unfoldingWord_en_tn/en_tn_46-ROM.tsv

331 KiB

1BookChapterVerseIDSupportReferenceOrigQuoteOccurrenceGLQuoteOccurrenceNote
2ROM11sg88κλητὸς1calledThis means that God has appointed or chosen people to be his children, to be his servants and proclaimers of his message of salvation through Jesus.
3ROM12r5x7ὃ προεπηγγείλατο διὰ τῶν προφητῶν αὐτοῦ ἐν Γραφαῖς ἁγίαις 1which he promised beforehand by his prophets in the holy scriptures God promised his people that he would set up his kingdom. He told the prophets to write these promises in the Scriptures.
4ROM13lk5qguidelines-sonofgodprinciplesτοῦ Υἱοῦ 1SonThis is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
5ROM14z3yq0Connecting Statement: Paul talks here about his obligation to preach.
6ROM14m89wΠνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης 1Spirit of holiness This refers to the Holy Spirit.
7ROM18e6elὅλῳ τῷ κόσμῳ 1the whole world the world Paul and his readers knew and could travel in, which was the Roman Empire
8ROM19dx6pἐν τῷ πνεύματί μου 1in my spirit A person's spirit is the part of him that can know God and believe in him.
9ROM19rnp6τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ 1the gospel of his Son The good news (gospel) of the Bible is that the Son of God has given himself as the Savior of the world.
10ROM19r2l5guidelines-sonofgodprinciplesΥἱοῦ1SonThis is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
11ROM111n5ql0Connecting Statement: Paul continues his opening statements to the people in Rome by stating his desire to see them in person.
12ROM113u1cqἀδελφοί1brothersHere this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
13ROM113j96vτοῖς λοιποῖς ἔθνεσιν 1the rest of the Gentiles the Gentiles in the other regions where he had gone
14ROM118gqv30Connecting Statement: Paul reveals God's great anger against sinful man.
15ROM120uvc1κόσμου1worldThis refers to the heavens and the earth, as well as everything in them.
16ROM122ly68φάσκοντες1They ... they the people in [Romans 1:18](../01/18.md)
17ROM127yvm1πλάνης1errormoral wrong, not a mistake about facts
18ROM130f4ttκαταλάλους1slanderersA slanderer says false things about another person in order to damage that person's reputation.
19ROM21y6ts0Connecting Statement: Paul has affirmed all men are sinners and continues to remind them that all people are wicked.
20ROM21x3mifigs-apostropheεἶ1you are Paul is writing here as if he were addressing a Jewish person who is arguing with him. Paul is doing this to teach his audience that God will punish everyone who continually sins, whether Jew or Gentile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
21ROM25t8pv0Connecting Statement: Paul continues to remind the people that all people are wicked.
22ROM27gec6ζητοῦσιν1seekingThis means that they act in a way that will lead to a positive decision from God on judgment day.
23ROM27ub51δόξαν καὶ τιμὴν καὶ ἀφθαρσίαν 1praise, honor, and incorruptibility They want God to praise and honor them, and they want to never die.
24ROM27m341ἀφθαρσίαν1incorruptibilityThis refers to physical, not moral, decay.
25ROM28guq10Connecting Statement: Though this section is speaking to the non-religious wicked person, Paul sums it up by stating both non-Jews and Jews are wicked before God.
26ROM28fcb4figs-parallelismἀπειθοῦσι τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, πειθομένοις δὲ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ 1disobey the truth but obey unrighteousness These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second intensifies the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
27ROM210ib56πρῶτον1firstYou should translate this the same way you did in [Romans 2:9](../02/09.md).
28ROM213sw8x0Connecting Statement: Paul continues to let the reader know that perfect obedience to God's law is required even for those who never had God's law.
29ROM213k32uγὰρ1ForVerses 14 and 15 interrupt Paul's main argument to give the reader extra information. If you have a way to mark an interruption like this in your language, you can use it here.
30ROM217lc6m0Connecting Statement: Here begins Paul's discussion that the law the Jews possess actually condemns them because they do not obey it.
31ROM225i4970Connecting Statement: Paul continues to show that God, by his law, condemns even the Jews who have God's law.
32ROM228g2vhἐν τῷ φανερῷ 1outwardlyThis refers to Jewish rituals, such as circumcision, which people can see.
33ROM228bl6hἐν τῷ φανερῷ ἐν σαρκὶ 1merely outward in the flesh This refers to the physical change to a man's body when someone circumcises him.
34ROM229v149ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ 1inwardlyThis refers to the values and motivations of the person whom God has transformed.
35ROM31v7880Connecting Statement: Paul proclaims the advantage that Jews have because God gave them his law.
36ROM37b9k1figs-rquestionεἰ δὲ ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ψεύσματι ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ, τί ἔτι κἀγὼ ὡς ἁμαρτωλὸς κρίνομαι 1But if the truth of God through my lie provides abundant praise for him, why am I still being judged as a sinner? Here Paul imagines someone continuing to reject the Christian gospel. That adversary argues, because his sin shows the righteousness of God, then God should not declare that he is a sinner on judgment day if, for example, he tells lies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
37ROM38cn1cὧν τὸ κρίμα ἔνδικόν ἐστιν 1The judgment on them is just It will be only fair when God condemns these enemies of Paul, for telling lies about what Paul has been teaching.
38ROM39z3wu0Connecting Statement: Paul sums up that all are guilty of sin, none are righteous, and no one seeks God.
39ROM317zk1iἔγνωσαν1They have knownThese words refer to the Jews and Greeks in [Romans 3:9](../03/09.md).
40ROM318cpf2αὐτῶν1theirThis word refers to the Jews and Greeks in [Romans 3:9](../03/09.md).
41ROM325ieq9πάρεσιν1disregardPossible meanings are 1) ignoring or 2) forgiving.
42ROM331if2b0Connecting Statement: Paul confirms the law though faith.
43ROM331nzr7figs-inclusiveκαταργοῦμεν1we upholdThis pronoun refers to Paul, other believers, and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
44ROM4introf9jc0# Romans 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 7-8 of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The purpose of the law of Moses<br>Paul builds upon material from chapter 3. He explains how Abraham, the father of Israel, was justified. Even Abraham could not be justified by what he did. Obeying the law of Moses does not make a person right with God. Obeying God's commands is a way a person shows they believe in God. People have always been justified only by faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>### Circumcision<br>Circumcision was important to the Israelites. It identified a person as a descendant of Abraham. It was also a sign of the covenant between Abraham and Yahweh. However, no person was justified only by being circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>Paul uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the reader see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br>
45ROM41gw290Connecting Statement: Paul confirms that even in the past believers were made right with God by faith and not by the law.
46ROM414cf9tfigs-metaphorκληρονόμοι1heirsThe people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
47ROM416d4jzδιὰ τοῦτο 1For this reason So
48ROM416ns6rτῷ ἐκ τοῦ νόμου 1those who are under the law This refers to the Jewish people, who were obligated to obey the law of Moses.
49ROM51xmp30Connecting Statement: Paul begins to tell many different things that happen when God makes believers right with him.
50ROM53u14ffigs-inclusiveκαυχώμεθα ... 1we ... our ... We These words refer to all believers and should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
51ROM54sx5fἐλπίδα1certain hope This is the certainty that God will fulfill all his promises for those who trust in Christ.
52ROM55i8pdfigs-inclusiveἡμῶν ... ἡμῖν 1our ... us These words refer to all believers and should be inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
53ROM59nvs3figs-metonymyτῷ αἵματι 1bloodThis is a metonym for the sacrificial death of Jesus on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
54ROM59sh8fσωθησόμεθα1we will be savedThis means that through Jesus' sacrificial death on the cross, God has forgiven us and rescued us from being punished in hell for our sin.
55ROM510cu3cguidelines-sonofgodprinciplesτοῦ Υἱοῦ 1SonThis is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
56ROM512hjx40Connecting Statement: Paul explains why death happened even before God gave the law to Moses.
57ROM514hdj4ὅς ἐστιν τύπος τοῦ μέλλοντος 1who is a pattern of him who was to come Adam was a pattern of Christ, who appeared much later. He had much in common with him.
58ROM517f94rτοῦ ἑνὸς παραπτώματι 1trespass of the one This refers to the sin of Adam.
59ROM518wgh4δι’ ἑνὸς δικαιώματος 1one act of righteousnessthe sacrifice of Jesus Christ
60ROM519j5yhτῆς παρακοῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου 1one man's disobedience the disobedience of Adam
61ROM519aa3eτῆς ὑπακοῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς 1the obedience of the one the obedience of Jesus
62ROM521ew1bfigs-inclusiveτοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν 1our Lord Paul includes himself, his readers, and all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
63ROM61x13n0Connecting Statement: Under grace, Paul tells those who believe in Jesus to live a new life as though dead to sin and alive to God.
64ROM64ps5dἐκ νεκρῶν 1from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To be raised from among them speaks of becoming alive again.
65ROM66m7c2ὁ παλαιὸς ... ἄνθρωπος 1old man This means the person who once was, but who does not exist now.
66ROM69kl3eἐκ νεκρῶν 1from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To be raised from among them is to become alive again.
67ROM612dng20Connecting Statement: Paul reminds us that grace rules over us, not the law; we are not sin's slaves, but God's slaves.
68ROM612r462figs-personificationεἰς τὸ ὑπακούειν ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις αὐτοῦ 1in order that you may obey its lusts Paul speaks of a person having evil desires as if it sin were a master that had evil desires. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
69ROM71nj1k0Connecting Statement: Paul explains how the law controls those who want to live under the law.
70ROM71r9flἀδελφοί1brothersHere this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
71ROM72iu7rἡ ... ὕπανδρος γυνὴ 1the married woman This refers to any woman who is married.
72ROM74ne64ὥστε, ἀδελφοί μου 1Therefore, my brothers This relates back to [Romans 7:1](../07/01.md).
73ROM74u5nuἀδελφοί1brothersHere this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
74ROM76mze70Connecting Statement: Paul reminds us that God does not make us holy by the law.
75ROM76j6i3figs-inclusiveκατηργήθημεν1we have been releasedThis pronoun refers to Paul and the believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
76ROM77k1jjfigs-rquestionτί οὖν ἐροῦμεν 1What will we say then? Paul is introducing a new topic. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
77ROM77zl8mfigs-personificationτὴν ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἔγνων, εἰ μὴ διὰ νόμου 1I would never have known sin, if it were not through the law Paul is speaking of sin as if it were a person who can act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
78ROM78mz77figs-personificationἀφορμὴν δὲ λαβοῦσα ἡ ἁμαρτία διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς, κατειργάσατο ἐν ἐμοὶ πᾶσαν ἐπιθυμίαν; 1But sin took the opportunity ... brought about every lust Paul continues comparing sin to a person who can act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
79ROM78nj21ἐπιθυμίαν1lustThis word includes both the desire to have what belongs to other people and wrong sexual desire.
80ROM711cw46figs-personificationἀφορμὴν λαβοῦσα διὰ τῆς ἐντολῆς 1took the opportunity through the commandment Paul is comparing sin to a person who can act. See how you translated this in [Romans 7:8](../07/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
81ROM712t9ukἅγιος1holyMorally perfect, without sin
82ROM713cz5k0Connecting Statement: Paul talks about the struggle inside his inner man between sin in his inner man and his mind with the law of God—between sin and good.
83ROM713us69οὖν1SoPaul is introducing a new topic.
84ROM713e1bxfigs-rquestionτὸ ... ἀγαθὸν ἐμοὶ ἐγένετο θάνατος 1did what is good become death to me? Paul uses this question to add emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
85ROM713g451τὸ ... ἀγαθὸν 1what is good This refers to God's law.
86ROM713m4l5figs-personificationἡ ἁμαρτία ... μοι κατεργαζομένη θάνατον; 1sin ... brought about death in me Paul is viewing sin as though it were a person who could act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
87ROM715udc80Connecting Statement: Paul talks about the struggle inside his inner man between his flesh and the law of God—between sin and good.
88ROM717f6n8figs-personificationἡ ἐνοικοῦσα ἐν ἐμοὶ ἁμαρτία 1the sin that lives in me Paul describes sin as a living being that has the power to influence him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
89ROM722m13qfigs-metaphorτὸν ἔσω ἄνθρωπον 1the inner man This is the newly-revived spirit of a person who trusts in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
90ROM723t7yhνόμῳ1new principle This is the new spiritually alive nature.
91ROM723fct8ἕτερον νόμον ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου 1a different principle in my body parts This is the old nature, the way people are when they are born.
92ROM724md8efigs-metaphorτοῦ σώματος τοῦ θανάτου τούτου 1this body of death This is a metaphor that means a body that will experience physical death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
93ROM725w9uiχάρις τῷ Θεῷ διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν 1But thanks be to God through Jesus Christ our Lord This is the answer to the question in 7:24.
94ROM81xq2y0Connecting Statement: Paul gives the answer to the struggle he has with sin and good.
95ROM83p4qqτὸν ἑαυτοῦ Υἱὸν πέμψας, ἐν ὁμοιώματι σαρκὸς ἁμαρτίας, καὶ περὶ ἁμαρτίας, κατέκρινε τὴν ἁμαρτίαν 1He ... sent his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh ... an offering for sin ... he condemned sin The Son of God forever satisfied God's holy anger against our sin by giving his own body and human life as the eternal sacrifice for sin.
96ROM83csl8guidelines-sonofgodprinciplesΥἱὸν1SonThis is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
97ROM86y6p70Connecting Statement: Paul continues to contrast the flesh with the Spirit we now have.
98ROM86ec7jθάνατος1deathHere this means the separation of a person from God.
99ROM88me7uοἱ ... ἐν σαρκὶ ὄντες 1Those who are in the flesh This refers to people who do what their sinful nature tells them to do.
100ROM89p55fΠνεύματι, ... Πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ... Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ 1Spirit ... God's Spirit ... Spirit of Christ These all refer to the Holy Spirit.
101ROM810e6g9figs-idiomτὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν 1the body is dead with respect to sin Possible meanings are 1) a person is spiritually dead to the power of sin or 2) the physical body will still die because of sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
102ROM810yb1bfigs-idiomτὸ ... Πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην 1the spirit is alive with respect to righteousness Possible meanings are 1) a person is spiritually alive because God has given him power to do what is right or 2) God will bring the person back to life after he dies because God is righteous and gives believers eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
103ROM812qw5bἀδελφοί1brothersHere this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
104ROM818phk60Connecting Statement: Paul reminds us as believers that our bodies will be changed at the redemption of our bodies in this section which ends in [Romans 8:25](../08/25.md).
105ROM819d911figs-personificationἡ ... ἀποκαραδοκία τῆς κτίσεως, τὴν ... ἀπεκδέχεται 1the eager expectation of the creation waits for Paul describes everything that God created as a person who eagerly waits for something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
106ROM826h8jy0Connecting Statement: Though Paul has been emphasizing that there is a struggle in believers between the flesh and the Spirit, he affirms that the Spirit is aiding us.
107ROM828w4rz0Connecting Statement: Paul reminds the believers that nothing can separate them from God's love.
108ROM829yuw2guidelines-sonofgodprinciplesΥἱοῦ1SonThis is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
109ROM835q2dcfigs-doubletθλῖψις, ἢ στενοχωρία 1Tribulation, or distress These words both mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
110ROM838js9qἀρχαὶ1governmentsPossible meanings are 1) demons or 2) human kings and rulers.
111ROM838q7tiοὔτε δυνάμεις 1nor powers Possible meanings are 1) spiritual beings with power or 2) human beings with power.
112ROM91b89f0Connecting Statement: Paul tells of his personal desire that the people of the nation of Israel will be saved. Then he emphasizes the different ways in which God has prepared them to believe.
113ROM91yg93figs-doubletἀλήθειαν λέγω ἐν Χριστῷ, οὐ ψεύδομαι 1I tell the truth in Christ. I do not lie These two expressions mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize that he is telling the truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
114ROM92jky1figs-doubletλύπη ... μεγάλη, καὶ ἀδιάλειπτος ὀδύνη 1great sorrow and unceasing pain These two expressions mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them together to emphasize how great his emotions are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
115ROM93eg9bτῶν ἀδελφῶν 1brothersHere this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
116ROM96s2ma0Connecting Statement: Paul emphasizes that those who are born in the family of Israel can really only be a true part of Israel through faith.
117ROM96wy8zοὐ γὰρ πάντες οἱ ἐξ Ἰσραήλ οὗτοι, Ἰσραήλ 1For it is not everyone in Israel who truly belongs to Israel God did not make his promises to all the physical descendants of Israel (or Jacob), but to his spiritual descendants, that is, those who trust in Jesus.
118ROM98y17ufigs-metaphorταῦτα τέκνα τοῦ Θεοῦ 1children of God This is a metaphor that refers to people who are spiritual descendants, those who have faith in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
119ROM98ta8tτὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐπαγγελίας 1children of the promise This refers to people who will inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham.
120ROM912d6mrἐκ τοῦ 1because of him because of God
121ROM914m8xkfigs-rquestionτί οὖν ἐροῦμεν 1What then will we say? Paul is using the question to get the attention of his readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
122ROM916ues3figs-metaphorοὐδὲ τοῦ τρέχοντος 1nor because of him who runs Paul speaks of a person who does good things in order to gain God's favor as if that person were running a race. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
123ROM917xu7sἐξήγειρά ... ἐνδείξωμαι ... μου 1I ... my God is referring to himself.
124ROM917nfv5figs-youσε1yousingular (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
125ROM918a1uvὃν ... θέλει σκληρύνει 1whom he wishes, he makes stubborn God makes stubborn whoever he wishes to make stubborn.
126ROM919z4j2figs-youἐρεῖς μοι οὖν 1You will say then to me Paul is talking to the critics of his teaching as though he were only talking to one person. You may need to use the plural here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
127ROM925eqc20Connecting Statement: In this section Paul explains how Israel's unbelief as a nation was told ahead of time by the prophet Hosea.
128ROM925m82vtranslate-namesτῷ Ὡσηὲ 1HoseaHosea was a prophet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
129ROM933u3djfigs-doubletλίθον προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτραν σκανδάλου 1stone of stumbling and a rock of offense Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing and are metaphors that refer to Jesus and his death on the cross. It was as if the people stumbled over a stone because they were disgusted when they considered Jesus' death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
130ROM101pi370Connecting Statement: Paul continues stating his desire for Israel to believe but emphasizes that both those who are Jews as well as everyone else can only be saved by faith in Jesus.
131ROM101hj4bἀδελφοί1BrothersHere this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
132ROM107iw13ἐκ νεκρῶν 1from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To be brought up from among them is to become alive again.
133ROM107t8ddνεκρῶν1deadThis word speaks of physical death.
134ROM1014mrl8πιστεύσωσιν 1believe in Here this means to acknowledge that what that person has said is true.
135ROM1019a7k7figs-youὑμᾶς1youThis refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
136ROM1020cv1xἨσαΐας δὲ ἀποτολμᾷ καὶ λέγει 1Then Isaiah was very bold when he says This means the prophet Isaiah wrote what God had said.
137ROM111p2h90Connecting Statement: Though Israel as a nation has rejected God, God wants them to understand salvation comes by grace without works.
138ROM111p4zdfigs-rquestionμὴ ἀπώσατο ὁ Θεὸς τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ 1did God reject his people? Paul asks this question so that he can answer the questions of other Jews who are upset that God has included the Gentiles among his people, while the hearts of the Jewish people have been hardened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
139ROM111bc4gφυλῆς Βενιαμείν 1tribe of Benjamin This refers to the tribe descended from Benjamin, one of the 12 tribes into which God divided the people of Israel.
140ROM112dd1efigs-personificationτί λέγει ἡ Γραφή 1what the scripture says Paul is referring to the Scriptures as if they were able to speak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
141ROM115ce2rλῖμμα1remnantHere this means a small part of people whom God chose to receive his grace.
142ROM118zyk1ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν 1eyes so that they should not see The concept of seeing with one's eyes was considered to be equivalent to gaining understanding.
143ROM118ny8wὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν 1ears so that they should not hear The concept of hearing with the ears was considered to be equivalent to obedience.
144ROM1111z8tw0Connecting Statement: With Israel as a nation rejecting God, Paul warns the Gentiles to be careful they do not make the same mistake.
145ROM1111f1jwπαραζηλῶσαι1provoke ... to jealousy See how you translated this phrase in [Romans 10:19](../10/19.md).
146ROM1112dh1gπλοῦτος κόσμου 1the riches of the world Because the Jews rejected Christ, God richly blessed the Gentiles by giving them the opportunity to receive Christ.
147ROM1114ua2kπαραζηλώσω1I will provoke to jealousy See how you translated this phrase in [Romans 10:19](../10/19.md).
148ROM1115jn4lνεκρῶν1the dead These words speak of all dead people together in the underworld.
149ROM1118llz1figs-metaphorοὐ σὺ τὴν ῥίζαν βαστάζεις, ἀλλὰ ἡ ῥίζα σέ 1it is not you who supports the root, but the root that supports you Again Paul implies that the Gentile believers are branches. God saves them only because of the covenant promises that he made to the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
150ROM1122xdm3χρηστότητα καὶ ἀποτομίαν Θεοῦ 1the kind actions and the severity of God Paul is reminding the Gentile believers that although God may act very kindly toward them, he will not hesitate to judge and punish them.
151ROM1123yjj6ἐνκεντρίσαι1graftThis is a common process where the end of a live branch of one tree is inserted into another tree so that the new branch will continue to grow in that tree.
152ROM1126ds7a0Connecting Statement: Paul says that a deliverer will come out of Israel to the glory of God.
153ROM1126at55figs-metaphorἀποστρέψει ἀσεβείας 1He will remove ungodliness Paul speaks of ungodliness as if it were an object that someone could remove, perhaps like someone removes a garment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
154ROM1130g3cnfigs-youὑμεῖς1youThis refers to Gentile believers, and is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
155ROM121rhs30Connecting Statement: Paul tells what the life of a believer should be and how believers should serve.
156ROM122d2qqfigs-metonymyτῷ αἰῶνι τούτῳ 1this world This refers to unbelievers who live in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
157ROM124zm8pγὰρ1ForPaul uses this word to show that he will now explain why some Christians should not think they are better than others.
158ROM124v2pifigs-metaphorἐν ἑνὶ σώματι, πολλὰ μέλη ἔχομεν 1we have many members in one body Paul refers to all the believers in Christ as if they were different parts of the human body. He does this to illustrate that although believers may serve Christ in different ways, each person belongs to Christ and serves in an important way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
159ROM124v5iyμέλη1membersThese are such things as eyes, stomachs, and hands.
160ROM129eaw7ἡ ἀγάπη 1loveThe word Paul uses here refers to the kind of love that comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself.
161ROM129mr8iἡ ἀγάπη 1loveThis is another word that means brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. This is natural human love between friends or relatives.
162ROM1221p7fdfigs-youμὴ νικῶ ὑπὸ τοῦ κακοῦ, ἀλλὰ νίκα ... τὸ κακόν 1Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil These verbs are addressed as to one person and so are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
163ROM131v5ik0Connecting Statement: Paul tells believers how to live under their rulers.
164ROM131emi2γὰρ1forbecause
165ROM133m3yfγὰρ 1ForPaul uses this word to begin his explanation of [Romans 13:2](../13/02.md) and to tell about what will result if the government condemns a person.
166ROM133c2xaοἱ ... ἄρχοντες οὐκ εἰσὶν φόβος 1rulers are not a terror Rulers do not make good people afraid.
167ROM133ahl9ἕξεις ἔπαινον ἐξ αὐτῆς 1you will receive his approval The government will say good things about people who do what is good.
168ROM134s3vzfigs-metonymyτὴν μάχαιραν φορεῖ 1carry the sword Roman governors carried a short sword as a symbol of their authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
169ROM136r4b3figs-youτελεῖτε1you pay Paul is addressing the believers here, so this is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
170ROM137z9cnfigs-youἀπόδοτε πᾶσι 1Pay to everyone Paul is addressing the believers here, so this is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
171ROM137s2nfτὸ τέλος 1tollThis is a kind of tax.
172ROM138s8pb0Connecting Statement: Paul tells believers how to act toward neighbors.
173ROM138p6cwfigs-youὀφείλετε1OweThis verb is plural and applies to all the Roman Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
174ROM138ay3nεἰ μὴ τὸ ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾶν 1except to love one another This is the one debt that can remain as shown in the note above.
175ROM138i5auἀγαπᾶν1loveThis refers to the kind of love that comes from God and focuses on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself.
176ROM139wad4ἐπιθυμήσεις1covetto desire to have or possess something that another person possesses.
177ROM1311b6l3figs-metaphorεἰδότες τὸν καιρόν, ὅτι ὥρα ἤδη ὑμᾶς ἐξ ὕπνου ἐγερθῆναι 1we know the time, that it is already time for us to awake out of sleep Paul speaks of the need for the Roman believers to change their behavior as if they needed to wake up from being asleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
178ROM1313gv4qfigs-inclusiveπεριπατήσωμεν1Let us walkPaul includes his readers and other believers with himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
179ROM1313h6xlἔριδι1strifeThis refers to plotting against and arguing with other people.
180ROM1313g117ζήλῳ1jealousyThis refers to negative feelings against another person's success or advantage over others.
181ROM1314sir6figs-metaphorἐνδύσασθε τὸν Κύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν 1put on the Lord Jesus Christ Paul speaks of accepting the moral nature of Christ as if he were our outer clothing that people can see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
182ROM1314j795ἐνδύσασθε1put on If your language has a plural form for commands, use it here.
183ROM141abm60Connecting Statement: Paul encourages believers to remember that they are answerable to God.
184ROM141jf8vἀσθενοῦντα τῇ πίστει 1weak in faith This refers to those who felt guilty over eating and drinking certain things.
185ROM142n2n6ὁ ... ἀσθενῶν λάχανα ἐσθίει 1another who is weak eats only vegetables This describes a person who believes God does not want him to eat meat.
186ROM147u9arfigs-inclusiveοὐδεὶς ... ἡμῶν 1none of us Paul is including his readers, so this is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
187ROM1410al55τὸν ἀδελφόν 1brotherHere this means a fellow Christian, male or female.
188ROM1413cx4sτῷ ἀδελφῷ 1brotherHere this means a fellow Christian, male or female.
189ROM1415ln42ὁ ἀδελφός 1brotherHere this means a fellow Christian, male or female.
190ROM1421iq9gὁ ἀδελφός 1brotherHere this means a fellow Christian, male or female.
191ROM1422hjk9σὺ πίστιν ἣν ἔχεις 1The faith you have This refers back to the beliefs about food and drink.
192ROM1422b3hifigs-youσὺ ... σεαυτὸν 1you ... yourself singular. Because Paul is addressing the believers, you may have to translate this using plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
193ROM15introae9u0# Romans 15 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 9-11 and 21 of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament.<br><br>Some translations set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the quoted words in verse 12.<br><br>In [Romans 15:14](../../rom/15/14.md), Paul begins to speak more personally. He shifts from teaching to telling of his personal plans.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Strong/Weak<br>These terms are used to refer to people who are mature and immature in their faith. Paul teaches that those who are strong in faith need to help those who are weak in faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br>
194ROM151cx660Connecting Statement: Paul concludes this section about believers' living for others with reminding them how Christ lived.
195ROM151u19sδὲ1NowTranslate this using the words your language uses to introduce a new idea into an argument.
196ROM151dx9dfigs-inclusiveἡμεῖς1weThis refers to Paul, his readers, and other believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
197ROM153qni7οἱ ὀνειδισμοὶ τῶν ὀνειδιζόντων σε, ἐπέπεσαν ἐπ’ ἐμέ 1The insults of those who insulted you fell on me The insults of those who insulted God fell on Christ.
198ROM154m7yyfigs-inclusiveἡμετέραν ... ἔχωμεν 1our ... we havePaul includes his readers and other believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
199ROM155u2zm0Connecting Statement: Paul encourages the believers to remember that both Gentile believers and Jews that believe are made one in Christ.
200ROM158me1eεἰς τὸ βεβαιῶσαι τὰς ἐπαγγελίας 1in order to confirm the promises This is one of the two purposes for which Christ became a servant of the circumcision.
201ROM1514h98x0Connecting Statement: Paul reminds the believers in Rome that God chose him to reach the Gentiles.
202ROM1514d878ἀδελφοί1brothersHere this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
203ROM1519g8bkfigs-doubletσημείων καὶ τεράτων 1signs and wonders These two words mean basically the same thing and refer to various kinds of miracles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
204ROM1519c8ffὥστε ... ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλὴμ καὶ κύκλῳ μέχρι τοῦ Ἰλλυρικοῦ 1so that from Jerusalem, and round about as far as Illyricum This is from the city of Jerusalem as far as the province of Illyricum, a region close to Italy.
205ROM1522f1fq0Connecting Statement: Paul tells the believers in Rome about his personal plans to visit them and asks the believers to pray.
206ROM1524si59translate-namesτὴν Σπανίαν 1SpainThis is a roman province west of Rome that Paul desired to visit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
207ROM1530w1taδὲ1NowIf your language has a way to show that Paul has stopped talking about the good things he is confident of ([Romans 15:29](../15/29.md)) and is now starting to talk about the dangers he faces, use it here.
208ROM1530v9iyἀδελφοί1brothersHere this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
209ROM16introqy960# Romans 16 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In this chapter, Paul gives personal greetings to some of the Christians in Rome. It was common to end a letter in the ancient Near East with this type of personal greeting.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>Because of the personal nature of this chapter, much of the context is unknown. This will make translation more difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
210ROM161sg6a0Connecting Statement: Paul then greets many of the believers in Rome by name.
211ROM161sry4translate-namesΦοίβην1PhoebeThis is a woman's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
212ROM161q669translate-namesΚενχρεαῖς1CenchreaThis was a seaport city in Greece. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
213ROM163c5lgtranslate-namesΠρίσκαν καὶ Ἀκύλαν 1Priscilla and Aquila Priscilla was the wife of Aquila. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
214ROM165bn9ztranslate-namesἘπαίνετον1EpaenetusThis is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
215ROM166ew2ztranslate-namesΜαρίαν1MaryThis is a woman's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
216ROM167tzk4translate-namesἈνδρόνικον1AndronicusThis is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
217ROM167z9uktranslate-namesἸουνίαν1JuniasThis could be either 1) Junia, a woman's name, or, much less likely, 2) Junias, a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
218ROM168h976translate-namesἈμπλιᾶτον1AmpliatusThis is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
219ROM169bd5ltranslate-namesΟὐρβανὸν ... Στάχυν 1Urbanus ... Stachys These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
220ROM1610k55ttranslate-namesἈπελλῆν ... Ἀριστοβούλου 1Apelles ... Aristobulus These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
221ROM1611gt6rtranslate-namesἩρῳδίωνα ... Ναρκίσσου 1Herodion ... Narcissus These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
222ROM1612sq9ntranslate-namesΤρύφαιναν ... Τρυφῶσαν ... Περσίδα 1Tryphaena ... Tryphosa ... Persis These are women's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
223ROM1613zmf4translate-namesῬοῦφον1RufusThis is a man's name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
224ROM1614dwh9translate-namesἈσύγκριτον, Φλέγοντα, Ἑρμῆν, Πατροβᾶν, Ἑρμᾶν 1Asyncritus ... Phlegon ... Hermes ... Patrobas ... Hermas These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
225ROM1614ck2wἀδελφούς1brothersHere this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
226ROM1615ye9jtranslate-namesΦιλόλογον ... Νηρέα ... Ὀλυμπᾶν 1Philologus ... Nereus ... Olympas These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
227ROM1615n2rxtranslate-namesἸουλίαν1JuliaThe name of a woman. Julia was probably the wife of Philologus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
228ROM1616g2z1φιλήματι ἁγίῳ 1a holy kiss an expression of affection for fellow believers
229ROM1617u1m90Connecting Statement: Paul gives one last warning to the believers about unity and living for God.
230ROM1617wx6rἀδελφοί1brothersHere this means fellow Christians, including both men and women.
231ROM1621z4g30Connecting Statement: Paul gives greetings from the believers who are with him.
232ROM1621ku15translate-namesΛούκιος, καὶ Ἰάσων, καὶ Σωσίπατρος 1Lucius, Jason, and Sosipater These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
233ROM1622xu3qtranslate-namesἐγὼ, Τέρτιος, ὁ γράψας τὴν ἐπιστολὴν 1Tertius, who write this epistle Tertius is the man who wrote down what Paul spoke. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
234ROM1623sw7rtranslate-namesΓάϊος ... Ἔραστος ... Κούαρτος 1Gaius ... Erastus ... Quartus These are men's names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
235ROM1623j9u7ὁ ξένος 1the host This refers to Gaius, the person in whose house Paul and his fellow believers gathered for worship.
236ROM1623m5hgὁ οἰκονόμος 1the treasurer This is a person who takes care of the money for a group.
237ROM1625psm30Connecting Statement: Paul closes with a prayer of blessing.