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110 lines
7.2 KiB
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# §313 Dative
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Dative (間接受格) 的涵義是，表達與動作間接 (indirectly)、遙遙 (remotely) 相關的人事物 (GGBB, 139; AGG §172)。聖經希臘文 (KG) 五格系統的間接受格 (dative)，取代了古典希臘文 (CG) 八格系統的 (a) pure dative、(b) instrumental、(c) locative 三種格，提供與動作相關 (a) **WHOM** (pure dative)、(b) **HOW** (instrumental)、(c) **WHERE/WHEN** (locative) 三方面的資訊 (GGBB, 139; AGG §173)。
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- §313 Dative
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- ==§313.1 Pure Dative== ⇒ 當 C 使用
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- Idioms : Ch.4 *Advantage or disadvantage* (§2.5.2); *Object* (§2.5.5)
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- GGBB : *Dative Indirect Object* (pp.140-2); *Dative Direct Object* (p.171); *Dative of Interest* (pp. 142-4)
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- AGG : *Objective dative* (§174), 包括 *indirect object* (§174a), *dative object* (§174b), 以及 *either* (§174c); *Dative of interest* (§176a)
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- ==§313.2 Instrumental Dative== ⇒ 當 A 使用
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- Idioms : Ch.4 *Instrument, agent, cause, means or manner* (§2.5.3)
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- GGBB :
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- AGG : *dative of instrument* (§177a); *dative of cause* (§177b); *dative of manner* (§180)
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- ==§313.3 Locative Dative== ⇒ 當 A 使用
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- Idioms : Ch.4 *Respect (association, possession, sphere)* (§2.5.1); *Time or space (locative)* (§2.5.4)
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- GGBB : *Dative of Reference/Respect* (pp. 144-6); *Dative of Possession* (pp. 149-51)
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- AGG : *possessive dative* (§176b); *Dative of respect* (§178a); *Dative of difference/measure* (§178b); *Dative of association* (§179a); *Dative of place* (§181); *Dative of time* (§182)
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## §313.1 Pure Dative
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- #GGBB Joh 4:10
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- jjjjj
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- #AGG Joh 4:11
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- bbbb
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### §313.1a Dative of Interest
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### §313.1b Dative of Indirect Object
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### §313.1c Dative of Direct Object
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## §313.2 Instrumental Dative
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### §313.2a Dative of Instrument/Means
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### §313.2b Dative of Cause
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### §313.2c Dative of Manner
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## §313.3 Locative Dative
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### §313.3a Dative of Time/Place
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### §313.3b Dative of Respect/Reference/Association
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### §313.3c Dative of Possession
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---
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- (a) Dative Proper
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- Objective Dative (AGG §174) ⇒ Oi/O<sup>dat</sup>；補語 (C)
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- a) 有些動詞常常會帶兩個補語，一個直接受格、一個間接受格 (AGG §174a) </br> 結構：S—P—C(Od: direct object)—C(Oi: indirect object)
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- παρέχω = to grant sth. to s.o.
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- ἐμφανίζω = to make sth. visible = to s.o.
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- χαρίζομαι = to grant (also forgive) sth. to s.o.
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- φανερόω = to reveal sth. to s.o.
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- δείκνυμι = to show sth. to s.o.
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- γνωρίζω = to make sth. known to s.o.
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- ἀποκαλύπτω = to disclose/reveal sth. to s.o.
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- ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯言說寫動詞⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
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- λέγω = to say sth. to. s.o. (also πρός + acc. for Oi)
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- λαλέω = to say sth. to s.o. (also μετά + gen. for Oi)
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- γράφω = to write sth. to s.o.
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- ἐπιστέλλω = to write sth. to s.o.
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- ἀναγγέλλω = to report sth. to s.o.
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- b) 有些動詞常帶一個間接受格當補語 (AGG §174b) </br> 結構：S—P—C(O<sup>dat</sup> dative object)
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- a) verbs signifying to serve, to minister:
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- δουλεύω, διακονέω, λατρεύω
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- b) verbs signifying to believe, to trust:
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- πιστεύω, πέποιθα
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- (πιστεύω 39× with O<sup>dat</sup>, 48× with εἰς+acc., 22× with ὅτι-clause, less frequently with ἐπί/ἐν)
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- c) verbs signifying to obey:
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- ὑπακούω, πείθομαι
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- d) verbs signifying to command:
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- ἐπιτάσσω, παραγγέλλω
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- c) 有些動詞會把以上兩種情況混搭使用 (AGG §174c)
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- εὐαγγελίζομαι = to announce/proclaim good news
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- 大多是 S—P—C(Od)—C(Oi)；偶而也有 S—P—C(O<sup>dat</sup>)
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- προσκυνέω = to pay homage to, to worship
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- Dative of Association (AGG §179a) ⇒ O<sup>dat</sup>；補語 (C)
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- ἀκολουθέω to follow s.o.
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- ἐγγίζω to approach s.o.
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- καταλλάσσομαι (Pass.) to be reconciled with/to s.o.
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- κοινωνέω (also + gen.) to have a share in sth. (Ga 6:6 1Pe 4:13 etc.)
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- κολλάομαι to join s.o., to be united to s.o. (1Cor 6:17 etc.)
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- ὁμοιόω to make the same as sth./s.o., to compare with/to sth./s.o. (He 2:17 etc.)
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- προσέρχομαι to approach sth./s.o. (He 7:25 etc.)
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- χρήομαι/χράομαι (↑84c) to make use of sth.
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- Dative of Manner (AGG §180b) ⇒ ManC；補語 (C)
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- πορεύομαι
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- στοιχέω
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- περιπατέω
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#### 當 C or A？
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- Leedy (2019)
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- The basic rule of thumb is obvious: transitive verbs take objects, direct and indirect. But occasionally the dative with a transitive verb seems clearly = to express a person advantaged or disadvantaged by the action rather than someone indirectly acted upon.
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- <rt>Mar 5:19</rt> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὅσα<rt>ὅσος</rt></ruby><rt>how much</rt></ruby><rt>K-APN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὁ<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Κύριός<rt>κύριος</rt></ruby><rt>Lord</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>σοι<rt>σύ</rt></ruby><rt>for you</rt></ruby><rt>P-2DS</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>πεποίηκεν</strong><rt>ποιέω</rt></ruby><rt>did</rt></ruby><rt>V-RAI-3S</rt></RUBY>
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- σοι 當 A (adverbial idea of personal interest)
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- σοι 當 C (Jesus performed the action of doing directly upon the “things” [ὅσα] and indirectly upon the man)
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- 根據 BDAG，當 A 比較好。
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- <rt>Mar 6:21</rt> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἡρῴδης<rt>Ἡρώδης</rt></ruby><rt>Herod</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῖς<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>on the</rt></ruby><rt>T-DPN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>γενεσίοις<rt>γενέσια, γενέθλιος</rt></ruby><rt>birthday</rt></ruby><rt>N-DPN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὐτοῦ<rt>αὐτός</rt></ruby><rt>of him</rt></ruby><rt>P-GSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>δεῖπνον<rt>δεῖπνον</rt></ruby><rt>a banquet</rt></ruby><rt>N-ASN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐποίησεν</strong><rt>ποιέω</rt></ruby><rt>made</rt></ruby><rt>V-AAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῖς<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>to the</rt></ruby><rt>T-DPM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>μεγιστᾶσιν<rt>μεγιστάν</rt></ruby><rt>great men</rt></ruby><rt>N-DPM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὐτοῦ<rt>αὐτός</rt></ruby><rt>of him</rt></ruby><rt>P-GSM</rt></RUBY>
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- τοῖς μεγιστᾶσιν αὐτοῦ 只能當 A (利益間接受格)
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- <rt>Luk 7:5</rt> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τὴν<rt>ὁ</rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-ASF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>συναγωγὴν<rt>συναγωγή</rt></ruby><rt>synagogue</rt></ruby><rt>N-ASF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>αὐτὸς<rt>αὐτός</rt></ruby><rt>he</rt></ruby><rt>P-NSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ᾠκοδόμησεν</strong><rt>οἰκοδομέω</rt></ruby><rt>built</rt></ruby><rt>V-AAI-3S</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡμῖν.<rt>ἐγώ</rt></ruby><rt>for us</rt></ruby><rt>P-1DP</rt></RUBY>
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- ἡμῖν = A (利益間接受格)
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[^1]: ‖ ⫻ |