See in Reader
62 KiB
62 KiB
| 1 | Book | Chapter | Verse | ID | SupportReference | OrigQuote | Occurrence | GLQuote | OccurrenceNote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | OBA | 1 | 1 | xm1w | figs-metaphor | חֲז֖וֹן עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה | 1 | The vision of Obadiah | This is the title of the book. Here **vision** is used in the general sense of a message from Yahweh, rather than to indicate how Obadiah received that message. **Vision** here is a metaphor for the way that God gives knowledge to people. Alternate translation: “The message that God gave to Obadiah” or “The prophecy of Obadiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 3 | OBA | 1 | 1 | jdr1 | translate-names | עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה | 1 | Obadiah | Some English translations call the prophet Abdias, but Obadiah is the form of his name most commonly used in English. Use the form of the name that is used in your source language or a form that is similar that sounds like a name in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 4 | OBA | 1 | 1 | sv9x | כֹּֽה־אָמַר֩ אֲדֹנָ֨י יְהוִ֜ה | 1 | thus says my Lord Yahweh concerning Edom | This introduces the rest of the book as a message from God. Use a form here that is natural in your language for introducing what someone says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
| 5 | OBA | 1 | 1 | s7if | translate-names | יְהוִ֜ה | 1 | Yahweh | This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 6 | OBA | 1 | 1 | jdr3 | figs-metonymy | לֶאֱד֗וֹם | 1 | concerning Edom | People are being described here by the name of something closely associated with them, **Edom**, the land that they live in. If this is not clear in your language, you can say clearly that this message is about the people. Alternate translation: “concerning the people of Edom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 7 | OBA | 1 | 1 | jdr5 | figs-exclusive | שָׁמַ֜עְנוּ | 1 | We have heard a report | Obadiah is speaking as one person among the many in the nations around Edom who have heard Yahweh’s message, including the people of Israel. If your language has an inclusive form for **We**, use that here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) |
| 8 | OBA | 1 | 1 | c8w8 | figs-exclusive | שָׁמַ֜עְנוּ | 1 | Obadiah is speaking to the people of Judah about the people of Edom. So **We** here is inclusive; others in Judah have also heard or are now hearing the message calling the nations to war against Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 9 | OBA | 1 | 1 | jdr7 | figs-activepassive | וְצִיר֙…שֻׁלָּ֔ח | 1 | and a messenger has been sent off | If it is more natural in your language, you can use the active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, have sent a messenger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 10 | OBA | 1 | 1 | r27r | figs-explicit | וְצִיר֙…שֻׁלָּ֔ח | 1 | and a messenger has been sent off | You could specify who sent the messenger. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh has sent a messenger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 11 | OBA | 1 | 1 | jdr9 | figs-quotations | ק֛וּמוּ וְנָק֥וּמָה עָלֶיהָ לַמִּלְחָמָֽה | 1 | Get up! And let us rise up against her for battle! | The end of the verse is not spoken by Obadiah himself. Rather, these are the words of Yahweh’s messenger. They can be presented as a quotation with an introductory formula such as “saying,” or as indirect quotation as in UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) |
| 12 | OBA | 1 | 1 | c9e2 | figs-metonymy | וְנָק֥וּמָה עָלֶיהָ | 1 | and let us rise up against her | Here, **her** refers to the land of Edom, which, again, stands for the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “Let us rise up against the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 13 | OBA | 1 | 1 | jd1r | figs-abstractnouns | לַמִּלְחָמָֽה | 1 | for battle | If it is clearer in your language, you could translate the abstract noun **battle** with a verb. Alternate translation: “to attack her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 14 | OBA | 1 | 2 | cc3h | הִנֵּ֥ה קָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖יךָ | 1 | Behold, I am making you small | The addressee changes here. This is no longer Yahweh speaking to Judah or the messenger speaking to the other nations. Now Yahweh is speaking directly to the people of Edom. If it would be clearer in your language, you could add a quote introduction here, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
| 15 | OBA | 1 | 2 | npn6 | הִנֵּ֥ה | 1 | Behold | This alerts the people of Edom to pay special attention to what follows. Use a natural way of getting someone's attention in your language. Alternate translation: “Look” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” | |
| 16 | OBA | 1 | 2 | l6dc | figs-parallelism | קָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖יךָ בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם בָּז֥וּי אַתָּ֖ה מְאֹֽד | 1 | I am making you small among the nations, you are extremely despised | These two phrases mean similar things and are used together to emphasize that Edom will lose its important status. If it would be more natural in your language, you could combine them as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 17 | OBA | 1 | 2 | ec8m | figs-metaphor | קָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖יךָ בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם | 1 | small among the nations | Something insignificant is spoken of figuratively as if it were small in size and could easily be overlooked. Alternate translation: “insignificant among the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 18 | OBA | 1 | 2 | ch1u | figs-activepassive | בָּז֥וּי אַתָּ֖ה מְאֹֽד | 1 | you are extremely despised | You could state this in the active form. Alternate translation: “the people of other nations will hate you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 19 | OBA | 1 | 3 | 9jbt | figs-personification | זְד֤וֹן לִבְּךָ֙ הִשִּׁיאֶ֔ךָ | 1 | Here, **pride** is spoken of figuratively as though it were a person who could deceive someone. If this is not clear, you could say this with plain language. <br>Alternate translation: “Because you are so proud, you have deceived yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) | |
| 20 | OBA | 1 | 3 | qpw7 | figs-metaphor | זְד֤וֹן לִבְּךָ֙ | 1 | of your heart | Here, **heart** is used figuratively to refer to a person’s thoughts and feelings. <br>Alternate translation: “Your proud attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 21 | OBA | 1 | 3 | k9sw | figs-123person | שֹׁכְנִ֥י בְחַגְוֵי־סֶּ֖לַע | 1 | lofty in his dwelling | Here, the pronoun switches from **you** to **he** even though Yahweh is still talking to the people of Edom. If this is confusing in your language, you can continue to use **you**, since this is part of Yahweh’s continuing message to the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “you who live in the clefts of the rock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
| 22 | OBA | 1 | 3 | q6sz | בְחַגְוֵי־סֶּ֖לַע | 1 | in the clefts of the rock | This means a place that is protected because it is surrounded by rocks. | |
| 23 | OBA | 1 | 3 | r5zj | figs-123person | אֹמֵ֣ר בְּלִבּ֔וֹ | 1 | he who says in his heart | This says **he** and **his,** as if Yahweh were talking aloud about Edom rather than to Edom, but it can be translated with **you** as part of Yahweh’s continuing words to the people. Alternate translation: “you who say in your heart” or “you who say to yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
| 24 | OBA | 1 | 3 | jd3r | figs-metaphor | אֹמֵ֣ר בְּלִבּ֔וֹ | 1 | in his heart | Here, the heart is used figuratively to refer to a person’s thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “he who says to himself” or “you who think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 25 | OBA | 1 | 3 | i2hx | figs-rquestion | מִ֥י יוֹרִדֵ֖נִי אָֽרֶץ | 1 | Who will bring me down to the ground? | This rhetorical question expresses how proud the Edomites were and how safe they felt. Alternate translation: “no one can bring me down to the ground” or “I am safe from all attackers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 26 | OBA | 1 | 4 | jd5r | figs-hyperbole | אִם־תַּגְבִּ֣יהַּ כַּנֶּ֔שֶׁר וְאִם־בֵּ֥ין כּֽוֹכָבִ֖ים שִׂ֣ים קִנֶּ֑ךָ | 1 | If you make yourself high like the eagle, even if your nest is set between the stars | The people of Edom think that they are safe because they live up high in the mountains. Yahweh is saying that even if they lived much higher than it is actually possible for humans to live, they would still not be safe. Alternate translation: “and I tell you that even if you had wings and could fly higher than eagles fly, and if you could make your homes among the stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) |
| 27 | OBA | 1 | 4 | jd7r | figs-activepassive | שִׂ֣ים קִנֶּ֑ךָ | 1 | if your nest is set | If your language does not use passive verb forms, you could use the active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “if you could make your homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 28 | OBA | 1 | 4 | ce6e | writing-quotations | נְאֻם־יְהוָֽה | 1 | This phrase reminds the reader that this message, including the entire book, came directly from Yahweh. Use a form of quotation that would make this clear in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
| 29 | OBA | 1 | 5 | w86v | figs-doublet | אִם־גַּנָּבִ֤ים בָּאֽוּ־לְךָ֙ אִם־שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי לַ֔יְלָה | 1 | If thieves came to you, and plunderers by night | These two phrases mean the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize the one idea that they are expressing. If this is not clear in your language, use another way of showing that this is important or you could combine them, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 30 | OBA | 1 | 5 | b93f | figs-activepassive | אֵ֣יךְ נִדְמֵ֔יתָה | 1 | how you are being destroyed! | You could use the active form of the verb, and you could specify who is doing the action. Alternate translation: “how the attackers will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 31 | OBA | 1 | 5 | jd9r | figs-exclamations | אֵ֣יךְ נִדְמֵ֔יתָה | 1 | how you are being destroyed! | Yahweh adds this phrase in the middle of another sentence to express that the punishment of Edom is shocking. Unlike thieves and grape-harvesters, those who attack Edom will leave nothing behind. If it would be clearer in your language, you could move the phrase to the end of the verse and make it its own sentence. Alternate translation: “But attackers will destroy you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) |
| 32 | OBA | 1 | 5 | q1pg | figs-rquestion | הֲל֥וֹא יִגְנְב֖וּ דַּיָּ֑ם | 1 | would not they steal enough for them? | This is a rhetorical question. The question form is used to make a point strongly. If you do not use rhetorical questions in this way in your language, you can use a statement here. Alternate translation: “they would only steal what they wanted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 33 | OBA | 1 | 5 | k12c | figs-rquestion | אִם־בֹּֽצְרִים֙ בָּ֣אוּ לָ֔ךְ הֲל֖וֹא יַשְׁאִ֥ירוּ עֹלֵלֽוֹת | 1 | If grape-cutters came to you, would not they leave behind gleanings? | This is a rhetorical question. The question form is used to make a point strongly. If you do not use rhetorical questions in this way in your language, you can use a statement here. Alternate translation: “they would certainly leave some grapes behind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 34 | OBA | 1 | 6 | m9p3 | figs-personification | עֵשָׂ֔ו | 1 | Esau | Here, the name **Esau** refers to the people of Edom. They were the descendants of Esau, who was also known as Edom. All the people of Edom are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. If this is confusing in your language, you can refer to the people instead, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 35 | OBA | 1 | 6 | lf9t | נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ | 1 | has been ransacked | Here, **ransacked** means that the enemies have searched through the people's things, taken everything valuable, and left everything else in a mess or damaged. | |
| 36 | OBA | 1 | 7 | yobe | figs-explicit | עַֽד־הַגְּב֣וּל שִׁלְּח֗וּךָ כֹּ֚ל אַנְשֵׁ֣י בְרִיתֶ֔ךָ | 1 | If it does not make sense in your language to say that someone would be attacked by someone with whom they have a **covenant**, that is, an ally, then you can add in the missing step of their betrayal, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 37 | OBA | 1 | 7 | n3t6 | figs-youcrowd | בְרִיתֶ֔ךָ | 1 | your covenant | Yahweh is still addressing the people of Edom here, so the word **your** refers to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]]) |
| 38 | OBA | 1 | 7 | a612 | figs-parallelism | כֹּ֚ל אַנְשֵׁ֣י בְרִיתֶ֔ךָ…אַנְשֵׁ֣י שְׁלֹמֶ֑ךָ לַחְמְךָ֗ | 1 | All the men of your covenant…The men of your peace…They of your bread | All three phrases refer to Edom’s allies. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once in similar ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 39 | OBA | 1 | 7 | jd15 | figs-ellipsis | לַחְמְךָ֗ יָשִׂ֤ימוּ מָזוֹר֙ תַּחְתֶּ֔יךָ | 1 | They of your bread will set a trap under you | Hebrew says simply **your bread**. In this poetic style, hearers and readers are expected to understand the meaning and supply the missing words **The men of** from the previous two lines. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
| 40 | OBA | 1 | 7 | jd17 | figs-abstractnouns | אֵ֥ין תְּבוּנָ֖ה בּֽוֹ | 1 | understanding | You could translate the abstract noun “understanding” with a verb. Alternate translation: “He does not understand anything’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 41 | OBA | 1 | 8 | i4rg | figs-rquestion | הֲל֛וֹא בַּיּ֥וֹם הַה֖וּא…וְהַאֲבַדְתִּ֤י חֲכָמִים֙ מֵֽאֱד֔וֹם | 1 | Will I not on that day (a declaration of Yahweh) destroy wise men from Edom, and understanding from the mountain of Esau? | This is a rhetorical question. Yahweh uses the question form here to emphasize that he will certainly do this. Alternate translation: “On that day…I will certainly destroy the wise men from Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 42 | OBA | 1 | 8 | jd21 | figs-explicit | וְהַאֲבַדְתִּ֤י חֲכָמִים֙ מֵֽאֱד֔וֹם | 1 | wise men | The original audience would have known that Edom was famous for its wisdom. So this means that even their famous wisdom cannot save them from Yahweh's destruction. If it would be clearer, you could indicate this information as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 43 | OBA | 1 | 8 | z8tf | figs-synecdoche | מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו | 1 | from the mountain of Esau | Yahweh is referring to the whole territory of Edom by using the name of one prominent part of it. The **mountain of Esau** may be the one now called Mount Bozrah. Alternate translation: “from the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 44 | OBA | 1 | 8 | gn3t | translate-names | עֵשָֽׂו | 1 | This is the name of the man who was the ancestor of the people of Edom. See how you translated this in [verse 6](../01/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 45 | OBA | 1 | 9 | jd25 | figs-synecdoche | וְחַתּ֥וּ גִבּוֹרֶ֖יךָ תֵּימָ֑ן | 1 | And your mighty men will be dismayed, O Teman | Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Edom, but now he addresses them as **Teman**, which was the name of the region around their capital city. This part of Edom is now being used to represent the whole people. Alternate translation: “People of Edom, your strong soldiers will become terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 46 | OBA | 1 | 9 | qvg3 | translate-names | תֵּימָ֑ן | 1 | Teman | Teman is the name of a region in the land of Edom. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory of Edom by the name of one part of it. Alternate translation: “O people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 47 | OBA | 1 | 9 | ljv4 | grammar-connect-logic-goal | לְמַ֧עַן | 1 | so that | There is a cause-and-effect relationship here. Yahweh says in v. 8 that he will destroy the wise men in Edom, and here in v. 9 that the mighty men of Edom will be “dismayed” (that is, they will give up trying to fight). The people of Edom trusted in these two groups to protect them. So as a result of Yahweh destroying these two groups, no others in Edom will escape the invading armies, either. Alternate translation: “with the result that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) |
| 48 | OBA | 1 | 9 | jd27 | figs-metaphor | יִכָּֽרֶת־אִ֛ישׁ | 1 | a man will be cut off | Here, **cut off** is a metaphor for being killed. The Edomites are pictured as part of the mountain where they live, and their death as being cut off from the mountain. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy all of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 49 | OBA | 1 | 9 | q6s7 | figs-activepassive | יִכָּֽרֶת־אִ֛ישׁ | 1 | will be cut off | You could use an active verb form, and you could specify who will do the action. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy all of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 50 | OBA | 1 | 9 | jd31 | figs-idiom | אִ֛ישׁ | 1 | a man | Here, **a man** is an idiom that means “each person.” Alternate translation: “all you people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 51 | OBA | 1 | 9 | jd35 | figs-synecdoche | מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָׂ֖ו | 1 | from the mountain of Esau | As in v. 8, Yahweh is referring to the whole territory by the name of this one part of it. See how you translated it there. Alternate translation: “from the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 52 | OBA | 1 | 9 | jd37 | figs-abstractnouns | מִקָּֽטֶל | 1 | by slaughter | The abstract noun **slaughter** intensifies the idea of being **cut off** or killed. If you would not use an abstract noun like this in your language, you could use an adverb instead. Alternate translation: “violently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 53 | OBA | 1 | 10 | jd39 | figs-metonymy | אָחִ֥יךָ | 1 | your brother | The term **brother** is being used here to refer to members of a related people group. Use the term that is most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “your relatives who are the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 54 | OBA | 1 | 10 | ui6g | figs-personification | יַעֲקֹ֖ב | 1 | Jacob | Here the name **Jacob** refers to the people of Judah, who were his descendants. All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 55 | OBA | 1 | 10 | jd41 | figs-abstractnouns | תְּכַסְּךָ֣ בוּשָׁ֑ה | 1 | shame will cover you | If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a verb to translate the abstract noun **shame**. Alternate translation: “you will be dishonored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 56 | OBA | 1 | 10 | f8g6 | figs-idiom | תְּכַסְּךָ֣ בוּשָׁ֑ה | 1 | shame will cover you | To be **covered** with something is an idiom for fully experiencing it. Alternate translation: “you will be completely ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 57 | OBA | 1 | 10 | a113 | figs-activepassive | וְנִכְרַ֖תָּ | 1 | you will be cut off to eternity | If it would be clearer in your language, you could use an active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 58 | OBA | 1 | 10 | jd43 | figs-explicit | וְנִכְרַ֖תָּ | 1 | you will be cut off | You can specify who will do the action. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 59 | OBA | 1 | 10 | jd45 | figs-idiom | וְנִכְרַ֖תָּ | 1 | you will be cut off | As in [verse 5](../01/05.md), **cut off** is an idiom for being destroyed. See how you translated it there. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 60 | OBA | 1 | 11 | w6hj | figs-metaphor | עֲמָֽדְךָ֣ מִנֶּ֔גֶד | 1 | stood opposite | This is a metaphor that pictures the people of Edom as a person who was just standing around and not helping a relative. Alternate translation: “you did not help him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 61 | OBA | 1 | 11 | s38y | figs-parallelism | שְׁב֥וֹת זָרִ֖ים חֵיל֑וֹ וְנָכְרִ֞ים בָּ֣אוּ שְׁעָרָ֗יו | 1 | strangers took captive his wealth, and foreigners entered his gates | These two phrases mean similar things. They are used together to emphasize that Judah was in a desperate situation. Invading armies were plundering the cities of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 62 | OBA | 1 | 11 | rtj8 | figs-personification | חֵיל֑וֹ…שְׁעָרָ֗יו | 1 | his wealth…his gates | Here, **his** refers to **your brother Jacob** in [verse 10](../01/10.md), meaning the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 63 | OBA | 1 | 11 | jd47 | figs-synecdoche | שְׁעָרָ֗יו | 1 | his gates | Here, **gates** stands for “city.” The gates, the part of a city through which people would come and go, are being used to represent the whole city. Alternate translation: “all the cities of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 64 | OBA | 1 | 11 | i8sr | figs-metaphor | וְעַל־יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יַדּ֣וּ גוֹרָ֔ל | 1 | and cast lots for Jerusalem | There are two possibilities for the meaning here. (1) This is a figurative way of saying that the **foreigners** had complete control of **Jerusalem**, with Jerusalem pictured as something that everybody wants to have, but it cannot be divided, so they cast lots to see who will get it. Alternate translation: “they even plundered Jerusalem” or (2) The name of the city may be standing for the wealth of the city. Alternate translation: “and they divided the wealth of Jerusalem among themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 65 | OBA | 1 | 11 | s4y1 | figs-explicit | גַּם־אַתָּ֖ה כְּאַחַ֥ד מֵהֶֽם | 1 | you also were like one of them | The people of Edom did not do exactly the same things as the **strangers** and **foreigners** did, but they were like them because they did not help the people of Judah, who were a related people group. If it would be clearer in your language, you could include this information, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 66 | OBA | 1 | 12 | crs1 | figs-litany | וְאַל…וְאַל…וְאַל | 1 | But [you should] not | Yahweh uses a repetitive series of sentences in verses 12–14 to show how badly the people of Edom have treated the people of Judah. This repetitive style of speaking or writing is called a “litany.” This is a list of the charges against the people of Edom. Yahweh goes on to say in verses 15 and 16 that he has found them guilty of all of these charges and that he will punish them. Use a form in your language that someone would use to list things that someone has done wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]]) |
| 67 | OBA | 1 | 12 | e7cd | figs-explicit | וְאַל־תֵּ֤רֶא | 1 | But you should not have looked | Here, **you should not have looked** implies that the people of Edom were looking on the disaster in Judah with pleasure. To make this clear, you can include this information in the way that you translate. Alternate translation: “you should not have enjoyed looking” or “it was very bad that you enjoyed looking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 68 | OBA | 1 | 12 | q8md | figs-personification | אָחִ֨יךָ֙ | 1 | your brother | As in [verse 10](../01/10.md), Yahweh describes the people of Judah as a **brother** to the descendants of Esau, because their ancestor, Jacob, was the brother of Esau (Edom). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 69 | OBA | 1 | 12 | f7lt | figs-gendernotations | לִבְנֵֽי־יְהוּדָ֖ה | 1 | over the sons of Judah | Here, the word **sons** does not refer only to men. It refers to all of the descendants of Jacob’s son Judah, and more broadly to all of the Israelites from a number of the different tribes of Israel who had come to live in the kingdom of Judah at this time. Alternate translation: “over the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) |
| 70 | OBA | 1 | 12 | lxg7 | figs-idiom | וְאַל־תַּגְדֵּ֥ל פִּ֖יךָ | 1 | And you should not have made your mouth great | This is an idiom for bragging or mocking. In this context of observing someone else's misfortune, mocking makes better sense. Alternate translation: “You should not have mocked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 71 | OBA | 1 | 13 | dwn2 | figs-parallelism | בְּי֣וֹם אֵידָ֔ם…בְּי֣וֹם אֵיד֑וֹ…בְּי֥וֹם אֵידֽוֹ | 1 | In this poetic style, the same phrase is used at the end of each line to emphasize how terrible the **calamity** was. If this style does not work in your language to communicate an increased emphasis, then you could combine the three occurrences into one and communicate that this was a very bad thing in another way, as in the UST. <br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) | |
| 72 | OBA | 1 | 13 | wg54 | figs-personification | אֵידָ֔ם…אֵיד֑וֹ…אֵידֽוֹ | 1 | their calamity…his calamity…his calamity | In the first line of this verse, **their** refers to **my people**. In the second and third lines, God's people are once again pictured as their ancestor Jacob, and so the singular pronoun **his** is used (see [verse 10](../01/10.md). If this change is confusing in your language, you can avoid the personification and refer to the people with plural pronouns in all three lines. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 73 | OBA | 1 | 13 | f9q3 | figs-exclamations | גַם־אַתָּ֛ה | 1 | Yes, you! | Yahweh is accusing the people of Edom directly, and he adds this exclamation to emphasize this. This exclamation expresses anger, demands their attention, and also may be a warning that they cannot claim to be innocent. If it is confusing to have this in the middle of another sentence, you could make this a separate sentence ending in an exclamation mark, either before or after the current sentence. Alternate translation: “I am talking to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) |
| 74 | OBA | 1 | 13 | jz38 | figs-you | וְאַל־תִּשְׁלַ֥חְנָה בְחֵיל֖וֹ | 1 | And you women should not have looted their wealth | Here, the word translated as **you** is feminine and plural. In the rest of Obadiah, it is masculine and singular. It may be that God is addressing the women specifically here in case they thought that they were not also guilty. So use a feminine plural form here, or mark this in some other way so that it means “you women.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) |
| 75 | OBA | 1 | 14 | ixs7 | translate-unknown | הַפֶּ֔רֶק | 1 | crossroads | A **crossroads** is a place where two roads come together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 76 | OBA | 1 | 14 | p7i1 | figs-metaphor | לְהַכְרִ֖ית | 1 | to cut down his fugitives | Here, **to cut down** is a metaphor that means “to kill.” It is likely a comparison to the way grain is cut down at harvest time. See how you translated this same metaphor in [verse 9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 77 | OBA | 1 | 14 | qdx9 | figs-explicit | וְאַל־תַּסְגֵּ֥ר שְׂרִידָ֖יו | 1 | And you should not have delivered up his survivors | If it would be clearer in your language, you can make explicit to whom the Edomites delivered the Judean survivors. Alternate translation: “You should not have captured the survivors and delivered them over to the enemy soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 78 | OBA | 1 | 15 | e5t7 | figs-explicit | כִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִ֑ם | 1 | For the day of Yahweh is near upon all the nations | Here Yahweh is giving the people of Edom the reason why they should not have done all of the bad things that they did to the Israelites that were listed in verses 11-14, and instead of that, helped them. It is because Yahweh will soon judge all nations for the way that they have treated others. If it would be clearer in your language, you can make this explicit, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 79 | OBA | 1 | 15 | crs7 | figs-idiom | יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה | 1 | the day of Yahweh | The **day of Yahweh** is an expression that refers to a specific time when God punishes people for their sins. Alternate translation: “the time when I, Yahweh, will judge and punish people for their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 80 | OBA | 1 | 15 | rd8g | figs-activepassive | יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ | 1 | According to what you have done, it will be done to you | If you prefer an active verb you can use one here and you can specify who will do this action. Alternate translation: “I will do those same things to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 81 | OBA | 1 | 15 | cr3s | figs-synecdoche | בְּרֹאשֶֽׁךָ | 1 | on your own head | The **head** is being used to represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 82 | OBA | 1 | 16 | a8v3 | figs-doublet | וְשָׁת֣וּ וְלָע֔וּ | 1 | And they will drink, and they will swallow, and they will become like they never existed | The words translated **drink** and **swallow** mean very similar things and are used together to intensify the one meaning. If your language does not have two such similar words, you can use one of the words and intensify the meaning in another way. Alternate translation: “They will drink all of it down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 83 | OBA | 1 | 16 | vcve | figs-doublet | וְשָׁת֣וּ וְלָע֔וּ | 1 | Here the metaphor continues, using **drink** and **swallow** as images for suffering or being punished. Alternate translation: “I will make them suffer a lot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 84 | OBA | 1 | 17 | cc36 | figs-abstractnouns | וּבְהַ֥ר צִיּ֛וֹן תִּהְיֶ֥ה פְלֵיטָ֖ה | 1 | But in the mountain of Zion there will be a remnant | The abstract noun **escape** refers to the people of Israel who will still be alive in Jerusalem after Yahweh has finished punishing the other nations. As [1:16](../01/16.md) says, those other nations will disappear completely, but the descendants of Jacob will continue as a people. Alternate translation: “But in Jerusalem some people will remain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 85 | OBA | 1 | 17 | y9pz | figs-metonymy | וּבְהַ֥ר צִיּ֛וֹן | 1 | But in the mountain of Zion | This is a figure of speech that refers to Jerusalem by the name of something closely associated with it, the mountain that the city is built on. Alternate translation: “But in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 86 | OBA | 1 | 17 | b4sh | figs-abstractnouns | וְהָ֣יָה קֹ֑דֶשׁ | 1 | and there will be holiness | If your language does not use abstract nouns, you can translate the word **holiness** by using an adjective. Alternate translation: “and it will be a holy place” <br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 87 | OBA | 1 | 17 | f4ur | אֵ֖ת מוֹרָֽשֵׁיהֶם | 1 | Here, **possessions** refers to the land that was supposed to be passed down from generation to generation to each of the Israelite families and clans. If using a plural term is confusing, you can translate it with a singular word. Alternate translation: “the land that belongs to each of them” | ||
| 88 | OBA | 1 | 18 | rm2e | figs-parallelism | וְהָיָה֩ בֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב אֵ֜שׁ וּבֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף לֶהָבָ֗ה | 1 | And the house of Jacob will be a fire, and the house of Joseph a flame | These two expressions have similar meanings. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once. Both **house of Jacob** and **house of Joseph** stand for all of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “The Israelites will be like a fire. Yes, they will be like a flame” If saying this twice is confusing, you could combine them into one expression, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 89 | OBA | 1 | 18 | cr15 | figs-metonymy | בֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב | 1 | the house of Jacob | Here, the word **house** means all of the people descended from a particular person. All of the descendants of Jacob are being described figuratively as if they were one household living together. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 90 | OBA | 1 | 18 | cr17 | figs-synecdoche | וּבֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף | 1 | and the house of Joseph | The descendants of Joseph are also being described figuratively as if they were one household. Joseph was the son of Jacob, and his descendants made up a large part of the people of Israel. So Yahweh is using his descendants to represent the whole nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 91 | OBA | 1 | 18 | yt8j | figs-metonymy | וּבֵ֤ית עֵשָׂו֙…לְבֵ֣ית עֵשָׂ֔ו | 1 | and the house of Esau…for the house of Esau | The descendants of Esau (Edom) are also being described figuratively as if they were one household. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 92 | OBA | 1 | 18 | cr19 | figs-metaphor | אֵ֜שׁ…לֶהָבָ֗ה…לְקַ֔שׁ | 1 | fire, flame, stubble | In this metaphor, Yahweh is saying that the Israelites will be like fire and flame, that the people of Edom will be like dry grass, and that the Israelites will do to the people of Edom what fire and flame do to dry grass. In other words, just as fire and flame burn up dry grass until it is all gone, the Israelites who survive will conquer all of Edom. If this metaphor is not clear in your language, you could make it a simile, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 93 | OBA | 1 | 18 | hj8x | translate-unknown | לְקַ֔שׁ | 1 | stubble | The word **stubble** means the dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after their stalks have been cut. Alternate translation: “like dry grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) |
| 94 | OBA | 1 | 18 | amum | figs-explicit | כִּ֥י | 1 | Here, **For** indicates that what follows is the reason for what came before. Yahweh is reminding the reader that these things will certainly happen, because this message comes from him. If that would be clearer in your language, you can say this explicitly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 95 | OBA | 1 | 18 | c5jr | figs-123person | כִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה דִּבֵּֽר | 1 | for Yahweh has spoken | Yahweh is speaking of himself in the third person here. If that is confusing in your language, you can change it to first person, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
| 96 | OBA | 1 | 19 | cr25 | וְיָרְשׁ֨וּ | 1 | And they…will possess…And they will possess | This verse as a whole describes people who live in different parts of Israel conquering the territories next to them. Alternate translation: “will conquer” | |
| 97 | OBA | 1 | 19 | cr27 | figs-synecdoche | הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֗ו | 1 | the mountain of Esau | This was one of the mountains in Edom. See how you translated this in verses 8 and 9. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory of Edom by using the name of one prominent part of it. Alternate translation: “the country of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 98 | OBA | 1 | 19 | 0pp9 | וְיָרְשׁוּ֙ | 1 | The people of Israel will possess | ||
| 99 | OBA | 1 | 19 | gup4 | figs-personification | וּבִנְיָמִ֖ן | 1 | Benjamin | Here, **Benjamin** represents the people of the tribe of Benjamin. All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 100 | OBA | 1 | 19 | cr31 | figs-synecdoche | הַגִּלְעָֽד | 1 | Gilead | **Gilead** is a region east of the land of Israel, across the Jordan River. It is being used to represent the areas to the east. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 101 | OBA | 1 | 20 | r8cn | translate-names | עַד־צָ֣רְפַ֔ת | 1 | as far as Zarephath | Zarephath was a Phoenician city north of Israel on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea between Tyre and Sidon. Alternate translation: “as far north as Zarephath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 102 | OBA | 1 | 20 | x6yt | translate-names | בִּסְפָרַ֑ד | 1 | Sepharad | **Sepharad** is the name of a place whose location is unknown to modern scholars. Some experts suggest that it refers to the city of Sardis in the region of Lydia. This would be in Asia Minor, northwest of Israel, in what is now the country of Turkey. Alternate translation: “currently live in Sepharad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 103 | OBA | 1 | 20 | cr39 | figs-explicit | יִֽרְשׁ֕וּ | 1 | they will possess | In order to conquer the **cities of the Negev**, these exiles first will return from the distant lands where they are living. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “they will come back and conquer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 104 | OBA | 1 | 21 | j7nf | figs-metonymy | וְעָל֤וּ מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙ בְּהַ֣ר צִיּ֔וֹן לִשְׁפֹּ֖ט אֶת־הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֑ו | 1 | And saviors will go up to the mountain of Zion to judge the mountain of Esau | Even though **the mountain of Zion** is a figurative name for Jerusalem, it would be good to keep the imagery of this high place in Jerusalem where God's temple was, if possible. This would also allow the comparison with **the mountain of Esau**. Edom had boasted that it was up high and that no one could bring it down. But with this figurative imagery, Yahweh is saying that he will bring it down and place his own people up high instead. You can also choose to express this meaning in plain language if that would be clearer and if that is how you have been translating the book. Alternate translation: “Israel's saviors will go up to Jerusalem and will rule over Edom, who thought that they were so high, from up there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 105 | OBA | 1 | 21 | hyg2 | מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙ | 1 | saviors | Here, **saviors** refers to Israelite military leaders whom God will use to defeat the nation of Edom. Alternate translation: “the leaders who have saved Israel” | |
| 106 | OBA | 1 | 21 | cr43 | figs-metonymy | בְּהַ֣ר צִיּ֔וֹן | 1 | the mountain of Zion | Yahweh is referring to Jerusalem figuratively by the name of something closely associated with it, the mountain that the city is built on. See how you translated this in verses 16 and 17. Alternate translation: “to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 107 | OBA | 1 | 21 | cr45 | figs-synecdoche | הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֑ו | 1 | the mountain of Esau | This phrase refers to the mountainous territory where Esau, the brother of Jacob and the ancestor of the Edomites, went and settled. So it means “the hill country that came to belong to Esau and his descendants.” See how you translated this in verses 8, 9, and 19. Alternate translation: “the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 108 | OBA | 1 | 21 | wy7x | וְהָיְתָ֥ה לַֽיהוָ֖ה הַמְּלוּכָֽה | 1 | and the kingdom will belong to Yahweh | This phrase emphasizes that Yahweh will personally rule over the kingdom of Israel as they rule over Edom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be the king over all” |