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Draft cardinal number article
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Joel D. Ruark
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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/adjective_cardinal_number.rst
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.. _adjective_cardinal_number:
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Adjective Cardinal Number
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=========================
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Summary
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-------
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In Biblical Hebrew, cardinal numbers are used to describe quantity or to
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express the name of a number itself ("one", "two", "three", etc.).
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Article
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-------
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Biblical Hebrew does not contain numerals ("1", "2", "3", etc.) but
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rather uses words to express numbers ("one", "two", "three", etc.).
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There are two different kinds of numbers: cardinal numbers and :ref:`ordinal numbers<adjective_ordinal_number>`.
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Cardinal numbers are used either to express the name of a number itself
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or to express the quantity of a thing ("one", "two", "three", etc.).
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Cardinal numbers function as :ref:`attributive adjectives<adjective-attributive>`,
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but they do not always follow the same grammatical rules. They may
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appear either before or after the noun they describe, and they may not
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always have the same grammatical form (gender, number, :ref:`definiteness<definiteness>`) as
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the noun they describe. As with other adjectives in Biblical Hebrew, a
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cardinal number can function as a noun and can appear in either the :ref:`absolute<state_absolute>`
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the :ref:`construct<state_construct>` state.
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.. note:: Sometimes a cardinal form ("one", "two", "three", etc.) is used,
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but an ordinal meaning ("first", "second", "third", etc.) is clearly
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indicated from the context.
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"One"
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-----
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.. csv-table:: "One" Paradigm
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Form,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular absolute,אֶחָד,'ehad,one
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masculine singular construct,אַחַד,'ahad,one of
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feminine singular absolute,אַחַת,'ahath,one
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feminine singular construct,אַחַת,'ahath,one of
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.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 18:19
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אִ֣ישׁ אֶחָ֔ד
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'ish **'ehad**
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man **one**
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**one** man
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 13:17
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הָרֹ֨אשׁ אֶחָ֥ד
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harosh **'ehad**
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The-group **one**
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**One** group
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The following example is a cardinal number functioning as a noun.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 19:9
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הָאֶחָ֤ד בָּֽא־לָגוּר֙
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**ha'ehad** ba-lagur
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**The-one** came-in\_to-live-as-a-foreigner
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**This one** came here to live as a foreigner
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"Two"
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-----
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As would be expected, the number “two” in Biblical Hebrew always takes
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the :ref:`dual<number_dual>` form.
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.. csv-table:: "Two" Paradigm
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Form,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine dual absolute,שְׁנַיִם,shenayim,two
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masculine dual construct,שְׁנֵי,shene,two of
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feminine dual absolute,שְׁתַּיִם,shetayim,two
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feminine dual construct,שְׁתֵּי,shete,two of
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1CH 4:5
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שְׁתֵּ֣י נָשִׁ֑ים
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**shete** nashim
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**two** women
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**two** women
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2CH 3:15
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עַמּוּדִ֣ים שְׁנַ֔יִם
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'ammudim **shenayim**
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pillars **two**
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**two** pillars
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The following example is a cardinal number with a :ref:`pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:7
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שְׁנֵיהֶ֔ם
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**shenehem**
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**two of them**
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**both of them**
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3-10
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----
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.. note:: These numbers have specialized uses when they take either a
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:ref:`dual<number_dual>` ending or a :ref:`plural<number_plural>`
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ending. When these numbers take a dual ending, they become simple
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multiples ("three-fold", "four-fold", "five-fold", etc.); but when they
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take a plural ending, they become multiples of ten ("thirty", "forty",
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"fifty", etc.).
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.. csv-table:: 3-10 Paradigm
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Form,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular absolute,שָׁלֹשׁ,shalosh,three
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masculine singular construct,שְׁלֹשׁ,shelosh,three of
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feminine singular absolute,שְׁלֹשָׁה,sheloshah,three
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feminine singular construct,שְׁלֹשֶׁת,shelosheth,three of
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masculine singular absolute,אַרְבַּע,'arba',four
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masculine singular construct,אַרְבַּע,'arba',four of
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feminine singular absolute,אַרְבָּעָה,'arba'ah,four
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feminine singular construct,אַרְבַּעַת,'arba'ath,four of
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masculine singular absolute,חָמֵשׁ,hamesh,five
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masculine singular construct,חֲמֵשׁ,hamesh,five of
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feminine singular absolute,חֲמִשָּׁה,hamishah,five
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feminine singular construct,חֲמֵשֶׁת,hameshet,five of
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masculine singular absolute,שֵׁשׁ,shesh,six
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masculine singular construct,שֵׁשׁ,shesh,six of
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feminine singular absolute,שִׁשָּׁה,shishah,six
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feminine singular construct,שֵׁשֶׁת,sheshet,six of
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masculine singular absolute,שֶׁבַע,sheva',seven
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masculine singular construct,שֶׁבַע,sheva',seven of
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feminine singular absolute,שִׁבְעָה,shiv'ah,seven
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feminine singular construct,שִׁבְעַת,shiv'at,seven of
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masculine singular absolute,שְׁמֹנֶה,shemoneh,eight
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masculine singular construct,שְׁמֹנֶה,shemoneh,eight of
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feminine singular absolute,שְׁמֹנָה,shemonah,eight
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feminine singular construct,שִׁמֹנַת,shimonath,eight of
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masculine singular absolute,תֵּשַׁע,tesha',nine
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masculine singular construct,תֵּשַׁע,tesha',nine of
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feminine singular absolute,תִּשְׁעָה,tish'ah,nine
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feminine singular construct,תִּשְׁעַת,tish'ath,nine of
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masculine singular absolute,עֶשֶׂר,'eser,ten
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masculine singular construct,עֶשֶׂר,'eser,ten of
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feminine singular absolute,עֲשָׂרָה,'asarah,ten
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feminine singular construct,עֲשֶׂרֶת,'asereth,ten of
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 21:18
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עָרִ֖ים אַרְבַּֽע׃
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'arim **'arba'**
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cities **four**
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**four** cities
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 1:2
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שִׁבְעָ֥ה בָנִ֖ים **וְשָׁל֥וֹשׁ** בָּנֽוֹת
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**shiv'ah** vanim **weshalosh** banoth
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**seven** sons **and-three** daughters
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**seven** sons **and three** daughters
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:15
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כָּל־הֹרֵ֣ג קַ֔יִן **שִׁבְעָתַ֖יִם** יֻקָּ֑ם
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kol-horeg qayin **shiv'athayim** yuqqam
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all\_he-who-kills Cain **sevenfold** he-will-be-avenged
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"If anyone kills Cain, vengeance will be taken on him **sevenfold**."
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 12:6
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וְאֶת־הַכִּבְשָׂ֖ה יְשַׁלֵּ֣ם אַרְבַּעְתָּ֑יִם
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we'eth-hakkivsah yeshallem **'arba'tayim**
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and-[dir.obj]-the-lamb he-will-restore **fourfold**
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He must pay back the lamb **four times over**
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11-19
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-----
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The numbers 11-19 are formed by writing the number 1-9 followed by the
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number 10. Thus, in Biblical Hebrew the number "eleven" is written as
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"one ten"; the number "seventeen" is written as "seven ten", etc.
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.. csv-table:: 11-19 Paradigm
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Form,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine,אַחַד עָשָׂר,'ahad 'asar,eleven
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feminine,אַחַת עֶשְׂרֵה,'ahath 'esreh,eleven
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masculine,שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר,shenem 'asar,twelve
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feminine,שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה,shetem 'esreh,twelve
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masculine,שְׁלֹשָׁה עָשָׂר,sheloshah 'asar,thirteen
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feminine,שָׁלֹשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה,shalosh 'esreh,thirteen
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masculine,אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר,'arba'ah 'asar,fourteen
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feminine,אַרְבַּע עֶשְׂרֵה,'arba' 'esreh,fourteen
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masculine,חֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר,hamishah 'asar,fifteen
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feminine,חָמֵשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה,hamesh 'esreh,fifteen
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masculine,שִׁשָּׁה עָשָׂר,shishah 'asar,sixteen
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feminine,שֵׁשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה,shesh 'esreh,sixteen
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masculine,שִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר,shiv'ah 'asar,seventeen
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feminine,שְׁבַע עֶשְׂרֵה,sheva' 'esreh,seventeen
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masculine,שְׁמֹנָה עָשָׂר,shemonah 'asar,eighteen
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feminine,שְׁמֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה,shemoneh 'esreh,eighteen
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masculine,תִּשְׁעָה עָשָׂר,tish'ah 'asar,nineteen
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feminine,תְּשַׁע עֶשְׂרֵה,tesha' 'esreh,nineteen
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 15:41
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עָרִ֥ים שֵׁשׁ־עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה
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'arim **shesh-'esreh**
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cities **six\_ten**
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**sixteen** cities
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 9:10
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חֲמִשָּׁ֥ה עָשָׂ֛ר בָּנִ֖ים
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**hamishah 'asar** banim
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**five ten** sons
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**fifteen** sons
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 4:4
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וַיִּקְרָ֣א יְהֹושֻׁ֗עַ אֶל־\ **שְׁנֵ֤ים הֶֽעָשָׂר֙** אִ֔ישׁ
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wayyiqra yehowshua' 'el-**shenem he'asar** 'ish
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And-he-called Joshua to\_\ **two ten** man
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Then Joshua called the **twelve** men
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20-99
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-----
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Multiples of ten (20, 30, 40, etc.)
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Multiples of Ten Paradigm
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Form,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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gender both,עֶשְׂרִים,'esrim,twenty
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gender both,שְׁלֹשִׁים,sheloshim,thirty
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gender both,אַרְבָּעִים,'arba'im,forty
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gender both,חֲמִשִּׁים,hamishim,fifty
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gender both,שִׁשִּׁים,shishim,sixty
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gender both,שִׁבְעִים,shiv'im,seventy
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gender both,שְׁמֹנִים,shemonim,eighty
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gender both,תִּשְׁעִים,tish'im,ninety
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 18:31
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לֹ֣א אַשְׁחִ֔ית בַּעֲב֖וּר הָֽעֶשְׂרִֽים׃
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lo 'ashhith ba'avur **ha'esrim**
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not I-will-destroy for-sake-of **the-twenty**.
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I will not destroy it for **the twenty**'s sake
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In the following example, the nouns "day" and "night" are singular in form
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but plural in meaning.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 7:4
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אַרְבָּעִ֣ים יֹ֔ום **וְאַרְבָּעִ֖ים** לָ֑יְלָה
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**'arba'im** yowm **we'arba'im** laylah
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**forty** day **and-forty** night
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**forty** days **and forty** nights
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Multiples of ten plus units (21, 32, 43, etc.)
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These numbers are written following the same rules as the numbers 11-19.
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Thus, the number "twenty-one" is written as "one twenty"; the number
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"thirty-two" is written as "two thirty"; the number "forty-three" is
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writen as "three forty", etc.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 5:20
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שְׁתַּ֤יִם וְשִׁשִּׁים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה
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**shetayim weshishim** shanah
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**two and-sixty** year
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**sixty-two** years
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.. csv-table:: Example: DAN 9:26
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וְאַחֲרֵ֤י הַשָּׁבֻעִים֙ שִׁשִּׁ֣ים וּשְׁנַ֔יִם
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we'ahare hashavu'im **shishim ushenayim**
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And-after the-weeks **sixty and-two**
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After the **sixty-two** weeks
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Multiples of 100, 1000, 10000, etc.
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-----------------------------------
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The nouns "hundred" (100) and "thousand" (1000) function the same as any
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other common noun with singular, dual, and plural forms. Although the
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number for "hundred" uses feminine endings and the number for "thousand"
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uses masculine endings, both numbers should be classified as "gender
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both" because the same form can be both grammatically-masculine and
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grammatically-feminine.
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.. csv-table:: Multiples of 100, 1000, 10000, etc. Paradigm
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Form,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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gender both singular absolute,מֵאָה,me'ah,hundred
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gender both singular construct,מְאַת,me'ath,hundred of
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gender both dual absolute,מָאתַיִם,mathayim,two hundred
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gender both plural absolute,מֵאוֹת,me'oth,hundreds
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gender both plural construct,מֵאוֹת,me'oth,hundreds of
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gender both singular absolute,אֶלֶף,'elef,thousand
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gender both singular construct,אֶלֶף,'elef,thousand of
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gender both dual absolute,אַלְפַּיִם,'alpayim,two thousand
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gender both plural absolute,אֲלָפַיִם,'alafayim,thousands
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gender both plural construct,אַלְפֵי,'alfe,thousands of
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 5:5
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"וַיִּֽהְי֞וּ כָּל־יְמֵ֤י אָדָם֙ אֲשֶׁר־חַ֔י תְּשַׁ֤ע מֵאוֹת֙ שָׁנָ֔ה
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וּשְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה וַיָּמֹֽת"
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"wayyiheyu kol-yeme 'adam 'asher-hay tesha' me'oth shanah usheloshim
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shanah wayyamoth"
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"And-it-was all\_days-of Adam which\_he-lived nine hundred year
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and-thirty year and-he-died."
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"Adam lived 930 years altogether, and then he died."
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 11:17
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וַֽיְחִי־עֵ֗בֶר ... שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה וְאַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה
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wayehi-'ever ... sheloshim shanah we'arba' me'oth shanah
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And-he-lived Eber ... thirty year and-four hundred year
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Eber ... lived 430 more years
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 20:16
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נָתַ֜תִּי אֶ֤לֶף כֶּ֙סֶף֙ לְאָחִ֔יךְ
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nathatti 'elef kesef le'ahikh
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I-have-given thousand-of silver to-your-brother
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I have given your brother a thousand pieces of silver.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 29:2
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וְסַרְנֵ֤י פְלִשְׁתִּים֙ עֹֽבְרִ֔ים לְמֵא֖וֹת וְלַאֲלָפִ֑ים
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wesarne felishtim 'overim leme'oth wela'alafim
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"And-the-lords-of the-Philistines were-passing-over by-hundreds
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and-by-thousands"
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The princes of the Philistines passed on by hundreds and by thousands
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In the following example, multiples of 1,000 are expressed by numbers
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in a construct phrase.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 1:4
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וַיַּכּ֣וּם בְּבֶ֔זֶק עֲשֶׂ֥רֶת אֲלָפִ֖ים אִֽישׁ׃
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wayyakkum bevezeq 'asereth 'alafim 'ish
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And-they-defeated in-Bezek ten-of thousands man
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They killed ten thousand of them at Bezek.
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Reference in New Issue