From 2517beffa5698d183e33ad9a6c6c1d124b4233d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Joel D. Ruark" <joeldruark@noreply.door43.org>
Date: Mon, 12 Apr 2021 13:19:55 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] Draft cardinal number article

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+:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/adjective_cardinal_number.rst
+
+.. _adjective_cardinal_number:
+
+Adjective Cardinal Number
+=========================
+
+Summary
+-------
+
+In Biblical Hebrew, cardinal numbers are used to describe quantity or to
+express the name of a number itself ("one", "two", "three", etc.).
+
+Article
+-------
+
+Biblical Hebrew does not contain numerals ("1", "2", "3", etc.) but
+rather uses words to express numbers ("one", "two", "three", etc.).
+There are two different kinds of numbers: cardinal numbers and :ref:`ordinal numbers<adjective_ordinal_number>`.
+Cardinal numbers are used either to express the name of a number itself
+or to express the quantity of a thing ("one", "two", "three", etc.).
+
+Cardinal numbers function as :ref:`attributive adjectives<adjective-attributive>`,
+but they do not always follow the same grammatical rules. They may
+appear either before or after the noun they describe, and they may not
+always have the same grammatical form (gender, number, :ref:`definiteness<definiteness>`) as
+the noun they describe. As with other adjectives in Biblical Hebrew, a
+cardinal number can function as a noun and can appear in either the :ref:`absolute<state_absolute>`
+the :ref:`construct<state_construct>` state.
+
+.. note:: Sometimes a cardinal form ("one", "two", "three", etc.) is used,
+          but an ordinal meaning ("first", "second", "third", etc.) is clearly
+          indicated from the context.
+
+"One"
+-----
+
+.. csv-table:: "One" Paradigm
+
+  Form,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
+  masculine singular absolute,אֶחָד,'ehad,one
+  masculine singular construct,אַחַד,'ahad,one of
+  feminine singular absolute,אַחַת,'ahath,one
+  feminine singular construct,אַחַת,'ahath,one of
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 18:19
+
+  אִ֣ישׁ אֶחָ֔ד
+  'ish **'ehad**
+  man **one**
+  **one** man
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 13:17
+
+  הָרֹ֨אשׁ אֶחָ֥ד
+  harosh **'ehad**
+  The-group **one**
+  **One** group
+
+The following example is a cardinal number functioning as a noun.
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 19:9
+
+  הָאֶחָ֤ד בָּֽא־לָגוּר֙
+  **ha'ehad** ba-lagur
+  **The-one** came-in\_to-live-as-a-foreigner
+  **This one** came here to live as a foreigner
+
+"Two"
+-----
+
+As would be expected, the number “two” in Biblical Hebrew always takes
+the :ref:`dual<number_dual>` form.
+
+.. csv-table:: "Two" Paradigm
+
+  Form,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
+  masculine dual absolute,שְׁנַיִם,shenayim,two
+  masculine dual construct,שְׁנֵי,shene,two of
+  feminine dual absolute,שְׁתַּיִם,shetayim,two
+  feminine dual construct,שְׁתֵּי,shete,two of
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: 1CH 4:5
+
+  שְׁתֵּ֣י נָשִׁ֑ים
+  **shete** nashim
+  **two** women
+  **two** women
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: 2CH 3:15
+
+  עַמּוּדִ֣ים שְׁנַ֔יִם
+  'ammudim **shenayim**
+  pillars **two**
+  **two** pillars
+
+The following example is a cardinal number with a :ref:`pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>`.
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:7
+
+  שְׁנֵיהֶ֔ם
+  **shenehem**
+  **two of them**
+  **both of them**
+
+3-10
+----
+
+.. note:: These numbers have specialized uses when they take either a
+          :ref:`dual<number_dual>` ending or a :ref:`plural<number_plural>`
+          ending. When these numbers take a dual ending, they become simple
+          multiples ("three-fold", "four-fold", "five-fold", etc.); but when they
+          take a plural ending, they become multiples of ten ("thirty", "forty",
+          "fifty", etc.).
+
+.. csv-table:: 3-10 Paradigm
+
+  Form,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
+  masculine singular absolute,שָׁלֹשׁ,shalosh,three
+  masculine singular construct,שְׁלֹשׁ,shelosh,three of
+  feminine singular absolute,שְׁלֹשָׁה,sheloshah,three
+  feminine singular construct,שְׁלֹשֶׁת,shelosheth,three of
+  masculine singular absolute,אַרְבַּע,'arba',four
+  masculine singular construct,אַרְבַּע,'arba',four of
+  feminine singular absolute,אַרְבָּעָה,'arba'ah,four
+  feminine singular construct,אַרְבַּעַת,'arba'ath,four of
+  masculine singular absolute,חָמֵשׁ,hamesh,five
+  masculine singular construct,חֲמֵשׁ,hamesh,five of
+  feminine singular absolute,חֲמִשָּׁה,hamishah,five
+  feminine singular construct,חֲמֵשֶׁת,hameshet,five of
+  masculine singular absolute,שֵׁשׁ,shesh,six
+  masculine singular construct,שֵׁשׁ,shesh,six of
+  feminine singular absolute,שִׁשָּׁה,shishah,six
+  feminine singular construct,שֵׁשֶׁת,sheshet,six of
+  masculine singular absolute,שֶׁבַע,sheva',seven
+  masculine singular construct,שֶׁבַע,sheva',seven of
+  feminine singular absolute,שִׁבְעָה,shiv'ah,seven
+  feminine singular construct,שִׁבְעַת,shiv'at,seven of
+  masculine singular absolute,שְׁמֹנֶה,shemoneh,eight
+  masculine singular construct,שְׁמֹנֶה,shemoneh,eight of
+  feminine singular absolute,שְׁמֹנָה,shemonah,eight
+  feminine singular construct,שִׁמֹנַת,shimonath,eight of
+  masculine singular absolute,תֵּשַׁע,tesha',nine
+  masculine singular construct,תֵּשַׁע,tesha',nine of
+  feminine singular absolute,תִּשְׁעָה,tish'ah,nine
+  feminine singular construct,תִּשְׁעַת,tish'ath,nine of
+  masculine singular absolute,עֶשֶׂר,'eser,ten
+  masculine singular construct,עֶשֶׂר,'eser,ten of
+  feminine singular absolute,עֲשָׂרָה,'asarah,ten
+  feminine singular construct,עֲשֶׂרֶת,'asereth,ten of
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 21:18
+
+  עָרִ֖ים אַרְבַּֽע׃
+  'arim **'arba'**
+  cities **four**
+  **four** cities
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 1:2
+
+  שִׁבְעָ֥ה בָנִ֖ים **וְשָׁל֥וֹשׁ** בָּנֽוֹת
+  **shiv'ah** vanim **weshalosh** banoth
+  **seven** sons **and-three** daughters
+  **seven** sons **and three** daughters
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:15
+
+  כָּל־הֹרֵ֣ג קַ֔יִן **שִׁבְעָתַ֖יִם** יֻקָּ֑ם
+  kol-horeg qayin **shiv'athayim** yuqqam
+  all\_he-who-kills Cain **sevenfold** he-will-be-avenged
+  "If anyone kills Cain, vengeance will be taken on him **sevenfold**."
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 12:6
+
+  וְאֶת־הַכִּבְשָׂ֖ה יְשַׁלֵּ֣ם אַרְבַּעְתָּ֑יִם
+  we'eth-hakkivsah yeshallem **'arba'tayim**
+  and-[dir.obj]-the-lamb he-will-restore **fourfold**
+  He must pay back the lamb **four times over**
+
+11-19
+-----
+
+The numbers 11-19 are formed by writing the number 1-9 followed by the
+number 10. Thus, in Biblical Hebrew the number "eleven" is written as
+"one ten"; the number "seventeen" is written as "seven ten", etc.
+
+.. csv-table:: 11-19 Paradigm
+
+  Form,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
+  masculine,אַחַד עָשָׂר,'ahad 'asar,eleven
+  feminine,אַחַת עֶשְׂרֵה,'ahath 'esreh,eleven
+  masculine,שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר,shenem 'asar,twelve
+  feminine,שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה,shetem 'esreh,twelve
+  masculine,שְׁלֹשָׁה עָשָׂר,sheloshah 'asar,thirteen
+  feminine,שָׁלֹשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה,shalosh 'esreh,thirteen
+  masculine,אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר,'arba'ah 'asar,fourteen
+  feminine,אַרְבַּע עֶשְׂרֵה,'arba' 'esreh,fourteen
+  masculine,חֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר,hamishah 'asar,fifteen
+  feminine,חָמֵשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה,hamesh 'esreh,fifteen
+  masculine,שִׁשָּׁה עָשָׂר,shishah 'asar,sixteen
+  feminine,שֵׁשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה,shesh 'esreh,sixteen
+  masculine,שִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר,shiv'ah 'asar,seventeen
+  feminine,שְׁבַע עֶשְׂרֵה,sheva' 'esreh,seventeen
+  masculine,שְׁמֹנָה עָשָׂר,shemonah 'asar,eighteen
+  feminine,שְׁמֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה,shemoneh 'esreh,eighteen
+  masculine,תִּשְׁעָה עָשָׂר,tish'ah 'asar,nineteen
+  feminine,תְּשַׁע עֶשְׂרֵה,tesha' 'esreh,nineteen
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 15:41
+
+  עָרִ֥ים שֵׁשׁ־עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה
+  'arim **shesh-'esreh**
+  cities **six\_ten**
+  **sixteen** cities
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 9:10
+
+  חֲמִשָּׁ֥ה עָשָׂ֛ר בָּנִ֖ים
+  **hamishah 'asar** banim
+  **five ten** sons
+  **fifteen** sons
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 4:4
+
+  וַיִּקְרָ֣א יְהֹושֻׁ֗עַ אֶל־\ **שְׁנֵ֤ים הֶֽעָשָׂר֙** אִ֔ישׁ
+  wayyiqra yehowshua' 'el-**shenem he'asar** 'ish
+  And-he-called Joshua to\_\ **two ten** man
+  Then Joshua called the **twelve** men
+
+20-99
+-----
+
+Multiples of ten (20, 30, 40, etc.)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. csv-table:: Multiples of Ten Paradigm
+
+  Form,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
+  gender both,עֶשְׂרִים,'esrim,twenty
+  gender both,שְׁלֹשִׁים,sheloshim,thirty
+  gender both,אַרְבָּעִים,'arba'im,forty
+  gender both,חֲמִשִּׁים,hamishim,fifty
+  gender both,שִׁשִּׁים,shishim,sixty
+  gender both,שִׁבְעִים,shiv'im,seventy
+  gender both,שְׁמֹנִים,shemonim,eighty
+  gender both,תִּשְׁעִים,tish'im,ninety
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 18:31
+
+  לֹ֣א אַשְׁחִ֔ית בַּעֲב֖וּר הָֽעֶשְׂרִֽים׃
+  lo 'ashhith ba'avur **ha'esrim**
+  not I-will-destroy for-sake-of **the-twenty**.
+  I will not destroy it for **the twenty**'s sake
+
+In the following example, the nouns "day" and "night" are singular in form
+but plural in meaning.
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 7:4
+
+  אַרְבָּעִ֣ים יֹ֔ום **וְאַרְבָּעִ֖ים** לָ֑יְלָה
+  **'arba'im** yowm **we'arba'im** laylah
+  **forty** day **and-forty** night
+  **forty** days **and forty** nights
+
+Multiples of ten plus units (21, 32, 43, etc.)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+These numbers are written following the same rules as the numbers 11-19.
+Thus, the number "twenty-one" is written as "one twenty"; the number
+"thirty-two" is written as "two thirty"; the number "forty-three" is
+writen as "three forty", etc.
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 5:20
+
+  שְׁתַּ֤יִם וְשִׁשִּׁים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה
+  **shetayim weshishim** shanah
+  **two and-sixty** year
+  **sixty-two** years
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: DAN 9:26
+
+  וְאַחֲרֵ֤י הַשָּׁבֻעִים֙ שִׁשִּׁ֣ים וּשְׁנַ֔יִם
+  we'ahare hashavu'im **shishim ushenayim**
+  And-after the-weeks **sixty and-two**
+  After the **sixty-two** weeks
+
+Multiples of 100, 1000, 10000, etc.
+-----------------------------------
+
+The nouns "hundred" (100) and "thousand" (1000) function the same as any
+other common noun with singular, dual, and plural forms. Although the
+number for "hundred" uses feminine endings and the number for "thousand"
+uses masculine endings, both numbers should be classified as "gender
+both" because the same form can be both grammatically-masculine and
+grammatically-feminine.
+
+.. csv-table:: Multiples of 100, 1000, 10000, etc. Paradigm
+
+  Form,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
+  gender both singular absolute,מֵאָה,me'ah,hundred
+  gender both singular construct,מְאַת,me'ath,hundred of
+  gender both dual absolute,מָאתַיִם,mathayim,two hundred
+  gender both plural absolute,מֵאוֹת,me'oth,hundreds
+  gender both plural construct,מֵאוֹת,me'oth,hundreds of
+  gender both singular absolute,אֶלֶף,'elef,thousand
+  gender both singular construct,אֶלֶף,'elef,thousand of
+  gender both dual absolute,אַלְפַּיִם,'alpayim,two thousand
+  gender both plural absolute,אֲלָפַיִם,'alafayim,thousands
+  gender both plural construct,אַלְפֵי,'alfe,thousands of
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 5:5
+
+  "וַיִּֽהְי֞וּ כָּל־יְמֵ֤י אָדָם֙ אֲשֶׁר־חַ֔י תְּשַׁ֤ע מֵאוֹת֙ שָׁנָ֔ה
+  וּשְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה וַיָּמֹֽת"
+  "wayyiheyu kol-yeme 'adam 'asher-hay tesha' me'oth shanah usheloshim
+  shanah wayyamoth"
+  "And-it-was all\_days-of Adam which\_he-lived nine hundred year
+  and-thirty year and-he-died."
+  "Adam lived 930 years altogether, and then he died."
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 11:17
+
+  וַֽיְחִי־עֵ֗בֶר ... שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה וְאַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת שָׁנָ֑ה
+  wayehi-'ever ... sheloshim shanah we'arba' me'oth shanah
+  And-he-lived Eber ... thirty year and-four hundred year
+  Eber ... lived 430 more years
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 20:16
+
+  נָתַ֜תִּי אֶ֤לֶף כֶּ֙סֶף֙ לְאָחִ֔יךְ
+  nathatti 'elef kesef le'ahikh
+  I-have-given thousand-of silver to-your-brother
+  I have given your brother a thousand pieces of silver.
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 29:2
+
+  וְסַרְנֵ֤י פְלִשְׁתִּים֙ עֹֽבְרִ֔ים לְמֵא֖וֹת וְלַאֲלָפִ֑ים
+  wesarne felishtim 'overim leme'oth wela'alafim
+  "And-the-lords-of the-Philistines were-passing-over by-hundreds
+  and-by-thousands"
+  The princes of the Philistines passed on by hundreds and by thousands
+
+In the following example, multiples of 1,000 are expressed by numbers
+in a construct phrase.
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 1:4
+
+  וַיַּכּ֣וּם בְּבֶ֔זֶק עֲשֶׂ֥רֶת אֲלָפִ֖ים אִֽישׁ׃
+  wayyakkum bevezeq 'asereth 'alafim 'ish
+  And-they-defeated in-Bezek ten-of thousands man
+  They killed ten thousand of them at Bezek.