Joel's edits (#514)
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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ In Biblical Hebrew, :ref:`nouns<noun>` and :ref:`pronouns<pronoun>` either can b
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or can be made definite by some linguistic marking or grammatical construction.
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or can be made definite by some linguistic marking or grammatical construction.
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Generally speaking, :ref:`adjectives<adjective>` and participles (both :ref:`active<participle_active>`
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Generally speaking, :ref:`adjectives<adjective>` and participles (both :ref:`active<participle_active>`
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and :ref:`passive<participle_passive>`) are always intrinsically indefinite, but they can be made definite by an attached
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and :ref:`passive<participle_passive>`) are always intrinsically indefinite, but they can be made definite by an attached
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:ref:`definite article<Particle_Definite_Article>` or :ref:`pronominal suffix<Suffix_Pronominal>`,
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:ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>` or :ref:`pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>`,
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or by being connected to a definite noun in a construct relationship.
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or by being connected to a definite noun in a construct relationship.
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As a general summary, definiteness in Biblical Hebrew functions in the following ways:
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As a general summary, definiteness in Biblical Hebrew functions in the following ways:
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@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ material
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Matches an :ref:`adjective<adjective>` to a :ref:`noun<noun>`
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Matches an :ref:`adjective<adjective>` to a :ref:`noun<noun>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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In Biblical Hebrew, when a definite :ref:`common noun<noun_common>`is followed by a definite
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In Biblical Hebrew, when a definite :ref:`common noun<noun_common>` is followed by a definite
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:ref:`attributive adjective<adjective-attributive>`, an :ref:`adjectival participle<participle_active-adjectival>`,
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:ref:`attributive adjective<adjective-attributive>`, an :ref:`adjectival participle<participle_active-adjectival>`,
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or a noun in apposition, the definite article on both terms shows that they belong together. In other words,
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or a noun in apposition, the definite article on both terms shows that they belong together. In other words,
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that particular adjective is describing that particular noun.
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that particular adjective is describing that particular noun.
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@ -387,8 +387,8 @@ Introduces a verbal relative clause
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When the definite article is used in front of a :ref:`verb<verb>`,
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When the definite article is used in front of a :ref:`verb<verb>`,
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it refers to the person(s) doing the action described by the verb and is translated very much like a :ref:`particle_relative`.
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it refers to the person(s) doing the action described by the verb and is translated very much like a :ref:`particle_relative`.
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The definite article is used in this way usually with infinitives (:ref:`construct<infinitive_construct>`
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The definite article is used in this way usually with infinitives (:ref:`construct<infinitive_construct>`
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or :ref:`absolute<infinitive_absolute>`) or participles (:ref:`active<active_participle-nominal>`
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or :ref:`absolute<infinitive_absolute>`) or participles (:ref:`active<participle_active-nominal>`
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or :ref:`passive<passive_participle-nominal>`), and only rarely with finite verbal forms.
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or :ref:`passive<participle_passive-nominal>`), and only rarely with finite verbal forms.
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with a :ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verb
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with a :ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verb
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Function
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--------
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--------
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In Biblical Hebrew, it is helpful to classify participles according to
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In Biblical Hebrew, it is helpful to classify participles according to
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their function in the sentence as a whole: as a :ref:`verb<verb>`(or verbal complement);
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their function in the sentence as a whole: as a :ref:`verb<verb>` (or verbal complement);
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as an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`; or as a :ref:`noun<noun>`.
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as an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`; or as a :ref:`noun<noun>`.
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Participles can function independently as their own grammatical entity, but they often
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Participles can function independently as their own grammatical entity, but they often
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introduce entire clauses that function either as adjectives or nouns.
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introduce entire clauses that function either as adjectives or nouns.
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@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ One way that a term can be made definite in Biblical Hebrew is to add the defini
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Matches an :ref:`adjective<adjective>` to a :ref:`noun<noun>`
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Matches an :ref:`adjective<adjective>` to a :ref:`noun<noun>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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In Biblical Hebrew, when a definite :ref:`common noun<noun_common>`is followed by a definite
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In Biblical Hebrew, when a definite :ref:`common noun<noun_common>` is followed by a definite
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:ref:`attributive adjective<adjective-attributive>`, an :ref:`adjectival participle<participle_active-adjectival>`,
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:ref:`attributive adjective<adjective-attributive>`, an :ref:`adjectival participle<participle_active-adjectival>`,
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or a noun in apposition, the definite article on both terms shows that they belong together. In other words,
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or a noun in apposition, the definite article on both terms shows that they belong together. In other words,
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that particular adjective is describing that particular noun.
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that particular adjective is describing that particular noun.
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@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Article
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Exhortation :ref:`particles<particle>` are words that add emotive force to a command or request. These particles are similar to
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Exhortation :ref:`particles<particle>` are words that add emotive force to a command or request. These particles are similar to
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:ref:`interjections<particle_interjection>` but function to strengthen a specific call to action, while an interjection is used
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:ref:`interjections<particle_interjection>` but function to strengthen a specific call to action, while an interjection is used
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as a more general expression of emotion. Similar to :ref:`demonstrative<particle_dmonstrative>` particles, exhortation particles
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as a more general expression of emotion. Similar to :ref:`demonstrative<particle_demonstrative>` particles, exhortation particles
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are sometime left untranslated, depending on the specific context.
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are sometime left untranslated, depending on the specific context.
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נָא
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נָא
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@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ The word לֹא is the standard negative particle in Biblical Hebrew. This
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term often negates verbs, but it has potential to negate other kinds of
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term often negates verbs, but it has potential to negate other kinds of
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words as well. In English, it is usually translated as "no" or "not".
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words as well. In English, it is usually translated as "no" or "not".
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When used with :ref:`2nd person<person_second>`
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When used with :ref:`2nd person<person_second>`
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:ref:`imperfect<verb_imperfect-negative-directive`
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:ref:`imperfect<verb_imperfect-negative-directive>`
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verbs to express a negative command, this particle signifies a more
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verbs to express a negative command, this particle signifies a more
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emphatic command than the use of the negative particle אַל (with an imperfect verb).
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emphatic command than the use of the negative particle אַל (with an imperfect verb).
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@ -12,8 +12,7 @@ A preposition introduces a phrase that describes another word/concept within a s
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However, like :ref:`adverbs<adverb>` and :ref:`particles<particle>`, sometimes a prepositional phrase can describe the sentence as a whole.
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However, like :ref:`adverbs<adverb>` and :ref:`particles<particle>`, sometimes a prepositional phrase can describe the sentence as a whole.
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In Biblical Hebrew, prepositions can also be used with an infinitive construct verb to show its relationship to the main verb of a sentence.
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In Biblical Hebrew, prepositions can also be used with an infinitive construct verb to show its relationship to the main verb of a sentence.
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.. note:: When a word contains both a prefixed preposition and a :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>`, the ה consonant of the definite article disappears
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.. note:: When a word contains both a prefixed preposition and a :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>`, the ה consonant of the definite article disappears and the shewa under the preposition lengthens, usually either to a pathah vowel or a qamets vowel.
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and the shewa under the preposition lengthens, usually either to a pathah vowel or a qamets vowel.
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Article
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Article
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-------
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-------
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@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ verbal element.
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.. note:: Causative action must be expressed by a :ref:`trasitive verb<verb-transitive>`,
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.. note:: Causative action must be expressed by a :ref:`trasitive verb<verb-transitive>`,
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but non-causative action can be expressed by an :ref:`intransitive verb<verb-intransitive>`.
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but non-causative action can be expressed by an :ref:`intransitive verb<verb-intransitive>`.
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Thus, a verb that is transitive in the Piel stem may be intransitive in
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Thus, a verb that is transitive in the Piel stem may be intransitive in
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the Qal and/or :ref:`Niphal<stem-niphal>` stems.
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the Qal and/or :ref:`Niphal<stem_niphal>` stems.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 38:12 –– expressing causative action with a dynamic verb
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 38:12 –– expressing causative action with a dynamic verb
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@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Article
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-------
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-------
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The Polal :ref:`stem<stem>` is a variation of the :ref:`Pual<stem_pual>`
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The Polal :ref:`stem<stem>` is a variation of the :ref:`Pual<stem_pual>`
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and expresses the :ref:`passive<stem-passive>` voice of the verbal action of the :ref:`Polel<stem_polel>` stem.
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and expresses the :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice of the verbal action of the :ref:`Polel<stem_polel>` stem.
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The Polal stem is formed from the Pual by dropping the 2nd radical and
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The Polal stem is formed from the Pual by dropping the 2nd radical and
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repeating the 3rd radical (with a vowel change). It is an extremely :ref:`rare stem formation<stem-uncommon>`
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repeating the 3rd radical (with a vowel change). It is an extremely :ref:`rare stem formation<stem-uncommon>`
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in Biblical Hebrew.
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in Biblical Hebrew.
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@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ Expresses the passive voice of the Piel stem
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For most verbs that appear in both the Piel and Pual stems in Biblical
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For most verbs that appear in both the Piel and Pual stems in Biblical
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Hebrew, the Pual stem expresses the same kind of action as the Piel stem
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Hebrew, the Pual stem expresses the same kind of action as the Piel stem
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(:ref:`simple<stem-voice-active>`, intensive :ref:`stem-action-intensive>`, :ref:`resultative<stem-action-resultative>`,
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(:ref:`simple<stem-voice-active>`, :ref:`intensive<stem-action-intensive>`, :ref:`resultative<stem-action-resultative>`,
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:ref:`causative<stem-action-causative>`, etc.) but in passive voice.
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:ref:`causative<stem-action-causative>`, etc.) but in passive voice.
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A good example is the verb בָּקַע. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem,
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A good example is the verb בָּקַע. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem,
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the verb בָּקַע means "to cut open" or "to break open" (simple action,
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the verb בָּקַע means "to cut open" or "to break open" (simple action,
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@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ In Biblical Hebrew, the Qal stem is the simplest of all the verbal
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derived from the Qal form. It is by far the most common form of a
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derived from the Qal form. It is by far the most common form of a
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:ref:`verb<verb>`,
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:ref:`verb<verb>`,
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and it almost always expresses either simple action in :ref:`active<stem-voice-active>` voice (for
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and it almost always expresses either simple action in :ref:`active<stem-voice-active>` voice (for
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:ref:`dynamic<verb-dynamic>` verbs) or stative action in :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passivle>` voice (for :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` verbs,
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:ref:`dynamic<verb-dynamic>` verbs) or stative action in :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice (for :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` verbs,
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which do not have active voice). In English, stative verbs require the
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which do not have active voice). In English, stative verbs require the
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helping verb "to be" for proper translation value (see example). In
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helping verb "to be" for proper translation value (see example). In
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Biblical Hebrew, the stative nature of the verb is indicated by the verb
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Biblical Hebrew, the stative nature of the verb is indicated by the verb
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@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ because it often appears in a series following a
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clause with an Imperfect verb.
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clause with an Imperfect verb.
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.. note:: The Sequential Pefect conjugation has an additional function that is unique among all verbal conjugations in Biblical Hebrew.
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.. note:: The Sequential Pefect conjugation has an additional function that is unique among all verbal conjugations in Biblical Hebrew.
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A Sequential Verb often, but not always, expresses the same kind of action as the preceding verb. This is often the case when
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A Sequential Verb often, but not always, expresses the same kind of action as the preceding verb. This is often the case when
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a Sequential Perfect verbs are used to express a sequence of incomplete actions, a sequence of imperatives, or a sequence of
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a Sequential Perfect verbs are used to express a sequence of incomplete actions, a sequence of imperatives, or a sequence of
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verbal actions expressing possibility or desirability.
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verbal actions expressing possibility or desirability.
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There is a difference between (1) the Sequential Perfect conjugation, (2)
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There is a difference between (1) the Sequential Perfect conjugation, (2)
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the :ref:`Perfect copulative<verb_perfect-copulative>`,
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the :ref:`Perfect copulative<verb_perfect-copulative>`,
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