Andley_BG4e/Syntax/§313.md

§313 Dative

Dative (間接受格) 的涵義是，表達與動作間接 (indirectly)、遙遙 (remotely) 相關的人事物 (GGBB, 139; AGG §172)。聖經希臘文 (KG) 五格系統的間接受格 (dative)，取代了古典希臘文 (CG) 八格系統的 (a) pure dative、(b) instrumental、(c) locative 三種格，提供與動作相關 (a) WHOM (pure dative)、(b) HOW (instrumental)、(c) WHERE/WHEN (locative) 三方面的資訊 (GGBB, 139; AGG §173)。

• §313 Dative
  • ==§313.1 Pure Dative== ⇒ 當 C 使用
    • Idioms : Ch.4 Advantage or disadvantage (§2.5.2); Object (§2.5.5)
    • GGBB : Dative Indirect Object (pp.140-2); Dative Direct Object (p.171); Dative of Interest (pp. 142-4)
    • AGG : Objective dative (§174), 包括 indirect object (§174a), dative object (§174b), 以及 either (§174c); Dative of interest (§176a)
  • ==§313.2 Instrumental Dative== ⇒ 當 A 使用
    • Idioms : Ch.4 Instrument, agent, cause, means or manner (§2.5.3)
    • GGBB :
    • AGG : dative of instrument (§177a); dative of cause (§177b); dative of manner (§180)
  • ==§313.3 Locative Dative== ⇒ 當 A 使用
    • Idioms : Ch.4 Respect (association, possession, sphere) (§2.5.1); Time or space (locative) (§2.5.4)
    • GGBB : Dative of Reference/Respect (pp. 144-6); Dative of Possession (pp. 149-51)
    • AGG : possessive dative (§176b); Dative of respect (§178a); Dative of difference/measure (§178b); Dative of association (§179a); Dative of place (§181); Dative of time (§182)

§313.1 Pure Dative

• #GGBB Joh 4:10
  • jjjjj
• #AGG Joh 4:11
  • bbbb

§313.1a Dative of Interest

§313.1b Dative of Indirect Object

§313.1c Dative of Direct Object

§313.2 Instrumental Dative

§313.2a Dative of Instrument/Means

§313.2b Dative of Cause

§313.2c Dative of Manner

§313.3 Locative Dative

§313.3a Dative of Time/Place

§313.3b Dative of Respect/Reference/Association

§313.3c Dative of Possession

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• (a) Dative Proper
  • Objective Dative (AGG §174) ⇒ Oi/O^dat；補語 (C)
    • a) 有些動詞常常會帶兩個補語，一個直接受格、一個間接受格 (AGG §174a)
      結構：S—P—C(Od: direct object)—C(Oi: indirect object)
      • παρέχω = to grant sth. to s.o.
      • ἐμφανίζω = to make sth. visible = to s.o.
      • χαρίζομαι = to grant (also forgive) sth. to s.o.
      • φανερόω = to reveal sth. to s.o.
      • δείκνυμι = to show sth. to s.o.
      • γνωρίζω = to make sth. known to s.o.
      • ἀποκαλύπτω = to disclose/reveal sth. to s.o.
      • ⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯言說寫動詞⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
      • λέγω = to say sth. to. s.o. (also πρός + acc. for Oi)
      • λαλέω = to say sth. to s.o. (also μετά + gen. for Oi)
      • γράφω = to write sth. to s.o.
      • ἐπιστέλλω = to write sth. to s.o.
      • ἀναγγέλλω = to report sth. to s.o.
    • b) 有些動詞常帶一個間接受格當補語 (AGG §174b)
      結構：S—P—C(O^dat dative object)
      • a) verbs signifying to serve, to minister:
        • δουλεύω, διακονέω, λατρεύω
      • b) verbs signifying to believe, to trust:
        • πιστεύω, πέποιθα
          • (πιστεύω 39× with O^dat, 48× with εἰς+acc., 22× with ὅτι-clause, less frequently with ἐπί/ἐν)
      • c) verbs signifying to obey:
        • ὑπακούω, πείθομαι
      • d) verbs signifying to command:
        • ἐπιτάσσω, παραγγέλλω
    • c) 有些動詞會把以上兩種情況混搭使用 (AGG §174c)
      • εὐαγγελίζομαι = to announce/proclaim good news
        • 大多是 S—P—C(Od)—C(Oi)；偶而也有 S—P—C(O^dat)
      • προσκυνέω = to pay homage to, to worship
  • Dative of Association (AGG §179a) ⇒ O^dat；補語 (C)
    • ἀκολουθέω to follow s.o.
    • ἐγγίζω to approach s.o.
    • καταλλάσσομαι (Pass.) to be reconciled with/to s.o.
    • κοινωνέω (also + gen.) to have a share in sth. (Ga 6:6 1Pe 4:13 etc.)
    • κολλάομαι to join s.o., to be united to s.o. (1Cor 6:17 etc.)
    • ὁμοιόω to make the same as sth./s.o., to compare with/to sth./s.o. (He 2:17 etc.)
    • προσέρχομαι to approach sth./s.o. (He 7:25 etc.)
    • χρήομαι/χράομαι (↑84c) to make use of sth.
  • Dative of Manner (AGG §180b) ⇒ ManC；補語 (C)
    • πορεύομαι
    • στοιχέω
    • περιπατέω

當 C or A？

• Leedy (2019)
  • The basic rule of thumb is obvious: transitive verbs take objects, direct and indirect. But occasionally the dative with a transitive verb seems clearly = to express a person advantaged or disadvantaged by the action rather than someone indirectly acted upon.
    • Mar 5:19 ὅσαὅσοςhow muchK-APN ὁὁtheT-NSM ΚύριόςκύριοςLordN-NSM σοισύfor youP-2DS πεποίηκενποιέωdidV-RAI-3S
      • σοι 當 A (adverbial idea of personal interest)
      • σοι 當 C (Jesus performed the action of doing directly upon the “things” [ὅσα] and indirectly upon the man)
      • 根據 BDAG，當 A 比較好。
    • Mar 6:21 ἩρῴδηςἩρώδηςHerodN-NSM-P τοῖςὁon theT-DPN γενεσίοιςγενέσια, γενέθλιοςbirthdayN-DPN αὐτοῦαὐτόςof himP-GSM δεῖπνονδεῖπνονa banquetN-ASN ἐποίησενποιέωmadeV-AAI-3S τοῖςὁto theT-DPM μεγιστᾶσινμεγιστάνgreat menN-DPM αὐτοῦαὐτόςof himP-GSM
      • τοῖς μεγιστᾶσιν αὐτοῦ 只能當 A (利益間接受格)
    • Luk 7:5 τὴνὁtheT-ASF συναγωγὴνσυναγωγήsynagogueN-ASF αὐτὸςαὐτόςheP-NSM ᾠκοδόμησενοἰκοδομέωbuiltV-AAI-3S ἡμῖν.ἐγώfor usP-1DP
      • ἡμῖν = A (利益間接受格)