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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/verb_sequential_perfect.rst
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.. _verb_sequential_perfect:
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Verb Sequential Perfect
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=======================
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Summary
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-------
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A Sequential Perfect verb often expresses the same kinds of action as the *Imperfect conjugation*, but it also connects to an
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earlier verb to form either a sequence of time or a sequence of thought. However, in Biblical Hebrew a Sequential Perfect
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verb has an additional and unique potential to express the same kind of action as the verb immediately preceding it.
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Article
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-------
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The Sequential Perfect conjugation looks very similar to the normal
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:ref:`Perfect<verb_perfect>` form,
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but it is a separate verbal form and must be treated as such. The
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Sequential Perfect conjugation takes the same verbal endings as the
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normal Perfect conjugation but includes the
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:ref:`conjunction<conjunction>`
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*waw* (וְ "and") as a prefix. A Sequential Perfect
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:ref:`verb<verb>`
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does not function like a normal Perfect conjugation verb. Rather, it functions more like an :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>` verb,
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because it often appears in a series following a
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clause with an Imperfect verb.
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.. note:: The Sequential Pefect conjugation has an additional function that is unique among all verbal conjugations in Biblical Hebrew.
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A Sequential Verb often, but not always, expresses the same kind of action as the preceding verb. This is often the case when
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a Sequential Perfect verbs are used to express a sequence of incomplete actions, a sequence of imperatives, or a sequence of
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verbal actions expressing possibility or desirability.
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There is a difference between (1) the Sequential Perfect conjugation, (2)
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the :ref:`Perfect copulative<verb_perfect-copulative>`,
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and (3) the normal Imperfect conjugation with the conjunction. (1) and (2)
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have an identical form, including the vocalization, so the reader must
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determine from the context which one is being used in any given
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instance. (1) is also different than (3), although they can have similar
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meanings. The Sequential Perfect conjugation ((1) above) forms a sequence
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with the verb in the clause before it, but the normal Imperfect conjugation
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((3) above) with the conjunction does not.
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Form
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----
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.. csv-table:: Qal Sequential Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וְקָטַל,weqatal,(and) he will kill
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feminine singular third person,וְקָטְלָה,weqatlah,(and) she will kill
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masculine singular second person,וְקָטַלְתָּ,weqatalta,(and) you will kill
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feminine singular second person,וְקָטַלְתְּ,weqatalt,(and) you will kill
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common singular first person,וְקָטַלְתִּי,weqatalti,(and) I will kill
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common plural third person,וְקָטְלוּ,weqatlu,(and) they will kill
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masculine plural second person,וּקְטַלְתֶּם,uqetaltem,(and) you will kill
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feminine plural second person,וּקְטַלְתֶּן,uqetalten,(and) you will kill
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common plural first person,וְקָטַלְנוּ,weqatalnu,(and) we will kill
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.. csv-table:: Niphal Sequential Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וְנִקְטַל,weniqtal,(and) he will be killed
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feminine singular third person,וְנִקְטְלָה,weniqtelah,(and) she will be killed
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masculine singular second person,וְנִקְטַלְתָּ,weniqtalta,(and) you will be killed
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feminine singular second person,וְנִקְטַלְתְּ,weniqtalt,(and) you will be killed
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common singular first person,וְנִקְטַלְתִּי,weniqtalti,(and) I will be killed
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common plural third person,וְנִקְטְלוּ,weniqtelu,(and) they will be killed
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masculine plural second person,וְנִקְטַלְתֶּם,weniqtaltem,(and) you will be killed
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feminine plural second person,וְנִקְטַלְתֶּן,weniqtalten,(and) you will be killed
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common plural first person,וְנִקְטַלְתֶּנוּ,weniqtaltenu,(and) we will be killed
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Sequential Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וְהִקְטִיל,wehiqtil,(and) he will cause to kill
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feminine singular third person,וְהִקְטִילָה,wehiqtilah,(and) she will cause to kill
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masculine singular second person,וְהִקְטַלְתָּ,wehiqtalta,(and) you will cause to kill
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feminine singular second person,וְהִקְטַלְתְּ,wehiqtalt,(and) you will cause to kill
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common singular first person,וְהִקְטַלְתִּי,wehiqtalti,(and) I will cause to kill
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common plural third person,וְהִקְטִילוּ,wehiqtilu,(and) they will cause to kill
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masculine plural second person,וְהִקְטַלְתֶּם,wehiqtaltem,(and) you will cause to kill
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feminine plural second person,וְהִקְטַלְתֶּן,wehiqtalten,(and) you will cause to kill
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common plural first person,וְהִקְטַלְנוּ,wehiqtalnu,(and) we will cause to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hophal Sequential Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וְהָקְטַל,wehoqtal,(and) he will be caused to kill
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feminine singular third person,וְהָקְטְלָה,wehoqtelah,(and) she will be caused to kill
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masculine singular second person,וְהָקְטַלְתָּ,wehoqtalta,(and) you will be caused to kill
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feminine singular second person,וְהָקְטַלְתְּ,wehoqtalt,(and) you will be caused to kill
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common singular first person,וְהָקְטַלְתִּי,wehoqtalti,(and) I will be caused to kill
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common plural third person,וְהָקְטְלוּ,wehoqtelu,(and) they will be caused to kill
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masculine plural second person,וְהָקְטַלְתֶּם,wehoqtaltem,(and) you will be caused to kill
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feminine plural second person,וְהָקְטַלְתֶּן,wehoqtalten,(and) you will be caused to kill
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common plural first person,וְהָקְטַלְנוּ,wehoqtalnu,(and) we will be caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Piel Sequential Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וְקִטֵּל / וְקִטַּל,weqittel / weqittal,(and) he will slaughter
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feminine singular third person,וְקִטְּלָה,weqittelah,(and) she will slaughter
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masculine singular second person,וְקִטַּלְתָּ,weqittalta,(and) you will slaughter
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feminine singular second person,וְקִטַּלְתְּ,weqittalt,(and) you will slaughter
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common singular first person,וְקִטַּלְתִּי,weqittalti,(and) I will slaughter
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common plural third person,וְקִטְּלוּ,weqittelu,(and) they will slaughter
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masculine plural second person,וְקִטַּלְתֶּם,weqittaltem,(and) you will slaughter
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feminine plural second person,וְקִטַּלְתֶּן,weqittalten,(and) you will slaughter
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common plural first person,וְקִטַּלְנוּ,weqittalnu,(and) we will slaughter
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.. csv-table:: Pual Sequential Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וְקֻטַּל,wequttal,(and) he will be slaughtered
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feminine singular third person,וְקֻטְּלָה,wequttelah,(and) she will be slaughtered
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masculine singular second person,וְקֻטַּלְתָּ,wequttalta,(and) you will be slaughtered
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feminine singular second person,וְקֻטַּלְתְּ,wequttalt,(and) you will be slaughtered
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common singular first person,וְקֻטַּלְתִּי,wequttalti,(and) I will be slaughtered
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common plural third person,וְקֻטְּלוּ,wequttelu,(and) they will be slaughtered
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masculine plural second person,וְקֻטַּלְתֶּם,wequttaltem,(and) you will be slaughtered
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feminine plural second person,וְקֻטַּלְתֶּן,wequttalten,(and) you will be slaughtered
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common plural first person,וְקֻטַּלְנוּ,wequttalnu,(and) we will be slaughtered
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael Sequential Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וְהִתְקַטֵּל,wehithqattal,(and) he will kill himself
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feminine singular third person,וְהִתְקַטְּלָה,wehithqattelah,(and) she will kill herself
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masculine singular second person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתָּ,wehithqattalta,(and) you will kill yourself
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feminine singular second person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתְּ,wehithqattalt,(and) you will kill yourself
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common singular first person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתִּי,wehithqattalti,(and) I will kill myself
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common plural third person,וְהִתְקַטְּלוּ,wehithqattelu,(and) they will kill themselves
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masculine plural second person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתֶּם,wehithqattaltem,(and) you will kill yourselves
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feminine plural second person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתֶּן,wehithqattalten,(and) you will kill yourselves
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common plural first person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְנוּ,wehithqattalnu,(and) we will kill ourselves
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Function
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--------
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The Sequential Perfect conjugation can indicate any one of many different
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kinds of actions:
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Incomplete actions, in present or future time
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 43:12
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וְהִצַּ֣תִּי אֵ֗שׁ בְּבָתֵּי֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י מִצְרַ֔יִם
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**wehitsatti** 'esh bevottey 'elohe mitsrayim
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**and-I-will-kindle** fire in-houses-of gods-of Egypt
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**Then I will light** a fire in the temples of Egypt's gods.
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In poetry it can take on a variety of functions, here it clearly
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continues the previous :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`.
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It expresses an :ref:`habitual<verb_imperfect-frequentive>` action
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that is not (never) completed.
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 90:6
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בַּ֭בֹּקֶר יָצִ֣יץ **וְחָלָ֑ף** לָ֝עֶ֗רֶב יְמוֹלֵ֥ל **וְיָבֵֽשׁ**\ ׃
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babboqer yatsits **wehalaf** la'erev yemolel **weyavesh**
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"in-the-morning it-blossoms **and-it-renews** at-the-evening it-withers
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**and-it-dries**"
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"In the morning it blooms **and grows up**; in the evening it withers
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**and dries up**."
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Frequentive or durative actions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These may be in past time, present time, future time, or without a
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specified timeframe.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 5:7
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וַיִּרְא֥וּ אַנְשֵֽׁי־אַשְׁדּ֖וֹד כִּֽי־כֵ֑ן וְאָמְר֗וּ
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wayyir'u 'anshe-'ashdod ki-khen **we'omru**
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and-they-saw men-of\_Ashdod that\_thus **and-they-were-saying**
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"When the men of Ashdod realized what was happening, **they said**"
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Direct or indirect commands
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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In the following example, the Sequential Perfect conjugation is
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translated with :ref:`imperative<verb_imperative>` meaning.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 7:5
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לֵ֤ךְ **וְאָֽמַרְתָּ֙** אֶל־עַבְדִּ֣י אֶל־דָּוִ֔ד
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lekh **we'amarta** 'el-'avdi 'el-dawid
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go **and-say** to\_my-servant to\_David
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Go **and tell** David my servant
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In the following example, the Sequential Perfect conjugation is
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translated with :ref:`jussive<verb_jussive>` meaning.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 31:44
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וְהָיָ֥ה לְעֵ֖ד בֵּינִ֥י וּבֵינֶֽךָ
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**wehayah** le'ed beni uvenekha
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**and-let-it-be** for-a-witness between-me and-between-you
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**and let it be** for a witness between you and me.
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Imaginary, possible, or conditional actions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 21:20
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"וְכִֽי־יַכֶּה֩ אִ֨ישׁ אֶת־עַבְדּ֜וֹ א֤וֹ אֶת־אֲמָתוֹ֙ בַּשֵּׁ֔בֶט
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וּמֵ֖ת"
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wekhi-yakkeh 'ish 'eth-'avdo 'o 'eth-'amatho bashevet **umeth**
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"and-if\_he-strikes man [dir.obj]\_his-servant or
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[dir.obj]\_his-female-servant with-the-rod **and-he-dies**"
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"If a man hits his male servant or his female servant with a staff,
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**and if the servant dies**"
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Actions of greater or lesser desirability
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These may include instructions, requests, permissions, invitations,
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assurances, wishes, etc.
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In the following example, the Sequential Perfect conjugation is
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translated with :ref:`cohortative<verb_cohortative>` meaning.
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.. csv-table:: Example: RUT 2:7
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אֲלַקֳטָה־נָּא֙ **וְאָסַפְתִּ֣י** בָֽעֳמָרִ֔ים
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'alaqotah-nna' **we'asafti** vo'omarim
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let-me-glean\_oh **and-let-me-gather** among-the-reapers
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Please let me glean **and gather** after the reapers.
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