unfoldingWord_en_tn/tn_TIT.tsv

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2front:introm2jl0# Introduction to Titus\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the book of Titus\n\n1. Paul instructs Titus to appoint godly leaders. (1:116)\n2. Paul instructs Titus to train people to live godly lives. (2:13:11)\n3. Paul ends by sharing some of his plans and sending greetings to various believers. (3:1215)\n\n### Who wrote the book of Titus?\n\nPaul wrote the book of Titus. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.\n\n### What is the book of Titus about?\n\nPaul wrote this letter to Titus, his fellow worker, who was leading the churches on the island of Crete. Paul instructed him about selecting church leaders. Paul also described how the believers should behave towards each other. He also encouraged them all to live in a way that pleases God.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Titus.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Pauls Letter to Titus” or “A Letter to Titus.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### In what roles can people serve within the church?\n\nThere are some teachings in the book of Titus about whether a woman or divorced man can serve in positions of leadership within the church. Scholars disagree about the meaning of these teachings. Further study on these issues may be necessary before translating this book.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Singular and plural **you**\n\nIn this book, the word **I** refers to Paul. Also, the word **you** is almost always singular and refers to Titus. The exception to this is 3:15. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])\n\n### What is the meaning of **God our Savior**?\n\nThis is a common phrase in this letter. Paul meant to make the readers think about how God forgave them in Christ for sinning against him, and by forgiving them he saved them from being punished when he judges all people. A similar phrase in this letter is **our great God and Savior Jesus Christ**.
31:introc7me0# Titus 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul formally introduces this letter in verses 14. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.\n\nIn verses 69, Paul lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be an elder in the church. (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns) Paul gives a similar list in 1 Timothy 3.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Elders\n\nThe church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include overseer, elder, pastor, and bishop.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Should, may, must\n\nThe ULT uses different words that indicate requirements or obligations. These verbs have different levels of force associated with them. The subtle differences may be difficult to translate. The UST translates these verbs in a more general way.
41:1rtc9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsκατὰ πίστιν ἐκλεκτῶν Θεοῦ καὶ ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας1The words **faith**, **knowledge**, and **truth** are abstract nouns. If it would be more clear in your language, you could express those ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to help Gods chosen people to continue to trust him and to know every true thing”
51:1xrtmrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἐκλεκτῶν Θεοῦ1If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “of the people whom God has chosen”
61:1tn97rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisκαὶ ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας1Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and for their knowledge of the truth” or “and so that the chosen people of God might know the truth”
71:1fyf8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsτῆς κατ’ εὐσέβειαν1Here, **godliness** is an abstract noun that refers to living in a way that pleases God. Alternate translation: “that is suitable for honoring God”
81:2xyz9rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrasesἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου1Here **hope** could be connected to: (1) **godliness**, meaning that if we live to please God, we will have hope of eternal life. Alternate translation: “which gives us the certain hope of everlasting life” or (2) **knowledge of the truth**, meaning that this hope of eternal life is part of the truth, and that knowing the truth gives hope of eternal life. Alternate translation: “and that teaches us to expect eternal life”
91:2u0gkrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “which leads us to confidently expect eternal life”
101:2vyuurc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegativesὁ ἀψευδὴς Θεὸς 1If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression here instead of this double negative. Alternate translation: “God, who is completely trustworthy”
111:2r2gjπρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων1Alternate translation: “before time began”
121:3b22hκαιροῖς ἰδίοις1Alternate translation: “at the proper time”
131:3swi9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐφανέρωσεν & τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ1Paul speaks of Gods word as if it were an object that could be visibly shown to people. Alternate translation: “he caused me to understand his message”
141:3abc9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἐν κηρύγματι1Paul assumes that his readers will understand that **the proclamation** refers to the message of the gospel of Jesus Christ. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “by means of the proclamation of the message about Jesus”
151:3m41urc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveὃ ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ1If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the one that he entrusted to me” or “the one that he gave me the responsibility to preach”
161:3xy18rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusiveἡμῶν1Here, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers.
171:4gu55rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorγνησίῳ τέκνῳ1Though Titus was not Pauls biological **son**, they share a common faith in Christ. Paul considers relationship to Christ through faith to be more important than biological relationship. Thus, because of their relative ages and shared faith in Christ, Paul considers Titus as his own son. It may also be that Paul led Titus to faith in Christ, and so Titus is like a son in this spiritual sense. Alternate translation: “you are like a son to me”
181:4wx6crc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsκατὰ κοινὴν πίστιν1Paul and Titus both share the same **faith** in Christ. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because we both trust in Jesus Christ”
191:4h93trc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisχάρις καὶ εἰρήνη1This was a common greeting Paul used. He is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “May you experience grace and peace”
201:4vft3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsχάρις καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν1If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Grace** and **peace**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “May God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior be gracious to you and give you a peaceful spirit”
211:4s3yrΧριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν1Alternate translation: “Christ Jesus who is our Savior”
221:4xy17rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusiveἡμῶν1Here, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
231:5ew8hrc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goalτούτου χάριν1The phrase **For this purpose** introduces the goal that Paul wanted to accomplish when he left Titus in Crete (to ordain elders in the church). Use a phrase in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “This is why”
241:5lh9bἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ1Alternate translation: “I told you to stay in Crete”
251:5ga62ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ1Alternate translation: “so that you would finish arranging things that needed to be done”
261:5b52uκαταστήσῃς & πρεσβυτέρους1Alternate translation: “appoint elders” or “designate elders”
271:5p56wπρεσβυτέρους1In the early Christian churches, Christian **elders** gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers. This word refers to people who are mature in faith.
281:6jen8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitεἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος1This is the beginning of the description of the character of an elder. Paul assumes that Titus understands that he is to choose men who fit the following description. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “an elder must be blameless” or “any man you choose to be an elder must be without blame”
291:6ab70rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegativesἀνέγκλητος1To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this positively. Alternate translation: “a person who has a good reputation”
301:6q6uyrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitμιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ1This means that he has only **one wife**; that is, he does not have any other wives or concubines. This also means that he does not commit adultery and may also mean that he has not divorced a previous wife. Alternate translation: “a man who has only one woman” or “a man who is faithful to his wife”
311:6wd6qτέκνα & πιστά1This could refer to: (1) children who believe in Jesus or (2) children who are trustworthy.
321:7lz7xτὸν ἐπίσκοπον1The word **overseer** is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as “elder” in 1:5. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church.
331:7g2zfrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorΘεοῦ οἰκονόμον1Paul speaks of the church as if it were Gods **household**, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person in charge of taking care of God's church”
341:7d6l1μὴ πάροινον1Alternate translation: “not an alcoholic” or “not one who drinks much wine”
351:7j1qqμὴ πλήκτην1Alternate translation: “not one who is violent” or “not one who likes to fight”
361:8i549rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1The connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the things that an elder is not to be (that Paul already stated), and the things that an elder is to be (that Paul is about to state). Indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “In contrast”
371:8vkq1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorφιλάγαθον1Here Paul is speaking of **what is good** as if it were a person who could be someone's **friend**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person who loves to do good things”
381:8xy11rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doubletσώφρονα & ἐγκρατῆ1The terms **sensible** and **self-controlled** are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms.
391:8xy12rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doubletδίκαιον, ὅσιον1The terms **righteous** and **holy** are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms.
401:9xwy6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἀντεχόμενον1Paul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with ones hands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different metaphor or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He must carefully follow” or “He must be devoted to”
411:9xy10κατὰ τὴν διδαχὴν1Alternate translation: “that agrees with the things that we taught him”
421:9abcjrc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1The connecting words **so that** introduce a goal or purpose relationship. The purpose for the elder to hold tightly to the trustworthy message is for him to be able to encourage others and rebuke those who oppose him. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is a purpose. Alternate translation: “because in this way”
431:9pzi1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorτῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ1The word translated here as **sound** normally refers to being physically healthy. Paul is speaking of this **teaching** as if it were a living thing that could be healthy or sick. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “correct teaching”
441:10w9kkrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorματαιολόγοι1Here, **empty** is a metaphor for useless, and **empty talkers** are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: “people who say useless things”
451:10ga6nφρεναπάται1The word **deceivers** describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “people who convince others to believe things that are not true”
461:10abcdrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadysματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται1Both **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refer to the same people who are also **rebellious**. These people taught false, worthless things and wanted other people to believe them. Alternate translation: “people who say wrong things so that others will believe things that are not true”
471:10pu74rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyοἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς1Here, **circumcision** represents the Jewish Christians who taught that men must be circumcised in order to please God. This teaching is false. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones who teach that men must be circumcised in order to please God”
481:11f4iyrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitοὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν1The implication is that these people must be stopped from teaching. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “You must prevent them from spreading their false teachings” or “Someone must stop them from deceiving others by their words”
491:11aqi5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν1The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “are ruining the faith of entire families”
501:11at7cαἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν1Here, **shameful profit** refers to money that people are paid for doing things that are not honorable. Consider how to express this in your language.
511:12tr1jτις ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης1Alternate translation: “A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet”
521:12y3zbrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperboleΚρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται1The word **always** here is an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Cretans have a reputation to be liars” or “Cretans tend to be liars”
531:12h3jbrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorκακὰ θηρία1This metaphor is speaking of **Cretans** as if they were **evil beasts**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as dangerous as wild animals”
541:12xyz1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdocheγαστέρες ἀργαί1Here the part of the body that stores food is used to represent the person who eats all the time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “lazy gluttons” or “lazy people who just want to eat”
551:13fif8δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως1Alternate translation: “For that reason, you must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them”
561:13abckrc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-resultδι’ ἣν αἰτίαν1The connecting words **For this reason** introduce a reason-result relationship. The reason is that what the Cretan prophet said about his people is true (they are liars, evil, and lazy), and the result is that Titus should rebuke them severely for behaving that way. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Therefore”
571:13dlgrrc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronounsαὐτοὺς1Here the pronoun **them** could refer to: (1) the Cretan believers in general. This seems likely since the **testimony** is about all Cretans, and verse 14 says that they should not pay attention to “commands of people turning away from the truth.” In other words, they should not pay attention to the false teachers. Alternate translation: “the Cretan believers” or (2) the Cretan false teachers. In this case, verse 14 would be telling the false teachers not to pay attention to other false teachers. Alternate translation: “the false teachers”
581:13je3rἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει1See note on **sound** in [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “so they will have a healthy faith” or “so their faith may be true” or “so that they believe only what is true about God”
591:13abclrc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1Here, **so that** marks being **sound in the faith**, as well as what follows in verse 14, as the goal or purpose of rebuking the Cretans. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
601:13xyz2rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsἐν τῇ πίστει1Here the abstract noun **faith** represents the things that the people believe about God. Alternate translation: “in what they believe about God”
611:14p28iἸουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις1Alternate translation: “false teaching of the Jews”
621:14m4a5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἀποστρεφομένων τὴν ἀλήθειαν1Paul speaks of the truth as if it were an object that one could turn away from or avoid. Alternate translation: “who reject the truth”
631:15qtb9rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbsπάντα καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς1Here, Paul uses or invents a proverb in order to teach that being pure or pleasing to God is a matter of a person's inward thoughts, not a matter of outward actions or rituals. Translate this proverb in a way that will be recognized as a proverb and be meaningful in your language and culture. Alternate translation: “If people are pure on the inside, everything that they do will be pure” or “When people have only good thoughts, nothing that they do will offend God”
641:15nx42τοῖς καθαροῖς1Alternate translation: “to those who are acceptable to God”
651:15abcnrc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1The connecting word **But** introduces a contrast between people who are pure and people who are corrupt and unbelieving. Indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “However,”
661:15n3wkrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorτοῖς δὲ μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις, οὐδὲν καθαρόν1Paul speaks of sinners as if they were physically corrupted or dirty. Alternate translation: “But if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure” or “But when people are full of sin and unbelief, nothing that they do is acceptable to God”
671:16abcorc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast between what these corrupt people say (they know God) and what their actions show (they do not know God). Indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nevertheless”
681:16i3l2τοῖς & ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται1Alternate translation: “how they live proves that they do not know him”
692:introh3il0# Titus 2 General Notes\n\nPaul continues giving Titus reasons to preach Gods word, and explains how the older men, older women, young men, and slaves or servants should live as believers.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Gender roles\n\nScholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.\n\n### Slavery\n\nPaul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation.
702:1tpi2rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitσὺ δὲ1Here, **you** is singular and refers to Titus. If it is helpful, you could include the name “Titus” here, as in the UST.
712:1ph2jτῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ1See the note about **sound teaching** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “with sound doctrine” or “with correct teachings”
722:2xyz3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisπρεσβύτας & εἶναι1A verb is lacking here that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of “speak” in the previous verse, such as “teach” or “exhort.” Alternate translation: “Teach older men to be”
732:2xy13rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doubletνηφαλίους & σεμνούς, σώφρονας1These three words are very close in meaning and may be combined into one or two terms if the target language does not have three separate terms.
742:2xc6tνηφαλίους1Alternate translation: “sober-minded” or “self-controlled”
752:2y3j2σώφρονας1Alternate translation: “in control of their desires”
762:2abc1ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ1Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. It applies to **faith**, **love**, and **perseverance**. See the note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1) and the note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13/je3r). Alternate translation: “unwavering in faith, in loving others, and in continuing to persevere”
772:2m14yrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει1You can state the abstract noun **faith** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “to firmly believe the true teachings about God”
782:2z14yrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsτῇ ἀγάπῃ1You can state the abstract noun **love** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “to love others well”
792:2a14yrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsτῇ ὑπομονῇ1You can state the abstract noun **perseverance** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “and to continually serve God in all circumstances”
802:3gl8erc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisπρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως1Some verbs are lacking here that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could continue the verbal ideas from the previous two verses and apply them here, as well, such as “teach … to be” or “exhort … to be.” Alternate translation: “In the same way, teach older women to be” or “Also teach older women to be”
812:3g9rerc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorοἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας1People who cannot control themselves and drink too much wine are spoken of here as if they were a slave to the wine. Alternate translation: “controlled by their desire for wine”
822:3xyz4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveοἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας1If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “drinking too much wine”
832:3abc4rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrastκαλοδιδασκάλους1If it is helpful in your language, you can indicate the contrast between this good quality and the two preceding bad qualities. Alternate translation: “but rather teachers of what is good”
842:4unh9rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1Here, **so that** marks training **the younger women** as the goal or purpose of being “teachers of what is good” in verse 3. Of course, living in a good way, as verse 3 describes, helps the older women to be teachers of what is good. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is the purpose.
852:4abc5φιλάνδρους1Alternate translation: “lovers of their own husbands”
862:4abcaφιλοτέκνους1Alternate translation: “and lovers of their own children”
872:5abcbὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν1Alternate translation: “and to obey their own husbands”
882:5paprrc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1Here, **so that** marks not insulting **the word of God** as a goal or purpose of the good behavior described in verses 4 and 5. This is not the only purpose of living well, but if the young women of the church do not do these things, people will consider God's message to be worthless. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a purpose of what came before.
892:5abcqrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται1If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “so that no one insults the word of God” or “so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message”
902:5t5v6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ1Here, **word** stands for “message.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the message from God”
912:6i3hvὡσαύτως1Paul's instructions for the different groups of believers are similar. See how you translated this phrase in verse 3.
922:7tn76περὶ πάντα1It is possible that this phrase is part of the previous sentence instead of this one. If the Bible used in your area uses this phrase to end the previous sentence, you may choose to do the same.
932:7x73uσεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος1Alternate translation: “show yourself to be” or “you yourself must serve as”
942:7ym6xτύπον καλῶν ἔργων1Alternate translation: “as an example of one who does right and proper things”
952:7cp3trc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsἐν τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ ἀφθορίαν, σεμνότητα1If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **incorruption** and **dignity**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “In your teaching, be honest and serious”
962:8xy14ὑγιῆ1Here the word **sound** applies to Titus's **message** and means “accurate” or “correct,” as it does in [Titus 1:9](../01/09) and [2:1](../02/01) where it also applies to teaching. Alternate translation: “correct” or “true”
972:8qe1krc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is a purpose of what came before. Having a sound message will make any opponent ashamed of opposing such a message. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a purpose of what came before. Alternate translation: “in that way”
982:8xt6vrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypoἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐντραπῇ1This presents a hypothetical situation in which someone opposes Titus and then becomes ashamed for having done so. Alternate translation: “so that if anyone opposes you, he may be ashamed” or “so that when people oppose you, they may be ashamed”
992:8xy15rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusiveἡμῶν1Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers.
1002:9xyz5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisδούλους ἰδίοις δεσπόταις ὑποτάσσεσθαι1As in 2:2 and 2:3, Paul is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could apply the verbal idea from verse 6 to here, which is “urge” or “exhort.” Alternate translation: “Exhort slaves to be subject to their own masters” or “Exhort slaves to obey their own masters”
1012:9if6vἐν πᾶσιν1Alternate translation: “in every situation” or “always”
1022:9id15rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitεὐαρέστους εἶναι1The implication is that the slaves are to be pleasing to their masters. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to please their masters” or “to satisfy their masters”
1032:10abc6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitμὴ νοσφιζομένους1The implication is that they would be tempted to steal from their masters. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “not to steal from their masters”
1042:10fhwkrc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1Here the phrase **but instead** indicates a strong contrast between stealing and demonstrating good faith. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but rather”
1052:10t87jπᾶσαν πίστιν ἐνδεικνυμένους ἀγαθήν1Alternate translation: “to show that they are worthy of their masters trust”
1062:10s1nirc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1Here, **so that** marks bringing **credit to the teaching that is about God** as a goal or purpose of slaves demonstrating **all good faith** with their masters. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is a purpose.
1072:10h2n6ἐν πᾶσιν1Alternate translation: “in everything that they do”
1082:10f8jyτὴν διδασκαλίαν τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ, κοσμῶσιν1Alternate translation: “they may make the teaching about God our Savior attractive” or “they may cause people to understand that the teaching about God our Savior is good”
1092:10xy16rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusiveἡμῶν1Here, **our** is inclusive of Paul, Titus, and all believers.
1102:11tlbmrc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-resultγὰρ1The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “They should do this because”
1112:11gp2zrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personificationἐπεφάνη & ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ1Paul speaks of **the grace of God** as if it were a person who has arrived. See the UST for other ways to express this. Alternate translation: “God is now offering his grace”
1122:11cznyrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsἐπεφάνη γὰρ ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “For God has been extremely kind”
1132:11n08xrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personificationσωτήριος πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις1Here the word **salvific** describes God's **grace**, meaning that it is like a person who has the characteristic of saving people. Alternate translation: “able to save all men” or “working to save all men”
1142:11r94irc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotationsπᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις1Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “all people”
1152:12qy8krc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personificationπαιδεύουσα ἡμᾶς1Paul speaks of the grace of God (2:11) as if it were a person who trains other people how to live holy lives. Alternate translation: “by which God trains us”
1162:12abcerc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusiveἡμᾶς1Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers.
1172:12lxb3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsτὴν ἀσέβειαν1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **godlessness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “things that dishonor God”
1182:12n3k5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsτὰς κοσμικὰς ἐπιθυμίας1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **passions**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “living for the things of this world” or “persuing sinful pleasures”
1192:12xy19ἀσέβειαν & εὐσεβῶς1These terms are direct opposites, meaning “God-dishonoring” and “God-honoring,” respectively.
1202:12fk8jἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι1Alternate translation: “while we live in this world” or “during this time”
1212:13rz93προσδεχόμενοι1Alternate translation: “while we wait to welcome”
1222:13xyz6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadysτὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα, καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης 1These two phrases connected with **and** express a single event. The words **blessed hope** describes how Paul feels about the **appearing** of Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use **and**. Alternate translation: “the blessing for which we hope, which is the appearing of the glory” or “what we are longing for, the blessed and glorious appearing”
1232:13tpx8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsτὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα, καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης 1If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **hope** and **glory**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “what we are longing for, the blessed and glorious appearing”
1242:13pss7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyκαὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης τοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1Here, **glory** represents Jesus himself who will appear gloriously. Alternate translation: “that is the glorious appearance of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ”
1252:13xyz7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadysτοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1Both **our great God** and **Savior** refer to the one person, **Jesus Christ**. Alternate translation: “of Jesus Christ, our great God and Savior”
1262:14niu4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitὃς ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν1This refers to Jesus dying willingly. Alternate translation: “gave himself to die for us”
1272:14xy20rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusiveἡμῶν1Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
1282:14gxe7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorλυτρώσηται ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀνομίας1Paul speaks of Jesus as if he were setting slaves free from their evil master.
1292:14xy21rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusiveἡμᾶς1Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
1302:14fjy1λαὸν περιούσιον1Alternate translation: “a group of people that he treasures”
1312:14ii18ζηλωτὴν καλῶν ἔργων1Alternate translation: “who are eager to do good deeds”
1322:15abc7παρακάλει1Alternate translation: “encourage them to do these things”
1332:15b94zrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἔλεγχε, μετὰ πάσης ἐπιταγῆς1If it is helpful, the people whom Titus should **rebuke** can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “correct with all authority those people who do not do these things”
1342:15h15yμηδείς σου περιφρονείτω1Alternate translation: “Do not allow anyone to ignore you”
1352:15xy22rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegativesμηδείς σου περιφρονείτω1You can state this positively: “Make sure that everyone listens to you”
1362:15jbu1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitσου περιφρονείτω1The way that people would disregard Titus can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Let … refuse to listen to your words” or “Let … refuse to respect you”
1373:introzh6x0# Titus 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul gives Titus personal instructions in this chapter.\n\nVerse 15 formally concludes this letter. This is a common way of ending a letter in the ancient Near East.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Genealogies\n\nGenealogies (verse 9) are lists that record a persons ancestors or descendants, and show from what tribe and family a person came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron. Some of these lists included stories of ancestors and even of spiritual beings. These lists and stories were used to argue about where things came from and about how important various people were.
1383:1y9trConnecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul continues giving Titus instructions on how to teach the elders and people under his care in Crete.
1393:1j2saὑπομίμνῃσκε αὐτοὺς & ὑποτάσσεσθαι1Alternate translation: “Tell our people again what they already know, to submit” or “Keep reminding them to submit”
1403:1w3fyἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις, ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν1Alternate translation: “to do as the political rulers and government authorities say by obeying them”
1413:1wa9xrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doubletἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις1The words **rulers** and **authorities** have similar meanings and both refer to anyone who holds authority in the government. If the target language has only one term for this, then just use that term.
1423:1xy25rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doubletὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν1The words **submit** and **obey** have similar meanings and both refer to doing what someone tells you to do. If the target language has only one term for this, then just use that term.
1433:1in7uπρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἑτοίμους εἶναι1Alternate translation: “to be ready to do good whenever there is opportunity”
1443:2lug7βλασφημεῖν1Alternate translation: “to speak evil of”
1453:2abcxrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegativesἀμάχους εἶναι1You can state this positively: “to be peaceful”
1463:3m9zdἦμεν γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς1Alternate translation: “This is because we ourselves were once”
1473:3me7bποτε1Alternate translation: “formerly” or “at some time” or “previously”
1483:3bl8erc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusiveἡμεῖς1Here, **we** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians, referring to the time before they trusted in Christ. Alternate translation: “even we” or “we ourselves”
1493:3rrx9ἦμεν & ἀνόητοι1Alternate translation: “were thoughtless” or “were unwise”
1503:3qt8frc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personificationπλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις1Here, **passions** and **pleasures** are spoken of as if they were masters over people and had made those people into slaves by lying to them. Alternate translation: “We had allowed ourselves to believe the lie that various passions and pleasures could make us happy, and then we were unable to control our feelings or stop doing things we thought would give us pleasure”
1513:3xy27rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveπλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις1You can translate this in active form. Alternate translation: “Various passions and pleasures had lied to us and so led us astray”
1523:3tl5nἐπιθυμίαις1Alternate translation: “lusts” or “desires”
1533:3dec4ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ διάγοντες1Here, **evil** and **envy** describe sin. The word **evil** is general and **envy** is a specific kind of sin. Alternate translation: “We were always doing evil things and wanting what others have”
1543:3y5lpστυγητοί1Alternate translation: “causing others to hate us”
1553:4xy28rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1**But** is used here to mark the important contrast here between the evil way that people are (verses 13) and the goodness of God (verses 47)
1563:4ba5arc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personificationὅτε & ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ1Paul speaks of Gods **kindness** and **love** as if they were people that came into our sight. Alternate translation: “when God our Savior showed us his kindness and love for people”
1573:4abcgrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsὅτε & ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ1You can state the abstract nouns **kindness** and **love** as adjectives. Alternate translation: “when God, who saves us, showed how kind and loving he would be to mankind”
1583:4abchrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusiveἡμῶν1Here, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
1593:5n4ugκατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος1Alternate translation: “because he had mercy on us”
1603:5k1a6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorλουτροῦ παλινγενεσίας1Paul combines two metaphors here. He is speaking of Gods forgiveness for sinners as if he were physically **washing** them clean from their sin. He is also speaking of sinners who become responsive to God as if they had been born again.
1613:6fby9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorοὗ ἐξέχεεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς πλουσίως1It is common for New Testament writers to speak of the Holy Spirit as a liquid that God can pour out in large amounts. Alternate translation: “whom God gave to us generously”
1623:6xy24rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusiveἡμᾶς1Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
1633:6q9zeδιὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν1Alternate translation: “when Jesus Christ saved us”
1643:6xy23rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusiveἡμῶν1Here, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
1653:7di3grc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveδικαιωθέντες1If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “since God has declared us to be without sin”
1663:7q1cmrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorκληρονόμοι γενηθῶμεν, κατ’ ἐλπίδα ζωῆς αἰωνίου1The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit the things promised, just as a person inherits property or possessions from a family member. Alternate translation: “we might expect to receive the eternal life that God has promised us”
1673:8j8mdὁ λόγος1This **message** is the one just expressed in verses 47, that God freely gives the Holy Spirit and eternal life to believers through Jesus.
1683:8xy29τούτων1Here, **these things** refers to the teachings that Paul has talked about in verses 17. Alternate translation: “these teachings that I have just talked about”
1693:8kqm6φροντίζωσιν καλῶν ἔργων, προΐστασθαι1Alternate translation: “may seek to do good works”
1703:9tzh9Connecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul explains what Titus should avoid and how to treat those who cause contention among the believers.
1713:9j1hfδὲ & περιΐστασο1Alternate translation: “So avoid” or “Therefore, avoid”
1723:9xnf9μωρὰς & ζητήσεις1Alternate translation: “arguments concerning unimportant matters”
1733:9qk66γενεαλογίας1The word **genealogies** refers to the study of family kinship relationships. See the Introduction to Titus.
1743:9xu7fἔρεις1Alternate translation: “arguments” or “fights”
1753:9ky3nνομικὰς1Alternate translation: “about the law of Moses”
1763:10x3fhαἱρετικὸν ἄνθρωπον & παραιτοῦ1Alternate translation: “Stay away from a person who causes division”
1773:10xzx1μετὰ μίαν καὶ δευτέραν νουθεσίαν1Alternate translation: “after you have warned that person once or twice”
1783:11r7pcὁ τοιοῦτος1Alternate translation: “a person like that”
1793:11inh5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐξέστραπται1Paul speaks of someone who chooses to do wrong things as if he were leaving the **right** path to walk in the wrong direction.
1803:11p81kὢν αὐτοκατάκριτος1Alternate translation: “bringing judgment on himself”
1813:12z7i4Connecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul closes the letter by telling Titus what to do after he appoints elders in Crete and by giving greetings from those with him.
1823:12mba6ὅταν πέμψω1Alternate translation: “After I send”
1833:12c32wrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesἈρτεμᾶν & Τυχικόν1**Artemas** and **Tychicus** are mens names.
1843:12knt1σπούδασον ἐλθεῖν1Alternate translation: “come quickly”
1853:12xy30σπούδασον1The verb **hurry** is singular and directed at Titus alone. Artemas or Tychicus would stay in Crete, probably to take Titus place.
1863:12gdw9παραχειμάσαι1Alternate translation: “to stay for the winter”
1873:13a46frc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesΖηνᾶν & Ἀπολλῶν1**Zenos** is a man's name.
1883:13s757καὶ Ἀπολλῶν1Alternate translation: “and also Apollos”
1893:13j496σπουδαίως πρόπεμψον1Alternate translation: “Do not delay in sending”
1903:13xy31rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegativesἵνα μηδὲν αὐτοῖς λείπῃ1You can state this positively: “so that they have everything that they need”
1913:14v7wgConnecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul explains that it is important for all believers to provide for those who have needs.
1923:14fw98οἱ ἡμέτεροι1Here, **our own** refers to the believers in Crete. Alternate translation: “our own people”
1933:14xy33rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusiveοἱ ἡμέτεροι1Here, **our** includes Paul and Titus. The form should be either dual or inclusive.
1943:14tn24εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας1Alternate translation: “that enable them to help people who lack necessary things”
1953:14mji4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι1Paul speaks of people doing good work as if they were trees bearing good fruit. Alternate translation: “so that they will not lead useless lives”
1963:14xy32rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegativesἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι1You can state this positively: “in this way they will be fruitful” or “in this way they will be productive”
1973:15j3y20# General Information:\n\nPaul ends his letter to Titus.
1983:15abciἀσπάζονταί σε1Here, **you** is singular. This is a personal greeting to Titus.
1993:15k1saοἱ μετ’ ἐμοῦ πάντες1Alternate translation: “All the people who are with me” or “All of the believers who are here with me”
2003:15f4vcτοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἐν πίστει1This could refer to: (1) the believers who love us. (2) the believers who love us because we share the same belief.
2013:15xy35rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusiveἡμᾶς1Here, **us** is probably exclusive and refers to Paul and the group of Christians with him. Paul is sending greetings from this group to the group of Christians that is with Titus on Crete.
2023:15kx83ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν1This was a common Christian greeting. Alternate translation: “May Gods grace be with you” or “I ask that God will be gracious to all of you”
2033:15xy34ὑμῶν1Here, **you** is plural. This blessing is for Titus and all of the believers there in Crete.