io/door43)
 * **Door43 Forum** — A place to ask questions and get answers to technical, strategic, translation, and checking issues, https://forum.door43.org/
 * **Helpdesk** — email <help@door43.org> with your questions

intro/ta-intro/01.md

@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is organized into the following sections:
 * [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) — introduces this resource, the Gateway Languages strategy, and translation
 * [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) — answers the question “what next?”
 * [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) — explains the basics of translation theory and offers practical Bible translation helps
-* [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) — explains the basics of checking theory and best practices for checking translations
+* [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-checking/01.md) — explains the basics of checking theory and best practices for checking translations

manifest.yaml

@@ -26,27 +26,27 @@ dublin_core:
     how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.
   format: text/markdown
   identifier: ta
-  issued: '2023-07-12'
+  issued: '2024-04-24'
   language:
     identifier: en
     title: English
     direction: ltr
-  modified: '2023-07-12'
+  modified: '2024-04-24'
   publisher: unfoldingWord®
   relation:
-    - en/ult?v=41
-    - en/ust?v=40
-    - en/tn?v=66
-    - en/tw?v=36
+    - en/ult
+    - en/ust
+    - en/tn
+    - en/tw
   rights: CC BY-SA 4.0
   source:
     - identifier: ta
       language: en
-      version: '38'
+      version: '79'
   subject: Translation Academy
   title: unfoldingWord® Translation Academy
   type: man
-  version: '39'
+  version: '80'
 checking:
   checking_entity:
     - unfoldingWord®

translate/figs-declarative/01.md

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ A statement can also be used to give **instructions**. The speaker below was not
 
 A statement can also be used to make a **request**. The man with leprosy was not just saying what Jesus was able to do. He was also asking Jesus to heal him.
 
-> Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, **you can make me clean**.” (Matthew 8:2 ULT)
+> Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, **you are able to make me clean**.” (Matthew 8:2 ULT)
 
 A statement can also be used to **perform** something. By telling Adam that the ground was cursed because of him, God actually cursed it.
 
@@ -50,13 +50,13 @@ The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be trans
 
 (2) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, add a sentence type that would express that function.
 
-> Lord, **please heal me**, because I know you are able to heal me if you are willing to. (Matthew 8:2 ULT)
+> Lord, if you are willing, **you are able to make me clean**. (Matthew 8:2 ULT)
 
-The function of “I know you can” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
+The function of “you are able” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
 
-> > Lord, **I know you can heal me**. If you are willing, please do so**.**
-> >
-> > Lord, if you are willing, please heal me. **I know you can do so.**
+> > Lord, you are able to make me clean. If you are willing, **please do so**.  
+> >OR:  
+> > Lord, if you are willing, **please heal me**. I know that you are able to do so.
 
 (3) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a verb form that would express that function.
 
@@ -66,6 +66,6 @@ The function of “I know you can” is to make a request. In addition to the st
 >
 > Son, your sins are forgiven. (Mark 2:5 ULT)
 >
-> > Son, I forgive your sins.
-> >
-> > Son, God has forgiven your sins.
+> > Son, I forgive your sins.  
+> >OR:  
+> > Son, God hereby forgives your sins.

translate/figs-distinguish/01.md

@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 
 In some languages, phrases that modify a noun can be used with the noun for two different purposes. They can either (1) distinguish the noun from other similar items, or (2) they can give more information about the noun. That information could be new to the reader, or a reminder about something the reader might already know. Other languages use modifying phrases with a noun only for distinguishing the noun from other similar things. When people who speak these languages hear a modifying phrase along with a noun, they assume that its function is to distinguish one item from another similar item.
 
-Some languages use a comma to mark the difference between (1) making a distinction between similar items and (2) giving more information about an item. Without the comma, the sentence below communicates that it is making a distinction:
+When the phrase that modifies a noun is a relative clause (a phrase that starts with a word such as “who” or“which”), some languages use a comma to mark the difference between (1) making a distinction between similar items and (2) giving more information about an item. Without the comma, the sentence below communicates that the added phrase is making a distinction:
 
 * Mary gave some of the food to **her sister who was very thankful**.
     * If her sister was usually thankful, the phrase “who was thankful” could distinguish this sister of Mary’s from another sister who was not usually thankful.
 
-With the comma, the sentence is giving more information:
+With the comma, the phrase is giving more information:
 
 * Mary gave some of the food to **her sister, who was very thankful**.
     * This same phrase can be used to give us more information about Mary’s sister. It tells us about how Mary’s sister responded when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish one sister from another sister.
@@ -39,14 +39,22 @@ The phrase “who bore him” distinguishes which woman the son is bitterness to
 
 The word “righteous” simply reminds us that God’s judgments are righteous. It does not distinguish his righteous judgments from his unrighteous judgments, because all of his judgments are righteous.
 
+>  You must surely open your hand to your brother, **to your needy and to your poor** in your land. (Deuteronomy 15:11 ULT)
+
+The phrases “to your needy and to your poor” give further information about “your brother.” They do not refer to a separate group of people.
+
 > How can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
 
-The phrase “who is 90 years old” is the reason that Abraham did not think that Sarah could bear a son. He was not distinguishing one woman named Sarah from another woman named Sarah who was a different age, and he was not telling anyone something new about her age. He simply did not think that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
+The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child. He was not distinguishing one woman named Sarah from another woman named Sarah who was a different age.
 
 > I will wipe away mankind **whom I have created** from the surface of the earth. (Genesis 6:7 ULT)
 
 The phrase “whom I have created” is a reminder of the relationship between God and mankind. It is the reason God had the right to wipe away mankind. There is not another mankind that God did not create.
 
+> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols (Psalm 31:6 ULT)
+
+By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
+
 ### Translation Strategies
 
 If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider keeping the phrase and the noun together. For languages that use words or phrases with a noun only to distinguish one item from another, here are some strategies for translating phrases that are used to inform or remind.
@@ -60,8 +68,6 @@ If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider k
 
 > I hate those who serve **worthless** idols (Psalm 31:6 ULT)
 
-By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
->
 > > **Because** **idols are worthless**, I hate those who serve them.
 >
 > … for your **righteous** judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39b ULT)
@@ -69,15 +75,13 @@ By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving
 > > … for your judgments are good **because they are righteous**.
 >
 > Can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
-
-The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
 >
 > > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** **she is 90 years old**?
 >
-> I will call on Yahweh, **who is worthy to be praised**. (2 Samuel 22:4a ULT) There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
->
-> > I will call on Yahweh, because **he is worthy to be praised**
+> >  You must surely open your hand to your brother, **to your needy and to your poor** in your land. (Deuteronomy 15:11 ULT)
 
+> > You must surely open your hand to any of **your needy and poor brothers** in your land. 
+>
 (2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information.
 
 > You are my Son, **whom I love**. I am pleased with you. (Luke 3:22 ULT)
@@ -85,3 +89,7 @@ The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells wh
 > > You are my Son. **I love you** and I am pleased with you.
 
 > > **Receiving my love**, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.
+
+>  You must surely open your hand to your brother, **to your needy and to your poor** in your land. (Deuteronomy 15:11 ULT)
+
+> >  You must surely open your hand to your brother **who is needy and poor** in your land.

translate/figs-irony/01.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Irony is a figure of speech in which the sense that the speaker intends to commu
 
 > Then Jesus answered and said to them, “People who are well do not have need of a physician, but those who have sickness. I did not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance.” (Luke 5:31-32 ULT)
 
-When Jesus spoke of “righteous people,” he was not referring to people who were truly righteous, but to people who wrongly believed that they were righteous. By using irony, Jesus communicated that they were wrong to think that they were better than others and did not need to repent.
+When Jesus spoke of “the righteous,” he was not referring to people who were truly righteous, but to people who wrongly believed that they were righteous. By using irony, Jesus communicated that they were wrong to think that they were better than others and did not need to repent.
 
 #### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ People worshiped idols as if their idols had knowledge or power, and Yahweh was
 
 > Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?
 > Can you find the way back to their houses for them?
-> **Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then;** “**the number of your days is so large!**” (Job 38:20-21 ULT)
+> **You know, for you were born then,** **and the number of your days is many!** (Job 38:20-21 ULT)
 
 Job thought that he was wise. Yahweh used irony to show Job that he was not so wise. The two phrases in bold above are irony. They emphasize the opposite of what they say, because they are so obviously false. They emphasize that Job could not possibly answer God’s questions about the creation of light because Job was not born until many, many years later.
 
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ The Corinthians considered themselves to be very wise, self-sufficient, and not
 
 If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it is stated. If not, here are some other strategies.
 
-(1) Translate it in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes.<br>
-(2) The irony is **not** found in the literal words of the speaker, but instead the true meaning is found in the opposite of the literal meaning of the speaker’s words.
+(1) Translate the irony in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes.<br>
+(2) Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony. (Remember: The true meaning of the irony is **not** found in the literal words of the speaker, but instead the true meaning is found in the opposite of the literal meaning of the speaker’s words.)
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
@@ -43,12 +43,13 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it
 
 > **How well you reject the commandment of God** so that you may keep your tradition! (Mark 7:9a ULT)
 >
-> > **You think that you are doing well when you reject God’s commandment** so you may keep your tradition!
+> > **You think that you are doing well when you reject God’s commandment** so you may keep your tradition!  
+or:<br>
 > > **You act like it is good to reject God’s commandment** so you may keep your tradition!
 >
 > I did not come to call **the righteous**, but sinners to repentance. (Luke 5:32 ULT)
 >
-> > I did not come to call **people who think that they are righteous** to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance.
+> > I did not come to call **people who think that they are righteous** to repentance, but to call people who know that they are sinners to repentance.
 
 (2) Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony.
 
@@ -58,11 +59,11 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it
 >
 > “Present your case,” says Yahweh; “present your best arguments for your idols,” says the King of Jacob. “**Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen**, so we may know these things well. **Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled**.” (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULT)
 >
-> > ‘Present your case,’ says Yahweh; ‘present your best arguments for your idols,’ says the King of Jacob. Your idols **cannot bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen** so we may know these things well. We cannot hear them because **they cannot speak** to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled.
+> > ‘Present your case,’ says Yahweh; ‘present your best arguments for your idols,’ says the King of Jacob. **Can your idols bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen** so we may know these things well? **No!** We cannot hear them because **they cannot speak** to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled.
 >
 > Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?
 > Can you find the way back to their houses for them?
-> **Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then;**
-> **the number of your days is so large!** (Job 38:20-21 ULT)
+> **You know, for you were born then,**
+> **and the number of your days is many!** (Job 38:20-21 ULT)
 >
 > > Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? Can you find the way back to their houses for them? **You act like you know how light and darkness were created, as if you were there; as if you are as old as creation, but you are not**!

translate/figs-possession/01.md

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He
     * my head — the head that is part of my body
     * the roof of a house — the roof that is part of a house
 
-In some languages there is a special form of possession, termed **inalienable possession.** This form of possession is used for things that cannot be removed from you, as opposed to things you could lose. In the examples above, *my head* and *my mother* are examples of inalienable possession (at least in some languages), while *my clothes* or *my teacher* would be alienably possessed. What may be considered alienable vs. inalienable may differ by language.
+In some languages there is a special form of possession, termed **inalienable possession.** This form of possession is used for things that cannot be removed from you, as opposed to things you could lose. In the examples above, *my head* and *my mother* are examples of inalienable possession (at least in some languages), while *my clothes* or *my teacher* would be alienably possessed. What may be considered alienable vs. inalienable may differ by language. In languages that mark the difference, the expression of inalienable possession and alienable possession will be different.
 
 #### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
 

translate/figs-rquestion/01.md

@@ -20,46 +20,50 @@ The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. These rhetorical questions might b
 
 > Do you not still rule the kingdom of Israel? (1 Kings 21:7b ULT)
 
-Jezebel used the question above to remind King Ahab of something he already knew: he still ruled the kingdom of Israel. The rhetorical question made her point more strongly than if she had merely stated it, because it forced Ahab to admit the point himself. She did this in order to rebuke him for being unwilling to take over a poor man’s property. She was implying that, since he was the king of Israel, he had the power to take the man’s property.
+Jezebel used the question above **to remind** King Ahab of something he already knew: he still ruled the kingdom of Israel. The rhetorical question made her point more strongly than if she had merely stated it, because it forced Ahab to admit the point himself. She did this in order **to rebuke** him for being unwilling to take over a poor man’s property. She was implying that, since he was the king of Israel, he had the power to take the man’s property.
 
 > **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils?** Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
 
-God used the question above to remind his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry or a bride forget her veils. He then rebuked his people for forgetting him who is so much greater than those things.
+God used the question above **to remind** his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry or a bride forget her veils. He then **rebuked** his people for forgetting him who is so much greater than those things.
+
+> But you, why do you judge your brother? And you also, why do you despise your brother? (Romans 14:10 ULT)
+
+Paul used these rhetorical questions **to rebuke** the Romans for doing what they should not do. 
 
 > Why did I not die when I came out from the womb? (Job 3:11a ULT)
 
-Job used the question above to show deep emotion. This rhetorical question expresses how sad he was that he did not die as soon as he was born. He wished that he had not lived.
+Job used the question above **to show deep emotion**. This rhetorical question expresses how sad he was that he did not die as soon as he was born. He wished that he had not lived.
 
 > And how has this happened to me that the mother of my Lord would come to me? (Luke 1:43 ULT)
 
-Elizabeth used the question above to show how surprised and happy she was that the mother of her Lord came to her.
+Elizabeth used the question above **to show how surprised and happy she was** that the mother of her Lord came to her.
 
 > Or what man is there among you, of whom his son will ask for a loaf of bread, but he will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
 
-Jesus used the question above to remind the people of something they already knew: a good father would never give his son something bad to eat. By introducing this point, Jesus could go on to teach them about God with his next rhetorical question:
+Jesus used the question above **to remind** the people of something they already knew: a good father would never give his son something bad to eat. By introducing this point, Jesus could go on **to teach them** about God with his next rhetorical question:
 
 > Therefore, if you who are evil know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father who is in heaven give good things to those who ask him? (Matthew 7:11 ULT)
 
-Jesus used this question to teach the people in an emphatic way that God gives good things to those who ask him.
+Jesus used this question **to teach** the people in an emphatic way that God gives good things to those who ask him.
 
 > **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?** It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden … (Luke 13:18b-19a ULT)
 
-Jesus used the question above to introduce what he was going to talk about. He was about to compare the kingdom of God to something. In this case, he compared the kingdom of God to a mustard seed.
+Jesus used the question above **to introduce what he was going to talk about**. He was about to compare the kingdom of God to something. In this case, he compared the kingdom of God to a mustard seed.
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
 In order to translate a rhetorical question accurately, first be sure that the question you are translating truly is a rhetorical question and is not an information question. Ask yourself, “Does the person asking the question already know the answer to the question?” If so, it is a rhetorical question. Or, if no one answers the question, did the person who asked it expect to receive an answer? If not, it is a rhetorical question.
 
-When you are sure that the question is rhetorical, then be sure that you understand the purpose for the rhetorical question. Is it to encourage or rebuke or shame the hearer? Is it to bring up a new topic? Is it to do something else?
+When you are sure that the question is rhetorical, then be sure that you understand the purpose for the rhetorical question. Is it to encourage or rebuke or shame the hearer? Is it to bring up a new topic? Is it to express surprise or other emotion? Is it to do something else?
 
 When you know the purpose of the rhetorical question, then think of the most natural way to express that purpose in the target language. It might be as a question, or a statement, or an exclamation.
 
 If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider doing so. If not, here are other options:
 
-(1) Add the answer after the question.
-(2) Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
-(3) Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.
-(4) Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your language what the original speaker communicated in his.
+(1) Add the answer after the question.  
+(2) Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.  
+(3) Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.  
+(4) Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your language what the original speaker communicated in his.  
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
@@ -96,4 +100,7 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in
 > > If your son asks you for a loaf of bread, **would you give him a stone**?
 
 > **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils**? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
-> > **What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils**? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number
+> > **What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils**? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!
+
+> But you, **why do you judge your brother**? And you also, **why do you despise your brother**? (Romans 14:10 ULT)
+> > > Do you think it is good to judge your brother? Do you think it is good to despise your brother? 

translate/figs-yousingular/01.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ### Description
 
-Some languages have a singular form of “you” for when the word “you” refers to just one person, and a **plural** form for when the word “you” refers to more than one person. Translators who speak one of these languages will always need to know what the speaker meant so they can choose the right word for “you” in their language. Other languages, such as English, have only one form, which people use regardless of how many people it refers to.
+Some languages have a **singular** form of “you” for when the word “you” refers to just one person, and a **plural** form for when the word “you” refers to more than one person. Translators who speak one of these languages will always need to know what the speaker meant so they can choose the right word for “you” in their language. Other languages, such as English, have only one form, which people use regardless of how many people it refers to.
 
 The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. These languages all have both a singular form of “you” and a plural form of “you.” When we read the Bible in those languages, the pronouns and verb forms show us whether the word “you” refers to one person or more than one. When we read the Bible in a language that does not have different forms of you, we need to look at the context to see how many people the speaker was speaking to.
 
@@ -14,17 +14,21 @@ Sometimes Greek and Hebrew speakers used the singular form of “you” even tho
 
 ### Examples From the Bible
 
-> But he said, “All these things I have kept from my youth.” But when he heard this, Jesus said to him, “One thing **i**s still lacking to **you**. All things, as much as **you** have, sell all and distribute to the poor, and **you** will have treasure in heaven—and come, follow me.” (Luke 18:21-22 ULT)
+> But he said, “All these things **I** have kept from my youth.” But when he heard this, Jesus said to him, “One thing is still lacking to **you**. All things, as much as **you** have, **sell** all and **distribute** to the poor, and **you** will have treasure in heaven—and **come**, **follow** me.” (Luke 18:21-22 ULT)
 
-The ruler was speaking about just himself when he said “I.” This shows us that when Jesus said “you” he was referring only to the ruler. So languages that have singular and plural forms of “you” need the singular form here.
+The ruler was speaking about just himself when he said “I.” This shows us that when Jesus said “you” he was referring only to the ruler and he used the singular form. So languages that have singular and plural forms of “you” need the singular form here, as well as for the verbs “sell,” distribute,” “come,” and “follow.”
 
-> The angel said to him, “Dress **yourself** and put on **your** sandals.” So he did that. He said to him, “Put on **your** outer garment and follow me.” (Acts 12:8 ULT)
+> The angel said to him, “**Dress yourself** and **put on your** sandals.” So he did that. He said to him, “**Put on your** outer garment and **follow** me.” (Acts 12:8 ULT)
 
-The context makes it clear that the angel was speaking to one person and that only one person did what the the angel commanded. So languages that have singular and plural forms of “you” would need the singular form here for “yourself” and “your.” Also, if verbs have different forms for singular and plural subjects, then the verbs “dress” and “put on” need the form that indicates a singular subject.
+The angel used singular forms here and the context makes it clear that he was speaking to one person and that only one person did what the the angel commanded. So languages that have singular and plural forms of “you” would need the singular form here for “yourself” and “your.” Also, if verbs have different forms for singular and plural subjects, then the verbs “dress,” “put on,” and “follow” need the form that indicates a singular subject. 
 
-> To Titus, a true son in our common faith. For this purpose I left **you** in Crete, that **you** might set in order things not yet complete and ordain elders in every city as I directed **you**. But **you**, say what fits with sound teaching. (Titus 1:4a, 5; 2:1 ULT)
+> All the ones {who are} with me greet **you**. **Greet** the ones loving us in faith. Grace {be} with all of **you**. (Titus 3:15 ULT)
 
-Paul wrote this letter to one person, Titus. Most of the time the word “you” in this letter refers only to Titus.
+Paul wrote this letter to one person, Titus, so most of the time the word “you” in this letter is singular and refers only to Titus. In this verse, the first “you” is singular, so the greeting is for Titus, as well as the instruction to greet the others there. The second “you,” however, is plural, so the blessing is for Titus and for all of the believers there in Crete.
+
+> “Having gone, **search** carefully for the young child, and after **you** have found him, **report** to me so that I also, having come, might worship him.” (Matthew 2:8 ULT)
+
+Since Herod is speaking to all of the learned men, the word “you” and the commands “search” and “report” are plural.
 
 #### Strategies for finding out how many people “you” refers to
 

translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md

@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ First, read each passage a few times to discover the meaning. Use the two versio
 
 First read the unfoldingWord® Literal Text:
 
-> And whatever city you enter into, and they receive you, eat what is set before you, and heal the sick in it, and say to them, ‘The kingdom of God has come close to you.’ (Luke 10:8-9 ULT)
+> And whatever city you enter into, and they receive you, eat what is served to you, and heal the sick in it, and say to them, ‘The kingdom of God has come close to you.’ (Luke 10:8-9 ULT)
 
 Look at the unfoldingWord® Simplified Text in the translation helps:
 
-> Whenever you enter a town and the people there welcome you, eat whatever food they provide for you. Heal the people there who are sick. Tell them, ‘God will soon rule everywhere as king.’ (Luke 10:8-9 UST)
+> If you enter any town and the people there welcome you, eat whatever food they provide for you. Heal the people in that town who are sick. Tell the people there, ‘You are seeing close up what it will be like when God rules everywhere as king.’ (Luke 10:8-9 UST)
 
 Do you notice the differences? There are some differences in the words each Bible version uses.
 

translate/translate-plural/01.md

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+The biblical languages sometimes use plural forms to refer to single objects, ideas, or people. 
+### Description
+Using a plural form to refer to something singular is done to show an intensified feeling about the object, idea, or person, or to show that an object or idea is extraordinary in some way. Also, sometimes a person refers to himself or herself with a plural pronoun. If the person is a king or a leader in a high position, this is to show that the person is very important and represents many people. If the person is writing a letter, such as Paul in the New Testament, this is to do the opposite. It is to avoid referring directly to himself, to avoid any sense that he is boasting or drawing attention to himself.
+
+
+#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
+Many languages do not use plural forms to refer to single objects, ideas, or people. In these languages, doing so would be both wrong and confusing. Instead, they need to use a singular form and express any intended intensification in another way.
+
+
+### Examples From the Bible
+
+> The tents of robbers prosper, and securities {are} to the provokers of God (Job 12:6 ULT)
+
+Job is using the plural form **securities** to indicate that these provokers of God experience security to a supreme extent.
+
+> Now you had cast me deep into the heart of the seas (Jonah 2:3 ULT)
+
+Jonah refers to the sea using the plural **seas** to intensify the idea of either the sea's vastness or activity.
+
+> The letter that you sent to **us** has been carefully read aloud before me. (Ezra 4:18 ULT)
+
+Artaxerxes, the king of Persia, refers to himself as **us** in response to a letter sent to him.
+
+> …through whom [Jesus] **we** received grace and apostleship for obedience of faith among all the Gentiles (Romans 1:5 ULT)
+
+Since this letter is from Paul alone, it is likely that he is using the plural **we** to refer to himself.
+
+### Translation Strategies
+
+If a plural form would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, consider these strategies.
+
+(1) Use a singular form instead of the plural.<br>
+(2) If the plural is used to intensify the meaning, use a singular form with another word that intensifies it such as “very” or “great” or “many.”<br>
+(3) If the plural is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language’s ways of doing that.
+
+### Translation Strategies Applied
+
+(1) Use a singular form instead of the plural.
+
+> The letter that you sent to **us** has been carefully read aloud before me. (Ezra 4:18 ULT)
+
+The letter that you sent to **me** has been carefully read aloud before me. 
+
+ > …through whom [Jesus] **we** received grace and apostleship for obedience of faith among all the Gentiles (Romans 1:5 ULT)
+
+ …through whom [Jesus] **I** received grace and apostleship for obedience of faith among all the Gentiles
+
+(2) If the plural is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use a singular form with another word that intensifies it such as “very” or “great” or “many.”<br>
+
+> The tents of robbers prosper, and **securities {are}** to the provokers of God (Job 12:6 ULT)
+
+The tents of robbers prosper, and **great security {is}** to the provokers of God 
+
+> Now you had cast me deep into the heart of the **seas** (Jonah 2:3 ULT)
+
+Now you had cast me deep into the heart of the **great sea**
+
+(3) If the plural is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language’s ways of doing that.
+
+> The tents of robbers prosper, and **securities {are}** to the provokers of God (Job 12:6 ULT)
+
+The tents of robbers prosper, and the provokers of God **enjoy complete security** 
+
+> Now you had cast me deep into the heart of the **seas** (Jonah 2:3 ULT)
+
+Now you had cast me deep into the heart of the **raging sea** 

translate/translate-plural/sub-title.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+What are some unusual uses of the plural and how can I translate them?

translate/translate-plural/title.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Unusual Uses of the Plural

translate/translate-transliterate/01.md

@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ There are several things to be aware of when borrowing words from another langua
 
 There are several ways to borrow a word.
 
-(1) If your language uses a different script from the language you are translating from, you can simply substitute each letter shape with the corresponding letter shape of the script of your language.
-(2) You can spell the word as the Other Language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters.
-(3) You can pronounce the word similarly to the way the Other Language does, and adjust the spelling to fit the rules of your language.
+(1) If your language uses a different script from the language you are translating from, you can simply substitute each letter shape with the corresponding letter shape of the script of your language.<br>
+(2) You can spell the word as the Other Language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters.<br>
+(3) You can pronounce the word similarly to the way the Other Language does, and adjust the spelling to fit the rules of your language.<br>
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 

translate/writing-oathformula/01.md

@@ -1,20 +1,64 @@
+
+An oath is a solemn promise that someone makes to another person to do something or to solemnly testify that something is true that includes a punishment if the person does not do it. 
+
 ### Description
-
-This is the placeholder for an article about oath formulas in biblical literature. This article is still being developed.
-
+As a guarantee that the person taking the oath will do what he promises, the person calls on God to punish him severely if he does not do the thing promised, or if what he testifies to is not true. Sometimes the person will name a deity different than God as punisher or will name something that the person holds sacred. In the case of a sacred object, the idea is that the person is willing to let that object be desecrated if he does not fulfill his oath. So an oath has four parts, some of which are often left implied:
+1. Calling on God to witness the oath and judge the person making it
+2. Making the promise (may be implied as the opposite of the violation)
+3. Telling what would be a violation of the oath (may be implied as the opposite of the promise)
+4. Saying what punishment God would do if the person violates the oath
 
 #### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue:
 
-Text
+People in some cultures may not be familiar with the practice of taking oaths, and so they may not understand what the people in the Bible are doing. In many languages, people would not take an oath the way that people did in the Bible, and so they  might not recognize that the person is taking an oath. In the Old Testament, people often did not speak one or more parts of the oath, leaving those parts implied. The part that was most often left unspoken was the part that would tell what they are asking God to do if they break the oath. People believed that spoken words have power, and that speaking the part about punishment might cause the punishment to happen, so they often left that part to be understood silently. Because of these things, people might think that the person in the Bible is not making a real oath or they may not understand what the verse is talking about at all.
 
 ### Examples From the Bible
 
-Text
+> “I raise my hand to Yahweh, God Most High, the possessor of heaven and earth, if from a thread even to the strap of a sandal, or if I take from anything that {belongs} to you, so that you will not say, ‘I made Abram rich.’ (Genesis 14:22-23 ULT)
+
+In the verse above, Abram describes a symbolic action (raising his hand to Yahweh) to signal that he is taking an oath and calling on Yahweh as witness and judge. He says what would violate his oath (thus promising to do the opposite). Then he leaves out the part that would describe how Yahweh would punish him if he fails to do what he is promising.
+
+> May Yahweh do thus to me, and thus may he add, if death separates between me and between you. (Ruth 1:17 ULT)
+
+Ruth calls on Yahweh and includes the part about Yahweh punishing her, says what the violation would be (thus promising to do the opposite), but does not say what the punishment would be.
+
+> And Saul said, “Thus may God do and thus may he add, for dying you will die, Jonathan.” (1 Samuel 14:44 ULT)
+
+Saul takes an oath that Jonathan will die, but does not specifically say whom God would punish, what the punishment would be, or what the person would do that would violate the oath and bring about God's punishment.
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-Text
+If people who speak your language would recognize the oath as it is in the ULT, consider translating it in its current form. If not, consider using the following strategies.
+
+(1) Add in the missing parts so that people recognize it as an oath.<br>
+(2) If oaths are unfamiliar, add a short explanation of what an oath is.<br> 
+(3) Put the oath into a form that would be natural in your language.<br>
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
-Text
+(1) Add in the missing parts so that people recognize it as an oath.
+
+> “I raise my hand to Yahweh, God Most High, the possessor of heaven and earth, if from a thread even to the strap of a sandal, or if I take from anything that {belongs} to you, so that you will not say, ‘I made Abram rich.’ (Genesis 14:22-23 ULT)
+
+“I raise my hand to Yahweh, God Most High, the possessor of heaven and earth, **and ask him to punish me severely** if from a thread even to the strap of a sandal, or if I take from anything that {belongs} to you, so that you will not say, ‘I made Abram rich.’ 
+
+> And Saul said, “Thus may God do and thus may he add, for dying you will die, Jonathan.” (1 Samuel 14:44 ULT)
+
+And Saul said, “May God **punish me severely** and may he add **even more punishment if I do not kill you**, for dying you will die, Jonathan.”
+
+(2) If oaths are unfamiliar, add a short explanation of what an oath is. 
+
+> May Yahweh do thus to me, and thus may he add, if death separates between me and between you. (Ruth 1:17 ULT)
+
+**Then Ruth called on Yahweh to enforce her promise:** “May Yahweh do thus to me, and thus may he add, if death separates between me and between you.” 
+
+(3) Put the oath into a form that would be natural in your language.
+
+> “I raise my hand to Yahweh, God Most High, the possessor of heaven and earth, if from a thread even to the strap of a sandal, or if I take from anything that {belongs} to you, so that you will not say, ‘I made Abram rich.’ (Genesis 14:22-23 ULT)
+
+“**I solemnly swear before** Yahweh, God Most High, the possessor of heaven and earth, **that I will not take** from a thread even to the strap of a sandal, or from anything that {belongs} to you, **so help me God**, so that you will not say, ‘I made Abram rich.’ 
+
+> May Yahweh do thus to me, and thus may he add, if death separates between me and between you. (Ruth 1:17 ULT)
+
+May Yahweh **strike me dead right where I stand** if death separates between me and between you. 
+

translate/writing-politeness/01.md

@@ -1,20 +1,131 @@
 ### Description
 
-This is the placeholder for an article about politeness in biblical literature. This article is still being developed.
-
+People say certain things, or say things in a certain way, in order to communicate that they respect the people to whom they are speaking. We can refer to this as speaking politely. The ways of speaking politely are generally agreed on by those who share a culture. People also use polite ways of speaking to avoid offending others. This can be especially important if the person being addressed has an influential or powerful position.
 
 #### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue:
 
-Text
+Every language has ways to communicate politeness to other speakers of that language, but different languages do not communicate politeness in the same ways. A phrase that is polite in one language may be offensive in another language, or it may simply be confusing. Translators need to recognize politeness in the Bible and communicate the same polite meaning using the appropriate form of politeness in the target language. 
 
 ### Examples From the Bible
 
-Text
+> **do not trouble yourself** (Luke 7:6 ULT)
+
+The centurion sent friends to give Jesus this polite message that Jesus should not come to his house. 
+
+> **I ask you, have me excused** (Luke 14:18 ULT) 
+
+In this culture, this was a polite formula for declining a social invitation. 
+
+> **May I find favor in your eyes, my lord**, since you have comforted me, and since you have spoken to the heart of **your female servant**. (Ruth 2:13 ULT) 
+
+Ruth uses several phrases of politeness as she talks to Boaz. **May I find favor in your eyes** is an idiomatic phrase that communicates that Boaz is in a high position, **my lord** is an honorific form of address, and she refers to herself humbly as **your female servant** even though she is not actually one of his servants. 
+
+> Please let **a little** water be brought… Let me also bring **a bit** of bread (Genesis 18:4-5 ULT) 
+
+Abraham described his generosity as something small in order to be polite. This was a way to communicate to his guests that they were not imposing on him at all. 
+
+#### Honorifics
+
+A specific category of politeness is the way that people address other people who are important, powerful, or worthy of honor in other ways. We can refer to this form of politeness as using honorific language. Honorific language can be in the form of special titles or, in some languages, special forms of the words used.
+
+> to the **most excellent** Governor Felix (Acts 23:26 ULT)
+
+The expression **most excellent** was an honorific title by which people addressed Roman government officials. 
+
+> **O king, live forever!** (Daniel 5:10 ULT)
+
+This was the polite and respectful way to address the king before saying anything else to him. 
+
+### Politeness under other categories
+
+People often use language that is non-standard or figurative to communicate politeness. In these cases, there will be a Translation Note under the category of the figure of speech rather than under the category of politeness. The Note will discuss the issue of the figurative speech and then also mention that this is being used to be polite. For example, the following verses will have Translation Notes under the categories given rather than under politeness.
+
+#### Metaphor 
+
+> Men, **brothers and fathers**, hear my defense to you now. (Acts 22:1 ULT)
+
+Paul is using the word **brothers** to refer to his fellow Israelites. He is using the word **fathers** to refer either to Jewish leaders who may be present or to Jewish men who are older than he is. In both cases he is speaking respectfully. 
+
+#### Idiom 
+
+> **I beg of you**, about whom is the prophet saying this…? (Acts 8:34 ULT)
+
+The Ethiopian official is using an idiomatic expression as a polite way to introduce a request. 
+
+#### Symbolic action 
+
+>**And having fallen down**, they worshiped him (Matt 2:11 ULT)
+
+The act of kneeling down before someone showed deep respect for the person.
+
+#### Speaking of oneself in the third person
+
+> please do not pass by **your servant**. (Gen 18:3 ULT)
+
+Abraham refers to himself as **your servant** here in order to show respect to his guests. 
+
+#### Euphemism
+
+> And having said this, **he fell asleep**. (Acts 7:60 ULT)
+
+Luke is describing the death of Stephen when he says **he fell asleep**. He is using this polite way of referring to something unpleasant to avoid offending his readers. 
+
+#### Other Uses of the Imperative 
+
+> **You pray to the Lord for me**, so that nothing of which you have spoken may come upon me. (Acts 8:24 ULT) 
+
+The verb **pray** is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. 
+
+#### Rhetorical question
+
+> **Lord, are you not concerned that my sister has left me alone to serve**? (Luke 10:40 ULT)
+
+Martha is complaining that Jesus is allowing Mary to sit listening to him when there is so much work to do. But Martha respects Jesus, so she uses the question form to make her complaint more polite. 
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-Text
+If the phrase used in the ULT would be natural and be a polite expression in your language, consider using it. If not, use the strategy below.
+
+(1) Use a phrase that would be both natural and polite in your language for this situation.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
-Text
+(1) Use a phrase that would be both natural and polite in your language for this situation.
+
+> **do not trouble yourself** (Luke 7:6 ULT)
+
+I do not want you to go out of your way<br>
+or<br>
+Please do not bother
+
+> **I ask you, have me excused** (Luke 14:18 ULT) 
+
+Please accept my apology for not being able to attend
+
+> **May I find favor in your eyes, my lord**, since you have comforted me, and since you have spoken to the heart of **your female servant**. (Ruth 2:13 ULT)
+
+You are too kind to me, good sir; you have comforted me and you have spoken to my heart even though I am not worthy of it.
+
+> Please let **a little** water be brought… Let me also bring **a bit** of bread (Genesis 18:4-5 ULT) 
+
+I have plenty of water… I also have plenty of food
+
+>**O king, live forever!** (Daniel 5:10 ULT)
+
+Your majesty, I wish you well
+
+> **I beg of you**, about whom is the prophet saying this…? (Acts 8:34 ULT)
+
+**Please tell me**, about whom is the prophet saying this…?
+
+> **You pray to the Lord for me**, so that nothing of which you have spoken may come upon me. (Acts 8:24 ULT) 
+
+**Please pray to the Lord for me** so that nothing of which you have spoken may come upon me. <br>
+or <br>
+**I ask you to pray to the Lord for me** so that nothing of which you have spoken may come upon me. 
+
+> **Lord, are you not concerned that my sister has left me alone to serve**? (Luke 10:40 ULT)
+
+Lord, it seems as if you do not care that my sister has left me alone to serve.
+
+