en_tn/1sa/17/26.md

takes away the disgrace from Israel

This can be expressed with the verb "disgrace." AT: "stops Israel from being disgraced" or "stops him from disgracing Israel" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns)

Who is this uncircumcised Philistine that he should defy the armies of the living God?

David said this to show his anger that this Philistine was defying God's army. AT: "This uncircumcised Philistine certainly has no power that he should defy the armies of the living God!" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion)

this uncircumcised Philistine

This phrase is an insult and indicates that Goliath does not belong to the living God.