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67 lines
6.7 KiB
Markdown
# Decisions Concerning the ULB
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The following are decision that have been made concerning the ULB. This is not a comprehensive list, but it is here to remind current editors and to inform future editors of some important ones.
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## ULB Style
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The following are details concerning the use of punctuation, capitalization, and vocabulary in the ULB.
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* Quotation marks are used at the beginning and ending of direct speech. They are not used at the beginning of each verse, even though the speech may span several verses.
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* Contractions are not used in the ULB.
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* Punctuation is normally (not always) inside the quotation marks.
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* Capitalization issues: in general, we follow the practice of the 2011 NIV.
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* Titles are capitalized. (Son of Man, King David, the Messiah).
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* All pronouns are lower case (except when beginning sentences and except for the first singular "I").
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* Spelling of names, in most cases, follows that used in the 2011 NIV.
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* Where possible, the ULB editors have used common vocabulary that is easy to translate into another language.
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## Translation Glossaries
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A list of decisions as to how to translate some senses of the source language words and phrases into another language is called a translation glossary. Such a device is especially useful when more than one person works on the same project, because it helps keep everyone using the same English terms.
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However, the sources often use some words to signal more than one sense, depending on context. A translation glossary is therefore a glossary of word senses, not a glossary of words. Check back often to this page, because these glossaries are likely to develop for the entire life of WA's translation resources project.
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Note that occasionally, the translation glossary's specified translation will not be suitable. As always, the text editors must remain in control of the decision-making process. The glossaries are to guide you as much as is possible. If you must depart from the glossary guidelines, do so and insert a note in the relevant glossary below to that effect.
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### Limited Translation Glossary for the ULB
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This first list concerns English words used in the ASV of both the Old and New Testaments. Preferred English renderings appear in bold type.
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* *And* (sentence-initial): The ULB only rarely uses sentence-initial "And." Occurrences of sentence-initial "and" in the ASV usually occur where the ASV translates the preverbal Greek particle *kai* or the Hebrew *vav* in the *wayyiqtol* verb form. The Greek particle *kai* was usually a Hebraism on the part of the New Testament writers that reflected their understanding that the Hebrew *wayyiqtol* form contained the conjunctive *vav* 'and.' This, however, was a misunderstanding, for modern scholarship has shown that the *wayyiqtol* form was a frozen form with parallels in cognate Semitic languages; it was the preferred Hebrew verb form for signaling event verbs in Hebrew narration.
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* *Shall*: "**will**" for future expressions in general;
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* "**should**", "**must**", or direct command for obligation;
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* "**shall**" in prophecies, blessings, curses, and other passages focusing on the speaker's intentionality, e.g.,
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* "Yahweh said, 'Shall I hide from Abraham what I am about to do...?'" (Genesis 18:17)
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* "A deliverer shall come to Zion,"
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* "every mountain and hill shall be made low."
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* In speech introductions that use two verbs such as, "he answered and said," the ULB often retains this formula by using **both verbs**. This provides a model for languages which also separate the mode of speech from the act of speech.
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* *Brethren*: "**brothers**" both when it refers only to men and when it refers to both men and women.
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* *Call* in the ASV usage "**call his name**": "**call him**" or "**name him**"
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* *Call* in the formula of the type, "**he shall be called** the Son of the Most High" (Luke 1:32): The ULB keeps this formula, but be aware of the metaphor that is operative here: in this verse, Jesus will not only be called the Son of the Most High, but he will be the Son of the Most High.
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* *Hand* indicating power or possession: The ULB keeps this metaphor except when it would add confusion
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* Expressions of the type, "he knew his wife" or "he went into his wife" are usually translated in the ULB as "**he lay with his wife**." The expressions "**had sexual relations**" and "**slept with**" are also used.
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### Limited Translation Glossary for the Old Testament ULB
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This list concerns Hebrew words in the Old Testament.
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* *wayehi* "**It came about**" or "**It happened that**"
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* *hinneh* "**look**," "**see**," "**see here**," or something else suitable for signaling that what immediately follows in direct reported speech is prominent.
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* Often "**behold**" in direct reported speech of God or his angel, especially if it lends more dignity in English to the divine words than "look" or "see," etc., would do.
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* Also "**behold**" in narrative passages, including narrative that is embedded in direct speech, such as when Joseph tells his brothers what happened in his dreams)
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* *adam*: "**mankind**," "**humanity**," and "**human beings**" whne it refers to mankind in general
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* *YHWH*: "**Yahweh**"
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### Limited Translation Glossary for the New Testament ULB
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This list concerns Greek words in the New Testament.
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* *egeneto de*, *kai egeneto*: "**It came about**" (See: "Sentence-initial and" above).
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* *idou*: "**look**," "**see**," "**see here**," or something else suitable for signaling that what immediately follows in direct reported speech is prominent.
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* Often "**behold**" in direct reported speech of God or his angel, especially if it lends more dignity in English to the divine words than "look" or "see," etc., would do.
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* Also "**behold**" in narrative passages, including narrative that is embedded in direct speech.
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* *Xristos*: "**Christ**" or "**the Christ**" (The definite article is appropriate if the term is being clearly used as a title; Paul often seems to use *Xristos* as a second name for Jesus, but at times he clearly uses it as a title).
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* *Messias*: "**Messiah**"
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* *anthropos*: "**mankind**," "**humanity**," or "**human beings**" when it refers to humanity in general
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* *nomikos*: "**expert in the Jewish law**" when it refers to a Jewish person rather than to the Jewish law itself and "**lawyer**" when it refers to an expert in some other kind of law.
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* *grammateus*: "**scribe**" when it refers to a religious scribe
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* *hagioi*: "**holy people**" or "**God's holy people**" when it refers to people,
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* "**holy ones**" or "**holy angels**" when it refers to heavenly beings
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* *euangelion*: "**gospel**” when it clearly refers to the gospel of salvation through Jesus Christ.
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* Otherwise, "**good news**." |