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For who knows what is good for a person ... he passes through like a shadow?
The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no person truly knows what is good for man. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "No one knows what is good for a person ... he passes through like a shadow." (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion)
in life, during the few and meaningless days he passes through like a shadow
This speaks of how life passes quickly by saying that it is like a shadow that quickly disappears. The phrase "numbered days" emphasizes that a person's life is short. Alternate translation: "during his futile, short life, which he passes through as quickly as a shadow passes by" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile)
Who can tell a person ... after he is gone?
The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one knows what will happen after a person dies. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "No one can tell a person ... after he is gone." (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion)
what will happen under the sun
This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated "under the sun" in Ecclesiastes 1:3. Alternate translation: "what will happen on the earth" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom)
after he is gone
This is a polite expression for death. Alternate translation: "after he dies" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism)