ru_gl_ru_ugg/content/mood_subjunctive.rst

:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ugg/src/branch/master/content/mood_subjunctive.rst

.. _mood_subjunctive:

Mood subjunctive
================

Glossary            [D R A F T   -   U N D E R   C O N S T R U C T I O N] 9 8 21
--------

The **subjunctive mood** indicates that the speaker is referring to the verbal action 
as a *possibility* or *probability*. (e.g., he may eat, he should eat, he could eat).  
The subjunctive mood is also used as *a mild command* (let’s eat).

Example:  
Table VMS-1  Subjunctive Example

.. csv-table:: Table VMS-1 Subjunctive Example

  Mark 14:14
  ποῦ,ἐστιν,τὸ,κατάλυμά,μου,ὅπου,τὸ,πάσχα,μετὰ,τῶν,μαθητῶν,μου,**φάγω;**
  pou,estin,to,katalyma,mou,hopou,to,Pascha,meta,tōn,mathētōn,mou,**phagō?**
  Where,it is,the,guestroom,of my,where,the,Passover meal,with,the,disciples,of me,**I may eat?**

*Where is my guest room where* **I may eat** *the Passover with my disciples?*




Article           [D R A F T   -   U N D E R   C O N S T R U C T I O N]   
-------

The **subjunctive mood** is used to portray a probable or desired action.

  *  It is used when the action is viewed as being possible if certain conditions are met. 
    *  Dependent Clauses - The subjunctive in a dependent clause is the most common use of
       the subjunctive preceded with (ἐάν, ἐι, ἄν) [See `Dependent Clauses <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mood_subjunctive.html#dependent-clauses>`_]
    *  Independent Clauses - The subjunctive may also be used in an `Independent Clause <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mood_subjunctive.html#independent-clauses>`_ either
       
       (1) in a real question or
       (2) in a question where an answer is not expected to be given.
       
    *  Subjunctive of Purpose/Result – The subjunctive case is often used to show purpose
       or results of an action in a clause that is preceded with a ἵνα. [See `Subjunctive of Purpose <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mood_subjunctive.html#subjunctive-of-purpose-result>`_]
    *  Exhortative Subjunctive - It is used in the first person as an exhortation (even to the point of being a mild command). {See `Exhortative Subjunctive <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mood_subjunctive.html#id3>`_}
    *  Prohibitive Subjunctive - It is used in prohibitions [See `Prohibitive Subjunctive <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mood_subjunctive.html#id4>`_]
    *  General Subjunctive - It may also be used if the action is viewed as probable, or possible (instead of the optative mood).


Verbs occur in the subjunctive mood 1,868 times in the New Testament.

Key words:
~~~~~~~~~~

Verbs which are preceded by *ἄν*, *ἐάν*, *ἕως*, *ὅταν*, *ὁς αν*, or  *ὄπου ἄν*  will be in the subjunctive.
This is a strong clue that a verb in the subjunctive is following.

Tense
~~~~~

Tense in the subjunctive mood refers to **Aspect** not *time*. 
Verbs in the subjunctive mood have no reference to time – past, present, or future.   

  *  Verbs in the present tense refer to continuous action.   
  *  Verbs in the aorist tense refer to an undefined aspect.  
  *  There are 10 perfect subjunctive verbs in the New Testament.  
     These are all based on the verb οἴδα (to know) and would imply an ongoing effect based on the knowledge.
     See `Perfect Tense <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tense_perfect.html>`_  

Form
~~~~
	
The subjunctive is based on the present or aorist tense of the verb.
  
  *  The connecting vowel is lengthened.  This lengthened connecting vowel is a key indicator of the subjunctive case.

See `Paradigms verb_subjunctive <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#verbs-subjunctive>`_

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        <td class="tg-zv4m" colspan="4">Lengthened connecting vowel (ω, η) +</td>
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        <td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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        <td class="tg-km2t"><span style="font-style:italic">active</span></td>
        <td class="tg-km2t" colspan="4">λυ + ω + μεν &gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;λύωμεν</td>
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        <td class="tg-km2t"><span style="font-style:italic">middle/passive</span></td>
        <td class="tg-km2t" colspan="4">λυ + ω + μεθα &gt; λυώμεθα</td>
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There is no augment for verbs in the aorist subjunctive as there is no reference to time.

There is no tense formative for verbs formed on the second aorist stem in subjunctive.


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        <td class="tg-zv4m">Lengthened connecting vowel (ω, η) +</td>
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        <td class="tg-km2t" colspan="4">λυ + σ + ω + μεν &gt;  λύςωμεν</td>
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[Note: There is no augment in the aorist subjunctive]


Dependent Clauses
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The most common use of the subjunctive is in dependent or conditional clauses.   
In fact, if the translator sees an *ἐάν*, *ἐι*, or *ἄν* they should start looking for a verb in the subjunctive case.  

Example

.. csv-table::  Table VMS-2  Dependent Clause Subjunctive
  :header-rows: 1

  Mark 8:35
  ὃς,ἐὰν,**θέλῃ**,τὴν,ψυχὴν,αὐτοῦ,σῶσαι,ἀπολέσει,αὐτήν
  hos,ean,**thelē**,tēn,psychēn,autou,sōsai,apolesei,autēn
  whoever,,**continually wishes**,the,soul,of him,to save,he will lose,it

*whoever* **wants** *to save his soul will lose it.*

  [Note: the word for word translation picks up on the continual aspect of the present subjunctive.]


Independent Clauses
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The subjunctive case may also be used in an independent clause that is
  1)	Asking a question or is seeking an answer, or in a
  2)	Rhetorical question that is asking a question for the purpose of directing the hearers thinking, but not expecting an answer.



Example

.. csv-table::  Table csv-3 Independent Clause Expecting an Answer

  Matthew 11:3,
  σὺ,εἶ,ὁ,ἐρχόμενος,ἢ,ἕτερον,**προσδοκῶμεν?**
  sy,ei,ho,erchomenos,ē,heteron,**prosdokōmen?**
  You,are you,the,one who is coming,or,another,**shall we expect?**

*Are you the one coming, or are we* **expecting another?**

  *  [Note:  In order to pick up on the continuous aspect of the present subjunctive, this could be translated;
     "Are you the one who is coming or are we **to continue looking** for another?"]

Example 

.. csv-table:: Table VMS-4  Independent Clause Rhetorical Question
  :header-rows: 1

  Romans 6:1
  **ἐπιμένωμεν**,τῇ,ἁμαρτίᾳ,ἵνα,ἡ,χάρις,πλεονάσῃ?
  **epimenōmen**,tē,hamartia,hina,hē,charis,pleonasē?
  **Shall we continue**,in,sin,in order that,the,grace,may abound?

**Should we continue** *in sin so that grace may abound?*

[Note:  πλεονάσῃ is an aorist subjunctive following a ἵνα clause.   See  `Subjunctive of Purpose/Result <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mood_subjunctive.html#subjunctive-of-purpose-result>`_   below.]


Subjunctive of Purpose/Result
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ἵνα + a verb in the Subjunctive mood  may be used to express:

  1) the purpose for or
  2) the result from a course of action.
  
Approximately one-third (1/3) of uses of the subjunctive case in the New Testament fall into this category.

Example

.. csv-table:: Table VMS-5 Subjunctive of Purpose/Result
  :header-rows: 1

  Acts 16:30
  κύριοι,τί,με,δεῖ,ποιεῖν,ἵνα,**σωθῶ?**
  kyrioi,ti,me,dei,poiein,hina,**sōthō?**
  Sirs,what,I,is necessary,to do,in order that,**I may be saved?**

*Sirs, what must I do in order* **to be saved?”**




Exhortative Subjunctive
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	The Exhortative Subjunctive is also known as the Hortatory Subjunctive.  It occurs almost always as a first-person plural expression.   It is a polite way of encouraging others to join the speaker in a course of action.   Sometimes it is also used as a command.

Example:  Exhortative Subjunctive

.. csv-table:: Table VMS-6 Exhortive Subjunctive
  :header-rows: 1

  1 John 4:7
  ἀγαπητοί,**ἀγαπῶμεν**,ἀλλήλους
  agapētoi,**agapōmen**,allēlous
  Beloved,**let us love**,one another

*Beloved,* **let us love** *one another*

Example :  Exhortative Subjunctive as a command

.. csv-table:: Table VMS-7
  :Header-rows: 1

  Matthew 26:46
  ἐγείρεσθε,**ἄγωμεν!**,ἰδοὺ,ἤγγικεν,ὁ,παραδιδούς,με!"
  egeiresthe,**agōmen!**,idou,ēngiken,ho,paradidous,me!"
  Arise,**Let us go**,Look,he is approaching,the,one who is betraying,me

*Get up, that* **we might go**. *Behold, the one betraying me has approached*

[Note:  In order to pick up on the imperatival force of the Exhortavie Subjunctive,
this could also be translated, " Get up! Let us Go! Behold, the one betraying me has approached."]

[Note:  In this example  *ἐγείρεσθε* is a second person plural imperative.
Therefore the force of the imperative is carried over onto “Let us go.”]

Prohibitive Subjunctive
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

*μή* + *a verb in the aorist subjunctive* is used to indicate a prohibition.

*οὐ μή* + *a verb in the aorist subjunctive* is used to indicate an emphatic prohibition. 
Jesus uses this form to express that something will never happen.  It adds extra strength to the prohibition.


Example of Simple prohibition

.. csv-table:: Table VMS-8 Simple prohibition
  :Header-Rows: 1

  Matthew 1:20
  μὴ,φοβηθῇς,παραλαβεῖν,Μαρίαν,τὴν,γυναῖκά, σου
mē phobēthēs paralabein Marian tēn gynaika sou
not do fear      to take       Mary    the wife        of you

you should not fear to take Mary as your wife,



Example of emphatic prohibition

Matthew 24:35
οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ μὴ παρέλθωσιν
hoi de logoi mou ou mē parelthōsin
the but words of me  never they will pass away

but my words may certainly not pass away.



General Subjunctive
The subjunctive may also occur without any of the key words (ἄν, ἐάν, ἕως, ὅταν, ὁς αν,or  ὄπου ἄν) to indicate something that is possible or even probable.  

Matthew 13:29
ἐκριζώσητε ἅμα αὐτοῖς τὸν σῖτον.
ekrizōsēte           hama      autois ton siton.
you may uproot  together with it the wheat

you might uproot the wheat along with them.


[ Note could use Matthew 18:23 -  The kingdom of heaven may be compared to a man…]