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outwardly
This refers to Jewish rituals, such as circumcision, which people can see.
merely outward in the flesh
This refers to the physical change to a man's body when someone circumcises him.
flesh
This is a synecdoche for the whole body. AT: "body" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche)
he is a Jew who is one inwardly, and circumcision is that of the heart
These two phrases have similar meanings. The first phrase, "he is a Jew who is one inwardly," explains the second phrase, "circumcision is that of the heart." (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism)
inwardly
This refers to the values and motivations of the person whom God has transformed.
of the heart
Here "heart" is a metonym for the inner person. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy)
in the Spirit, not in the letter
Here "letter" is a synecdoche that refers to written Scripture. AT: "through the work of the Holy Spirit, not because you know the Scriptures" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche)
in the Spirit
This refers to the internal, spiritual part of a person that "God's Spirit" changes .