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21PEfrontintroc1uv0# Introduction to 1 Peter<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of 1 Peter<br><br>1. Introduction (1:1-2)<br>1. Praise for Gods salvation of the believers (1:3-2:10)<br>1. Christian living (2:11-4:11)<br>1. Encouragement to persevere when suffering (4:12-5:11)<br>1. Closing (5:12-14)<br><br><br>### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter?<br><br>The Book of 1 Peter was written by the Apostle Peter. He wrote the letter to Gentile Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor.<br><br>### What is the Book of 1 Peter about?<br><br>Peter stated that he wrote this letter for the purpose of “encouraging you and testifying that this is the true grace of God” (5:12).<br>He encouraged Christians to continue obeying God even when they are suffering. He told them to do this because Jesus will return soon. Peter also gave instructions about Christians submitting to persons in authority.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title “1 Peter” or “First Peter.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The First Letter from Peter” or “The First Letter Peter Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### How were Christians treated in Rome?<br><br>Peter probably was in Rome when he wrote this letter. He gave Rome the symbolic name of “Babylon” (5:13). It appears that when Peter wrote this letter, Romans were badly persecuting Christians.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Peter, except for two places: [1 Peter 1:16](../01/16.md) and [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). The word “you” is always plural and refers to Peters audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter?<br><br>* “You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth. This was for the purpose of sincere brotherly love; so love one another earnestly from the heart” (1:22). The ULT, UST, and most other modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, “You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth through the Spirit for the purpose of sincere brotherly love, so love one another earnestly from the heart.”<br><br>If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
31PE1introql4i0# 1 Peter 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 1:24-25.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### What God reveals<br><br>When Jesus comes again, everyone will see how good Gods people were to have faith in Jesus. Then Gods people will see how gracious God has been to them, and all people will praise both God and his people.<br><br>### Holiness<br><br>God wants his people to be holy because God is holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### Eternity<br><br>Peter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Paradox<br><br>A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Peter writes that his readers are glad and sad at the same time ([1 Peter 1:6](./06.md)). He can say this because they are sad because they are suffering, but they are glad because they know that God will save them “in the last time” ([1 Peter 1:5](./05.md))
41PE11g6b40General Information:Peter identifies himself as the writer and identifies and greets the believers to whom he is writing.
51PE11u3zcfigs-metaphorπαρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς1the foreigners of the dispersionPeter speaks of his readers as people who live away from their homes in many different countries. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
61PE11qkl8Καππαδοκίας…Βιθυνίας1Cappadocia…BithyniaAlong with the other places that Peter mentions, “Cappadocia” and “Bithynia” were Roman provinces located in what is now the country of Turkey.
71PE11cf7bἐκλεκτοῖς1the chosen ones“the ones whom God the Father has chosen.” God has chosen them according to his own foreknowledge.
81PE12a3gdκατὰ πρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός1according to the foreknowledge of God the Father“according to his own foreknowledge”
91PE12ba1hfigs-abstractnounsπρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός1the foreknowledge of God the FatherThe abstract noun “foreknowledge” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Possible meanings are (1) God had determined what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father decided previously” or (2) God knew what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father knew beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
101PE12i9kffigs-metonymyῥαντισμὸν αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1for the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus ChristHere “the blood” refers to the death of Jesus. Just as Moses sprinkled blood on the people of Israel to symbolize their covenant with God, believers are in covenant with God because of Jesus death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
111PE12z7dffigs-abstractnounsχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1May grace be to you, and may your peace increaseThis passage speaks of grace as if it were an object that believers could possess, and of peace as if it were something that could increase in amount. Of course, grace is in reality the kind way God acts toward believers, and peace is how believers live in safety and joy with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
121PE13y6aq0General Information:Peter begins to talk about the believers salvation and faith. Here he elaborates on a metaphor in which what God promises to do for all believers is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that he passes on to them.
131PE13cyf6figs-exclusiveτοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ…ἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς1our Lord Jesus Christ…has given us new birthThe words “our” and “us” refer to Peter and those to whom he is writing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
141PE13c92yἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς1he has given us new birth“he has caused us to be born again”
151PE14b2zyfigs-abstractnounsεἰς κληρονομίαν1This is for an inheritanceYou can translate this using a verb. Alternate translation: “We confidently expect to receive an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
161PE14cy1gfigs-metaphorκληρονομίαν1inheritanceReceiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
171PE14vr9sfigs-metaphorἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον1will not perish, will not become stained, and will not fade awayPeter uses three similar phrases to describe the inheritance as something that is perfect and eternal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
181PE14z6w4figs-activepassiveτετηρημένην ἐν οὐρανοῖς εἰς ὑμᾶς1It is reserved in heaven for youThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God is reserving it in heaven for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
191PE15r4esfigs-activepassiveτοὺς ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ φρουρουμένους1You are protected by Gods powerThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God is protecting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
201PE15fw3pfigs-abstractnounsἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ1by Gods powerHere “power” is a way of saying that God is strong and able to protect believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
211PE15a4abfigs-abstractnounsδιὰ πίστεως1through faithHere “faith” refers to the fact that the believers trust in Christ. Alternate translation: “because of your faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
221PE15g4rbfigs-activepassiveἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι1that is ready to be revealedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that God is ready to reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
231PE16hy8dἐν ᾧ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε1You are very glad about thisThe word “this” refers to all the blessings that Peter mentions in the previous verses.
241PE17vvp1figs-metaphorἵνα τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως1This is for the proving of your faithIn the same way in which fire refines gold, hardships test how well believers trust in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
251PE17ct3nτὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως1the proving of your faithGod wishes to test how well believers trust in Christ.
261PE17u63mτῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, διὰ πυρὸς…δοκιμαζομένου1faith, which is more precious than gold that perishes, even though it is tested by fireFaith is more valuable than gold, because gold does not last forever, even if it is refined in fire.
271PE17a6q4εὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ τιμὴν1your faith will be found to result in praise, glory, and honorPossible meanings are (1) that “God will honor you very highly” because of your faith or (2) that “your faith will bring praise, glory, and honor” to God.
281PE17bkr9figs-activepassiveἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1at the revealing of Jesus Christ“when Jesus Christ is revealed.” This refers to the return of Christ. This can also be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: “when Jesus Christ appears to all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
291PE18eka3χαρᾷ ἀνεκλαλήτῳ καὶ δεδοξασμένῃ1joy that is inexpressible and filled with glory“wonderful joy that words cannot describe”
301PE19j2qefigs-synecdocheσωτηρίαν ψυχῶν1the salvation of your soulsHere the word “souls” refers to the whole person. The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “your salvation” or “God saving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
311PE19hw6yσωτηρίαν1salvationThis words presents the idea as if it were an object. In reality, “salvation” refers to the action of God saving us, or to what happens as a result.
321PE110p4p5σωτηρίας…χάριτος1salvation…graceThese words present two ideas as if they were things or objects. In reality, “salvation” refers to the action of God saving us, or to what happens as a result. Similarly, “grace” refers to the kind way in which God deals with believers.
331PE110yyz4figs-doubletἐξεζήτησαν καὶ ἐξηραύνησαν1searched and inquired carefullyThe words “inquired carefully” mean basically the same thing as “searched.” Together these words emphasize how hard the prophets tried to understand this salvation. Alternate translation: “examined very carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
341PE111x5x80Connecting Statement:Peter continues talking about the prophets search for salvation.
351PE111r5jfἐραυνῶντες1They searched to know“They tried to determine”
361PE111w3n8τὸ…Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ1the Spirit of ChristThis is a reference to the Holy Spirit.
371PE112x4b1figs-activepassiveοἷς ἀπεκαλύφθη1It was revealed to themThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God revealed to the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
381PE112xi4dεἰς ἃ ἐπιθυμοῦσιν ἄγγελοι παρακύψαι1into which angels long to look“that angels want to understand”
391PE113bjg9διὸ ἀναζωσάμενοι1So gird“Because of this, gird.” Peter uses the word “So” here to refer back to everything he has said about salvation, their faith, and the Spirit of Christ giving revelations to the prophets.
401PE113u87yfigs-idiomἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς διανοίας ὑμῶν1gird up the loins of your mindGirding up the loins refers to preparing to work hard. It comes from the custom of tucking the bottom of ones robe into a belt around the waist in order to move with ease. Alternate translation: “get your minds ready” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
411PE113i56ffigs-idiomνήφοντες1Be soberHere the word “sober” refers to mental clarity and alertness. Alternate translation: “Control your thoughts” or “Be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
421PE113y771figs-activepassiveτὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν1the grace that will be brought to youThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the grace that God will bring to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
431PE113ut69figs-metaphorτὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν1the grace that will be brought to youHere Gods way of dealing kindly with believers is spoken of as if it were an object that he will bring to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
441PE113l45dfigs-activepassiveἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1when Jesus Christ is revealedThis refers to when Christ returns. This can also be expressed with an active form. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “when Jesus Christ appears to all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
451PE114e4tbfigs-idiomμὴ συνσχηματιζόμενοι ταῖς…ἐπιθυμίαις1do not conform yourselves to the desires“do not desire the same things” Alternate translation: “do not live to gratify the desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
461PE116m1q7figs-activepassiveδιότι γέγραπται1For it is writtenThis refers to Gods message in the scripture. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For as God said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
471PE116s8kzἅγιοι ἔσεσθε, ὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιος1Be holy, because I am holyHere the word “I” refers to God.
481PE117s6gvfigs-metaphorτὸν τῆς παροικίας ὑμῶν χρόνον ἀναστράφητε1go through the time of your journeyPeter speaks of his readers as if they were people living in a foreign land away from their home. Alternate translation: “use the time you are living away from your true home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
491PE118q4pcfigs-activepassiveἐλυτρώθητε1you have been redeemedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has redeemed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
501PE119s4jdfigs-metonymyτιμίῳ αἵματι…Χριστοῦ1the precious blood of ChristHere “blood” stands for Christs death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
511PE119gk6afigs-simileὡς ἀμνοῦ ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου1like a lamb without blemish or spotJesus died as a sacrifice so that God would forgive peoples sins. Alternate translation: “like the lambs without blemish or spot that the Jewish priests sacrificed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
521PE119smu8figs-doubletἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου1without blemish or spotPeter expresses the same idea in two different ways to emphasize Christs purity. Alternate translation: “with no imperfections” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
531PE120msw5figs-activepassiveπροεγνωσμένου1Christ was chosenThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God chose Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
541PE120ky7afigs-abstractnounsπρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου1before the foundation of the worldYou can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “before God created the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
551PE120dkk2figs-activepassiveφανερωθέντος…δι’ ὑμᾶς1he has been revealed to youThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has revealed him to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
561PE120u7e3figs-metaphorφανερωθέντος…δι’ ὑμᾶς1he has been revealed to youPeter does not mean that his readers actually saw Christ, but that they learned the truth about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
571PE121lt5uτὸν ἐγείραντα αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν1who raised him from the deadHere to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “who caused him to live again so that he was no longer among the dead”
581PE121f7mnfigs-abstractnounsκαὶ δόξαν αὐτῷ δόντα1and gave him glory“and glorified him” or “and showed that he is glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
591PE122luj3figs-synecdocheτὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ἡγνικότες1You made your souls pureHere the word “soul” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “You made yourselves pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
601PE122hj14figs-metaphorἡγνικότες1pureHere the idea of cleanliness refers to being acceptable to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
611PE122qyt5figs-abstractnounsἐν τῇ ὑπακοῇ τῆς ἀληθείας1by obedience to the truthYou can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “by obeying the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
621PE122j777φιλαδελφίαν1brotherly loveThis refers to love between fellow believers.
631PE122e9wrfigs-metonymyἐκ…καρδίας, ἀλλήλους ἀγαπήσατε ἐκτενῶς1love one another earnestly from the heartHere “heart” is a metonym for a persons thoughts or emotions. To love someone “from the heart” means to love some one completely with total commitment. Alternate translation: “love one another earnestly and completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
641PE123w4v3figs-metaphorἀναγεγεννημένοι, οὐκ ἐκ σπορᾶς φθαρτῆς, ἀλλὰ ἀφθάρτου1born again, not from perishable seed, but from imperishable seedPossible meanings are that Peter speaks of the word of God either (1) as the seed of a plant that grows and produces new life in believers or (2) as the tiny cells inside a man or woman that combine to cause a baby to grow inside the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
651PE123nh9rἀφθάρτου1imperishable seedseed that will not rot or dry up or die
661PE123tjq9figs-metonymyδιὰ λόγου ζῶντος Θεοῦ, καὶ μένοντος1through the living and remaining word of GodPeter speaks of Gods word as if it were alive forever. In reality, it is God who lives forever, and whose instructions and promises last eternally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
671PE124kyc50General Information:In these verses Peter quotes a passage from the prophet Isaiah relating to what he has just said about them being born of imperishable seed.
681PE124dr75figs-metonymyπᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος, καὶ πᾶσα…αὐτῆς1All flesh is like grass, and all itsThe word “flesh” refers to humanity. The prophet Isaiah compares humanity to grass that grows and dies quickly. Alternate translation: “All people will die like grass dies, and all their” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
691PE124hd2ffigs-simileδόξα…ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου1glory is like the wild flower of the grassHere the word “glory” refers to beauty or goodness. Isaiah compares the things that people consider to be good or beautiful about humanity to flowers that die quickly. Alternate translation: “goodness soon stops, just as flowers soon die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
701PE125aba2τὸ…ῥῆμα Κυρίου1the word of the Lord“the message that comes from the Lord”
711PE125s11jfigs-activepassiveτὸ εὐαγγελισθὲν1the gospel that was proclaimedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the gospel that we proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
721PE2introa1210# 1 Peter 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:6, 7, 8, and 22.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:10.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Stones<br><br>The Bible uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jesus is the cornerstone, the most important stone. The apostles and prophets are the foundation, the part of the building on which all the other stones rest. In this chapter, Christians are the stones that make up the walls of the building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cornerstone]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/foundation]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Milk and babies<br><br>When Peter tells his readers to “long for pure spiritual milk,” he is using the metaphor of a baby craving his mothers milk. Peter wants Christians to crave Gods word the same way a baby craves milk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
731PE21cch50Connecting Statement:Peter continues teaching his readers about holiness and obedience.
741PE21g65yfigs-metaphorἀποθέμενοι οὖν πᾶσαν κακίαν, καὶ πάντα δόλον, καὶ ὑποκρίσεις, καὶ φθόνους, καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς1Therefore put aside all evil, all deceit, hypocrisy, envy, and all slanderThese sinful actions are spoken of as if they were objects that people could throw away. The word “Therefore” here refers back to everything that Peter has said about being holy and obedient. Alternate translation: “So then, get rid of everything that is evil, and hypocrisy, and envy, and all slander” or “So then, stop being evil, or being deceptive, or being hypocritical, or envying, or slandering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
751PE22y6fvfigs-metaphorὡς ἀρτιγέννητα βρέφη τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα ἐπιποθήσατε1As newborn infants, long for pure spiritual milkPeter speaks of his readers as if they were babies. Babies requires very pure food, which they can digest easily. In the same way, believers need pure teaching from Gods word. Alternate translation: “Just as babies long for their mothers breast milk, so you must yearn for pure spiritual milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
761PE22rm71ἐπιποθήσατε1long for“desire intensely” or “yearn for”
771PE22fn81figs-metaphorτὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα1pure spiritual milkPeter speaks of the word of God as if it were spiritual milk that nourished children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
781PE22vg76figs-abstractnounsαὐξηθῆτε εἰς σωτηρίαν1you may grow in salvationHere the word “salvation” refers to when God brings the salvation of his people to completion when Jesus returns (see [1 Peter 1:5](../01/05.md)). They were to increasingly act in ways that were consistent with this salvation. You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you may grow up spiritually until God saves you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
791PE22ypy6figs-metaphorαὐξηθῆτε1growPeter speaks of believers advancing in knowledge of God and faithfulness to him as if they were children growing up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
801PE23tui9figs-metaphorεἰ ἐγεύσασθε ὅτι χρηστὸς ὁ Κύριος1if you have tasted that the Lord is kindHere to taste means to experience something personally. Alternate translation: “if you have experienced the Lords kindness toward you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
811PE24sa2zfigs-metaphor0General Information:Peter begins to tell a metaphor about Jesus and the believers being living stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
821PE24c4lufigs-metaphorπρὸς ὃν προσερχόμενοι λίθον ζῶντα1Come to him who is a living stonePeter speaks of Jesus as if he were a stone in a building. Alternate translation: “Come to him who is like a stone in a building, but alive, not a dead stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
831PE24ihq2ὃν…λίθον ζῶντα1who is a living stonePossible meanings are (1) “who is a stone that is alive” or (2) “who is a stone that gives life.”
841PE24e8syfigs-activepassiveὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων μὲν ἀποδεδοκιμασμένον1that has been rejected by peopleThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that people have rejected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
851PE24a438figs-activepassiveπαρὰ δὲ Θεῷ ἐκλεκτὸν1but that has been chosen by GodThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but that God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
861PE25z11hfigs-metaphorκαὶ αὐτοὶ…οἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς1You also are…being built up to be a spiritual houseJust as people used stones to build the temple in the Old Testament, believers are the materials that God is using to build a house in which he will live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
871PE25g33xfigs-simileκαὶ αὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες1You also are like living stonesPeter compares his readers to stones that are alive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
881PE25v3jwfigs-activepassiveοἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς1that are being built up to be a spiritual houseThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that God is building into a spiritual house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
891PE25i4bnfigs-metonymyἱεράτευμα ἅγιον ἀνενέγκαι πνευματικὰς θυσίας1a holy priesthood that offers the spiritual sacrificesHere the position of priesthood stands for the priests who fulfill its duties. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
901PE26ibi1figs-metaphorδιότι περιέχει ἐν Γραφῇ1Scripture contains thisThe scriptures are spoken of as if they were a container. This passage refers to the words that a person reads in scripture. Alternate translation: “This is what a prophet wrote in the scriptures long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
911PE26q7jxἰδοὺ1SeeThe word “see” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
921PE26klv2figs-explicitλίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον ἐκλεκτὸν ἔντιμον1a cornerstone, chosen and valuableGod is the one who chose the stone. Alternate translation: “a most important cornerstone, which I have chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
931PE26xsx8figs-metaphorλίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον1a cornerstoneThe prophet speaks of the Messiah as the most important stone in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
941PE27ze1c0Connecting Statement:Peter continues quoting from the scriptures.
951PE27uu3jfigs-metaphorλίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν…ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας1the stone that was rejected…has become the head of the cornerThis is a metaphor that means people, like builders, rejected Jesus, but God has made him the most important stone in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
961PE27i4jlfigs-activepassiveλίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες1the stone that was rejected by the buildersThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the stone that the builders rejected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
971PE27ql12κεφαλὴν γωνίας1the head of the cornerThis refers to the most important stone in a building and means basically the same thing as “cornerstone” in [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md).
981PE28ptx5figs-explicitλίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου1A stone of stumbling and a rock that makes them fallThese two phrases share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that people will take offense at this “stone,” which refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “a stone or a rock over which people will stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
991PE28h7taπροσκόπτουσιν τῷ λόγῳ ἀπειθοῦντες1stumble because they disobey the wordHere “the word” refers to the gospel message. To disobey means that they do not believe. “stumble because they are not believing the message about Jesus”
1001PE28sm6sfigs-activepassiveεἰς ὃ…ἐτέθησαν1which is what they were appointed to doThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for which God also appointed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1011PE29dc8m0General Information:In verse 10 Peter quotes a verse from the prophet Hosea. Some modern versions do not format this as a quote, which is also acceptable.
1021PE29zla9figs-activepassiveγένος ἐκλεκτόν1a chosen peopleYou can clarify that God is the one who has chosen them. Alternate translation: “a people whom God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1031PE29g39zβασίλειον ἱεράτευμα1a royal priesthoodPossible meanings are (1) “a group of kings and a group of priests” or (2) “a group of priests who serve the king.”
1041PE29qk7fλαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν1a people for Gods possession“a people who belong to God”
1051PE29ra7zἐκ…ὑμᾶς καλέσαντος1who called you out“who called you to come out”
1061PE29nvf5figs-metaphorἐκ σκότους…εἰς τὸ θαυμαστὸν αὐτοῦ φῶς1from darkness into his marvelous lightHere “darkness” refers to their condition as sinful people who did not know God, and “light” refers to their condition as people who do know God and practice righteousness. Alternate translation: “from a life of sin and ignorance of God to a life of knowing and pleasing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1071PE211jnr90General Information:Peter begins to talk about how to live Christian lives.
1081PE211ve9ufigs-doubletπαροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους1foreigners and exilesThese two words mean basically the same thing. Peter speaks of his readers as people who are living in foreign lands away from their home. See how you translated “foreigners” in [1 Peter 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1091PE211ubn9figs-metaphorἀπέχεσθαι τῶν σαρκικῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν1to abstain from fleshly desiresHere the idea of flesh refers to the sinful nature of humanity in this fallen world. Alternate translation: “to not to give in to sinful desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1101PE211x3q5figs-metonymyστρατεύονται κατὰ τῆς ψυχῆς1make war against your soulHere the word “soul” refers to a persons spiritual life. Peter speaks of sinful desires as soldiers that are trying to destroy the spiritual life of believers. Alternate translation: “seek to destroy your spiritual life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1111PE212b5nvfigs-abstractnounsτὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν…ἔχοντες καλήν1You should have good behaviorThe abstract noun “behavior” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “You should behave well” or “You should behave in a good way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1121PE212mkt4ἐν ᾧ καταλαλοῦσιν ὑμῶν ὡς1if they speak about you as“if they accuse you of”
1131PE212w3ynfigs-abstractnounsἐκ τῶν καλῶν ἔργων ἐποπτεύοντες1they may observe your good worksThe abstract noun “works” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “they may observe the good things that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1141PE212s2jifigs-explicitἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπισκοπῆς1on the day of his coming“on the day when he comes.” This refers to the day when God will judge all people. Alternate translation: “when he comes to judge everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1151PE213c484διὰ τὸν Κύριον1for the Lords sakePossible meanings are (1) that by obeying human authorities, they are obeying the Lord who established those authorities or (2) that by obeying human authorities, they will honor Jesus who also obeyed human authorities.
1161PE213al6qβασιλεῖ ὡς ὑπερέχοντι1the king as supreme“the king as the highest human authority”
1171PE214y1l2figs-activepassiveδι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις, εἰς ἐκδίκησιν1who are sent to punishThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom the king has sent to punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1181PE215mh6sἀγαθοποιοῦντας φιμοῦν τὴν τῶν ἀφρόνων ἀνθρώπων ἀγνωσίαν1in doing good you silence the ignorant talk of foolish people“by doing good you stop foolish people from speaking about things that they do not know”
1191PE216y9pgfigs-metaphorὡς ἐπικάλυμμα…τῆς κακίας1as a covering for wickednessPeter speaks of their condition as free people as something that they should not use to hide sinful behavior. Alternate translation: “as an excuse to do wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1201PE217gwy8τὴν ἀδελφότητα1the brotherhoodThis refers to all Christian believers.
1211PE218w2nc0General Information:Peter begins to speak specifically to people who are servants in peoples houses.
1221PE218xgk8figs-doubletτοῖς ἀγαθοῖς καὶ ἐπιεικέσιν1the good and gentle mastersHere the words “good” and “gentle” share similar meanings and emphasize that such masters treat their servants kindly. Alternate translation: “the very kind masters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1231PE218a6gcτοῖς σκολιοῖς1the malicious ones“the cruel ones” or “the mean ones”
1241PE219r1h1τοῦτο…χάρις1it is praiseworthy“it is deserving of praise” or “it is pleasing to God”
1251PE219zm8eδιὰ συνείδησιν Θεοῦ, ὑποφέρει…λύπας1endures pain…because of his awareness of GodPossible meanings of the original passage are (1) that this person accepts suffering because he knows he is obeying God or (2) that this person is able to endure unjust punishment because he knows that God knows how he is suffering.
1261PE220y5uefigs-rquestionποῖον γὰρ κλέος, εἰ ἁμαρτάνοντες καὶ κολαφιζόμενοι ὑπομενεῖτε1For how much credit is there…while being punished?Peter asks this question to emphasize that there is nothing praiseworthy about suffering for doing something wrong. Alternate translation: “For there is no credit…while being punished.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1271PE220pr8bfigs-activepassiveκολαφιζόμενοι1while being punishedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “while someone punishes you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1281PE220ly9ffigs-activepassiveπάσχοντες ὑπομενεῖτε1you suffer while being punishedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you suffer while someone punishes you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1291PE221c1jn0Connecting Statement:Peter continues speaking to people who are servants in peoples houses.
1301PE221xit1figs-activepassiveεἰς τοῦτο…ἐκλήθητε1it is to this that you were calledHere the word “this” refers to believers enduring while suffering for doing good, as Peter has just described. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has called you to this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1311PE221si3lfigs-metaphorὑμῖν…ἵνα ἐπακολουθήσητε τοῖς ἴχνεσιν αὐτοῦ1for you to follow in his steps“so that you would follow his footprints.” Peter speaks of following Jesus example in the way that they suffer as if one were walking on the same path that Jesus had taken. Alternate translation: “so that you would imitate his behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1321PE222tyz4figs-activepassiveοὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ1neither was any deceit found in his mouthThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “neither did anyone find deceit in his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1331PE222lw1ufigs-metonymyοὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ1neither was any deceit found in his mouthHere “deceit” refers to words that a person speaks that are intended to deceive other people. Alternate translation: “neither did he speak any lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1341PE223lj4afigs-activepassiveὃς λοιδορούμενος, οὐκ ἀντελοιδόρει1When he was reviled, he did not revile backTo “revile” someone is to speak abusively to another person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When people insulted him, he did not insult them back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1351PE223gqb5παρεδίδου…τῷ κρίνοντι δικαίως1gave himself to the one who judges justly“he entrusted himself to the one who judges justly.” This means that he trusted God to take away his shame, which had been put on him by those who treated him harshly.
1361PE224k5fm0Connecting Statement:Peter continues talking about Jesus Christ. He is still speaking to people who are servants.
1371PE224k632figs-rpronounsὃς…αὐτὸς1He himselfThis refers to Jesus, with emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
1381PE224w49mfigs-metonymyτὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν…ἀνήνεγκεν ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον1carried our sins in his body to the treeHere “carried our sins” means he suffered the punishment for our sins. Alternate translation: “suffered the punishment for our sins in his body on the tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1391PE224zl8efigs-metonymyτὸ ξύλον1the treeThis is a reference to the cross on which Jesus died, which was made of wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1401PE224ep4sfigs-activepassiveοὗ τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε1By his bruises you have been healedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has healed you because people bruised him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1411PE225sgt9figs-simileἦτε…ὡς πρόβατα πλανώμενοι1you had been wandering away like lost sheepPeter speaks about his readers before they believed in Christ as if they had been similar to lost sheep wandering around aimlessly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1421PE225i5lufigs-metaphorτὸν ποιμένα καὶ ἐπίσκοπον τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν1the shepherd and guardian of your soulsPeter speaks of Jesus as if he were a shepherd. Just as a shepherd protects his sheep, Jesus protects those who trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1431PE3introcqf40# 1 Peter 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 3:10-12.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “Outward ornaments”<br><br>Most people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are good people. Women are especially careful to look good by wearing nice clothes and jewels. Peter is saying that what a woman thinks and says and does are more important to God than how she looks.<br><br>### Unity<br><br>Peter wanted his readers to agree with each other. More importantly, he wanted them to love each other and be patient with each other.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br><br>Peter quotes a psalm that describes God as if he were a person with eyes, ears, and a face. However, God is a spirit, so he does not have physical eyes or ears or a physical face. But he does know what people do, and he does act against wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1441PE31p4540General Information:Peter begins to speak specifically to women who are wives.
1451PE31cj7zὁμοίως, γυναῖκες, ὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν1In this way, you who are wives should submit to your own husbandsJust as believers are to “Obey every human authority” ([1 Peter 2:13](../02/13.md)) and servants are to “be subject” to their masters ([1 Peter 2:18](../02/18.md)), wives are to submit to their husbands. The words “Obey,” “be subject,” and “submit” translate the same word.
1461PE31wp5pfigs-metonymyτινες ἀπειθοῦσιν τῷ λόγῳ1some men are disobedient to the wordHere “the word” refers to the gospel message. To disobey means that they do not believe. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Peter 2:8](../02/08.md). Alternate translation: “some men do not believe the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1471PE31bs56figs-idiomκερδηθήσονται1they may be won“they may be persuaded to believe in Christ.” This means that the unbelieving husbands will become believers. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they may become believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1481PE31qp4qfigs-ellipsisἄνευ λόγου1without a word“without the wife saying a word.” Here “a word” refers to anything the wife might speak about Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1491PE32zft4figs-abstractnounsἐποπτεύσαντες τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν1they will have seen your sincere behavior with respectThe abstract noun “behavior” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “they will have seen that you behave sincerely and respectfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1501PE32ng3sτὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν1your sincere behavior with respectPossible meanings are (1) “your sincere behavior toward them and the way that you honor them” or (2) “your pure behavior toward them and the way that you honor God.”
1511PE33p1bg0Connecting Statement:Peter continues speaking to women who are wives.
1521PE33z9xxἔστω1Let it be doneThe word “it” refers to the wives submission to and conduct towards their husbands.
1531PE34l2yqfigs-metonymyὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος1the inner person of the heartHere the words “inner person” and “heart” refer to the inward character and personality of a person. Alternate translation: “what you really are on the inside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1541PE34gbw9τοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος1a gentle and quiet spirit“a gentle and peaceful attitude.” Here the word “quiet” means “peaceful” or “calm.” The word “spirit” refers to a persons attitude or temperament.
1551PE34j5bufigs-metaphorὅ ἐστιν ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ πολυτελές1which is precious before GodPeter speaks of Gods opinion of a person as if that person were standing directly in front of him. Alternate translation: “which God considers to be precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1561PE36j1tpκύριον, αὐτὸν καλοῦσα1called him her lordsaid that he was her lord, that is, her master
1571PE36t3xlfigs-metaphorἧς ἐγενήθητε τέκνα1You are now her childrenPeter says that believing women who act as Sarah acted can be thought of as if they were her actual children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1581PE37lbc20General Information:Peter begins to speak specifically to men who are husbands.
1591PE37f5ayὁμοίως1In the same wayThis refers back to how Sarah and other godly women obeyed their husbands in [1 Peter 3:5](../03/05.md) and [1 Peter 3:6](../03/06.md).
1601PE37eq1zfigs-metaphorσυνοικοῦντες κατὰ γνῶσιν, ὡς ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει τῷ γυναικείῳ1wives according to understanding, as with a weaker container, a womanPeter speaks of women as if they were containers, as men are sometimes also spoken of. The abstract noun “understanding” can also be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “wives, understanding that the woman is the weaker partner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1611PE37a88wfigs-abstractnounsἀπονέμοντες τιμήν ὡς…συνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς1give them honor as fellow heirs of the grace of lifeYou can translate this using verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “honor them because they will also receive by grace the eternal life that God gives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1621PE37n4rffigs-metaphorσυνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς1heirs of the grace of lifeEternal life is often spoken of as if it were something that people inherit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1631PE37dv7tfigs-explicitεἰς τὸ1Do thisHere “this” refers to the ways husbands should treat their wives. Alternate translation: “Live with your wives in this way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1641PE37dwm6figs-activepassiveεἰς τὸ μὴ ἐνκόπτεσθαι τὰς προσευχὰς ὑμῶν1so that your prayers will not be hinderedTo “hinder” is to prevent something from happening. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that nothing will hinder your prayers” or “so that nothing will keep you from praying as you should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1651PE38nk970General Information:Peter begins to speak again to all of the believers.
1661PE38f5y7ὁμόφρονες1be likeminded“have the same opinion and be” or “have the same attitude and be”
1671PE38rut5εὔσπλαγχνοι1tenderheartedbeing gentle and compassionate towards others
1681PE39z5u3figs-metaphorμὴ ἀποδιδόντες κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ, ἢ λοιδορίαν ἀντὶ λοιδορίας1Do not pay back evil for evil or insult for insultPeter speaks of responding to the actions of another person as remitting payment for those actions. Alternate translation: “Do not do evil to someone who does evil to you or insult someone who insults you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1691PE39t6ilfigs-explicitεὐλογοῦντες1continue to blessYou can clarify the object of blessing. Alternate translation: “continue to bless those who do evil to you or insult you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1701PE39w5dffigs-activepassiveεἰς τοῦτο ἐκλήθητε1for this you were calledThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God called you for this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1711PE39n3xcfigs-metaphorἵνα εὐλογίαν κληρονομήσητε1that you might inherit a blessingPeter speaks of receiving Gods blessing as receiving an inheritance. Alternate translation: “that you might receive Gods blessing as your permanent possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1721PE310dpf2figs-explicit0General Information:In these verses Peter quotes from the Psalms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1731PE310p9blfigs-parallelismζωὴν ἀγαπᾶν, καὶ ἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς1to love life and see good daysThese two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the desire to have a good life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1741PE310t5enfigs-metaphorἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς1see good daysHere experiencing good things is spoken of as seeing good things. The word “days” refers to ones lifetime. Alternate translation: “experience good things during life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1751PE310wq2bfigs-parallelismπαυσάτω τὴν γλῶσσαν ἀπὸ κακοῦ, καὶ χείλη τοῦ μὴ λαλῆσαι δόλον1stop his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceitThe words “tongue” and “lips” refer to the person who is speaking. These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the command not to lie. Alternate translation: “stop saying evil and deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1761PE311n5srfigs-metaphorἐκκλινάτω…ἀπὸ κακοῦ1Let him turn away from what is badHere “turn away” is a metaphor that means to stop doing something. Alternate translation: “Let him stop doing what is bad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1771PE312yn5lfigs-synecdocheὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους1The eyes of the Lord see the righteousThe word “eyes” refers to the Lords ability to know things. The Lords approval of the righteous is spoken of as his seeing them. Alternate translation: “The Lord sees the righteous” or “The Lord approves of the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1781PE312r5xffigs-synecdocheὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν1his ears hear their requestsThe word “ears” refers to the Lords awareness of what people say. That the Lord hears their requests implies that he also responds to them. Alternate translation: “he hears their requests” or “he grants their requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1791PE312t22bfigs-synecdocheπρόσωπον…Κυρίου ἐπὶ1the face of the Lord is againstThe word “face” refers to the Lords will to oppose his enemies. Opposing someone is spoken of as setting ones face against that person. Alternate translation: “the Lord opposes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1801PE313wkw40Connecting Statement:Peter continues teaching the believers how to live Christian lives.
1811PE313e1mafigs-rquestionτίς ὁ κακώσων ὑμᾶς, ἐὰν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ζηλωταὶ γένησθε1Who is the one who will harm you if you are eager to do what is good?Peter asks this question to emphasize that it is unlikely that someone would harm them if they do good things. Alternate translation: “No one will harm you if you do good things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1821PE314f6chfigs-abstractnounsπάσχοιτε διὰ δικαιοσύνην1suffer because of righteousnessYou can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “suffer because you do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1831PE314xg3mfigs-activepassiveμακάριοι1you are blessedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1841PE314f9u8figs-parallelismτὸν δὲ φόβον αὐτῶν, μὴ φοβηθῆτε μηδὲ ταραχθῆτε1Do not fear what they fear. Do not be troubledThese two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that believers should not be afraid of those who persecute them. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid of what people might do to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1851PE314yz6yτὸν δὲ φόβον αὐτῶν1what they fearHere the word “they” refers to anyone who might try to harm those to whom Peter is writing.
1861PE315ju58δὲ…ἁγιάσατε1Instead, set apart“Instead of being troubled, set apart”
1871PE315vgv7figs-metaphorΚύριον…τὸν Χριστὸν ἁγιάσατε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν1set apart the Lord Christ in your hearts as holyThe phrase “set apart the Lord Christ…as holy” is a metaphor for acknowledging Christs holiness. Here “hearts” is a metonym for the “inner person.” Alternate translation: “acknowledge within yourselves that the Lord Christ is holy” or “honor the Lord Christ as holy within yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1881PE318me4u0Connecting Statement:Peter explains how Christ suffered and what Christ accomplished by suffering.
1891PE318g1xdfigs-metaphorἵνα ὑμᾶς προσαγάγῃ τῷ Θεῷ1so that he would bring us to GodPeter probably means here that Christ died in order to create a close relationship between us and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1901PE318j5lhfigs-metaphorθανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ1He was put to death in the fleshHere “flesh” refers to Christs body; Christ was physically put to death. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People put Christ to death physically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1911PE318h6v4figs-activepassiveζῳοποιηθεὶς…Πνεύματι1he was made alive by the SpiritThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Spirit made him alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1921PE318n7nhΠνεύματι1by the SpiritPossible meanings are (1) by the Holy Spirits power or (2) in a spiritual existence.
1931PE319hp82ἐν ᾧ…πορευθεὶς1By the Spirit, he wentPossible meanings are (1) “By the Holy Spirits power, he went” or (2) “In his spiritual existence, he went.”
1941PE319ez3dτοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν1the spirits who are now in prisonPossible meanings of the word “spirits” are (1) “evil spirits” or (2) “spirits of the dead people.”
1951PE320s7qmfigs-personificationὅτε ἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ μακροθυμία1when the patience of God was waitingThe word “patience” is a metonym for God himself. Peter writes of Gods patience as if it is a person. Alternate translation: “when God was waiting patiently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1961PE320c6mifigs-activepassiveἐν ἡμέραις Νῶε, κατασκευαζομένης κιβωτοῦ1in the days of Noah, in the days of the building of an arkThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “during the time of Noah, when he was building an ark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1971PE321jti3δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1through the resurrection of Jesus Christ“because of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.” This phrase completes the thought, “This is a symbol of the baptism that saves you now.”
1981PE322g4qhfigs-metonymyὅς ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ1Christ is at the right hand of GodTo be at the “right hand of God” is a symbol that God has given Jesus greatest honor and authority over all others. Alternate translation: “Christ is beside God in the place of honor and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1991PE322f6jqὑποταγέντων αὐτῷ1submit to him“submit to Jesus Christ”
2001PE4introzh5n0# 1 Peter 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:18.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Ungodly Gentiles<br><br>This passage uses the term “Gentiles” to refer to all ungodly people who are not Jews. It does not include Gentiles who have become Christians. “Sensuality, passion, drunkenness, carousings, wild parties, and disgusting acts of idolatry” were actions that characterized or typified the ungodly Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>### Martyrdom<br>It is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Let it” and “Let none” and “Let him” and “Let those”<br><br>Peter uses these phrases to tell his readers what he wants them to do. They are like commands because he wants his readers to obey. But it is as if he is telling one person what he wants other people to do.
2011PE41b8d40Connecting Statement:Peter continues to teach the believers about Christian living. He begins by giving a conclusion to his thoughts from the previous chapter about Christs sufferings.
2021PE41ess6σαρκὶ1in the flesh“in his body”
2031PE41p2rvfigs-metaphorὑμεῖς τὴν αὐτὴν ἔννοιαν ὁπλίσασθε1arm yourselves with the same intentionThe phrase “arm yourselves” makes readers think of soldiers who get their weapons ready for battle. It also pictures “the same intention” as a weapon or perhaps as a piece of armor. Here this metaphor means that believers should be determined in their mind to suffer as Jesus did. Alternate translation: “prepare yourselves with the same thoughts that Christ had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2041PE41vjw2σαρκὶ1in the fleshHere “flesh” means “body.” Alternate translation: “in his body” or “while here on earth”
2051PE41d66gπέπαυται ἁμαρτίας1has ceased from sin“has stopped sinning”
2061PE42gbb6ἀνθρώπων ἐπιθυμίαις1for mens desiresfor the things that sinful people normally desire
2071PE43rp5pκώμοις, πότοις1drunken celebrations, having wild partiesThese terms refer to activities in which people gather to drink alcohol excessively and behave in a shameful manner.
2081PE44q6k6τῆς ἀσωτίας ἀνάχυσιν1floods of reckless behaviorThese examples of wild, boundless sin are spoken of as if they were great floods of water that sweep over people.
2091PE44w1d8τῆς ἀσωτίας1reckless behaviordoing everything they can to satisfy the desires of their bodies
2101PE45xw39τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι1the one who is ready to judgePossible meanings are (1) “God, who is ready to judge” or (2) “Christ, who is ready to judge”
2111PE45dx7vfigs-merismζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς1the living and the deadThis means all people, whether they are still alive or have died. Alternate translation: “every person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2121PE46u54mκαὶ νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη1the gospel was preached also to the deadPossible meanings are (1) “the gospel was preached also to people who had already died” or (2) “the gospel was preached also to those who were alive but are now dead”
2131PE46ql11figs-activepassiveεὐηγγελίσθη1the gospel was preachedThis can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are (1) Christ preached. Alternate translation: “Christ preached the gospel” or (2) men preached. Alternate translation: “men preached the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2141PE46hsg6figs-activepassiveκριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ1they have been judged in the flesh as humansThis can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are (1) God judged them in this life on earth. Alternate translation: “God judged them in their bodies as humans” or (2) men judged them according to human standards. Alternate translation: “men judged them in their bodies as humans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2151PE46s72ffigs-euphemismκριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ1judged in the flesh as humansThis is a reference to death as the ultimate form of judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
2161PE46h154ζῶσι…κατὰ Θεὸν πνεύματι1live in the spirit the way God doesPossible meanings are (1) “live spiritually as God lives because the Holy Spirit will enable them to do so” or (2) “live according to Gods standards by the power of the Holy Spirit”
2171PE47e445πάντων…τὸ τέλος1The end of all thingsThis refers to the end of the world at Christs second coming.
2181PE47qs1tfigs-metaphorἤγγικεν1is comingThe end that will happen soon is spoken of as if it is physically coming closer in distance. Alternate translation: “will soon happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2191PE47ubd4figs-parallelismσωφρονήσατε…καὶ νήψατε1be of sound mind, and be sober in your thinkingThese two phrases mean basically the same thing. Peter uses them to emphasize the need to think clearly about life since the end of the world is near. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2201PE47k5hhfigs-idiomνήψατε1be sober in your thinkingHere the word “sober” refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “control your thoughts” or “be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2211PE48x6acπρὸ πάντων1Above all things“Most importantly of all”
2221PE48f1lrfigs-personificationὅτι ἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν1for love covers a multitude of sinsPeter describes “love” as if it were a person who places a cover over the sins of others. Possible meanings are (1) “for a person who loves will not try to find out if another person has sinned” or (2) “for a person who loves will forgive the sins of other people, even if those sins are many” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2231PE49g3vwφιλόξενοι1Be hospitableShow kindness to and welcome guests and travelers
2241PE410xvj3figs-explicitἕκαστος καθὼς ἔλαβεν χάρισμα1As each one of you has received a giftThis refers to special spiritual abilities that God gives to believers. Alternate translation: “Because each one of you has received a special spiritual ability as a gift from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2251PE411ir6xfigs-activepassiveἵνα ἐν πᾶσιν δοξάζηται ὁ Θεὸς1so that in all ways God would be glorifiedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that in all ways you will glorify God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2261PE411wq9eδοξάζηται1glorifiedpraised, honored
2271PE412vw9sfigs-metaphorτῇ ἐν ὑμῖν πυρώσει πρὸς πειρασμὸν ὑμῖν γινομένῃ1the testing in the fire that has happened to youIn the same way that fire refines gold, trials test and refine a persons faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2281PE413rgb5figs-doubletχαρῆτε ἀγαλλιώμενοι1rejoice and be gladThese two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “rejoice even more” or “be very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2291PE413mhj1ἐν τῇ ἀποκαλύψει τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ1at the revealing of his glory“when God reveals Christs glory”
2301PE414i6ulfigs-activepassiveεἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ1If you are insulted for Christs nameHere the word “name” refers to Christ himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If people insult you because you believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2311PE414i1kqfigs-parallelismτὸ τῆς δόξης καὶ τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ Πνεῦμα1the Spirit of glory and the Spirit of GodBoth of these refer to the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of glory, who is the Spirit of God” or “the glorious Spirit of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2321PE414nx6pἐφ’ ὑμᾶς ἀναπαύεται1is resting on youis staying with you
2331PE415nr6nἀλλοτριεπίσκοπος1a meddlerThis refers to a person who gets involved with the affairs of others without having a right to do so.
2341PE416xm8zἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ1with that name“because he bears the name Christian” or “because people have recognized him as a Christian.” The words “that name” refer to the word “Christian.”
2351PE417x9npfigs-metaphorτοῦ οἴκου τοῦ Θεοῦ1household of GodThis phrase refers to believers, whom Peter speaks of as Gods family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2361PE417c8kefigs-rquestionεἰ δὲ πρῶτον ἀφ’ ἡμῶν, τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ1If it begins with us, what will be the outcome for those who do not obey Gods gospel?Peter use this question to emphasize that Gods judgment will be more severe for people who reject the gospel than for believers. Alternate translation: “If it begins with us, the outcome for those who do not obey Gods gospel will be much worse.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2371PE417z9zcτί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων1what will be the outcome for those“what will happen to those”
2381PE417l3dbτῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ1those who do not obey Gods gospel“those who do not believe Gods gospel.” Here the word “obey” means to believe.
2391PE418w8kefigs-rquestionὁ δίκαιος…ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται1the righteous…what will become of the ungodly and the sinner?Peter use this question to emphasize that sinners will suffer much more than believers do. Alternate translation: “the righteous man…the outcome will be much worse for the ungodly and the sinner.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2401PE418ms54ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται1what will become of the ungodly and the sinner“what will happen to the ungodly and the sinner”
2411PE418t762figs-activepassiveεἰ ὁ δίκαιος μόλις σῴζεται1If it is difficult for the righteous to be savedHere the word “saved” refers to final salvation when Christ returns. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If the righteous person experiences many difficulties before God saves him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2421PE418wb4vfigs-doubletὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς1the ungodly and the sinnerThe words “ungodly” and “sinner” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the wickedness of these people. Alternate translation: “ungodly sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2431PE419qm3ufigs-synecdocheπαρατιθέσθωσαν τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν1entrust their soulsHere the word “souls” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “entrust themselves” or “entrust their lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2441PE419wih1figs-abstractnounsἐν ἀγαθοποιΐᾳ1in well-doingThe abstract noun “well-doing” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “while they do good” or “while they live rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2451PE5introa6d90# 1 Peter 05 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Most people in the ancient Near East would end a letter the way Peter ends this one.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Crowns<br><br>The crown that the Chief Shepherd will give is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Lion<br><br>All animals are afraid of lions because they are fast and strong, and they eat almost every other kind of animal. They also eat people. Satan wants to make Gods people afraid, so Peter uses the simile of a lion to teach his readers that Satan can harm their bodies, but if they trust in God and obey him, they will always be Gods people, and God will care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br><br>### Babylon<br><br>Babylon was the evil nation that in Old Testament times had destroyed Jerusalem, taken the Jews away from their homes, and ruled over them. Peter uses Babylon as a metaphor for the nation that was persecuting the Christians he was writing to. He could have been referring to Jerusalem because the Jews were persecuting the Christians. Or he could have been referring to Rome because the Romans were persecuting the Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2461PE51s8fr0General Information:Peter speaks specifically to men who are elders.
2471PE51yb3lfigs-activepassiveτῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης1the glory that will be revealedThis is a reference to Christs second coming. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the glory of Christ that God will reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2481PE52a5s7figs-metaphorποιμάνατε τὸ…ποίμνιον τοῦ Θεοῦ1Be shepherds of Gods flockPeter speaks of the believers as a flock of sheep and the elders as the shepherds who care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2491PE53lta9figs-metaphorμηδ’ ὡς κατακυριεύοντες τῶν κλήρων, ἀλλὰ τύποι γινόμενοι1Do not act as a master over the people…Instead, be an exampleElders are to lead by example and not act toward the people as a harsh master would toward his servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2501PE53xwr3figs-abstractnounsτῶν κλήρων1who are in your careYou can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “whom God has placed in your care” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2511PE54td11figs-metaphorκαὶ φανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος1Then when the Chief Shepherd is revealedPeter speaks of Jesus as if he were a shepherd who had authority over all other shepherds. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When Jesus, the Chief Shepherd, appears” or “When God reveals Jesus, the Chief Shepherd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2521PE54ll4rfigs-metaphorτὸν ἀμαράντινον τῆς δόξης στέφανον1an unfading crown of gloryHere the word “crown” represents the reward that someone receives as a symbol of victory. The word “unfading” means that it is eternal. Alternate translation: “a glorious prize that will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2531PE54c6h3τῆς δόξης1of gloryglorious
2541PE55qm2h0General Information:Peter gives an instruction specifically to younger men and then continues to instruct all of the believers.
2551PE55x6c2ὁμοίως1In the same wayThis refers back to the way the elders were to submit to the Chief Shepherd as Peter described in [1 Peter 5:1](../05/01.md) through [1 Peter 5:4](../05/04.md).
2561PE55uh4nπάντες1All of youThis refers to all believers, not just the younger men.
2571PE55r6s6figs-metaphorτὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην ἐγκομβώσασθε1clothe yourselves with humilityPeter speaks of having the moral quality of humility as putting on a piece of clothing. Alternate translation: “act humbly toward each other” or “act with humility” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2581PE56bie6figs-metonymyὑπὸ τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖρα τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἵνα1under Gods mighty hand soHere the word “hand” refers to Gods power to save the humble and punish the proud. Alternate translation: “under Gods great power so” or “before God, realizing that he has great power, so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2591PE57c1uufigs-metaphorπᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν ὑμῶν ἐπιρίψαντες ἐπ’ αὐτόν1Cast all your anxiety on himPeter speaks of anxiety as if it were a heavy burden that a person places on God, rather than carrying it himself. Alternate translation: “Trust him with everything that worries you” or “Let him take care of all the things that trouble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2601PE58k9ntfigs-idiomνήψατε1Be soberHere the word “sober” refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “Control your thoughts” or “Be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2611PE58tl7ifigs-simileδιάβολος, ὡς λέων ὠρυόμενος περιπατεῖ, ζητῶν τινα καταπιεῖν1the devil, is stalking around like a roaring lion, looking for someone to devourPeter compares the devil to a roaring lion. Just as a hungry lion completely devours its prey, the devil is seeking to completely destroy the faith of believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2621PE58l4u5περιπατεῖ1stalking around“walking about” or “walking about and hunting”
2631PE59c5z9figs-metonymyᾧ ἀντίστητε1Stand against himStanding is a metonym for fighting. Alternate translation: “Fight against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2641PE59v451figs-metaphorὑμῶν ἀδελφότητι1your communityPeter speaks of fellow believers as members of the same community. Alternate translation: “your fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2651PE59i4urἐν τῷ κόσμῳ1in the world“in various places throughout the world”
2661PE510eex10General Information:This is the end of Peters letter. Here he gives his final remarks about his letter and his closing greetings.
2671PE510suu9ὀλίγον1for a little while“for a short time”
2681PE510p648ὁ…Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος1the God of all graceHere the word “grace” may refer either to the things that God gives or to Gods character. Possible meanings are (1) “the God who always gives us what we need” or (2) “the God who is always gracious.”
2691PE510lwz6ὁ καλέσας ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν ἐν Χριστῷ1who called you to his eternal glory in Christ“who chose you to share his eternal glory in heaven because you are joined to Christ”
2701PE510qf2hκαταρτίσει1perfect you“make you perfect” or “restore you” or “make you well again”
2711PE510j2ntfigs-metaphorσθενώσει, θεμελιώσει1establish you, and strengthen youThese two expressions have similar meanings, that is, that God will enable the believers to trust in him and to obey him regardless of any suffering they may experience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2721PE512an6qδιὰ Σιλουανοῦ, ὑμῖν…δι’ ὀλίγων ἔγραψα1I have written to you briefly through himSilvanus wrote the words that Peter told him to write in the letter.
2731PE512g1t6figs-metonymyταύτην εἶναι ἀληθῆ χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ1what I have written is the true grace of God“I have written about the true grace of God.” Here the word “grace” refers to the gospel message, which tells of the kind things that God has done for believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2741PE512nm72figs-metaphorεἰς ἣν στῆτε1Stand in itThe word “it” refers to “the true grace of God.” Being strongly committed to this grace is spoken of as standing firmly in one place, refusing to move. Alternate translation: “Remain strongly committed to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2751PE513muq7writing-symlanguageἡ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι1The woman who is in BabylonHere “The woman” probably refers to the group of believers who live in “Babylon.” Possible meanings for “Babylon” are (1) it is a symbol for the city of Rome, (2) it is a symbol for anywhere that Christians are suffering, or (3) it refers literally to the city of Babylon. It most likely refers to the city of Rome. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
2761PE513rpf5figs-activepassiveσυνεκλεκτὴ1who is chosen together with youThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom God has chosen as he has chosen you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2771PE513ws2xfigs-metaphorὁ υἱός μου1my sonPeter speaks of Mark as if he is his spiritual son. Alternate translation: “my spiritual son” or “who is like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2781PE514fc7bφιλήματι ἀγάπης1a kiss of love“a loving kiss” or “a kiss to show your love for each other”