437 B

Raw Blame History

I have certainly heard Ephraim sorrowing

"I have certainly heard the descendants of Ephraim sorrowing". Ephraim was the ancestor of the largest tribe in Israel.

You punished me, and I have been punished

"You punished me. Yes, you punished me severely"

I have been punished like an untrained calf

When people train calves, they cause them to suffer. Yahweh had caused the people of Israel to suffer.

punished

"disciplined."