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front:intro xh5n 0 # Introduction to Jude\n\n## Part 1: General introduction\n\n### Outline of the book of Jude\n\n1. Introduction (1:1–2)\n2. Warning against false teachers (1:3–4)\n3. Comparison of false teachers to Old Testament examples (1:5–16)\n4. Exhortation to live godly lives in response (1:17–23)\n5. Praises to God (1:24–25)\n\n### Who wrote the book of Jude?\n\nThe author identified himself as Jude, the brother of James. Both Jude and James were half-brothers of Jesus. It is unknown whether this letter was intended for a specific church.\n\n### What is the book of Jude about?\n\nJude wrote this letter to warn believers against false teachers. Jude often referred to the Old Testament. This may suggest that Jude was writing to a Jewish Christian audience. This letter and 2 Peter have similar content. They both speak about angels, Sodom and Gomorrah, and false teachers.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Jude.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The Letter from Jude” or “The Letter Jude Wrote.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important religious and cultural concepts\n\n### Who were the people Jude spoke against?\n\nIt is possible that the people Jude spoke against were those who would later become known as Gnostics. These teachers distorted the teachings of Scripture for their own gain. They lived in immoral ways and taught others to do the same.\n\n## Part 3: Important translation issues\n\n### Singular and plural “you”\n\nIn this book, the word “I” refers to Jude. Also, the word “you” is always plural and refers to Jude’s audience. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])\n\n### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Peter?\n\nFor the following verse, there are differences between some of the ancient manuscripts. The ULT text follows the reading that most scholars consider to be original and puts the other reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the language of wider communication in the region, translators may want to consider using the reading found in that version. If not, translators are advised to follow the reading in the ULT.\n* “that Jesus, having saved a people out of the land of Egypt” [(v. 5)](../01/05.md). Some ancient manuscripts have, “that the Lord, having saved a people out of the land of Egypt.”\n\n(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
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1:1 ek3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Ἰούδας 1 In this culture, letter writers would give their own names first, and they would refer to themselves in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the first person. If your language has a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, you could also use that. Alternate translation: “I, Jude, am writing this letter” or “From Jude”
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1:1 npc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ἰούδας 1 **Jude** is the name of a man, the brother of James. See the information about him in Part 1 of the Introduction to Jude.
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1:1 zov5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ δοῦλος, ἀδελφὸς δὲ Ἰακώβου 1 These phrases give further information about Jude. He describes himself as being both **a servant of Jesus Christ** and **a brother of James**. This distinguishes him from the two other men named Jude in the New Testament, which English translations usually distinguish from Jude by translating their names as “Judas”.
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1:1 m3v1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀδελφὸς & Ἰακώβου 1 **James** and Jude were half brothers of Jesus. Joseph was their physical father, but he was not the physical father of Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this relationship explicitly. Alternate translation: “a brother of James, both being half brothers of Jesus”
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1:1 p5yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person τοῖς 1 In this culture, after giving their own names, letter writers would then say to whom they were writing, naming those people in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the second person. Alternate translation: “to you who are”
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1:1 din3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit κλητοῖς 1 That these people have been **called** implies that God has called and saved them. Alternate translation: “and whom God has called and saved”
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1:1 gorg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐν Θεῷ Πατρὶ ἠγαπημένοις 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express this with an active form. Alternate translation: “whom God the Father loves”
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1:1 rih9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Θεῷ Πατρὶ 1 **Father** is an important title for God.
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1:1 s3oh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Ἰησοῦ Χριστῷ τετηρημένοις κλητοῖς 1 If your language does not use the passive form **kept {and} called**, you could express this with an active form. Alternate translation: “those whom Jesus Christ keeps and calls”
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1:2 wjsn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing ἔλεος ὑμῖν, καὶ εἰρήνη, καὶ ἀγάπη πληθυνθείη. 1 In this culture, letter writers would offer a good wish for the recipient before introducing the main business of the letter. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing. Alternate translation: “May God increase his mercy and peace and love to you”
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1:2 r5ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἔλεος ὑμῖν, καὶ εἰρήνη, καὶ ἀγάπη πληθυνθείη 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the abstract nouns **mercy**, **peace**, and **love** by stating the ideas behind them with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “May God multiply his merciful acts to you and give you a more peaceful spirit and love you more and more”
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1:2 q2qo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἔλεος & καὶ εἰρήνη, καὶ ἀγάπη πληθυνθείη. 1 Jude speaks of **mercy and peace and love** as if they were objects that could increase in size or numbers. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a different metaphor that means that these things will increase, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “May God increase his mercy and peace and love”
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1:2 etoo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you ὑμῖν 1 The word **you** in this letter refers to the Christians to whom Jude was writing and is always plural.
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1:3 htjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἀγαπητοί 1 **Beloved ones** refers here to those to whom Jude is writing; it can be extended to all believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this term explicitly. Alternate translation: “Beloved fellow believers”
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1:3 yfa8 πᾶσαν σπουδὴν ποιούμενος γράφειν ὑμῖν 1 This clause could refer to: (1) that fact that Jude had intended to write about something different than this letter is about. Alternate translation: “although making every effort to write to you” (2) the time when Jude was writing. Alternate translation: “when making every effort to write to you”
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1:3 mi3w περὶ τῆς κοινῆς ἡμῶν σωτηρίας 1 Alternate translation: “concerning the salvation we share”
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1:3 kvkg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns περὶ τῆς κοινῆς ἡμῶν σωτηρίας 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **salvation** with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “about how God saved us all together”
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1:3 kjk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **our** refers to Jude and his audience, fellow believers.
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1:3 si1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀνάγκην ἔσχον γράψαι 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **necessity** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “I needed to write”
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1:3 yyf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal παρακαλῶν ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι τῇ & πίστει 1 This is a purpose clause. Jude is stating the purpose for which he has written the letter. In your translation, follow the conventions of your language for purpose clauses. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order to exhort you to contend for the faith”
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1:3 ls3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis παρακαλῶν ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι τῇ & πίστει 1 Jude is leaving out the word “you” that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. This word can be supplied from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “exhorting you to contend for the faith”
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1:3 pvyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive τῇ ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ τοῖς ἁγίοις πίστει 1 If your language does not use the passive form **delivered**, you state who did the action. Alternate translation: “for the faith that God delivered once for all to the saints”
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1:3 j67u ἅπαξ 1 Here, **once for all** expresses the idea of something that was done only once and never again. The meaning of **for all** is “for all time.” It does not mean “for the sake of all people.”
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1:4 he1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result γάρ 1 Here, **For** indicates that Jude is giving a reason for why he said in the previous verse that he wants his readers to “contend for the faith.” Alternate translation: “I want you do to this because”
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1:4 v94i παρεισέδυσαν γάρ τινες ἄνθρωποι 1 Alternate translation: “For some men have snuck in unnoticed” or “For some men have come in without drawing attention to themselves”
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1:4 qevn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis παρεισέδυσαν γάρ τινες ἄνθρωποι 1 In this phrase, Jude is leaving out words from this sentence that it would need in many languages in order to be complete. If this phrase is required in your language, it can be supplied from verse [12](../01/12.md). Alternate translation: “For certain men have entered secretly into your love feasts” or “For certain men have entered secretly into your gatherings”
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1:4 wwz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἱ πάλαι προγεγραμμένοι εἰς τοῦτο τὸ κρίμα 1 If your language does not use this passive form **having been designated**, you could state who did the action. Alternate translation: “men whom God long ago designated beforehand for this condemnation”
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1:4 c7a6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς τοῦτο τὸ κρίμα 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **condemnation** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “to be condemned”
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1:4 u2oj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀσεβεῖς 1 Here, **ungodly ones** refers to the “certain men” mentioned at the beginning of the verse. They are the false teachers Jude is warning his readers about. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this term explicitly. Alternate translation: “ungodly false teachers”
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1:4 c642 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν χάριτα μετατιθέντες εἰς ἀσέλγειαν 1 Here, God’s **grace** is spoken of as if it were a thing that could be changed into something sinful. If this would be confusing in your language, you could translate this plainly. The false teachers were teaching that believers could do sexually immoral acts because God’s grace allowed it. Paul addressed this kind of false teaching when he wrote in Romans 6:1–2a: “Should we continue in sin so that grace may abound? May it never be!” Alternate translation: “teaching that God’s grace permits licentiousness”
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1:4 g35s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν & ἡμῶν 1 Both occurrences of **our** in this verse refer to all believers.
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1:4 esef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν χάριτα 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **grace** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “the kind acts of our God”
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1:4 tmju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς ἀσέλγειαν 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **licentiousness** with an adjective phrase. Alternate translation: “into licentious behavior”
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1:4 ws1b τὸν μόνον Δεσπότην καὶ Κύριον ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν, ἀρνούμενοι 1 Alternate translation: “teaching that Jesus Christ is not our Master and Lord”
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1:4 p7g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τὸν μόνον Δεσπότην καὶ Κύριον ἡμῶν 1 Here, **Lord** means “the person who is lord over us” or “the person who rules over us.” The conjunction **and** indicates that **our** also applies back to **only Master**, meaning “the person who owns us.” Alternate translation: “the only person who owns us and rules over us”
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1:5 pg0e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure ὑπομνῆσαι & ὑμᾶς βούλομαι, εἰδότας ὑμᾶς ἅπαξ πάντα 1 If it would be natural in your language, you could reverse the order of the first two clauses. Alternate translation: “you knowing all things once for all, I want to remind you”
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1:5 fa5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πάντα 1 Here, **all things** refers specifically to all the information of which Jude is going to remind his readers. It does not mean everything there is to know about God or everything in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “all these things of which I am reminding you”
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1:5 xiss rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants ὅτι Ἰησοῦς 1 Here, some ancient manuscripts have, “that the Lord.” See the discussion of textual issues at the end of the Introduction to Jude to decide which phrase to use in your translation.
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1:5 z1h9 λαὸν ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου σώσας 1 This could mean that: (1) Jude is indicating the timing of the event described in this clause, in which case the timing is made clear by the occurrence of “afterward” in the next clause. (2) Jude is making a contrast between what Jesus did in this clause and what he did in the next. Alternate translation: “although he saved a people out of the land of Egypt”
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1:5 f4mm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit λαὸν ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου σώσας 1 If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state explicitly who the people were that he **saved**. Alternate translation: “having saved the people of Israel out of the land of Egypt” or “having saved the Israelites out of the land of Egypt”
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1:6 g5ld rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish τοὺς μὴ τηρήσαντας τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχὴν 1 Here, Jude uses this phrase to distinguish the **angels** who were kept by God for judgment from those who were not.
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1:6 pt1k τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχὴν 1 Here, the word translated as **domain** refers to one’s sphere of influence or the place where one has authority. Alternate translation: “their proper area of influence” or “their own place of authority”
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1:6 s3cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns δεσμοῖς ἀϊδίοις ὑπὸ ζόφον τετήρηκεν 1 Here, **he** refers to God. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God has kept in eternal chains, under darkness”
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1:6 c8gf δεσμοῖς ἀϊδίοις & τετήρηκεν 1 Here, **kept in eternal chains** refers to imprisonment that lasts forever. If it would be helpful in your language, you could include the idea of imprisonment in your translation. Alternate translations: “God has imprisoned for eternity”
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1:6 s1j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὑπὸ ζόφον 1 Here, **darkness** is a metonym which represents the place of the dead or hell. Alternate translation: “in the utter darkness of hell”
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1:6 jzdj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς κρίσιν μεγάλης ἡμέρας 1 This phrase gives the purpose or goal for which the angels have been imprisoned. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of the judgment of the great day”
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1:6 k1c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns εἰς κρίσιν μεγάλης ἡμέρας 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **judgment** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “for the great day when God judges”
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1:6 ccz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μεγάλης ἡμέρας 1 Here, **the great day** refers to “the day of the Lord,” which is the time when God judges everyone, and Jesus returns to earth. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the great day of the Lord”
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1:7 yn36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα, καὶ αἱ περὶ αὐτὰς πόλεις 1 Here, **Sodom**, **Gomorrah**, and **cities** all refer to the people who lived in those cities. Alternate translation: “the people in the region of Sodom and Gomorrah”
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1:7 r3e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τὸν ὅμοιον τρόπον τούτοις 1 Here, **these** refers to the angels mentioned in the previous verse. The sexual sins of Sodom and Gomorrah were the result of the same kind of rebellion as the angels’ evil ways. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same manner as these wicked angels”
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1:7 tr3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐκπορνεύσασαι 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **sexual immortality** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “having committed sexually immoral acts”
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1:7 q9jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor καὶ ἀπελθοῦσαι ὀπίσω σαρκὸς ἑτέρας 1 Here Jude uses the phrase **having gone after** to refer to actively engaging in an improper activity instead of a proper one. This expression is frequently used in the Bible to describe people worshiping false gods or engaging in sexual immorality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this phrase literally. Alternate translation: “and habitually engaging in sexual immorality with other flesh”
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1:7 wp6v σαρκὸς ἑτέρας 1 Here, **other flesh** could refer to: (1) the sexual immorality mentioned in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “improper sexual relations” (2) flesh of a different species, in this case referring to the angels whom the people of Sodom and Gomorrah wants to have sexual relations with. Alternate translation: “flesh of a different type”
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1:7 pi4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit πρόκεινται δεῖγμα 1 The destruction of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah is an **example** of what happens to people who reject God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “are being displayed as an example of those who reject God”
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1:7 jhdl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns πυρὸς αἰωνίου δίκην ὑπέχουσαι 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **punishment** with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “suffering when God punished them with eternal fire”
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1:8 p12m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁμοίως 1 Here, **in the same way** refers back to the sexual immorality of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah referred to in the previous verse, and possibly the improper behavior of the wicked angels referred to in verse [6](../01/06.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this connection explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the same way as these sexually immoral ones”
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1:8 ujs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὗτοι ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι 1 Here, **these** refers to the false teachers introduced in verse [4](../01/04.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “these false teachers who dream”
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1:8 ez4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy σάρκα μὲν μιαίνουσιν 1 Here, **flesh** refers to the bodies of these false teachers. Paul agrees with this idea when he says in 1 Corinthians 6:18 that sexual immorality is sin against one’s own body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this idea explicitly. Alternate translation: “defile their bodies”
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1:8 q9ct κυριότητα 1 Here, **lordship** could refer to: (1) the lordship of Jesus. Alternate translation: “the ruling authority of Jesus” (2) the lordship of God. Alternate translation: “the ruling authority of God”
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1:8 qvhs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κυριότητα & ἀθετοῦσιν 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **lordship** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “reject what Jesus commands” or “reject what God commands”
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1:8 pn3j δόξας 1 Here, **glorious ones** refers to spiritual beings, such as angels. Alternate translation: “glorious spiritual beings”
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1:9 uzj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κρίσιν ἐπενεγκεῖν βλασφημίας 1 Here Jude speaks of **judgment** as if it were something someone can **bring** from one place to another. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor plainly. Alternate translation: “to speak a judgment of slander against him”
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1:9 v9fh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κρίσιν ἐπενεγκεῖν βλασφημίας 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **judgment** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “to accuse him of slander”
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1:9 lxf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession κρίσιν ἐπενεγκεῖν βλασφημίας 1 Jude is using the possessive form to describe a **judgment** that is characterized by **slander**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a phrase to explain it. Alternate translation: “to bring a slanderous judgment against him”
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1:10 h6sq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὗτοι 1 Here, **these ones** refers to the false teachers introduced in verse [4](../01/04.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “these false teachers”
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1:10 fjm5 ὅσα & οὐκ οἴδασιν 1 This word **what** could refer to: (1) the spiritual realm referred to in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “the spiritual realm, which they do not understand” (2) the glorious ones mentioned in verse [8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the glorious ones, which they do not understand”
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1:10 q640 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile ὅσα & φυσικῶς ὡς τὰ ἄλογα ζῷα ἐπίστανται 2 This clause refers to the sexual immorality of the false teachers, who thoughtlessly live according to their natural sexual desires, the way animals do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this simile by translating the simile plainly. Alternate translation: “what they naturally understand, unrestrained sexual desires”
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1:10 x35l rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ἐν τούτοις 1 Here, **these things** refers back to “what they understand by instinct,” which is sexually immoral acts. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by these sexually immoral acts”
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1:10 z0n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐν τούτοις φθείρονται 1 If your language does not use the passive form **are being destroyed**, you could express this with an active form. Alternate translation: “these things are destroying them”
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1:11 b33e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom οὐαὶ αὐτοῖς 1 The phrase **Woe to them** is the opposite of “blessed are you.” It indicates that bad things are going to happen to the people being addressed, because they have displeased God. Alternate translation: “How terrible it is for them” or “Trouble will come to them”
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1:11 j3g9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῇ ὁδῷ τοῦ Κάϊν ἐπορεύθησαν 1 Here, **have gone in the way** is a metaphor for “have lived in the same way as.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor plainly. Alternate translation: “they have lived the same way Cain lived”
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1:11 yg9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ Κάϊν 1 Here Jude compares the false teachers to **Cain**. Jude assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to a story recorded in the Old Testament book of Genesis. In that story, Cain made an unacceptable offering to God, and God rejected his offering. As a result he became angry and was jealous of his brother Abel, because God had accepted Abel’s offering. Cain’s anger and jealousy led him to murder his brother. God punished Cain by banishing him from farming the land. Additionally, at the time Jude wrote this letter, Jews considered Cain to be an example of someone who taught other people how to sin, which is what these false teachers were doing. You could indicate some of this explicitly if it would be helpful to your readers, particularly if they would not know the story. Alternate translation, as a statement: “of Cain, who murdered his brother”
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1:11 zsdw ἐξεχύθησαν 1 Alternate translation: “they have fully committed themselves”
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1:11 tmf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ Βαλαὰμ μισθοῦ 1 Here Jude compares the false teachers to **Balaam**. Jude assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to a story recorded in the Old Testament book of Numbers. In that story, Balaam was hired by wicked kings to curse the Israelites. When God did not allow Balaam to do so, Balaam used wicked women to seduce the Israelites into sexual immorality and idol worship so that God would punish them for their disobedience. Balaam did these wicked things because he wanted to be paid by the wicked kings, but he was eventually killed by the Israelites when they conquered the land of Canaan. You could indicate this explicitly if it would be helpful to your readers, particularly if they would not know the story. Alternate translation, as a statement: “of Balaam, who led the Israelites into immorality for money”
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1:11 qlof rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τοῦ Κόρε 1 Here Jude compares the false teachers to **Korah**. Jude assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to a story recorded in the Old Testament book of Numbers. In that story, Korah was a man of Israel who led a rebellion against the leadership of Moses and Aaron, whom God had appointed. God killed Korah and all those who rebelled with him by burning some of them and opening up the ground to swallow up the others. You could indicate some of this explicitly if it would be helpful to your readers, particularly if they would not know the story. Alternate translation, as a statement: “of Korah, who rebelled against God’s appointed leaders”
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1:11 tspu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture ἀπώλοντο 1 Jude is using the past tense in order to refer to something that will happen in the future. He is doing this to show that the event will certainly happen. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “they will certainly perish”
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1:12 r875 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὗτοί 1 Here, **These ones** refers to the false teachers introduced in verse [4](../01/04.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “These false teachers”
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1:12 e25d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor σπιλάδες 1 Here, **reefs** are large rocks that are very close to the surface of water in the sea. Because sailors cannot see them, they are very dangerous. Ships can easily be destroyed if they hit these rocks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this metaphor with a simile or plainly. Alternate translation: “they are like hidden reefs” or “although they are inconspicuous, these people are extremely dangerous”
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1:12 aq79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ταῖς ἀγάπαις 1 Here, **love feasts** refers to gatherings of Christians where they ate a meal together. These **feasts** took place in the early church and most likely included sharing the bread and wine to remember the death of Jesus, which Paul calls “the Lord’s Supper” in 1 Corinthians 11:20. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express some of this information explicitly. Alternate translation: “communal meals with fellow believers”
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1:12 emua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἑαυτοὺς ποιμαίνοντες 1 Here Jude speaks of the false teachers selfishly taking care of their own needs as if they are shepherds who feed and care for themselves instead of their flocks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this metaphor with a simile or plainly. Alternate translation: “like shepherds that feed themselves instead of their flocks” or “only caring for themselves”
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1:12 s2st rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor νεφέλαι ἄνυδροι ὑπὸ ἀνέμων παραφερόμεναι 1 Jude speaks of the false teachers to describe their uselessness. People expect clouds to provide water to grow crops, but **waterless clouds** disappoint farmers by being blown away by the wind without giving rain. In the same way, false teachers, although they promise many things, are unable to do what they promise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this metaphor by translating this plainly or turn the metaphor into a simile. Alternate translation: “These false teachers never give what they promise” or “These false teachers disappoint like clouds without water”
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1:12 diqd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὑπὸ ἀνέμων παραφερόμεναι 1 If your language does not use the passive form **carried along**, you could express this with an active form. Alternate translation: “which the wind carries along”
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1:12 gs99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor δένδρα φθινοπωρινὰ ἄκαρπα 1 Here Jude again speaks of the false teachers to describe their uselessness. People expect trees in the autumn to provide fruit, but **fruitless autumn trees** disappoint them. In the same way, false teachers, although they promise many things, are unable to do what they promise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this metaphor by translating this plainly or turn the metaphor into a simile. Alternate translation: “never giving what they promise” or “like barren fruit trees”
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1:12 doxh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture δὶς ἀποθανόντα ἐκριζωθέντα 1 Here Jude is using the past tense in order to refer to something that will happen in the future. He is doing this to show that the event will certainly happen. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “they will certainly die twice, they will certainly be uprooted”
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1:12 zk57 δὶς ἀποθανόντα ἐκριζωθέντα 1 Here, **having died twice** could mean: (1) the trees are considered to be dead firstly because they do not produce fruit, but doubly dead because they are uprooted in response to their lack of fruit. Alternate translation: “having died twice by being fruitless and uprooted” (2) the trees, which represent the false teachers, are spiritually dead but will also be physically dead when God kills them. “being spiritually dead and then physically dead when they were uprooted”
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1:12 t28p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐκριζωθέντα 1 Jude describes God’s judgment of these false teachers like trees that have been completely pulled out of the ground by their roots. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor plainly. Alternate translation: “having been destroyed”
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1:12 g76g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐκριζωθέντα 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could this with an active form and say who did the action. Alternate translation: “God uprooted them”
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1:13 e4rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κύματα ἄγρια θαλάσσης 1 Here Jude speaks of the false teachers to describe their unrestrained and untamable behavior. He describes them as **wild waves** that thrash about in an uncontrollable manner. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this metaphor by translating this plainly or turn the metaphor into a simile. Alternate translation: “they act in an unrestrained manner” or “they are unrestrained like wild waves”
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1:13 fgr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐπαφρίζοντα τὰς ἑαυτῶν αἰσχύνας 1 Here Jude expands the wave metaphor of the previous phrase, speaking of the **shameful deeds** of the false teachers. As waves leave dirty foam on the shore that everyone can see, so the false teachers keep on acting shamefully in the sight of others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this metaphor by translating this plainly or turn the metaphor into a simile. Alternate translation: “they make their shameful deeds visible to everyone” or “they show their shameful deeds like waves leave foam”
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1:13 r6rj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀστέρες πλανῆται 1 Here, the phrase **wandering stars** describes **stars** that have wandered away from their normal path of movement. Jude uses this expression to describe the false teachers as people who have stopped doing what pleases the Lord. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor plainly or with a simile. Alternate translation: “no longer living righteously” or “like stars that wander away from their proper path”
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1:13 djm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἷς ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους εἰς αἰῶνα τετήρηται 1 If your language does not use the passive form **has been kept**, you could express this with an active form, and you can state who did the action. Alternate translation: “for whom God has kept the gloom and darkness to eternity”
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1:13 n4oc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οἷς 1 Here, **whom** refers to the false teachers that Jude called “wandering stars” in the previous phrase. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly that this refers to the false teachers. Alternate translation: “false teachers for whom”
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1:13 iast ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους 1 Here, **gloom of darkness** could mean: (1) the gloom is characterized by darkness. Alternate translation: “the dark gloom” (2) the gloom is identical to the darkness. Alternate translation: “the gloom, which is darkness.”
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1:13 oey6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους 1 Here Jude uses **gloom** and **darkness** to refer to hell. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor directly. Alternate translation: “for whom God has reserved the gloom of darkness of hell”
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1:14 e5wv ἕβδομος ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ 1 Since **Adam** is considered to be the first generation of mankind, Enoch is the seventh generation.
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1:14 marg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns τούτοις 1 Here, **these ones** refers to the false teachers. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “about these false teachers”
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1:14 yenq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations λέγων 1 Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “and he said”
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1:14 lu2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἰδοὺ 1 The term **Behold** focuses the attention of a listener or reader on what a speaker or writer is about to say. Though it literally means “look” or “see,” the term can be used to mean giving notice and attention, and that is how James is using it here. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I have to say!”
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1:14 acin rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture ἦλθεν Κύριος 1 Here Jude is using the past tense in order to refer to something that will happen in the future. He is doing this to show that the event will certainly happen. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “The Lord will certainly come”
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1:14 pylm Κύριος 1 Here, **Lord** could refer to: (1) Jesus. Alternate translation, as in the UST: “The Lord Jesus” (2) God. Alternate translation: “The Lord God”
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1:14 tyf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown μυριάσιν 1 The word **myriads** is the plural of the Greek word “myriad,” which means ten thousand (10,000) but is often used to refer to a large number. You can express this number in the way that would be most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “tens of thousands”
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1:14 ljm1 ἁγίαις 1 Here, **holy ones** could refer to: (1) angels, as suggested by the presence of angels in similar statements about judgment in Matthew 24:31, 25:31, Mark 89:38, and 2 Thessalonians 1:7. Alternate translation, as in the UST: “his holy angels” (2) believers. Alternate translation: “his holy believers” or “his saints”
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1:15 moys rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ποιῆσαι κρίσιν & καὶ ἐλέγξαι 1 Here both instances of the word **to** indicate the purpose for which the Lord comes with his holy ones. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of judgment … and in order to rebuke”
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1:15 bl4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ποιῆσαι κρίσιν κατὰ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **judgment** with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “to judge”
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1:15 qeei rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche πᾶσαν ψυχὴν 1 Here, **soul** refers to a person. Alternate translation: “every person”
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1:15 twxy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τῶν ἔργων ἀσεβείας αὐτῶν 1 Here Jude is using the possessive form to describe **works** that are characterized by **ungodliness**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a phrase to explain it. Alternate translation: “ungodly works”
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1:15 y4y5 τῶν σκληρῶν 1 Here, **harsh things** refers to harsh statements that sinners speak slanderously against the Lord. Alternate translation: “the harsh words” or “the offensive statements”
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1:15 d6hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοῦ 1 Here the pronoun **him** could refer to: (1) Jesus. Alternate translation, as in the UST: “Jesus” (2) God. Alternate translation: “God” The option you choose must agree with your choice for the meaning of “Lord” in the previous verse.
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1:16 a4le rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὗτοί 1 Here, **These ones** refers to the false teachers that Jude first introduced in verse [4](../01/04.md) and has discussed throughout the letter. Since Jude shifted in the previous verse to describing the judgment of everyone who does wicked deeds, it may be helpful for you to inform your readers that this verse returns to specifically focusing on the false teachers. Alternate translation: “These false teachers”
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1:16 zs28 εἰσιν γογγυσταί μεμψίμοιροι 1 Here the terms **murmurers** and **complainers** refer to two different ways of expressing discontent or unhappiness. While **grumblers** are people who speak their complaints quietly, **complainers** speak them openly. When the Israelites were traveling in the wilderness after leaving Egypt, they were often punished by God for grumbling and complaining against him and their leaders, which is evidently what these false teachers were doing in Jude’s day. Alternate translation: “grumble quietly to themselves and complain loudly”
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1:16 z5bn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πορευόμενοι 1 Here Jude uses **going** to refer to habitually doing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor literally. Alternate translation: “those habitually living”
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1:16 jhrq τὰς ἐπιθυμίας αὐτῶν 1 Here, **lusts** refers to sinful desires that are opposed to God’s will. Alternate translation: “their sinful desires”
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1:16 xum2 τὸ στόμα αὐτῶν λαλεῖ 1 Here Jude uses the singular **mouth** in a distributive way. If this would be confusing to your readers, you could express this explicitly or use a plural noun and verb. Alternate translation: “the mouth of each of them speaks” or “their mouths speak”
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1:16 xuf0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τὸ στόμα αὐτῶν λαλεῖ 1 Here, **mouth** represents the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “they speak”
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1:16 eaf2 λαλεῖ ὑπέρογκα 1 Here, **boastful things** refers to arrogant statements about themselves that these false teachers were making. Alternate translation: “boasts about themselves” or “speaks boastful statements”
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1:16 w3ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα 1 This is an idiom that means to show favoritism toward someone or to flatter someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “favoring people” or “flattering people”
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1:16 j8rh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα 1 Here, **faces** refers to the people they are flattering. Alternate translation: “admiring people”
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1:17 vpgz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀγαπητοί 1 Here, **beloved ones** refers to those whom Jude is writing to, which can be extended to all believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this term explicitly. See how you translated this in verse [3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “beloved fellow believers”
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1:17 eqko rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy τῶν ῥημάτων 1 Here, Jude is using **words** to describe the teachings of the apostles that were conveyed by using words. The specific teachings Jude is referring to here are described in the next verse. Alternate translation: “the teachings”
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1:17 nyja rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν 1 Here, **our Lord** means “the person who is lord over us” or “the person who rules over us.” Alternate translation: “of the person who rules over us”
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1:17 qjsf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **our** refers to all believers.
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1:18 toms ὅτι ἔλεγον ὑμῖν 1 This phrase indicates that this verse contains the content of the “words” spoken by the apostles, which Jude referred to in the previous verse.
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1:18 nlh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐσχάτου χρόνου 1 Here, **the last time** is an idiom that refers to the time before the return of Jesus. Alternate translation: “the time just before Jesus returns”
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1:18 w1mx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor πορευόμενοι 1 Here Jude uses the word **going** to refer to habitually doing something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor literally. Alternate translation: “those habitually living”
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1:18 j5m4 κατὰ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἐπιθυμίας & τῶν ἀσεβειῶν 1 Here, **lusts of ungodliness** refers to sinful desires that are opposed to God’s will. Alternate translation: “according to their own sinful and ungodly desires”
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1:19 r28j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns οὗτοί 1 Here, **These** refers to the mockers Jude referred to in the previous verse. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation, as in the UST: “These mockers”
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1:19 l568 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns οἱ ἀποδιορίζοντες 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **divisions** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “the ones dividing others against each other”
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1:19 jwyt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Πνεῦμα 1 Here, **Spirit** refers to the Holy Spirit. It does not refer to the spirit of a human or to an evil spirit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation, as in the UST: “the Holy Spirit”
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1:19 ba6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ψυχικοί 1 Jude is using one part of the human being, the soul, as opposed to another part, the spirit, to mean “unspiritual.” The word **soulish** describes someone who lives according to their natural instincts instead of according to God’s word and Spirit. It is used to refer to people who are not true believers. Alternate translation: “unspiritual” or “worldly”
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1:19 qn4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες 1 The Holy **Spirit** is spoken of as if he were something that people can possess. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor plainly. Alternate translation: “the Spirit is not within them”
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1:20 xm93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀγαπητοί 1 Here, **beloved ones** refers to those to whom Jude is writing, which can be extended to all believers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this explicitly. See how you translated this in verse [3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “beloved fellow believers”
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1:20 cc68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐποικοδομοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς τῇ ἁγιωτάτῃ ὑμῶν πίστει 1 Here Jude speaks of becoming increasingly able to trust in God as if it were the process of constructing a building. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “causing yourselves to increase in trust in God” or “causing yourselves to increase in trust like one builds up a building”
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1:20 c2o9 ἐποικοδομοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς 1 This clause refers to one means by which Jude’s readers can obey the command to keep themselves in the love of God, which he makes in the next verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of building yourselves up”
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1:20 uyfx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἁγιωτάτῃ ὑμῶν πίστει 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **faith** with a verb, such as “trust” or “believe.” Alternate translation: “in what you believe that is most holy”
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1:20 m3rg ἐν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ προσευχόμενοι 1 This clause refers to a second means by which Jude’s readers can obey the command to keep themselves in the love of God, which he makes in the next verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of praying in the Holy Spirit”
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1:21 j9su rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge ἑαυτοὺς ἐν ἀγάπῃ Θεοῦ τηρήσατε 1 If your language would put the command at the front of the sentence and before other modifying clauses, then you could create a verse bridge by moving this clause to the previous verse, placing it just before “building yourselves up in your most holy faith”. You would need to present the combined verses as 20–21.
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1:21 zd2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἑαυτοὺς ἐν ἀγάπῃ Θεοῦ τηρήσατε 1 Here Jude speaks of remaining able to receive the **love of God** as if one were keeping oneself in a certain place. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor explicitly. Alternate translation: “keep yourselves able to receive the love of God”
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1:21 s6w6 προσδεχόμενοι τὸ ἔλεος τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν 1 This clause occurs at the same time as the clause that precedes it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this connection explicitly. Alternate translation: “while waiting for the mercy of our Lord” or “while expecting the mercy of our Lord”
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1:21 p3bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τὸ ἔλεος τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Here, **mercy** could refer to: (1) the mercy Jesus will show to believers when he returns to earth. Alternate translation: “our Lord Jesus Christ to return and act mercifully” (2) Jesus’ continued acts of mercy toward believers in general. Alternate translation: “our Lord Jesus Christ to act mercifully”
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1:21 mzqu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν 1 Here, **our Lord** means “the person who is lord over us” or “the person who rules over us.” See how you translated this expression in verse [17](../01/17.md). Alternate translation: “of the person who rules over us,”
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1:21 okfy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **our** refers to all believers.
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1:21 qb29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result τὸ ἔλεος τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον 1 Jude is using **to** to introduce the result of **the mercy**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ, which brings eternal life”
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1:22 ynz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐλεᾶτε 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **mercy** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “act mercifully toward”
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1:22 wbr5 οὓς & διακρινομένους 1 The phrase **{some} who are doubting** refers to people who have become confused because of the teaching and activities of the false teachers. Alternate translation: “some who are uncertain about what to believe”
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1:23 gx9t ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες 1 This clause indicates the means by which Jude wants his audience to save a certain group of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this connection explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of snatching from fire”
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1:23 wkj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες 1 Here Jude speaks of urgently rescuing some people from going to hell as though it was like pulling people from a **fire** before they start to burn. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “doing whatever must be done to keep them from going to hell” or “doing whatever must be done to save them, as if pulling them from fire”
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1:23 ign7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐλεᾶτε 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **mercy** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “act mercifully toward”
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1:23 uavk ἐν φόβῳ 1 This phrase indicates the manner by which Jude wanted his readers to have mercy on a certain group of people. Alternate translation: “by being cautious”
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1:23 u4px rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole μισοῦντες καὶ τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς σαρκὸς ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα 1 Jude exaggerates to warn his readers that they can become like those sinners. Alternate translation: “treating them as though you could become guilty of sin just by touching their clothes”
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1:23 sexc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῆς σαρκὸς 1 Here, **flesh** is used to refer to a person’s sinful nature. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor literally. Alternate translation: “their sinful nature”
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1:24 r3jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit τῷ δὲ δυναμένῳ φυλάξαι 1 Here, **the one** refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to God, who is able to keep”
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1:24 jvpm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor φυλάξαι ὑμᾶς ἀπταίστους 1 Here Jude uses **stumbling** to speak of returning to habitual sin as if one is tripping over something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this metaphor plainly. Alternate translation: “to prevent you from returning to sinful habits”
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1:24 w1dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ 1 Here, **glory** refers to the bright light that surrounds the presence of God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this abstract noun by translating it with an adjective. Alternate translation: “his glorious presence”
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1:24 gq9e ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει 1 This phrase describes the manner in which believers will stand before God. Alternate translation, as in the UST: “with great joy”
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1:25 a3ua μόνῳ Θεῷ Σωτῆρι ἡμῶν 1 Here, **our Savior** refers to God. It does not refer to Jesus. This phrase emphasizes that God the Father, as well as the Son, is the Savior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the only God, who is our Savior”
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1:25 m1g8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Σωτῆρι ἡμῶν 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **Savior** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “the person who saves”
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1:25 db0v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **Lord** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “the person who rules”
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1:25 kql5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns μόνῳ Θεῷ & δόξα, μεγαλωσύνη, κράτος, καὶ ἐξουσία 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the abstract nouns **glory, majesty, power** and **authority** by translating them with adjective phrases. Alternate translation: “may the only God … be recognized as glorious, majestic, powerful, and authoritative”
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1:25 dya1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος 1 This is an idiom that refers to eternity past. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “in eternity past” or “before everything”
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1:25 kof4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας 1 This is an idiom that means “forever.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “to eternity” or “forever”
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