en_tm/jit/translate-bdistance/01.md

Description

The following terms are the most common measures for distance or length that were originally used in the Bible. Most of these are based on the sizes of the hand and forearm.

• The handbreadth was the width of the palm of a man's hand.
• The span or handspan was the width of a man's hand with the fingers spread out.
• The cubit was the length of a man's forearm, from the elbow to the tip of the longest finger.
• The "long" cubit is used only in Ezekiel 40-48. It is the length of a normal cubit plus a span.
• The stadium (plural, stadia) referred to a certain footrace that was about 185 meters in length. Some older English versions translated this word as "furlong", which referred to the average length of a plowed field.

The biblical measures probably differed in exact length from time to time and place to place. So the metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the biblical measures.

Original Measure	Metric Measure
handbreadth	8 centimeters
span	23 centimeters
cubit	46 centimeters
"long" cubit	54 centimeters
stadia	185 meters

Translation principles

1. The people in the Bible did not use modern measures such as meters, liters, and kilograms. Using the original measures can help readers know that the Bible really was written long ago in a time when people used those measures.
2. Using modern measures can help readers understand the text more easily.
3. Whatever measure you use, it would be good, if possible, to tell about the other kind of measure in the text or a footnote.
4. If you do not use the Biblical measures, try not to give the readers the idea that the measurements are exact. For example, if you translate one cubit as ".46 meters" or even as "46 centimeters," readers might think that the measurement is exact. It would be better to say "half a meter," "45 centimeters," or "50 centimeters."
5. Sometimes it can be helpful to use the word "about" to show that a measurement is not exact. For example, Luke 24:13 says that Emmaus was sixty stadia from Jerusalem. This can be translated as "about ten kilometers" from Jerusalem.
6. When God tells people how long something should be, and when people make things according to those lengths, do not use "about" in the translation. Otherwise it will give the impression that God did not care exactly how long something should be.

Translation Strategies

1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (See Borrow Words)
2. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
3. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
4. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note.
5. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note.

Examples of Translation Strategies Applied

The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below.

• They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits; its width will be one cubit and a half; and its height will be one cubit and a half. (Exodus 25:10 ULB)

1. Use the measurements given in the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (See Borrow Words)
   • "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half kubits; its width will be one kubit and a half; and its height will be one kubit and a half."
2. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
   • "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one hundred and fifteen centimeters; its width will be sixty-nine centimeters; and its height will be sixty-nine centimeters."
3. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. For example, if you measure things using the standard foot length, you could translate it as below.
   • "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be 3 3/4 feet; its width will be 2 1/4 feet; and its height will be 2 1/4 feet."
4. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text.
   • "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits (one hundred and fifteen centimeters); its width will be one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters); and its height will be one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters)."
5. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes.
   • "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one hundred and fifteen centimeters^[1]; its width will be sixty-nine centimeters ^[2]; and its height will be sixty-nine centimeters."
     • The footnotes would look like:
       ^[1]two and a half cubits
       ^[2]one cubit and a half