See in Reader
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214 KiB
| 1 | Book | Chapter | Verse | ID | SupportReference | OrigQuote | Occurrence | GLQuote | OccurrenceNote |
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| 2 | 1PE | front | intro | c1uv | 0 | # Introduction to 1 Peter<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of 1 Peter<br><br>1. Introduction (1:1–2)<br>2. Peter reminds the believers of their identity in Christ (1:3–2:10)<br><br> * Peter praises God for saving the believers (1:3–12)<br> * Command to be holy (1:13–21)<br> * Command to love each other as a family (1:22–2:10)<br><br>1. Peter tells the believers how they should behave (2:11–4:11)<br><br> * How believers should act toward other people (2:11–3:12)<br> * How believers should endure suffering (3:13–4:6)<br> * The end is near (4:7–11)<br><br>1. Peter encourages the believers to persevere when suffering (4:12–5:11)<br><br> * How believers should respond to trials (4:12–19)<br> * Instructions for relationships among believers (5:1–11)<br><br>1. Conclusion (5:12–14)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter?<br><br>The author identified himself as Peter, who was also called Simon Peter. He was an apostle and also wrote the book of 2 Peter. Peter probably wrote this letter in Rome. He wrote the letter to Gentile Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/peter]])<br><br>### What is the Book of 1 Peter about?<br><br>Peter wrote this letter to encourage Gentile Christians who were being persecuted and to exhort them to stand firm in “the true grace of God” ([5:12](../05/12.md)). Peter told his readers how they should act in the midst of a society that hated them. He encouraged Christians to continue obeying God even when they are suffering. He told them to do this because Jesus will return soon. Peter also instructed Christians about submitting to people who have authority over them.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title “1 Peter” or “First Peter.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The First Letter from Peter” or “The First Letter Peter Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### How were Christians treated in Rome?<br><br>Peter was probably in Rome when he wrote this letter. In [5:13](../05/13.md) Peter referred to Rome symbolically as “Babylon.” It appears that when Peter wrote this letter, Romans were severely persecuting Christians.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Peter, except for two places: [1:16](../01/16.md) and [2:6](../02/06.md). The word “you” is always plural and refers to Peter’s audience. Sometimes it refers to a specific group of people within Peter’s audience, such as wives, husbands, church leaders, or other groups. These groups are indicated in the notes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter?<br><br>“Having purified your souls by obedience to the truth for sincere brotherly love, love one another earnestly from a pure heart” ([1:22](../01/22.md)). The ULT, UST, and most other modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, “Having purified your souls by obedience to the truth *through the Spirit* for sincere brotherly love, love one another earnestly from the heart.” Translators are advised to follow the modern reading.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) | |||
| 3 | 1PE | 1 | intro | ql4i | 0 | # 1 Peter 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Introduction (1:1–2)<br>2. Peter praises God for saving the believers (1:3–12)<br>3. Command to be holy (1:13–21)<br>4. Command to love each other as a family (1:22–2:10)<br><br>Peter begins this letter in [1:1–2](../01/01.md) by giving his name, identifying the people to whom he is writing, and offering a greeting. That was the way people typically began letters at that time.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in [1:24–25](../01/24.md).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### What God reveals<br><br>When Jesus comes again, everyone will see how good God’s people were because they had faith in Jesus. Then God’s people will see how gracious God has been to them, and all people will praise both God and his people.<br><br>### Holiness<br><br>God wants his people to be holy because God is holy ([1:15](../01/15.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### Eternity<br><br>Peter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Paradox<br><br>A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Peter writes that his readers are glad and sad at the same time ([1:6](../01/06.md)). He can say this because they are sad because they are suffering, but they are also glad because they know that God will save them “in the last time” ([1:5](../01/05.md)) | |||
| 4 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | g6b4 | figs-123person | Πέτρος | 1 | In this culture, letter writers would give their own names first, and they would refer to themselves in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the first person. If your language has a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, you could also use that. Alternate translation: “I, Peter, am writing this letter” or “From Peter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 5 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | p0pd | translate-names | Πέτρος | 1 | **Peter** is the name of a man, a disciple of Jesus. See the information about him in Part 1 of the Introduction to 1 Peter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 6 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | h6om | figs-distinguish | ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | This phrase gives further information about Simon Peter. He describes himself as being someone given the position and authority of being Christ’s apostle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
| 7 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | owrg | figs-123person | ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις | 1 | In this culture, after giving their own names, letter writers would then say to whom they were writing, naming those people in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the second person. Alternate translation: “to you elect exiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 8 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | g3n3 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **elect** and **dispersion**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to those whom God has elected and exiled among those whom God has dispersed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 9 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | u3zc | figs-metaphor | ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς | 1 | to the elect foreigners of the dispersion | When Peter calls his readers **exiles** he could mean: (1) they are **exiles** because they are far away from their true home in heaven. Alternate translation: “to the elect exiles of the dispersion who are far from their home in heaven” (2) they are **exiles** because they were forced to leave their homes and go far away to Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia. Alternate translation: “to you elect exiles of the dispersion who are far away from your homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 10 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | bg47 | figs-metaphor | διασπορᾶς | 1 | Here, **dispersion** could refer to: (1) groups of Gentile Christians who were spread throughout the world instead of in their true home in heaven. In this case, **dispersion** would have a similar meaning to **exiles** and would add emphasis. Alternate translation: “among those dispersed outside of their true home in heaven” (2) the groups of Jewish people who were spread across the Greek-speaking world that was outside of the land of Israel, which is the common technical meaning for this word. Alternate translation: “among the dispersed Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 11 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | qkl8 | translate-names | Πόντου, Γαλατίας, Καππαδοκίας, Ἀσίας, καὶ Βιθυνίας | 1 | Cappadocia … Bithynia | **Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia** are names of Roman provinces that were located in what is now the country of Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 12 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | ba1h | figs-abstractnouns | πρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός | 1 | the foreknowledge of God the Father | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **foreknowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “what God the Father foreknew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 13 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | lcps | figs-explicit | πρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός | 1 | This phrase could mean: (1) God had determined what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father planned previously” (2) God knew what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father knew beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 14 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | z59t | guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | Πατρός | 1 | **Father** is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) | |
| 15 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | huw6 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν ἁγιασμῷ Πνεύματος | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sanctification**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “by the Spirit sanctifying you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 16 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | sfrr | figs-possession | ἐν ἁγιασμῷ Πνεύματος | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to describe **sanctification** that is produced by the Holy **Spirit**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by the Spirit causing you to be sanctified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 17 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | ukos | figs-explicit | εἰς ὑπακοὴν καὶ ῥαντισμὸν αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Here, **obedience** could refer to: (1) obeying God. Alternate translation: “for obedience of God and the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ” (2) obeying Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “for obedience of Jesus Christ and the sprinkling of his blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 18 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | oiuz | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς ὑπακοὴν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **obedience**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “for you to obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 19 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | j96u | grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς ὑπακοὴν | 1 | Here, **for** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a purpose for which the Holy Spirit sanctifies believers. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of obedience” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 20 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | rwkk | figs-metaphor | ῥαντισμὸν αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ | Peter uses **sprinkling** figuratively to refer to believers being in a covenant relationship with God. Just as Moses sprinkled blood on the people of Israel in [Exodus 24:1–11](../../exo/24/01.md) to symbolize that they were joining in a covenant relationship with God, believers are joined in a covenant relationship with God by means of Jesus’ death. Moses also sprinkled blood on the priests to set them apart to serve God as priests ([Leviticus 8:30](../../lev/08/30.md)). If your readers would not understand this, you could use a simile or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the covenant between believers and God established by the blood of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 21 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | i9kf | figs-metonymy | αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | of the blood of Jesus Christ | Here, **blood** refers figuratively to the death of Jesus. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “of the death of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 22 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | k547 | translate-blessing | χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη | 1 | In this culture, letter writers would offer a good wish for the recipient before introducing the main business of the letter. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing. Alternate translation: “May God increase his kind acts to you and make you more peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) | |
| 23 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | iam1 | figs-abstractnouns | χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη | 1 | If your readers would misunderstand the abstract nouns **grace** and **peace**, you could express the ideas behind them with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “May God multiply his kind acts to you and give you a more peaceful spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 24 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | z7df | figs-metaphor | χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη | 1 | May grace be to you, and may your peace increase | Peter speaks of **grace** and **peace** figuratively as if they were objects that could increase in size or number. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a different metaphor that means that these things will increase, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “May grace and peace increase in your lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 25 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | gj71 | figs-activepassive | χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May God multiply grace and peace to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 26 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | y6aq | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to talk about the believers’ salvation and faith. [Verses 3–5](../01/03.md) are one sentence, but you may need to divide them into shorter sentences in your language. | ||
| 27 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | l4vi | figs-declarative | εὐλογητὸς | 1 | Peter is using a statement to give an exhortation. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for exhortation. Alternate translation: “Let us bless” or “Let us praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
| 28 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | z6wk | guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | Πατὴρ | 1 | **Father** is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) | |
| 29 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | cyf6 | figs-exclusive | ἡμῶν…ἡμᾶς | 1 | our … us | The words **our** and **us** are inclusive. They refer to Peter and those believers to whom he is writing. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) |
| 30 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | ib1x | figs-possession | τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to describe Jesus as the **Lord** who rules over those who believe in him. If this is not clear in your language, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the person who is lord over us” or “of the person who rules over us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 31 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | mdvi | figs-abstractnouns | ὁ κατὰ τὸ πολὺ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **mercy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “according to his great merciful character” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 32 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | c92y | figs-metaphor | ἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς | 1 | he has given us new birth | The phrase **born again** is a metaphor that refers to spiritual rebirth. Since this is an important metaphor in the Bible, you should keep it in your translation and include an explanation if necessary. Alternate translation: “has caused us to be spiritually reborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 33 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | cbxb | figs-infostructure | ἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς εἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν, δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | The clause **into a living hope** is parallel to “into an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritance” in the next verse. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of the phrases in this verse in order to show that parallel structure. Alternate translation: “who has caused us to be born again through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from dead ones into a living hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
| 34 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | qe1c | grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν | 1 | Here, **into** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a purpose for which God causes believers to be born again. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving us a living hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 35 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | kngt | figs-metaphor | εἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν | 1 | Peter uses **living** figuratively to describe **hope** that is certain and will not lead to disappointment. If this might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into a hope that will not disappoint you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 36 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | lh0r | figs-abstractnouns | δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **resurrection**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “through Jesus Christ being resurrected from among dead ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 37 | 1PE | 1 | 4 | v9jq | grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον | 1 | Here, **into** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a second purpose for which God causes believers to be born again. This clause states what the “living hope” in the previous verse is. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving us an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 38 | 1PE | 1 | 4 | b2zy | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον | 1 | for an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritance | If it would be clearer in your language, you can translate **inheritance** using a verb. Alternate translation: “into what we will inherit that is imperishable and undefiled and unfading” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 39 | 1PE | 1 | 4 | cy1g | figs-metaphor | κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον | 1 | an … inheritance | Peter uses **inheritance** figuratively to refer to what we will receive in heaven. This could refer to: (1) salvation after this life. Alternate translation: “an imperishable and undefiled and unfading salvation” (2) future blessings in heaven after this life. Alternate translation: “imperishable and undefiled and unfading blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 40 | 1PE | 1 | 4 | z6w4 | figs-activepassive | τετηρημένην ἐν οὐρανοῖς εἰς ὑμᾶς | 1 | reserved in heaven for you | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which God has kept in heaven for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 41 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | r4es | figs-activepassive | τοὺς ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ φρουρουμένους | 1 | who are protected by the power of God | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones whom God is protecting with his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 42 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | a4ab | figs-abstractnouns | διὰ πίστεως | 1 | through faith | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by believing in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 43 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | ymh2 | grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς σωτηρίαν | 1 | Here, **for** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a purpose for which God is protecting believers. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving us a salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 44 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | gj5s | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς σωτηρίαν ἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for the time when God saves you, which is ready to be revealed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 45 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | g4rb | figs-activepassive | ἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι | 1 | that is ready to be revealed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God is ready to reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 46 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | xsp2 | figs-explicit | ἐν καιρῷ ἐσχάτῳ | 1 | Here, **the last time** refers to “the day of the Lord,” which is the time when Jesus returns to the world to judge everyone and vindicate those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the last time when Jesus returns and judges everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 47 | 1PE | 1 | 6 | p1ta | writing-pronouns | ἐν ᾧ | 1 | Here, **this** could refer to: (1) the “last time” referred to at the end of the last verse. Alternate translation: “in this last time” (2) everything described in [verses 3–5](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “in all of this that I have said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 48 | 1PE | 1 | 6 | hy8d | grammar-connect-logic-result | ἐν ᾧ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε | 1 | In this you greatly rejoice | **In** here introduces the reason why Peter’s readers rejoice. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “On account of this you greatly rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
| 49 | 1PE | 1 | 6 | dtvb | grammar-connect-condition-fact | ἄρτι, εἰ δέον λυπηθέντες | 1 | Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “if now it is necessary to have been distressed, and it is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
| 50 | 1PE | 1 | 6 | a2bq | figs-activepassive | ὀλίγον ἄρτι, εἰ δέον λυπηθέντες ἐν ποικίλοις πειρασμοῖς | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if now it is necessary for various trials to distress you a little while” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 51 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | vvp1 | figs-metaphor | τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως…διὰ πυρὸς δὲ δοκιμαζομένου | 1 | so that the proof of your faith | Here Peter speaks of **faith** figuratively, as if it were gold that is refined by passing it through **fire**. He also uses **fire** figuratively to refer to the hardships that test how well believers trust in Christ. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “the genuineness of your faith … but being tested by hardships the way fire tests gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 52 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | ct3n | figs-abstractnouns | τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως | 1 | the proof of your faith | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **genuineness** and **faith**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the fact that you genuinely believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 53 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | g1oe | figs-infostructure | ἵνα τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, διὰ πυρὸς δὲ δοκιμαζομένου, εὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ τιμὴν, ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “so that the genuineness of your faith might be found to result in praise and glory and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ; that faith is more precious than the perishing gold, but being tested by fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
| 54 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | u63m | figs-explicit | ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, διὰ πυρὸς δὲ δοκιμαζομένου | 1 | of your faith, which is more precious than gold that perishes. But, being tested by fire | In this clause Peter means that **faith** is more valuable than **gold** because faith lasts forever but gold does not, even if it is refined by someone passing it through **fire**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. It may be helpful to make this a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “of your faith, which is more precious than gold because even gold that is tested by fire can perish, but your faith will not perish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 55 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | a6q4 | figs-activepassive | εὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ τιμὴν | 1 | it might be found to result in praise, and glory, and honor | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it might result in praise and glory and honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 56 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | lewt | figs-explicit | ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Peter assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to the future **revelation of Jesus Christ** when Jesus returns to earth. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the future revelation of Jesus Christ” or “when Jesus Christ reveals himself again in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 57 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | bkr9 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | at the revealing of Jesus Christ | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **revelation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “at the time when Jesus Christ is revealed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 58 | 1PE | 1 | 8 | eka3 | figs-doublet | χαρᾷ ἀνεκλαλήτῳ καὶ δεδοξασμένῃ | 1 | with joy that is inexpressible and filled with glory | Here, **inexpressible** and **filled with glory** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that how great the joy is If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “with joy so great that words cannot describe it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 59 | 1PE | 1 | 9 | hw6y | figs-metaphor | κομιζόμενοι…σωτηρίαν | 1 | the salvation | Here Peter speaks figuratively of **salvation** as if it were an object that someone could receive. If this would confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experiencing … the salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 60 | 1PE | 1 | 9 | jkcb | figs-abstractnouns | τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “of you believing in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 61 | 1PE | 1 | 9 | j2qe | figs-abstractnouns | σωτηρίαν ψυχῶν | 1 | the salvation of your souls | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God saving your souls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 62 | 1PE | 1 | 9 | uk4a | figs-synecdoche | σωτηρίαν ψυχῶν | 1 | the salvation of your souls | Here, **souls** refers to the individual Christians to whom Peter is writing this letter. If this might confuse your readers, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “your salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 63 | 1PE | 1 | 10 | yyz4 | figs-doublet | ἐξεζήτησαν καὶ ἐξηραύνησαν | 1 | searched and inquired carefully | The phrases **searched** and **inquired carefully** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize how hard the prophets tried to understand this salvation. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “examined very carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 64 | 1PE | 1 | 10 | gmcy | figs-abstractnouns | ἧς σωτηρίας | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God saving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 65 | 1PE | 1 | 10 | wx95 | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς ὑμᾶς χάριτος | 1 | Here, **this grace** refers to **this salvation** mentioned earlier in this verse. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God being gracious to you by saving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 66 | 1PE | 1 | 11 | j917 | figs-explicit | εἰς τίνα ἢ ποῖον καιρὸν | 1 | The word translated **whom** could also be translated “what.” In that case, “what” would refer to the time when salvation would take place and **what time** would then refer to the specific circumstances. However, most translations agree with the ULT’s use of **whom**. Alternate translation: “into what time or what circumstances” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 67 | 1PE | 1 | 11 | w3n8 | figs-possession | τὸ…Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ | 1 | the Spirit of Christ | Peter is using the possessive form to describe the Holy Spirit as being **the Spirit* that is associated with **Christ**. If this is not clear in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit associated with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
| 68 | 1PE | 1 | 11 | hjq5 | προμαρτυρόμενον | 1 | This could indicate: (1) the time when **the Spirit of Christ was revealing** information to the prophets. Alternate translation: “when testifying beforehand” (2) the means by which **the Spirit of Christ was revealing** information to the prophets. Alternate translation: “by means of testifying beforehand” | ||
| 69 | 1PE | 1 | 11 | x5x8 | figs-abstractnouns | τὰ εἰς Χριστὸν παθήματα, καὶ τὰς μετὰ ταῦτα δόξας | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **sufferings** and **glories**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “about how Christ would suffer and glorious things would happen afterwards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 70 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | x4b1 | figs-activepassive | οἷς ἀπεκαλύφθη | 1 | It was revealed to them | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God revealed to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 71 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | hi9u | figs-activepassive | ἃ νῦν ἀνηγγέλη ὑμῖν, διὰ τῶν εὐαγγελισαμένων ὑμᾶς | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which those who proclaimed the gospel to you have now declared to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 72 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | c7jz | figs-explicit | Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ ἀποσταλέντι ἀπ’ οὐρανοῦ | 1 | This phrase indicates the means by which the evangelists proclaimed the gospel to Peter’s readers. Peter uses **the Holy Spirit** here to refer specifically to the Holy Spirit’s work of giving those evangelists the ability or power to proclaim the gospel effectively. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of the Holy Spirit sent from heaven enabling them to do so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 73 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | yzqk | figs-activepassive | ἀποσταλέντι ἀπ’ οὐρανοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 74 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | lyzl | figs-explicit | εἰς ἃ | 1 | Here, **things** refers to what God had revealed to the prophets and some evangelists had proclaimed to Peter’s readers. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “into which things God revealed to the prophets and which were declared to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 75 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | xi4d | figs-metaphor | εἰς ἃ ἐπιθυμοῦσιν ἄγγελοι παρακύψαι | 1 | into which things angels long to look | Peter uses **look** figuratively to refer to getting a clearer understanding of what God has revealed about salvation. This does not mean that the angels do not understand salvation at all. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “things which angels desire to understand more clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 76 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | bjg9 | grammar-connect-words-phrases | διὸ | 1 | So | **Therefore** here refers back to everything that Peter has written in [verses 1–12](../01/01.md). If it might be helpful to your readers, you could state this concisely. Alternate translation: “Since all these things I have just written are true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) |
| 77 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | zvgh | figs-declarative | ἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς διανοίας ὑμῶν, νήφοντες, τελείως ἐλπίσατε | 1 | The clauses **having girded up the loins of your mind** and **being sober** could indicate: (1) two commands in addition to the command to **hope fully** that occurs in the next phrase. Alternate translation: “gird up the loins of your mind, be sober, hope fully” (2) two actions that are means by which Peter wants his readers to obey the command to **hope fully**. Alternate translation: “hope fully, by having girded up the loins of your mind and by being sober” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
| 78 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | u87y | figs-idiom | ἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς διανοίας ὑμῶν | 1 | having girded the loins of your mind | Girding up **the loins** is an idiom that means to prepare to work hard. It comes from the custom of tucking the bottom of one’s robe into a belt around the waist in order to move with ease. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having prepared your minds for action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 79 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | i56f | figs-metaphor | νήφοντες | 1 | Here Peter uses **sober** figuratively to refer to mental clarity and alertness. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “thinking clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 80 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | y771 | figs-activepassive | τὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν | 1 | the grace that is being brought to you | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the grace God is bringing to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 81 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | ut69 | figs-metaphor | τὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν | 1 | the grace that is being brought to you | Here Peter speaks of **grace** as if it were an object that could be brought to people. If this might confuse you readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the grace God is giving to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 82 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | qk5s | figs-metonymy | τὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν | 1 | Here, **the grace** refers to salvation, as it also does in [verse 10](../01/10.md). If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the gracious salvation being brought to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 83 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | l45d | figs-possession | ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | in the revelation of Jesus Christ | See how you translated this phrase in [verse 7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
| 84 | 1PE | 1 | 14 | opvh | figs-metaphor | τέκνα ὑπακοῆς | 1 | Here Peter uses **children** figuratively to refer to people who love and obey God. The relationship between God and those who love him is like the relationship between a father and his children. Because this is an important concept in the Bible, you should not express the meaning plainly here, but you may use a simile. Alternate translation: “like children of obedience” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 85 | 1PE | 1 | 14 | n5wg | figs-possession | τέκνα ὑπακοῆς | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to describe **children** who are characterized by **obedience**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the adjective “obedient” instead of the noun “obedience.” Alternate translation: “obedient children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 86 | 1PE | 1 | 14 | e4tb | figs-idiom | μὴ συνσχηματιζόμενοι ταῖς πρότερον…ἐπιθυμίαις | 1 | not being conformed to your former desires | Here, **not being conformed to** is an idiom meaning “not letting one’s life be controlled by.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “not being controlled by your former desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 87 | 1PE | 1 | 14 | nepq | figs-declarative | μὴ συνσχηματιζόμενοι ταῖς πρότερον…ἐπιθυμίαις | 1 | Peter is using a statement to give a command. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for a command. Alternate translation: “do not be conformed to your former desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
| 88 | 1PE | 1 | 14 | j2wo | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν τῇ ἀγνοίᾳ ὑμῶν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **ignorance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when you were ignorant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 89 | 1PE | 1 | 15 | edvw | figs-explicit | τὸν καλέσαντα ὑμᾶς | 1 | This phrase refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who called you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 90 | 1PE | 1 | 15 | mrbq | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν πάσῃ ἀναστροφῇ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **behavior**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in how you conduct yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 91 | 1PE | 1 | 16 | m1q7 | figs-activepassive | γέγραπται | 1 | For it is written | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Moses was the author of the quotation that follows. Alternate translation: “Moses had written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 92 | 1PE | 1 | 16 | e6el | writing-quotations | γέγραπται | 1 | Here Peter uses **it is written** to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Leviticus 11:44](../../lev/11/44.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “it had been written in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
| 93 | 1PE | 1 | 16 | tt52 | figs-declarative | ἅγιοι ἔσεσθε | 1 | Peter quotes God using a future statement to give a command. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for a command. Alternate translation: “You must be holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
| 94 | 1PE | 1 | 16 | s8kz | figs-123person | ὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιος | 1 | You will be holy, because I am holy | In this quotation from the Old Testament **I** refers to God. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “because I, God, am holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
| 95 | 1PE | 1 | 17 | x0xl | grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ…ἐπικαλεῖσθε | 1 | Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “because you call” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
| 96 | 1PE | 1 | 17 | c53b | figs-explicit | τὸν ἀπροσωπολήμπτως κρίνοντα | 1 | This phrase refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who judges impartially” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 97 | 1PE | 1 | 17 | s6gv | figs-metaphor | τὸν τῆς παροικίας ὑμῶν χρόνον | 1 | conduct yourselves in fear during the time of your journey | Here Peter speaks of his readers as if they were people living in a foreign land far away from their home. Like people living away from home, so are Christians living away from their home in heaven. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “during the time that you are living away from your true home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 98 | 1PE | 1 | 18 | pcm5 | figs-infostructure | οὐ φθαρτοῖς, ἀργυρίῳ ἢ χρυσίῳ, ἐλυτρώθητε ἐκ τῆς ματαίας ὑμῶν ἀναστροφῆς πατροπαραδότου | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “you have been redeemed from your futile behavior handed down from your fathers, not with perishable things, with silver or with gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
| 99 | 1PE | 1 | 18 | q4pc | figs-activepassive | ἐλυτρώθητε | 1 | you have been redeemed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has redeemed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 100 | 1PE | 1 | 18 | git3 | figs-metaphor | ἐκ τῆς ματαίας ὑμῶν ἀναστροφῆς πατροπαραδότου | 1 | Here, **handed down** figuratively refers to one generation teaching **futile behavior** to another generation, as if that behavior was an object that could be passed by hand from one person to another. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from your futile behavior taught to you by your fathers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 101 | 1PE | 1 | 18 | ctgm | figs-abstractnouns | ἐκ τῆς ματαίας ὑμῶν ἀναστροφῆς | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **behavior**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “from behaving in futile ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 102 | 1PE | 1 | 18 | b5qa | figs-activepassive | πατροπαραδότου | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that your fathers handed down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 103 | 1PE | 1 | 19 | s4jd | figs-metonymy | τιμίῳ αἵματι…Χριστοῦ | 1 | with the precious blood of Christ | Peter uses **the blood of Christ** figuratively to refer to Jesus’ death. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with Christ’s precious death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 104 | 1PE | 1 | 19 | gk6a | figs-simile | ὡς ἀμνοῦ ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου | 1 | as an unblemished and spotless lamb | Peter compares Jesus’ blood to the blood of the lambs that the Jewish priests sacrificed to God because of the people’s sins. The point of this comparison is that Jesus died as a sacrifice so that God would forgive people’s sins. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “like that of the unblemished and spotless lambs that the Jewish priests sacrificed to God for sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 105 | 1PE | 1 | 19 | smu8 | figs-doublet | ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου | 1 | unblemished and spotless | The words **unblemished** and **spotless** basically the same thing. Peter uses this repetition to emphasize that Christ was completely perfect and sinless. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “completely perfect” or “with no imperfections at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 106 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | msw5 | figs-activepassive | προεγνωσμένου | 1 | He has been chosen | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God having foreknown him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 107 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | tnrv | figs-explicit | προεγνωσμένου | 1 | This phrase could mean: (1) God had determined what Christ would do. Alternate translation: “having been planned previously” (2) God knew what what Christ would do ahead of time. Alternate translation: “having been known beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 108 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | ky7a | figs-abstractnouns | πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου | 1 | before the foundation of the world | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **foundation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “before God founded the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 109 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | dkk2 | figs-activepassive | φανερωθέντος | 1 | he has been revealed … for your sake | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God having revealed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 110 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | pmf2 | figs-explicit | φανερωθέντος | 1 | Here, **having been revealed** refers to the first time Jesus came to the earth. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “having been revealed when he came to earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 111 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | kzi0 | figs-explicit | ἐπ’ ἐσχάτου τῶν χρόνων | 1 | Here, **the last of the times** refers to the final period of history which began when Jesus came to the earth for the first time. This period will end when Jesus returns to earth. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “in this final time period of history” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 112 | 1PE | 1 | 21 | lt5u | figs-idiom | τὸν ἐγείραντα αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | who has raised him from the dead | Here, to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who caused him to live again so that he was no longer among the dead people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 113 | 1PE | 1 | 21 | f7mn | figs-abstractnouns | δόξαν αὐτῷ δόντα | 1 | has given him glory | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “has glorified him” or “has showed that he is glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 114 | 1PE | 1 | 21 | k85r | figs-abstractnouns | τὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν καὶ ἐλπίδα, εἶναι εἰς Θεόν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **faith** and **hope**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “you would believe and hope in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 115 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | hj14 | figs-metaphor | τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ἡγνικότες | 1 | Having purified | **Having purified** here figuratively refers to being forgiven for sins. Sin in the Bible is often referred to as something that makes people dirty and the forgiveness for sin is referred to as the removal of that dirt. God is the one who forgives sins and **purifies** those who believe in Jesus. However, here Peter is referring to his readers’ responsibility in their salvation, which is the responsibility to repent and believe that the gospel is true. Alternate translation: “Having made your souls spiritually pure” or “Having cleansed your souls from sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 116 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | luj3 | figs-synecdoche | τὰς ψυχὰς | 1 | Having purified your souls | See how you translated **souls** in [verse 9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 117 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | qyt5 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν τῇ ὑπακοῇ τῆς ἀληθείας | 1 | by obedience to the truth | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **obedience** and **truth**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “by obeying what is true” or “by obeying the true information” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 118 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | iyze | figs-explicit | τῆς ἀληθείας | 1 | Here, **the truth** refers to the true teaching about Jesus, which includes the command to repent and believe the gospel. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the true message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 119 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | j777 | figs-gendernotations | φιλαδελφίαν | 1 | brotherly love | Although **brotherly** is a masculine word, Peter is using the phrase **brotherly love** in a generic sense to refer to the kind of love that all believers should have for other believers. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “love for fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) |
| 120 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | e9wr | figs-metonymy | ἐκ καθαρᾶς καρδίας, ἀλλήλους ἀγαπήσατε ἐκτενῶς\r | 1 | love one another earnestly from a pure heart | Peter uses **heart** here figuratively to refer to a person’s thoughts or emotions. The word **from** indicates that the **heart** must be the source of the **love** that Peter is telling his readers to have. Therefore, this phrase has a similar meaning to the word “sincere” in the previous clause. If this would confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “love one another earnestly based on sincere thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 121 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | k79f | figs-metaphor | ἀναγεγεννημένοι | 1 | See how you translated **born again** in [verse 3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 122 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | w4v3 | figs-metaphor | οὐκ ἐκ σπορᾶς φθαρτῆς | 1 | having been born again, not from perishable seed, but from imperishable | The word **seed** usually refers to either the seed of a plant or the sperm cell of a man that is used to produce a baby. However, here Peter uses **seed** as a metaphor. It could refer to: (1) the **word of God** mentioned later in the verse. In this case, Peter is saying what the **word of God** is not. Alternate translation: “not by means of a word of God than can perish” (2) physical human birth, in which case the meaning is similar to the idea expressed in [John 1:13](../../jhn/01/13.md). Alternate translation: “not by means of mortal physical birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 123 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | nh9r | figs-ellipsis | ἀφθάρτου | 1 | from imperishable | Peter is leaving out a word that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the word from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “from imperishable seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
| 124 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | tjq9 | figs-metonymy | λόγου ζῶντος Θεοῦ, καὶ μένοντος | 1 | through the living and enduring word of God | Here Peter uses **word** figuratively to describe the gospel message that came from God and was proclaimed to Peter’s readers by using words. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God’s living and enduring message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 125 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | pkpl | figs-doublet | ζῶντος…καὶ μένοντος | 1 | Here, **living** and **enduring** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that God’s word is permanent. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “perpetually enduring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 126 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | kyc5 | writing-quotations | διότι | 1 | **For** here introduces a quotation of some phrases from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 40:6–8](../../isa/40/06.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “It is as Isaiah wrote in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
| 127 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | e299 | figs-quotemarks | πᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος, καὶ πᾶσα δόξα αὐτῆς ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου. ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος, καὶ τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν, | 1 | In these clauses and the first clause of the next verse, Peter quotes parts of [Isaiah 40:6–8](../../isa/40/06.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 128 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | dr75 | figs-metonymy | πᾶσα σὰρξ | 1 | All flesh | Here Peter quotes Isaiah using the term **flesh** figuratively to refer to human beings in general, which are made of flesh. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “All humankind” or “Everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 129 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | zaa4 | figs-metaphor | πᾶσα δόξα αὐτῆς | 1 | Peter quotes Isaiah using **glory** figuratively to refer to whatever is beautiful or magnificent about humankind. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything that is glorious about humankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 130 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | ysnb | figs-genericnoun | ἄνθος χόρτου. ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος, καὶ τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν | 1 | Peter quotes Isaiah speaking of **grass** and flowers in general, not of one particular blade of **grass** or **flower**. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “flowers of grass. Grass dried up, and flowers fell off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 131 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | w0s8 | figs-possession | ἄνθος χόρτου | 1 | Here Peter quotes Isaiah using the possessive form to describe the **flower** that grows in the **grass**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the flowing that grows in the grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 132 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | r0fd | figs-simile | ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος | 1 | All flesh is like grass … The grass dries up | In this clause the prophet Isaiah continues the comparison between humankind and **grass**. Just like **grass** dies quickly, so human beings only live a short time. If this would confuse your readers, you could express this meaning by repeating the simile language from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “Like the grass dries up, so do people die after a short time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 133 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | hd2f | figs-simile | τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν | 1 | all its glory is like the flower of the grass … its flower falls off | In this clause the prophet Isaiah continues the comparison between the glory of humankind and flowers. Just like a **flower** dies and falls to the ground, so does the beauty of mankind disappear. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could express this meaning by repeating the simile language from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “like the flower falls off the plant, so does everything that is glorious about humankind come to an end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 134 | 1PE | 1 | 25 | lqjz | figs-quotemarks | τὸ δὲ ῥῆμα Κυρίου μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα | 1 | This clause completes Peters quotation of [Isaiah 40:6–8](../../isa/40/06.md) that began in the previous verse. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 135 | 1PE | 1 | 25 | aba2 | figs-metonymy | τὸ…ῥῆμα Κυρίου | 1 | the word of the Lord | Peter quotes Isaiah using **word** figuratively to describe all that God has spoken by using words. This general reference to God’s word would include what God had said about the Messiah. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the message that comes from the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 136 | 1PE | 1 | 25 | pp62 | figs-metonymy | τοῦτο δέ ἐστιν τὸ ῥῆμα | 1 | Here Peter uses **word** in the same specific sense as in [verse 23](../01/23.md). It is not the general meaning of **word** used earlier in the verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And this is the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 137 | 1PE | 1 | 25 | s11j | figs-activepassive | τὸ ῥῆμα τὸ εὐαγγελισθὲν | 1 | the word that has been proclaimed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the word that we have proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 138 | 1PE | 2 | intro | a121 | 0 | # 1 Peter 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Command to love each other as a family (1:22–2:10)<br>2. How believers should act toward other people (2:11–3:12)<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:10 and the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:6, 7, 8, and 22.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Stones<br><br>The Bible uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jesus is the cornerstone, which is the most important stone. According to [Ephesians 2:20](../../eph/02/02.md), the apostles and prophets are the foundation, which is the part of the building on which all the other stones rest. In this chapter, Christians are the stones that make up the walls of the building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cornerstone]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/foundation]])<br><br>### Milk and babies<br><br>When Peter tells his readers to “long for pure spiritual milk” in [2:2](../02/02.md), he is using the metaphor of a baby craving his mother’s milk. Peter wants Christians to crave God’s word the same way a baby craves milk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>### Sheep and shepherds<br><br>The Bible often speaks metaphorically of people as sheep because sheep do not see well, do not think well, often walk away from those who care for them, and cannot defend themselves when other animals attack them. In [verse 25](../02/25.md), Peter alludes to [Isaiah 53:6](../../isa/53/06.md) to describe unbelievers as sheep that wander aimlessly and don’t know where they are going. God’s people are also similar to sheep in that they are weak and do foolish things like rebelling against God. In [verse 25](../02/25.md), Peter also refers to Jesus as a shepherd who takes care of believers, which is a similar idea to what Jesus said in [John 10:11–18](../../jhn/10/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/sheep]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/shepherd]]) | |||
| 139 | 1PE | 2 | 1 | n3x5 | grammar-connect-logic-result | οὖν | 1 | Therefore | **Therefore** here refers back to everything that Peter has said in the previous paragraph ([1:22–25](../01/22.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
| 140 | 1PE | 2 | 1 | inct | figs-declarative | ἀποθέμενοι…πᾶσαν κακίαν, καὶ πάντα δόλον, καὶ ὑποκρίσεις, καὶ φθόνους, καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς | 1 | This clause indicates a command in addition to the command to “long for pure spiritual milk” that occurs next in the verse. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for a command. Alternate translation: “put aside all evil and all deceit and hypocrisies and envies and all slanders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
| 141 | 1PE | 2 | 1 | g65y | figs-metaphor | ἀποθέμενοι…πᾶσαν κακίαν, καὶ πάντα δόλον, καὶ ὑποκρίσεις, καὶ φθόνους, καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς | 1 | having put aside all evil, and all deceit and hypocrisy and envy, and all slander | Peter speaks of these sinful actions figuratively as if they were objects that people could **put aside** the way people remove dirty clothing. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having stopped being evil, or being deceptive, or being hypocritical, or envying, or slandering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 142 | 1PE | 2 | 1 | r853 | figs-abstractnouns | ἀποθέμενοι…πᾶσαν κακίαν, καὶ πάντα δόλον, καὶ ὑποκρίσεις, καὶ φθόνους, καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **evil**, **deceit**, hypocrisies**, **envies**, or **slanders**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “having put aside all evil acts and all deceitful acts and hypocritical acts and deceptive acts and all slanderous acts” or “having put aside every kind of evil, deceitful, hypocritical, deceptive, and slanderous act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 143 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | y6fv | figs-simile | ὡς ἀρτιγέννητα βρέφη τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα ἐπιποθήσατε | 1 | As newborn infants, long for pure spiritual milk | The point of this comparison is that Peter wanted his readers to desire knowledge of God’s word just as **newborn babies** desire milk. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Just as babies long for their mother’s milk, so you must long for the pure rational milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 144 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | rm71 | ἐπιποθήσατε | 1 | long for | Alternate translation: “desire intensely” or “yearn for” | |
| 145 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | fn81 | figs-metaphor | τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα | 1 | pure spiritual milk | The word translated as **rational** could also be translated “pertaining to the word” and refers to the word of God. Peter speaks figuratively of the word of God as if it were **rational milk** that nourishes children. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God’s pure word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 146 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | ypy6 | figs-metaphor | αὐξηθῆτε | 1 | you may grow up | Peter speaks figuratively of believers advancing in knowledge of God and faithfulness to him as if they were children growing up. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you may mature in your faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 147 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | vg76 | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς σωτηρίαν | 1 | to salvation | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “until you are saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 148 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | wmw2 | figs-explicit | εἰς σωτηρίαν | 1 | Here, **salvation** refers to when Jesus returns and God completes the **salvation** of his people. Peter also uses this meaning for **salvation** in [1:5](../01/05.md). See how you translated this word there. Alternate translation: “until God saves you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 149 | 1PE | 2 | 3 | uja9 | grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ ἐγεύσασθε | 1 | Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Since you have tasted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
| 150 | 1PE | 2 | 3 | tui9 | figs-metaphor | εἰ ἐγεύσασθε | 1 | if you have tasted that the Lord is kind | Peter uses **tasted** figuratively to refer to personally experiencing something. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if you have experienced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 151 | 1PE | 2 | 3 | hruw | figs-quotemarks | ἐγεύσασθε ὅτι χρηστὸς ὁ Κύριος | 1 | This clause is a paraphrase of [Psalm 34:8](../../psa/34/08.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 152 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | n5pm | figs-explicit | πρὸς ὃν προσερχόμενοι | 1 | Here, **coming** could indicate: (1) a factual statement, as in the UST. (2) a command, in which case “being built up” in the next verse would also be a command. Alternate translation: “Come to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 153 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | apbp | writing-pronouns | πρὸς ὃν | 1 | The pronoun **him** refers to Jesus, who is called “Lord” in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 154 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | c4lu | figs-metaphor | πρὸς ὃν προσερχόμενοι λίθον ζῶντα | 1 | coming to him, a living stone | Peter refers to Jesus figuratively as if he were a **stone** in a building. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or with a simile. Alternate translation: “coming to him, who is like a living stone in a building” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 155 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | ihq2 | figs-personification | λίθον ζῶντα | 1 | him, a living stone | Peters speaks of a **stone** figuratively as if it were **living**. This could refer to: (1) a stone that is alive. This interpretation emphasizes the fact that Jesus is alive even though he had died. Alternate translation: “a stone that lives” (2) a stone that gives life. This interpretation emphasizes the fact that Jesus gives eternal life to everyone who believes in him. Alternate translation: “a stone that gives eternal life to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 156 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | e8sy | figs-activepassive | ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων μὲν ἀποδεδοκιμασμένον | 1 | having been rejected by men | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that men have rejected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 157 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | euuz | figs-gendernotations | ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων | 1 | Although the term **men** is masculine, Peter is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “by people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
| 158 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | a438 | figs-activepassive | παρὰ δὲ Θεῷ ἐκλεκτὸν | 1 | but chosen by God | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but that God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 159 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | z11h | figs-metaphor | αὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς | 1 | you, like living stones, are being built up as a spiritual house | Peter uses **stones** figuratively to refer to his readers, who believe in Jesus. Just as people in the Old Testament used **stones** to build the temple that God dwelled in, God is using believers to bring together a group of people in whom he will dwell. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you, like stones that are put together and built into a house, are living stones that are being brought together into a spiritual community in which God dwells” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 160 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | g33x | figs-simile | αὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες | 1 | you, like living stones | Peters uses **stones** figuratively as if they were **living**. This emphasizes the fact that Peter’s readers have eternal life because they believe in Jesus. In this verse, **living** cannot mean to give life because only God can give life. Alternate translation: “like stones that live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 161 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | v3jw | figs-activepassive | οἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς | 1 | living stones, are being built up as a spiritual house | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God is building up as a spiritual house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 162 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | e6dm | figs-explicit | οἰκοδομεῖσθε | 1 | Here, **are being built up** could indicate: (1) a factual statement, as in the UST. (2) a command, in which case “coming to him” in the previous verse would also be a command. Alternate translation: “be built up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 163 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | i4bn | figs-metaphor | εἰς ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον ἀνενέγκαι πνευματικὰς θυσίας | 1 | a holy priesthood to offer the spiritual sacrifices | Here Peter speaks of believers figuratively as if they were part of a **priesthood** and as if their good deeds and acts of worship were **sacrifices** offered to God. Just as the priests in the Old Testament offered sacrifices to God, so should believers do good deeds and worship God. If this might confuse your readers, you could expression the meaning plainly or with a synonym. Alternate translation: “like the holy priesthood that offered sacrifices to God, so you are made into a group who dies good spiritual deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 164 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | ekkp | grammar-collectivenouns | εἰς ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον | 1 | The word **priesthood** is a singular noun that refers to a group of priests. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “into a group of holy priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 165 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | zf45 | figs-explicit | πνευματικὰς θυσίας εὐπροσδέκτους | 1 | This could mean: (1) the **sacrifices** are of a spiritual, rather than physical, nature. Alternate translation: “the sacrifices of a spiritual nature that are acceptable” (2) the **sacrifices** are offered by the power of the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “the sacrifices by the power of the Holy Spirit that are acceptable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 166 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | ibi1 | figs-personification | περιέχει ἐν Γραφῇ | 1 | it stands in scripture | Here the quotation of **scripture** that occurs next in the verse is spoken of as if it were a person who **stands**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it is written in scripture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 167 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | k1h0 | writing-quotations | περιέχει ἐν Γραφῇ | 1 | This phrase introduces a quotation of an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 28:16](../../isa/28/16.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “what Isaiah wrote in scripture stands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
| 168 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | wdwx | figs-quotemarks | ἰδοὺ, τίθημι ἐν Σιὼν λίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον ἐκλεκτὸν ἔντιμον; καὶ ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ’ αὐτῷ, οὐ μὴ καταισχυνθῇ. | 1 | This sentence is a quotation from [Isaiah 28:16](../../isa/28/16.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 169 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | q7jx | figs-metaphor | ἰδοὺ | 1 | Behold | Peter quotes Isaiah using **Behold** to call his readers to pay attention to what he is about to say. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 170 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | skrt | figs-123person | τίθημι | 1 | In this quotation from the Old Testament **I** refers to God. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, God, lay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 171 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | xsx8 | figs-metaphor | λίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον | 1 | a cornerstone | Here God refers to the Messiah figuratively as if he were not only a **stone**, but even the most important **stone** in a building, the **cornerstone**. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a simile or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “someone who is like the most important stone in a building” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 172 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | klv2 | figs-distinguish | λίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον ἐκλεκτὸν ἔντιμον | 1 | a cornerstone, chosen, precious | Here, **chosen** and **precious** show a distinction between this **cornerstone** and any other **cornerstone**. If this is not understood in your language, you can make the relationship between these phrases more clear. Alternate translation: “a cornerstone that is chosen and precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) |
| 173 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | lrxm | figs-doublenegatives | οὐ μὴ | 1 | The phrase **certainly not** translates two negative words in Greek. God uses them together to emphasize the truth of this statement. If your language can use two negatives together for emphasis without them cancelling each other to create a positive meaning, it would be appropriate to use that construction here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) | |
| 174 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | ze1c | figs-explicit | ἡ τιμὴ | 1 | Here, **this honor** refers to the statement in the previous verse that people who believe in Jesus will “certainly not be ashamed.” If this might confuse your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this honor of never being ashamed is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 175 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | rdhk | figs-explicit | ἡ τιμὴ | 1 | The phrase translated **this honor** could also be translated as “precious,” in which case it would refer to the “cornerstone” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “he is precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 176 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | sj13 | figs-ellipsis | ἀπιστοῦσιν δὲ | 1 | Peter is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “But to those who do not believe, the Scriptures say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 177 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | hext | figs-quotemarks | λίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες, οὗτος ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας | 1 | This sentence is a quotation from [Psalm 118:22](../../psa/118/22.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 178 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | uu3j | figs-metaphor | λίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες | 1 | The stone that was rejected by … has become the head of the corner | The author uses **stone** figuratively to refer to the Messiah and **builders** figuratively to refer to those who **rejected** Jesus. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “The Messiah who was rejected like builders reject a stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 179 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | ql12 | figs-metaphor | κεφαλὴν γωνίας | 1 | the head of the corner | This phrase has the same meaning as “cornerstone” in the previous verse and refers to the most important stone in a building. Here it refers specifically to the Messiah. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Messiah, who is like a cornerstone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 180 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | k0dm | writing-quotations | καὶ | 1 | Here, **and** introduces a quotation of an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 8:14](../../isa/08/14.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “and Isaiah wrote in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
| 181 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | vxhb | figs-quotemarks | λίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου | 1 | This sentence is a quotation from [Isaiah 8:14](../../isa/08/14.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 182 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | i72g | figs-metaphor | λίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου | 1 | Peter quotes Isaiah speaking figuratively of the Messiah as if he were a **stone** or **rock** that people tripped over. He means that many people would be offended by Jesus’ teachings and reject him. If your readers would not understand this, you could use a simile or express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternative translation: “He is like a stone of stumbling and like a rock of offense” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 183 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | ydkr | figs-possession | λίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου | 1 | Peter quotes Isaiah using the possessive form twice in this sentence to describe a **stone** that causes **stumbling** and a **rock** that causes **offense**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A stone that makes people stumble and a rock that makes people feel offended” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 184 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | ptx5 | figs-parallelism | λίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου | 1 | A stone of stumbling and a rock of offense | These two phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that people will be offended by this **stone**. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “a stone or a rock over which people will surely stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 185 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | h7ta | figs-metonymy | τῷ λόγῳ | 1 | stumble because they disobey the word | Here, **the word** refers to the gospel message, which includes the command to repent and believe the gospel. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 186 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | d8ii | figs-metaphor | οἳ προσκόπτουσιν | 1 | Here, **stumble** could refer to: (1) being offended by the gospel, which is the meaning in the rest of this verse. Alternate translation: “They get offended” (2) being judged for rejecting the gospel. Alternate translation: “They are judged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 187 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | h6sb | grammar-connect-logic-result | οἳ προσκόπτουσιν τῷ λόγῳ ἀπειθοῦντες | 1 | Here, **disobeying the word** indicates the reason why they **stumble**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “They stumble because they disobey the word” or “Because they disobey the word, they stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 188 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | mh48 | figs-explicit | τῷ λόγῳ ἀπειθοῦντες | 1 | Here, **disobeying** refers to **disobeying** the command to repent and believe the gospel, which is part of the gospel message. Therefore, this **disobeying** means refusing to believe the gospel. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “refusing to believe the word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 189 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | sm6s | figs-activepassive | εἰς ὃ καὶ ἐτέθησαν | 1 | to which also they were appointed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to which God also appointed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 190 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | uwg1 | figs-explicit | εἰς ὃ | 1 | Here, **which** refers back to the previous part of this sentence. Those who do not believe in Jesus were appointed to stumble and disobey the word. If this might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to this stumbling and disobeying the word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 191 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | dc8m | figs-quotemarks | γένος ἐκλεκτόν, βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα, ἔθνος ἅγιον, λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν | 1 | All four of these phrases are quotations from the Old Testament. The phrase **a chosen people** is from [Isaiah 43:20](../../isa/43/20.md), **a royal priesthood** and **a holy nation** are from [Exodus 19:6](../../exo/19/06.md), and **a people for possession** is from [Isaiah 43:21](../../isa/43/21.md). It may be helpful for your readers to indicate these quotations with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 192 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | zla9 | figs-activepassive | γένος ἐκλεκτόν | 1 | a chosen people | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a family whom God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 193 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | g39z | figs-explicit | βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα | 1 | a royal priesthood | This could refer to: (1) a priesthood who are also members of the king’s family. Alternate translation: “a kingly priesthood” (2) a priesthood who serve the king. Alternate translation: “a priesthood who serve the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 194 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | m1f8 | grammar-collectivenouns | βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα | 1 | The word **priesthood** is a singular noun that refers to a group of priests. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a group of royal priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 195 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | qk7f | figs-abstractnouns | λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν | 1 | a people for possession | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **possession**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a people for God to possess” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 196 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | ra7z | figs-explicit | τοῦ ἐκ σκότους ὑμᾶς καλέσαντος, εἰς τὸ θαυμαστὸν αὐτοῦ φῶς | 1 | who called you from | This clause refers to God. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “of God who called you from darkness into his marvelous light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 197 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | nvf5 | figs-metaphor | ἐκ σκότους…εἰς τὸ θαυμαστὸν αὐτοῦ φῶς | 1 | from darkness into his marvelous light | Here, **darkness** refers figuratively to the condition of people who do not know God and are sinful, and **light** refers figuratively to the condition of people who know God and are righteous. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “from a life of sin and ignorance of God to a life of knowing and pleasing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 198 | 1PE | 2 | 10 | pveb | figs-quotemarks | οὐ λαὸς…λαὸς Θεοῦ…οὐκ ἠλεημένοι…ἐλεηθέντες | 1 | All four of these phrases are quotations from the Old Testament ([Hosea 1:6–10](../../hos/01/06.md)). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate these quotations with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 199 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | jnr9 | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to tell his readers how to live Christian lives. | ||
| 200 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | ve9u | figs-doublet | παροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους | 1 | foreigners and exiles | Here, **foreigners** and **exiles** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that Christians on this earth are far away from their home in heaven. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “true exiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 201 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | x8af | figs-metaphor | παροίκους | 1 | Peter uses **foreigners** here figuratively to refer to his Christian readers. Just like a foreigner is not in his homeland, so are Christians not at home while living on the earth. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “those living away from their home in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 202 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | hjuk | figs-metaphor | παρεπιδήμους | 1 | foreigners and exiles | See how you translated this word in [1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 203 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | ubn9 | figs-metonymy | ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν σαρκικῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν\r | 1 | to abstain from fleshly desires | Here, **fleshly** refers figuratively to a person’s sinful nature. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to abstain from satisfying your sinful desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 204 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | q4zn | figs-personification | στρατεύονται κατὰ τῆς ψυχῆς | 1 | make war against your soul | Peter speaks of **fleshly desires** figuratively as if they were soldiers trying to destroy the spiritual life of believers. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “will destroy your spiritual life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 205 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | x3q5 | figs-genericnoun | τῆς ψυχῆς | 1 | your soul | Peter is referring to each individual Christian to whom he is writing this letter, not one particular **soul**. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “your souls” or “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) |
| 206 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | uiwd | figs-declarative | τὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἔχοντες καλήν | 1 | Peter is using a statement to give a command. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for command. Alternate translation: “Keep your behavior among the Gentiles good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
| 207 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | b5nv | figs-abstractnouns | τὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἔχοντες καλήν | 1 | keeping your behavior among the Gentiles good | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **behavior**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “behaving well among the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 208 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | nqql | figs-metaphor | ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν | 1 | Peter uses **Gentiles** here figuratively to refer to people who are not Christians. Just like a **Gentile** was not a member of the Jewish people, so people who are not Christians are not members of God’s people. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “among those who do not believe in Jesus” or “among those who are not Christians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 209 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | mkt4 | ἐν ᾧ καταλαλοῦσιν ὑμῶν ὡς | 1 | in whatever they speak about you as | Alternate translation: “with regard to what they slander you for as evildoers” or “with respect to the very things that they slander you for as evildoers” | |
| 210 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | w3yn | figs-abstractnouns | ἐκ τῶν καλῶν ἔργων ἐποπτεύοντες | 1 | from observing your good works | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **works**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “they may observe the good things that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 211 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | s2ji | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπισκοπῆς | 1 | in the day of visitation | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **visitation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “on the day when he visits.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 212 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | qspw | figs-idiom | ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπισκοπῆς | 1 | This phrase is an idiom that refers to the time when God will judge all people. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “on the day when he comes to judge everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 213 | 1PE | 2 | 13 | c484 | figs-explicit | διὰ τὸν Κύριον | 1 | for the sake of the Lord | Here, **the Lord** refers to Jesus. This phrase could mean: (1) by obeying human authorities, Christians are following the example of Jesus who also obeyed human authorities. Alternate translation: “in order to follow the Lord’s example” (2) by obeying human authorities, Christians will honor Jesus. Alternate translation: “in order to honor the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 214 | 1PE | 2 | 13 | al6q | βασιλεῖ ὡς ὑπερέχοντι | 1 | to the king as supreme | Alternate translation: “to the king as the highest human authority” or “to the king, who has supreme human authority” | |
| 215 | 1PE | 2 | 14 | t0tc | ἡγεμόσιν ὡς δι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις | 1 | Alternate translation: “to governors, who have been sent through him” | ||
| 216 | 1PE | 2 | 14 | y1l2 | figs-activepassive | δι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις | 1 | through him having been sent | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom the king has sent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 217 | 1PE | 2 | 14 | dvmr | writing-pronouns | δι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις | 1 | Here, **him** could refer to: (1) the king mentioned in the previous verse, as in the UST. (2) God, who is the one who installs and removes all governing authorities. Alternate translation: “those being sent by God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 218 | 1PE | 2 | 14 | bxm9 | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς ἐκδίκησιν κακοποιῶν, ἔπαινον δὲ ἀγαθοποιῶν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **punishment** and **praise**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to punish evildoers and praise those who do good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 219 | 1PE | 2 | 15 | mh6s | figs-infostructure | ἀγαθοποιοῦντας φιμοῦν τὴν τῶν ἀφρόνων ἀνθρώπων ἀγνωσίαν | 1 | doing good to silence the ignorant talk of foolish people | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “to silence the ignorance of foolish people by doing good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) |
| 220 | 1PE | 2 | 15 | nzwv | figs-abstractnouns | ἀγαθοποιοῦντας φιμοῦν τὴν τῶν ἀφρόνων ἀνθρώπων ἀγνωσίαν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **ignorance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “doing good to silence the ignorant things that foolish people are saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 221 | 1PE | 2 | 16 | zqe3 | figs-ellipsis | ὡς ἐλεύθεροι | 1 | Peter is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. These words could be: (1) the command to submit to authorities stated in [verse 13](../02/13.md). Alternate translation: “Submit as free people” (2) an implied imperative verb. Alternate translation: “Act as free people” or “Live as free people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 222 | 1PE | 2 | 16 | y9pg | figs-metaphor | ὡς ἐπικάλυμμα…τῆς κακίας | 1 | as a covering for wickedness | Here, **covering** could refer to: (1) something to prevent people from knowing about one’s evil deeds. Alternate translation: “as a way to prevent others from seeing your evil” (2) an excuse or pretext to do evil deeds. Alternate translation: “as an excuse to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 223 | 1PE | 2 | 17 | gwy8 | figs-metaphor | τὴν ἀδελφότητα | 1 | the brotherhood | Here, **brotherhood** refers to all Christian believers. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the community of believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 224 | 1PE | 2 | 18 | w2nc | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to speak specifically to people who were slaves that worked in people’s houses. | ||
| 225 | 1PE | 2 | 18 | xgk8 | figs-doublet | τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς καὶ ἐπιεικέσιν | 1 | the good and gentle | The words **good** and **gentle** mean similar things. Peter uses this repetition to emphasize that such masters treat their servants very kindly. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “to the very kind ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 226 | 1PE | 2 | 18 | mueb | figs-metaphor | τοῖς σκολιοῖς | 1 | Here, **crooked ones** is used figuratively to refer to people who act dishonestly or unjustly as if their morals were an object that could be bent or twisted. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the dishonest ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 227 | 1PE | 2 | 19 | r1h1 | figs-explicit | τοῦτο…χάρις | 1 | this is praiseworthy | Peter assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to finding **favor** with God, which is what he states in the next verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “this is deserving of God’s favor” or “this is pleasing to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 228 | 1PE | 2 | 19 | zm8e | figs-abstractnouns | διὰ συνείδησιν Θεοῦ | 1 | because of awareness of God | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **consciousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because one is aware of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 229 | 1PE | 2 | 19 | rjyf | figs-possession | διὰ συνείδησιν Θεοῦ | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to describe **consciousness** that is about or concerning **God**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “because of having consciousness about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 230 | 1PE | 2 | 19 | kje6 | figs-explicit | Θεοῦ | 1 | Here, **God** refers to who **God** is and what he requires from his people. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of consciousness of who God is and what he requires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 231 | 1PE | 2 | 20 | y5ue | figs-rquestion | ποῖον γὰρ κλέος, εἰ ἁμαρτάνοντες καὶ κολαφιζόμενοι ὑπομενεῖτε? | 1 | For what kind of credit is there if, sinning and being tormented, you will endure? | Peter is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize that there is nothing praiseworthy about suffering for doing something wrong. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate this sentence as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “For there is no credit if, sinning and being beaten, you will endure.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 232 | 1PE | 2 | 20 | pr8b | figs-activepassive | κολαφιζόμενοι | 1 | sinning and being tormented | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone beats you” or “your master beats you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 233 | 1PE | 2 | 20 | ly9f | grammar-connect-logic-result | ἀγαθοποιοῦντες καὶ πάσχοντες | 1 | doing good and suffering, you will endure | This could mean: (1) someone suffers even though that person did what is good. Alternate translation: “suffering despite doing good” (2) someone suffers because that person did what is good. Alternate translation: “suffering because of doing good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
| 234 | 1PE | 2 | 20 | qii1 | τοῦτο χάρις παρὰ Θεῷ | 1 | See how you translated a similar phrase in the previous verse. | ||
| 235 | 1PE | 2 | 21 | c1jn | figs-explicit | εἰς τοῦτο | 1 | Here, **this** refers back to what Peter stated at the end of the previous verse. Believers are called by God to endure suffering while doing what is good. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to endure suffering when you have done what is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 236 | 1PE | 2 | 21 | xit1 | figs-activepassive | εἰς τοῦτο…ἐκλήθητε | 1 | to this you were called | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has called you to this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 237 | 1PE | 2 | 21 | si3l | figs-metaphor | ἐπακολουθήσητε τοῖς ἴχνεσιν αὐτοῦ | 1 | for you so that you might follow in his footsteps | Peter uses **follow in his footsteps** figuratively to refer to following Jesus’ example for enduring suffering. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you might imitate his behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 238 | 1PE | 2 | 22 | wii5 | figs-quotemarks | ὃς ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἐποίησεν, οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ | 1 | This verse is a quotation from [Isaiah 53:9](../../isa/53/09.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 239 | 1PE | 2 | 22 | tyz4 | figs-activepassive | οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ | 1 | neither was deceit found in his mouth | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “neither did anyone find deceit in his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 240 | 1PE | 2 | 22 | cjai | figs-metaphor | οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ | 1 | Peter quotes Isaiah referring to **deceit** figuratively as if it were an object that could be found inside someone’s mouth. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “neither was deceit spoken out of his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 241 | 1PE | 2 | 22 | lw1u | figs-metonymy | οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ | 1 | neither was deceit found in his mouth | Peter quotes Isaiah figuratively describing something the Messiah would say by association with **his mouth**, which he would use to say something. In this case it is something the Messiah did not say. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “neither did he say something deceitful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 242 | 1PE | 2 | 23 | lj4a | figs-activepassive | ὃς λοιδορούμενος, οὐκ ἀντελοιδόρει | 1 | He, being reviled, did not revile back | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom people reviled, did not revile them back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 243 | 1PE | 2 | 23 | gqb5 | figs-explicit | παρεδίδου…τῷ κρίνοντι δικαίως | 1 | Here, **the one who judges justly** refers to God. This means that Jesus trusted God to punish those who reviled him or to prove that he was innocent. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “he entrusted himself to God who judges justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 244 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | k632 | figs-rpronouns | ὃς τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν αὐτὸς ἀνήνεγκεν | 1 | He himself | Peter uses the word **himself** here to emphasize that Jesus alone is the one who bore our sins. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “none other than Jesus bore our sins” or “Jesus, that very person, bore our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) |
| 245 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | w49m | figs-metaphor | τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν…ἀνήνεγκεν ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον | 1 | carried our sins in his body to the tree | Peter uses **bore our sins** figuratively to refer to Jesus being punished for **our sins** as if **sins** were an object that he carried on **his body**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “suffered the punishment for our sins in his body on the tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 246 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | zl8e | figs-metonymy | τὸ ξύλον | 1 | the tree | Peter uses **tree** figuratively to refer to the cross on which Jesus died, which was made of wood. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 247 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | x7ni | figs-metaphor | ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ἀπογενόμενοι | 1 | Here, **having died to sins** is a metaphor that means to longer be controlled by sin. Like a dead person is free from sinning because they are no longer alive, so believers are free to stop sinning because Jesus bore the punishment for their sins. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being no longer controlled by sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 248 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | fxej | grammar-connect-time-sequential | ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ἀπογενόμενοι | 1 | This clause refers to an event that occurs before the event in the next clause. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could show this relationship by using a fuller phrase. Alternate translation: “after having died to sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
| 249 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | jaka | figs-exclusive | τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ ζήσωμεν | 1 | When Peter says **we**, he is speaking of himself and other believers in Christ and would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 250 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | w69k | figs-quotemarks | οὗ τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε | 1 | This clause is a quotation from [Isaiah 53:5](../../isa/53/05.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 251 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | ep4s | figs-activepassive | οὗ τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε | 1 | of whose wounds you were healed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has healed you by means of his wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 252 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | lx3n | figs-synecdoche | οὗ τῷ μώλωπι | 1 | Here, **wounds** figuratively refers to all the suffering Jesus endured when he was beaten and killed on the cross. If our readers would misunderstand this, you express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by whose suffering and death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 253 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | n0l5 | figs-metaphor | ἰάθητε | 1 | Here, **healed** could mean: (1) being freed from the penalty and power of sin, which could include physical healing. Alternate translation: “you were freed from the effects of sin” (2) being forgiven for their sins and having a restored relationship with God. Alternate translation: “you were forgiven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 254 | 1PE | 2 | 25 | sgt9 | figs-simile | ἦτε…ὡς πρόβατα πλανώμενοι | 1 | you as sheep are being led astray | Peter speaks figuratively about his readers before they believed in Christ as if they had been similar to lost sheep that were wandering around aimlessly. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you were living aimlessly without knowing God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 255 | 1PE | 2 | 25 | jkfu | figs-activepassive | ἐπεστράφητε | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has turned you back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 256 | 1PE | 2 | 25 | i5lu | figs-metaphor | τὸν ποιμένα καὶ ἐπίσκοπον τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν | 1 | the shepherd and guardian of your souls | Peter uses **shepherd** and **overseer** figuratively to refer to Jesus. Just as a **shepherd** protects his sheep and an **overseer** takes care of his workers, Jesus protects and takes care of those who trust in him. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who protects and takes care of your souls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 257 | 1PE | 2 | 25 | z6q2 | figs-synecdoche | τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in [1:9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 258 | 1PE | 3 | intro | cqf4 | 0 | # 1 Peter 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. How believers should act toward other people (2:11–3:12)<br>2. How believers should endure suffering (3:13–4:6)<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in [verses 10–12](../03/10.md).<br><br>## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>### “the spirits in prison”<br><br>[Verse 19](../03/19.md) states that Jesus went and proclaimed to “the spirits in prison,” but does not mention what Jesus proclaimed or who those spirits are. [Verse 20](../03/20.md) states that these spirits disobeyed God during the time of Noah. Many scholars think that this means one of the following three meanings, each of which will be discussed in the notes for verses [19](../03/19.md) and [20](../03/20.md): (1) The spirits are demons who were imprisoned by God because they did something evil during Noah’s time (see [2 Peter 2:4–5](../../2pe/02/04.md); [Jude 6–7](../../jud/01/06.md); [Genesis 6:1–4](../../gen/06/01.md)). [Verse 19](../03/19.md) then means that Jesus went to the place where they are imprisoned and proclaimed his victory to them at some time between his death on the cross and return to heaven. (2) The spirits are sinful human beings who died during the flood in Noah’s time and the prison is the realm of the dead. [Verse 19](../03/19.md) then means that Jesus went to hell and proclaimed his victory to those dead people there at some time between his death and resurrection. (3) The spirits are sinful human beings who died during the flood in Noah’s time, but [verse 19](../03/19.md) refers to the pre-incarnate form of Jesus indirectly preaching the gospel to them through the preaching of Noah. <br><br>### “Baptism now saves you”<br><br>In [verse 20](../03/20.md) Peter refers to the story of God rescuing Noah and his family from the flood “through water.” Then in [verse 21](../03/21.md) he states that the water is an “antitype” for baptism, which is a Christian ritual by which a person publicly identifies as a Christian. Then Peter makes the statement that baptism “now saves you.” Since the New Testament authors repeatedly state that God alone saves people and no one can do any work to be saved, Peter’s statement cannot mean that a person can be saved by being baptized. Rather, Peter uses the word “baptism” figuratively to refer to the faith in Jesus that a person publicly confesses when that person is baptized. Peter indicates later in [verse 21](../03/21.md) that he is not referring to water baptism when he says that he is not referring to “the removal of dirt from the flesh.” Peter further states that the baptism he is referring to saves “through the resurrection of Jesus Christ,” which means that a person is saved by faith in Jesus because Jesus rose from the dead. | |||
| 259 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | p454 | 0 | General Information: | In [verses 1–6](../03/01.md) Peter gives instructions specifically to women who are wives. | ||
| 260 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | wp5p | figs-metonymy | τινες ἀπειθοῦσιν τῷ λόγῳ | 1 | some are disobedient to the word | Here, **being disobedient to the word** could refer to: (1) refusing to believe the gospel message, as in [2:8](../02/08.md). Alternate translation: “some do not believe the message about Jesus” (2) disobeying the commands God gave in his word. Alternate translation: “some do not obey what God commands in his word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 261 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | kbis | figs-activepassive | κερδηθήσονται | 1 | they will be won | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will win them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 262 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | bs56 | figs-idiom | κερδηθήσονται | 1 | they will be won | Here, **won** is an idiom that means that the unbelieving husbands will become believers in Jesus. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “they will be persuaded to believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 263 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | qp4q | figs-ellipsis | ἄνευ λόγου | 1 | without a word | Peter is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “without you saying a word.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
| 264 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | b56u | figs-metonymy | ἄνευ λόγου | 1 | Here, **word** refers to the anything the wives might say to their husbands about the gospel message. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “without a word about the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 265 | 1PE | 3 | 2 | rzrl | grammar-connect-logic-result | ἐποπτεύσαντες | 1 | This phrase indicates the reason why the unbelieving husbands would become believers in Jesus. These husbands became believers because they **observed** how their wives behaved. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “because they observed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 266 | 1PE | 3 | 2 | zft4 | figs-abstractnouns | τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν | 1 | having seen your pure behavior with respect | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **behavior**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “you behave purely and with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 267 | 1PE | 3 | 2 | ng3s | figs-explicit | τὴν…ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν | 1 | your pure behavior with respect | This could refer to: (1) the wives’ sincere and honest behavior. Alternate translation: “your sincere behavior” (2) the wives’ sexually chaste behavior. Alternate translation: “your sexually chaste behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 268 | 1PE | 3 | 3 | p1bg | writing-pronouns | ὧν | 1 | Here, **whose** refers to the Christian wives to whom Peter is speaking. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “your” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 269 | 1PE | 3 | 3 | ysvn | figs-abstractnouns | ὧν…κόσμος | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **adornment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “they way you adorn yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 270 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | oav8 | = | ἀλλ’ ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος | 1 | If it would be helpful in your language, you could begin this verse as a new sentence. If you do so, then you will need to repeat the subject and verb from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Rather, let your adornment be the inner man of the heart” | |
| 271 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | m2n3 | figs-metonymy | ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος | 1 | Here, **hidden man** and **heart** both refer to a person’s thoughts or emotions. If this would confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the inner thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 272 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | l2yq | figs-possession | ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος | 1 | the inner person of the heart | Peter is using the possessive form to indicate that the **hidden man** is the same thing as **the heart**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the hidden man, which is the heart” or “the hidden man, namely, the heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
| 273 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | l1js | figs-possession | ἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to indicate that the **imperishable thing** is the same thing as **a gentle and quiet spirit**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the imperishable thing, which is a gentle and quiet spirit” or “in the imperishable thing, namely, a gentle and quiet spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 274 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | spi6 | figs-metonymy | τοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος | 1 | Here,**quiet** means “peaceful” or “calm.” It does not mean the opposite of loud. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of a gentle and peaceful spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 275 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | gbw9 | figs-metonymy | τοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος | 1 | of a gentle and quiet spirit | Here, **spirit** refers to a person’s attitude or temperament. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of a gentle and quiet attitude.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 276 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | j5bu | figs-metaphor | ὅ ἐστιν ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ πολυτελές | 1 | which is precious before God | Peter refers to God’s opinion figuratively as if it were a person standing directly in front of him. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “which God considers to be very precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 277 | 1PE | 3 | 5 | dq60 | figs-metaphor | ἐκόσμουν ἑαυτάς | 1 | Peter speaks figuratively of the attitude of the holy women as if it were something they **adorned themselves** with. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “made themselves beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 278 | 1PE | 3 | 5 | jbuf | ὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν | 1 | See how you translated the similar clause in [verse 1](../03/01.md). | ||
| 279 | 1PE | 3 | 6 | kpnl | translate-names | Σάρρα…τῷ Ἀβραάμ | 1 | **Sarah** is the name of a woman and **Abraham** is the name of her husband. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 280 | 1PE | 3 | 6 | t3xl | figs-idiom | ἧς ἐγενήθητε τέκνα | 1 | whose children you have become | Peter uses a Hebrew idiom here in which people are said to be the **children** of someone who has similar qualities as them. Believing women who act like Sarah acted are thought of as if they were her actual **children**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “who resemble her as if you were her children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 281 | 1PE | 3 | 6 | v2so | figs-doublenegatives | μὴ φοβούμεναι μηδεμίαν πτόησιν | 1 | The phrase **not being afraid of any** translates two negative words in Greek. Peter uses them together to emphasize that believing women should not fear anything at all. If your language can use two negatives together for emphasis without them cancelling each other to create a positive meaning, it would be appropriate to use that construction here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) | |
| 282 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | lbc2 | 0 | General Information: | In this verse Peter gives instructions specifically to men who are husbands. | ||
| 283 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | uddn | figs-genericnoun | συνοικοῦντες…τῷ γυναικείῳ | 1 | Here, **the female** refers to the wives of the men to whom Peter is writing, not to one particular woman. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “live with the women whom you have married” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 284 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | lulz | figs-abstractnouns | κατὰ γνῶσιν | 1 | live with your wife according to understanding, as with a weaker container | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **knowledge**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in a knowledgeable way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 285 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | eq1z | figs-metaphor | ὡς ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει | 1 | as with a weaker container | Here Peter refers to women figuratively as if they were **weaker** containers. The word **container** is a term used to refer to both men and women in the Bible ([Acts 9:15](../../act/09/15.md)). Just as clay pots can break easily, so are human beings weak. Here Peter specifically refers to women as **weaker** containers because woman are usually physically weaker than men. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as with someone who is weaker than you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 286 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | a88w | figs-abstractnouns | ἀπονέμοντες τιμήν ὡς καὶ συνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς | 1 | assigning her honor as also fellow heirs of the grace of life | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **honor** and **heirs**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “honor them as also those who will inherit with you the grace of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 287 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | n4rf | figs-metaphor | συνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς | 1 | fellow heirs of the grace of life | Peter speaks of **the grace of life** figuratively as if it were something that people inherit. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “those who will experience the grace of life together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 288 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | quba | figs-possession | χάριτος ζωῆς | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to describe **grace** that is **life**. The word **grace** refers to a gracious gift and **life** refers to eternal **life**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the gracious gift, namely, eternal life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 289 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | dwm6 | figs-activepassive | εἰς τὸ μὴ ἐνκόπτεσθαι τὰς προσευχὰς ὑμῶν | 1 | so that your prayers will not be hindered | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that nothing will hinder your prayers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 290 | 1PE | 3 | 8 | nk97 | 0 | General Information: | In [verses 8–12](../03/08.md) Peter writes instructions to all believers. | ||
| 291 | 1PE | 3 | 8 | f5y7 | ὁμόφρονες | 1 | be likeminded | Alternate translation: “have the same opinion and be” or “have the same attitude and be” | |
| 292 | 1PE | 3 | 8 | tzgc | figs-gendernotations | φιλάδελφοι | 1 | Although **brothers** is masculine, Peter is using the phrase **loving as brothers** in a generic sense to refer to the kind of love that all believers should have for other believers. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “loving as fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
| 293 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | z5u3 | figs-metaphor | μὴ ἀποδιδόντες κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ, ἢ λοιδορίαν ἀντὶ λοιδορίας | 1 | Do not pay back evil in exchange for evil or insult in exchange for insult | Peter uses **paying back** figuratively to refer to responding to the actions of another person as if one was returning money to that person for those actions. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “not doing evil to someone who does evil to you or insulting someone who insults you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 294 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | t6il | figs-explicit | εὐλογοῦντες | 1 | blessing | Peter is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “blessing those who do evil to you or insult you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 295 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | w5df | figs-activepassive | εἰς τοῦτο ἐκλήθητε | 1 | to this you were called | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God called you to this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 296 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | wx2r | figs-explicit | εἰς τοῦτο ἐκλήθητε, ἵνα | 1 | Here, **this** could refer to: (1) **blessing** earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “you were called to bless, so that” (2) **inherit a blessing** later in the verse “to this you were called: so that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 297 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | n3xc | figs-metaphor | ἵνα εὐλογίαν κληρονομήσητε | 1 | so that you might inherit a blessing | Peter speaks of experiencing God’s **blessing** figuratively as if one is receiving an inheritance. If this might confuse your readers, you could express it plainly. Alternate translation: “so that you might experience God’s blessing as your permanent possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 298 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | dpf2 | writing-quotations | γὰρ | 1 | **For** here introduces a quotation from the Old Testament ([Psalm 34:12–16](../../psa/34/12.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “It is as David wrote in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
| 299 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | tce3 | figs-quotemarks | ὁ…θέλων ζωὴν ἀγαπᾶν, καὶ ἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς, παυσάτω | 1 | From this clause through to the end of [verse 12](../03/12.md), Peter quotes from [Psalm 34:12–16](../../psa/34/12.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 300 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | p9bl | figs-parallelism | ὁ…θέλων ζωὴν ἀγαπᾶν, καὶ ἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς | 1 | to love life and to see good days | These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the desire to have a good life. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “the one truly wanting to have a good life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 301 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | btkp | figs-metaphor | ἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς | 1 | to see good days | Peter quotes David speaking figuratively of experiencing a good lifetime as **seeing good days**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to experience a good lifetime” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 302 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | rqa9 | figs-synecdoche | τὴν γλῶσσαν ἀπὸ κακοῦ, καὶ χείλη τοῦ μὴ λαλῆσαι δόλον | 1 | his tongue … his lips | Peter quotes David using the words **tongue** and **lips** figuratively refer to the person who is speaking. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language. Alternate translation: “himself from speaking evil and from speaking deceit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 303 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | y4kd | figs-abstractnouns | τὴν γλῶσσαν ἀπὸ κακοῦ, καὶ χείλη τοῦ μὴ λαλῆσαι δόλον | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **evil** and **deceit**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “his tongue from evil things and his lips from speaking deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 304 | 1PE | 3 | 11 | n5sr | figs-metaphor | ἐκκλινάτω…ἀπὸ κακοῦ | 1 | let him turn away from evil | Here, **turn away from** is a metaphor that means to avoid doing something. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “let him avoid doing evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 305 | 1PE | 3 | 11 | fu8e | figs-doublet | ζητησάτω εἰρήνην καὶ διωξάτω αὐτήν | 1 | The phrases **seek peace** and **pursue it** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize the importance of living peacefully with other people. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Let him earnestly pursue peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 306 | 1PE | 3 | 11 | qhyg | figs-explicit | ζητησάτω εἰρήνην | 1 | Here, **peace** refers to the peaceful relationships between people. If it might be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Let him seek to live peacefully with others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 307 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | yn5l | figs-idiom | ὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους | 1 | the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteous | Here, **eyes** being **on** someone is an idiom that refers to God acting favorably toward someone by taking care of that person. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a similar idiom in your language. Alternate translation: “The Lord favorably takes care of the righteous ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 308 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | r5xf | figs-idiom | ὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν | 1 | his ears are upon their requests | Here, **ears** being **toward** someone’s **request** is an idiom that refers to God listening to that person’s request. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a similar idiom in your language. Alternate translation: “the Lord listens to their request” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 309 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | tytz | figs-explicit | ὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν | 1 | his ears are upon their requests | The idea that the Lord listens to the requests of righteous people also implies that he responds to those requests. If this might be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he listens to and grants their request” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 310 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | p2vi | figs-genericnoun | δέησιν αὐτῶν | 1 | his ears are upon their requests | Here, **request** refers to requests in general, not to one particular **request**. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “their requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) |
| 311 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | es9n | figs-synecdoche | πρόσωπον δὲ Κυρίου ἐπὶ | 1 | But the face of the Lord is against | Here, **face** refers figuratively to the Lord himself. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But the Lord is against” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 312 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | t22b | figs-idiom | πρόσωπον δὲ Κυρίου ἐπὶ | 1 | But the face of the Lord is against | Here, **the face** being **against** someone is an idiom that refers to one person opposing another person. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a similar idiom in your language. Alternate translation: “But the Lord opposes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 313 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | gw7w | figs-quotemarks | ποιοῦντας κακά | 1 | After this phrase, Peter also ends his quotation from the book of Psalms. If you decided in [verse 10](../03/10.md) to mark this as a quotation, indicate that ending here with whatever punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 314 | 1PE | 3 | 13 | wkw4 | 0 | Connecting Statement: | In [verses 13–22](../03/13.md) Peter teaches the believers how to behave when unbelievers persecute them. | ||
| 315 | 1PE | 3 | 13 | e1ma | figs-rquestion | τίς ὁ κακώσων ὑμᾶς, ἐὰν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ζηλωταὶ γένησθε? | 1 | who is the one who will harm you if you are a zealot of what is good? | Peter is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize that it is unlikely that someone would harm them if they did good things. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “no one will harm you if you become zealous ones of the good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 316 | 1PE | 3 | 13 | e8li | figs-possession | τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ζηλωταὶ | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to describe people who are **zealous** about doing **good** deeds. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “ones zealous to do good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 317 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | f6ch | figs-abstractnouns | πάσχοιτε διὰ δικαιοσύνην | 1 | you suffer because of righteousness | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “you might suffer because you do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 318 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | xg3m | figs-activepassive | μακάριοι | 1 | you are blessed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will make you blessed ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 319 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | j8ds | figs-quotemarks | τὸν δὲ φόβον αὐτῶν, μὴ φοβηθῆτε μηδὲ ταραχθῆτε | 1 | This sentence is a quotation from [Isaiah 8:12](../../isa/08/12.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 320 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | f9u8 | figs-parallelism | τὸν δὲ φόβον αὐτῶν, μὴ φοβηθῆτε μηδὲ ταραχθῆτε | 1 | But do not fear their fear, nor be troubled | These two phrases mean the same thing. Peter states the same idea twice in order to emphasize that believers should not be afraid of people who persecute them. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “But you should not fear at all what people might do to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 321 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | yz6y | figs-possession | τὸν…φόβον αὐτῶν, μὴ φοβηθῆτε | 1 | their fear | This could refer to: (1) the fear that unbelievers have. Alternate translation: “you should not fear what they fear” or “you should not fear the same things that they fear” (2) the fear that righteous people have for unbelievers. Alternate translation: “you should not fear them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
| 322 | 1PE | 3 | 15 | vgv7 | figs-metaphor | Κύριον…τὸν Χριστὸν ἁγιάσατε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν | 1 | sanctify the Lord Christ in your hearts | Peter uses **sanctify the Lord Christ** figuratively to refer to acknowledging Christ’s holiness. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “acknowledge in your hearts that the Lord Christ is holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 323 | 1PE | 3 | 15 | qjg3 | figs-metonymy | ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν | 1 | in your hearts | Here, **hearts** refers to the thoughts or emotions of Peter’s readers. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in your minds” or “within yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 324 | 1PE | 3 | 15 | d69e | figs-abstractnouns | πρὸς ἀπολογίαν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **defense**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to defend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 325 | 1PE | 3 | 15 | q8i1 | figs-metonymy | τῷ αἰτοῦντι ὑμᾶς λόγον | 1 | Peter uses **word** figuratively to an answer or explanation spoken by using words. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who asks you for a statement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 326 | 1PE | 3 | 15 | w3xw | figs-metaphor | περὶ τῆς ἐν ὑμῖν ἐλπίδος | 1 | Peter speaks of **hope** figuratively as if it were something that could be inside a person. If this would confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “concerning your hope” or “concerning the hope that you have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 327 | 1PE | 3 | 16 | hzya | figs-abstractnouns | μετὰ πραΰτητος καὶ φόβου | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **meekness** and **fear**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “by being meek and fearful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 328 | 1PE | 3 | 16 | ctk3 | figs-abstractnouns | συνείδησιν ἔχοντες ἀγαθήν | 1 | This phrase implies not doing anything sinful that would cause a person to not have a **good conscience**. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “doing nothing wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 329 | 1PE | 3 | 16 | wrk5 | figs-infostructure | ἵνα ἐν ᾧ καταλαλεῖσθε, καταισχυνθῶσιν, οἱ ἐπηρεάζοντες ὑμῶν τὴν ἀγαθὴν ἐν Χριστῷ ἀναστροφήν | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “so that the ones who are reviling your good behavior in Christ may be ashamed with respect to what you are being slandered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
| 330 | 1PE | 3 | 16 | s7mb | figs-activepassive | καταλαλεῖσθε | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people are slandering you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 331 | 1PE | 3 | 16 | qflw | figs-explicit | ὑμῶν τὴν ἀγαθὴν ἐν Χριστῷ ἀναστροφήν | 1 | Here, **in Christ** refers to being a Christian. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “your good behavior as a Christian” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 332 | 1PE | 3 | 16 | dvwr | figs-activepassive | καταισχυνθῶσιν, οἱ ἐπηρεάζοντες ὑμῶν τὴν ἀγαθὴν ἐν Χριστῷ ἀναστροφήν | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God may shame the ones who are reviling your good behavior in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 333 | 1PE | 3 | 17 | bt09 | grammar-connect-logic-result | ἀγαθοποιοῦντας…κακοποιοῦντας | 1 | These two phrases indicate two different reasons for suffering. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of doing good … because of doing evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 334 | 1PE | 3 | 17 | x8qu | figs-metonymy | εἰ θέλοι τὸ θέλημα τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Peter uses **the will of God** figuratively to refer to God himself. If your readers would not understand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if God wills” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 335 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | me4u | figs-explicit | περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν | 1 | Here, **sins** implies the **sins** of people other than Jesus because Jesus never sinned. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the sake of the sins of others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 336 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | q9fa | figs-activepassive | θανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ | 1 | having been put to death in the flesh | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people having killed him in the flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 337 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | j5lh | figs-metonymy | θανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ | 1 | having been put to death in the flesh | Here, **flesh** refers to Christ’s body, which was made of **flesh**. Peter is saying that the body of Christ was killed. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having been killed physically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 338 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | h6v4 | figs-activepassive | ζῳοποιηθεὶς…πνεύματι | 1 | having been made alive in the spirit | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God’s spirit having made him alive” or “God having made him alive in the spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 339 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | n7nh | figs-explicit | ζῳοποιηθεὶς…πνεύματι | 1 | in the spirit | Here, **the spirit** could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit, in which case this phrase would indicate the means by which Jesus was made alive. Alternate translation: “having been made him alive by the Spirit” (2) Jesus’ spiritual existence, in which case this phrase would be referring to the spiritual realm that is in contrast to the physical realm referred to with the phrase “in the flesh.” Alternate translation: “having been made him alive spiritually” or “having been made him alive in the spiritual realm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 340 | 1PE | 3 | 19 | hp82 | figs-explicit | ἐν ᾧ | 1 | in which | Here, **which** refers to “the spirit” in the previous verse. As in the previous verse, this could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “by means of the Spirit” (2) Jesus’ spiritual existence. Alternate translation: “in the spiritual realm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 341 | 1PE | 3 | 19 | ewuu | figs-ellipsis | ἐκήρυξεν | 1 | Peter is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. This phrase could mean: (1) Jesus proclaimed God’s victory over sin and death that he accomplished through his death and resurrection. Alternate translation: “he proclaimed God’s victory” (2) Jesus preached the gospel to wicked people indirectly through the preaching of Noah during the time before the great flood. This interpretation is less likely to be correct because it would mean that Noah was actually the one preaching and Peter does not mention Noah preaching or Jesus’ pre-incarnate existence anywhere in this letter. Alternate translation: “he preached the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 342 | 1PE | 3 | 19 | ez3d | figs-explicit | τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν | 1 | to the spirits in prison | Here, **spirits** could refer to: (1) evil spirits whom God imprisoned because of what they did before the flood that occurred in Noah’s time (see [2 Peter 2:4–5](../../2pe/02/04.md); [Jude 6–7](../../jud/01/06.md); [Genesis 6:1–4](../../gen/06/01.md)), as in the UST. (2) the spirits of people who died during the flood that occurred in Noah’s time. This interpretation is a less likely to be correct because Peter never refers to people as **spirits**, but rather “souls,” as in the next verse. Alternate translation: “to those people who had died and were in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 343 | 1PE | 3 | 19 | zpyr | figs-metaphor | ἐν φυλακῇ | 1 | Here Peter uses **prison** as a metaphor. It could refer to: (1) a place where God imprisoned certain evil spirits whom he will judge when he judges the whole world (see [2 Peter 2:4–5](../../2pe/02/04.md); [Jude 6–7](../../jud/01/06.md)). Alternate translation: “whom God had imprisoned to await judgment” (2) the place where sinful people go when they die. Alternate translation: “in hell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 344 | 1PE | 3 | 20 | qxah | figs-ellipsis | ἀπειθήσασίν | 1 | when the patience of God was waiting | Peter is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the word from the context. Alternate translation: “having disobeyed God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
| 345 | 1PE | 3 | 20 | s7qm | figs-metonymy | ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ μακροθυμία | 1 | the patience of God | Peter uses **patience of God** figuratively to refer to God himself. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “God himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 346 | 1PE | 3 | 20 | yyth | figs-metonymy | ἐν ἡμέραις Νῶε | 1 | Here Peter uses **days of Noah** figuratively to refer to the time period when Noah was alive. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the time of Noah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 347 | 1PE | 3 | 20 | c6mi | figs-activepassive | κατασκευαζομένης κιβωτοῦ | 1 | in the days of Noah, while an ark was being constructed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when Noah was constructing an ark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 348 | 1PE | 3 | 21 | dqjy | writing-pronouns | ὃ | 1 | Here, **which** refers back to the “water” mentioned at the end of the last verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 349 | 1PE | 3 | 21 | vxoh | figs-infostructure | ὃ καὶ ὑμᾶς ἀντίτυπον νῦν σῴζει βάπτισμα | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “which, being an antitype for baptism, now saves you also” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
| 350 | 1PE | 3 | 21 | tz6l | figs-explicit | ὃ καὶ ὑμᾶς ἀντίτυπον νῦν σῴζει βάπτισμα | 1 | Here, **antitype** refers to one thing that is an analogy for another thing. In this context the “water” from the previous verse is an analogy for baptism. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “which is a symbol for baptism, now saves you also” or “which is analogous to baptism, now saves you also” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 351 | 1PE | 3 | 21 | ium3 | figs-metonymy | βάπτισμα | 1 | Here Peter uses **baptism** figuratively to refer to the faith in Jesus that believers profess when they are baptized. The Bible clearly states that God saves people by grace through faith, not by any work like baptism ([Ephesians 2:8–9](../../eph/02/08.md)). See the discussion in the General Notes for this chapter. If this might confuse your readers, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the faith in Jesus demonstrated by baptism” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 352 | 1PE | 3 | 21 | owi3 | figs-abstractnouns | οὐ σαρκὸς ἀπόθεσις ῥύπου, ἀλλὰ συνειδήσεως ἀγαθῆς, ἐπερώτημα εἰς Θεόν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **removal** and **appeal**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “it does not remove dirt from the flesh, but appeals to God for a good conscience” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 353 | 1PE | 3 | 21 | hmp9 | figs-metonymy | σαρκὸς | 1 | Here, Peter uses **flesh** figuratively to refer to a person’s physical body that is made of **flesh**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 354 | 1PE | 3 | 21 | uz0u | figs-explicit | συνειδήσεως ἀγαθῆς, ἐπερώτημα εἰς Θεόν | 1 | Here the phrase **a good conscience** means Peter’s readers do not feel guilty because they know that God has forgiven their sins. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “an appeal to God to know that your sins have been forgiven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 355 | 1PE | 3 | 21 | jti3 | figs-infostructure | καὶ ὑμᾶς…νῦν σῴζει βάπτισμα, οὐ σαρκὸς ἀπόθεσις ῥύπου, ἀλλὰ συνειδήσεως ἀγαθῆς, ἐπερώτημα εἰς Θεόν δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, | 1 | through the resurrection of Jesus Christ | Here, **through the resurrection of Jesus Christ** indicates the means by which the faith demonstrated by baptism saves. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases to make that meaning clear. Alternate translation: “baptism now saves you also through the resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is not a removal of dirt from the flesh, but an appeal of a good conscience to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) |
| 356 | 1PE | 3 | 21 | rixf | figs-abstractnouns | δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **resurrection**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “through God raising Jesus Christ from the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 357 | 1PE | 3 | 22 | p5ij | figs-infostructure | ὅς ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ, πορευθεὶς εἰς οὐρανὸν, ὑποταγέντων αὐτῷ ἀγγέλων, καὶ ἐξουσιῶν, καὶ δυνάμεων | 1 | The phrases **having gone** and **having been subjected** indicate that those two clauses describe events that occurred before the event in the first clause in this verse. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases so that they appear in chronological order. Alternate translation: “after having gone into heaven, with angels and authorities and powers having been subjected to him, he is at the right hand of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
| 358 | 1PE | 3 | 22 | g4qh | figs-metonymy | ὅς ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ | 1 | who is at the right hand of God | Here, Peter uses **right hand** figuratively to refer to the place located at the right side of God in heaven. If this would confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who is at God’s right side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 359 | 1PE | 3 | 22 | ldrw | figs-explicit | ὅς ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ | 1 | In this culture, the place at the **right** side of a ruler was a position of honor. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “who is at the place of honor next to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 360 | 1PE | 3 | 22 | q72i | figs-doublet | ὑποταγέντων αὐτῷ ἀγγέλων, καὶ ἐξουσιῶν, καὶ δυνάμεων | 1 | The words **angels**, **authorities**, and **powers** are all terms for the ranks of supernatural beings, both angelic and demonic. If your language does not have three different terms for rulers or authorities, you can combine them. Alternate translation: “all types of supernatural beings having been subjected to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 361 | 1PE | 3 | 22 | f6jq | figs-activepassive | ὑποταγέντων αὐτῷ ἀγγέλων, καὶ ἐξουσιῶν, καὶ δυνάμεων | 1 | after … had been subjected to him | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God having subjected angels and authorities and powers to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 362 | 1PE | 4 | intro | zh5n | 0 | # 1 Peter 4 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. How believers should endure suffering (3:13–4:6)<br>2. The end is near (4:7–11)<br>3. How believers should respond to trials (4:12–19)<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in [verse 18](../04/18.md).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Ungodly Gentiles<br><br>Although the term “Gentiles” usually refers to people who are not Jewish, in [verse 3](../04/03.md) Peter uses “Gentiles” to refer to all ungodly people who are not Jews. It does not include Gentiles who have become Christians. Actions like “licentiousness, lusts, drunkenness, carousing, drinking parties, and lawless idolatry” were typical of ungodly Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Let him” and “Let those”<br><br>In [verses 16–19](../04/16.md) Peter uses these phrases to tell his readers what he wants them to do. Although they are commands that he wants his readers to obey, it is as if he is telling one person what he wants other people to do. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate these as commands, like the UST does. | |||
| 363 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | b8d4 | grammar-connect-words-phrases | οὖν | 1 | **Therefore** here refers back to what Peter has said about Jesus’ suffering in [3:18](../03/18.md). If it might help your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Considering what I have written about Christ’s suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) | |
| 364 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | ess6 | figs-metonymy | σαρκὶ…σαρκὶ | 1 | in the flesh | Here, **flesh** refers to the human body, which is made of flesh. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the body … in the body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 365 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | p2rv | figs-metaphor | ὑμεῖς τὴν αὐτὴν ἔννοιαν ὁπλίσασθε | 1 | arm yourselves with the same intention | Here Peter uses **arm yourselves** figuratively to refer to preparing one’s mind for something. As soldiers get their weapons ready for battle, so should Christians be mentally prepared to suffer for their faith. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “prepare your minds with the same way of thinking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 366 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | yxs5 | figs-explicit | τὴν αὐτὴν ἔννοιαν | 1 | Here Peter uses **the same way of thinking** to refer to Jesus’ **way of thinking** when he suffered. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “with the same way of thinking about suffering that Christ had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 367 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | d66g | figs-explicit | πέπαυται ἁμαρτίας | 1 | has ceased from sin | Here, **ceased from sin** means “no longer living with a sinful mindset.” The idea is that suffering because of one’s faith indicates that a person is not living sinfully. Christians are often persecuted by unbelievers because they refuse to act sinfully. This phrase does not mean that Christians who suffer never sin. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “has stopped living sinfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 368 | 1PE | 4 | 2 | tjdq | grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς | 1 | Here, **in order to** introduces a purpose clause. This could mean: (1) this verse states the purpose for ceasing from sin mentioned at the end of the previous verse. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “so that he will” (2) this verse states the purpose for the command to “arm yourselves” in the previous verse. Alternate translation (starting a new sentence): “Arm yourselves in order to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 369 | 1PE | 4 | 2 | d49a | figs-metonymy | τὸν ἐπίλοιπον ἐν σαρκὶ…χρόνον | 1 | Peter uses **time in the flesh** figuratively to refer to a person’s lifetime. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the remaining time of your life” or “the rest of your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 370 | 1PE | 4 | 2 | fsvk | figs-explicit | ἀνθρώπων ἐπιθυμίαις | 1 | Here, **desires** refers specifically to sinful **desires**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the sinful desires of men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 371 | 1PE | 4 | 2 | gbb6 | figs-gendernotations | ἀνθρώπων ἐπιθυμίαις | 1 | for the desires of men | Although the term **men** is masculine, Peter is using the word here in a generic sense to refer to humans in general. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for human desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) |
| 372 | 1PE | 4 | 3 | anhj | ἀρκετὸς…ὁ παρεληλυθὼς χρόνος | 1 | Alternate translation: “enough time has passed” | ||
| 373 | 1PE | 4 | 3 | efte | figs-metaphor | τὸ βούλημα τῶν ἐθνῶν | 1 | Here Peter uses **Gentiles** figuratively to refer to sinful people who do not know God. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. See the discussion of this term in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “the will of those people who do not know God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 374 | 1PE | 4 | 3 | rp5p | figs-metaphor | πεπορευμένους ἐν ἀσελγείαις, ἐπιθυμίαις, οἰνοφλυγίαις, κώμοις, πότοις, καὶ ἀθεμίτοις εἰδωλολατρίαις | 1 | Peter speaks of these different sins figuratively as if they were places that his readers had formerly **lived in**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having practiced licentiousness, lusts, drunkenness, carousing, drinking parties, and lawless idolatry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 375 | 1PE | 4 | 3 | lm35 | figs-abstractnouns | πεπορευμένους ἐν ἀσελγείαις, ἐπιθυμίαις, οἰνοφλυγίαις, κώμοις, πότοις, καὶ ἀθεμίτοις εἰδωλολατρίαις | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **licentiousness, lusts, drunkenness, carousing**, and **idolatry**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “having lived licentious and lustful lives, getting drunk, attending immoral parties and drinking parties, and worshipping prohibited idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 376 | 1PE | 4 | 4 | c4ma | figs-metaphor | μὴ συντρεχόντων ὑμῶν εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν τῆς ἀσωτίας ἀνάχυσιν | 1 | Peter uses **running** **into** figuratively to refer to being eager to participate in sinful acts with unbelievers. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you are not eagerly joining them to participate in the same outpouring of recklessness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 377 | 1PE | 4 | 4 | q6k6 | figs-metaphor | τῆς ἀσωτίας ἀνάχυσιν | 1 | outpouring of their reckless behavior | Peter uses **outpouring** figuratively to refer to acting sinfully to such a high degree that it is as if sin was pouring out of the person like a flood. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “abundant acts of recklessness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 378 | 1PE | 4 | 4 | w1d8 | figs-explicit | τῆς ἀσωτίας | 1 | of their reckless behavior | The word **recklessness** refers to dangerous behavior that shows that a person does not care about the consequences of his actions. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of careless sinning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 379 | 1PE | 4 | 5 | datm | figs-metaphor | οἳ ἀποδώσουσιν λόγον | 1 | Here Peter uses **give** figuratively to refer to speaking something. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they will speak a word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 380 | 1PE | 4 | 5 | r288 | figs-metonymy | οἳ ἀποδώσουσιν λόγον | 1 | Here Peter uses **word** figuratively to refer to an explanation that they would speak using words. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they will give an account” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 381 | 1PE | 4 | 5 | xw39 | figs-explicit | τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι | 1 | to the one who is ready to judge | Here, **the one who is ready to judge** could refer to: (1) God. Alternate translation: “to God, who is ready to judge” (2) Christ. Alternate translation: “to Christ, who is ready to judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 382 | 1PE | 4 | 5 | dx7v | figs-merism | ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς | 1 | the living and the dead | The phrase **living and dead ones** refers to all people, whether they are still alive or have died. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) |
| 383 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | u54m | figs-explicit | καὶ νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη | 1 | the gospel was preached also to the dead | Here, **dead ones** refers to people who heard the gospel while they were alive but had died by the time Peter wrote this letter. Some people believe that this clause means that Jesus went to hell and preached the gospel to people who had died before he died on the cross. However, that idea would contradict the statement in [Hebrews 9:27](../../heb/09/27.md) that “men are appointed to die once, and after that, the judgment.” The Bible does not state that God gave anyone a second chance to believe in Jesus after they had already died. If this use of **dead ones** might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the gospel was preached also to those who have since died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 384 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | ql11 | figs-activepassive | εὐηγγελίσθη | 1 | the gospel was preached | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) people preached the gospel. Alternate translation: “people preached the gospel” (2) Christ preached the gospel. Alternate translation: “Christ preached the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 385 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | hsg6 | figs-activepassive | κριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ | 1 | they were judged in the flesh according to men | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) men judged and persecuted them during their lives according to human standards. Alternate translation: “men judged them in the flesh by human standards” (2) God judged them as humans during their lives. Alternate translation: “God judged them in the flesh as humans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 386 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | gm1m | figs-gendernotations | κατὰ ἀνθρώπους | 1 | Although the term **men** is masculine, Peter is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “according to people” or “as people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
| 387 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | s72f | figs-metonymy | σαρκὶ | 1 | they were judged in the flesh according to men | Here Peter uses **in the flesh** figuratively to refer to a person’s lifetime. See how you translated this expression in [verse 2](../04/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 388 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | encm | figs-explicit | ζῶσι | 1 | Here, **live** refers to experiencing eternal life. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they might experience eternal life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 389 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | h154 | figs-explicit | ζῶσι…πνεύματι | 1 | Here, **the spirit** could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit, in which case this phrase would indicate the means by which the people received eternal life. Alternate translation: “they might live by the Spirit” (2) their spiritual existence, in which case this phrase would be referring to the spiritual realm that is contrasted with the physical realm mentioned earlier in the verse with the phrase “in the flesh.” Alternate translation: “they might live spiritually” or “they might live in the spiritual realm” See how you translated the same expression in [3:18](../03/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 390 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | e445 | figs-explicit | πάντων…τὸ τέλος | 1 | the end of all things | Here, **the end of all things** refers to the end of the world when Jesus returns and judges everyone. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the end of the world when Jesus returns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 391 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | qs1t | figs-metaphor | ἤγγικεν | 1 | has come near | Peter uses **has come near** figuratively to refer to something that will happen soon. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will soon happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 392 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | ubd4 | figs-doublet | σωφρονήσατε…καὶ νήψατε | 1 | be of sound mind, and be sober | The words translated as **sound mind** and **sober** mean basically the same thing. Peter uses them to emphasize the need to think clearly since the end of the world is near. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “be completely clearheaded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 393 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | k5hh | figs-metaphor | νήψατε | 1 | be sober | See how you translated this word in [1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 394 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | qb4j | grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς προσευχάς | 1 | Here, **for** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a purpose for his readers to think clearly. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of praying prayers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 395 | 1PE | 4 | 8 | f1lr | figs-metaphor | ὅτι ἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | 1 | for love covers a multitude of sins | Peter describes **love** figuratively as if it were a person who could cover something up and **sins** figuratively as if they were objects that could be covered up. This clause means that people who love others will forgive them for the sins that they commit against them. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “for those who love forgive the many sins committed by others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 396 | 1PE | 4 | 9 | g3vw | figs-explicit | φιλόξενοι | 1 | hospitable | The word **hospitable** refers to showing kindness to and providing for the needs of guests and travelers. This was especially important in Peter’s time because inns were dangerous places where people did many immoral activities, so Christians could not stay in them. If it might be helpful to your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “be those who provide food and a sleeping place” or “be those who provide room and board” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 397 | 1PE | 4 | 9 | rzbi | figs-litotes | ἄνευ γογγυσμοῦ | 1 | Here Peter uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “with cheerfulness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) | |
| 398 | 1PE | 4 | 10 | xvj3 | figs-explicit | ἕκαστος καθὼς ἔλαβεν χάρισμα | 1 | Just as each one has received a gift | Here, **gift** refers to special spiritual abilities that God gives to believers. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “just as each one has received a special spiritual ability from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 399 | 1PE | 4 | 10 | a30t | figs-metaphor | ὡς καλοὶ οἰκονόμοι ποικίλης χάριτος Θεοῦ | 1 | Peter uses **stewards** figuratively to refer to Christians using spiritual abilities from God to serve other believers as if they are managing resources for a boss. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “as those managing the diverse grace of God well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 400 | 1PE | 4 | 10 | smyw | figs-possession | ποικίλης χάριτος Θεοῦ | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to describe **grace** that is given by God. The word **grace** refers to the various spiritual gifts that God graciously gives believers. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the diverse gracious gifts from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 401 | 1PE | 4 | 11 | b81x | figs-ellipsis | εἴ τις λαλεῖ, ὡς λόγια Θεοῦ | 1 | Peter is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “if anyone speaks, let him speak as if he is speaking the words of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 402 | 1PE | 4 | 11 | vs2d | figs-ellipsis | εἴ τις διακονεῖ, ὡς ἐξ ἰσχύος ἧς χορηγεῖ ὁ Θεός | 1 | Peter is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “if anyone serves others, let him serve others as if he were serving them with the strength that God supplies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 403 | 1PE | 4 | 11 | ir6x | figs-activepassive | δοξάζηται ὁ Θεὸς | 1 | so that in all God may be glorified | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you might glorify God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 404 | 1PE | 4 | 11 | wq9e | figs-abstractnouns | ᾧ ἐστιν ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος | 1 | may be glorified | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **glory** and **power**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “may he be recognized as glorious and powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 405 | 1PE | 4 | 12 | vw9s | figs-metaphor | τῇ ἐν ὑμῖν πυρώσει | 1 | the fiery trial among you that is happening for a testing to you | Peter refers to suffering Christians as if they were gold being refined by being passed through a fire. In the same way that fire refines gold, trials test and strengthen a Christian’s faith. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or with a simile. Alternate translation: “the trial you are experiencing that is refining you like gold is refined in fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 406 | 1PE | 4 | 13 | mhj1 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν τῇ ἀποκαλύψει τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ | 1 | at the revealing of his glory | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **revelation** and **glory**, you could express the same ideas in another way. This phrase could mean: (1) Christ will reveal his own glory. Alternate translation: “when he reveals how glorious he is” (2) God will reveal Christ’s glory. Alternate translation: “when God reveals how glorious Christ is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 407 | 1PE | 4 | 13 | b63p | figs-explicit | ἐν τῇ ἀποκαλύψει τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ | 1 | Here, **the revelation of his glory** refers to the time in the future when Jesus returns to earth and judges everyone. If this might might be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the revelation of his glory when he returns to earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 408 | 1PE | 4 | 13 | rgb5 | figs-doublet | χαρῆτε ἀγαλλιώμενοι | 1 | you may rejoice, being full of joy | The words **rejoice** and **glad** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize the intensity of joy. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “rejoice even more” or “be exceedingly glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 409 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | kswc | figs-activepassive | εἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε | 1 | If you are reviled for the name of Christ | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If people revile you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 410 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | i6ul | figs-metonymy | ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ | 1 | If you are reviled for the name of Christ | Here,**name** refers to Christ himself. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 411 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | wbm3 | figs-activepassive | μακάριοι | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you are people whom God has blessed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 412 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | i1kq | figs-explicit | τὸ τῆς δόξης καὶ τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ Πνεῦμα | 1 | the Spirit of glory and of God | Here, **of glory** and **of God** both refer to the Holy Spirit. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of glory, who is the Spirit of God” or “the glorious Holy Spirit of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 413 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | nx6p | figs-idiom | ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς ἀναπαύεται | 1 | is resting on you | Here, **rests on you** is as idiom that refers to the Holy Spirit continually dwelling within Christians. Peter borrowed this language from [Isaiah 11:2](../../isa/11/02.md) where it originally referred to the Holy Spirit dwelling in the Messiah. The Holy Spirit dwells in the Messiah as well as in those who believe in the Messiah ([John 1:33](../../jhn/01/33.md); [14:16–17](../../jhn/14/16.md)). The Holy Spirit who dwells within believers provides strength and comfort when believers are persecuted for their faith. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is staying with you” or “remains within you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 414 | 1PE | 4 | 15 | qzlb | figs-abstractnouns | ὡς φονεὺς, ἢ κλέπτης, ἢ κακοποιὸς, ἢ ὡς ἀλλοτριεπίσκοπος | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **murderer**, **thief**, **evildoer** and **meddler**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “as someone who murders, steals, does evil, or as someone who meddles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 415 | 1PE | 4 | 15 | nr6n | ἀλλοτριεπίσκοπος | 1 | a meddler | Here, **meddler** refers to a person who gets involved with the affairs of others without having a right to do so. Alternate translation: “someone who needlessly meddles in the affairs of other people” | |
| 416 | 1PE | 4 | 16 | xb0e | figs-123person | μὴ αἰσχυνέσθω, δοξαζέτω δὲ τὸν Θεὸν | 1 | Peter is addressing his readers indirectly by using the third person. If this might be confusing in your language, you can use the second person like the previous verse does. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “do not be ashamed, but glorify God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 417 | 1PE | 4 | 16 | xm8z | figs-explicit | ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ | 1 | in this name | Here, **this name** refers to the title “Christian” mentioned earlier in the verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “because he bears the name ‘Christian’” or “because people have recognized him as a Christian” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 418 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | nawr | figs-abstractnouns | ὁ καιρὸς τοῦ ἄρξασθαι τὸ κρίμα ἀπὸ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “it is time for God to begin judging the household of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 419 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | x9np | figs-metaphor | τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | the household of God | Here Peter uses **household** figuratively to refer to all believers as if they were a family that belongs to God. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those who belong to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 420 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | v74q | figs-ellipsis | εἰ δὲ πρῶτον ἀφ’ ἡμῶν | 1 | the household of God | Peter is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the the previous clause. Alternate translation: “but if it is time for judgment to begin first with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
| 421 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | phx3 | figs-exclusive | ἀφ’ ἡμῶν | 1 | the household of God | When Peter says **us**, he is speaking of himself and his readers, so **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) |
| 422 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | c8ke | figs-rquestion | τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ? | 1 | but if first with us, what will be the end of those disobeying the gospel of God? | Peter is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize that God’s judgment will be more severe for people who reject the gospel than for those who believe it. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “how terrible will be the end of the ones disobeying the gospel of God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 423 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | e5fn | figs-explicit | τὸ τέλος | 1 | but if first with us, what will be the end of those disobeying the gospel of God? | Here, **end** refers to the final result of the lives of people who do not believe in Jesus. If this might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the final result” or “the outcome” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 424 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | z9zc | figs-explicit | τῶν ἀπειθούντων | 1 | what will be the end of those disobeying | Here, **disobeying** refers to disobeying the command to repent and believe the gospel, which is part of the gospel message. See how you translated a similar phrase in [2:8](../02/08.md). Alternate translation: “of the ones refusing to believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 425 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | l3db | figs-possession | τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ | 1 | of those disobeying the gospel of God | Here, **the gospel of God** could refer to: (1) the gospel that came from God. Alternate translation: “the gospel from God” (2) the gospel that is about God. Alternate translation: “the gospel about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
| 426 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | re8y | writing-quotations | καὶ | 1 | If with difficulty the righteous are being saved | **And** here introduces a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Proverbs 11:31](../../pro/11/31). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “And Solomon wrote in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) |
| 427 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | f7kx | figs-quotemarks | εἰ ὁ δίκαιος μόλις σῴζεται, ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται? | 1 | If with difficulty the righteous are being saved | This sentence is a quotation from [Proverbs 11:31](../../pro/11/31). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) |
| 428 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | t762 | figs-activepassive | εἰ ὁ δίκαιος μόλις σῴζεται | 1 | If with difficulty the righteous are being saved | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If with difficulty God is saving the righteous one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 429 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | i6nz | figs-genericnoun | ὁ δίκαιος…ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς | 1 | If with difficulty the righteous are being saved | Peter is speaking of these types of people in general, not of specific individual people. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “righteous ones … ungodly and sinful ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) |
| 430 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | w8ke | figs-rquestion | ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται? | 1 | where will the ungodly and the sinner appear? | Peter is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize that ungodly people will suffer much more than believers do. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “the ungodly and sinner will surely not appear!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 431 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | ms54 | figs-idiom | ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται | 1 | where will the ungodly and the sinner appear | Here, the combination of **where will** and **appear** is an idiom meaning “what will happen.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “what will happen to the ungodly and the sinner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 432 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | wb4v | figs-doublet | ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς | 1 | The words **ungodly** and **sinner** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize the wickedness of these people. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “the ungodly sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 433 | 1PE | 4 | 19 | qm3u | figs-synecdoche | τὰς ψυχὰς | 1 | See how you translated **souls** in [1:9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 434 | 1PE | 4 | 19 | g1r6 | ἐν ἀγαθοποιΐᾳ | 1 | Alternate translation: “while doing good” or “while continuing to do good deeds” | ||
| 435 | 1PE | 5 | intro | a6d9 | 0 | # 1 Peter 5 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Instructions for relationships among believers (5:1–11)<br>2. Conclusion (5:12–14)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Lion<br><br>Other animals are usually afraid of lions because they are fast and strong, and they eat almost every other kind of animal. They also eat people. Satan wants to make God’s people afraid, so Peter uses the simile of a lion to teach his readers that Satan can harm their bodies, but if they trust in God and obey him, they will always be God’s people, and God will care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br><br>### Babylon<br><br>Babylon was the evil nation that had destroyed Jerusalem, taken the Jews away from their homes, and ruled over them. Other places in Scripture use Babylon as a metaphor for the enemies of God’s people. In [verse 13](../05/13.md) Peter uses Babylon as a metaphor for the nation that was persecuting the Christians to whom he was writing. Most scholars believe that here Peter is referring to Rome because the Romans were severely persecuting Christians there at that time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |||
| 436 | 1PE | 5 | 1 | s8fr | 0 | General Information: | In [verses 1–4](../05/01.md) Peter speaks directly to men who are leaders in the churches. | ||
| 437 | 1PE | 5 | 1 | m4xr | figs-explicit | πρεσβυτέρους…ὁ συνπρεσβύτερος | 1 | In [verses 1–5](../05/01.md) the words **elder** and **elders** refer specifically to church leaders, who were often older men. Here these words do not refer to old men in general. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the fellow church leader … the church leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 438 | 1PE | 5 | 1 | n3em | figs-abstractnouns | μάρτυς τῶν τοῦ Χριστοῦ παθημάτων | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **witness** and **sufferings**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “one who has witnessed Christ suffer in many ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 439 | 1PE | 5 | 1 | a6ve | figs-activepassive | τῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης | 1 | of the glory that is about to be revealed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “in the glory that God is about to reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 440 | 1PE | 5 | 1 | wead | figs-abstractnouns | τῆς…δόξης | 1 | of the glory that is about to be revealed | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in the glorious nature of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 441 | 1PE | 5 | 1 | yb3l | figs-explicit | τῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης | 1 | of the glory that is about to be revealed | The phrase **the glory that is about to be revealed** refers to Christ’s glorious return to earth in the future. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the glory that is about to be revealed when Christ returns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 442 | 1PE | 5 | 2 | f63v | figs-metaphor | ποιμάνατε τὸ…ποίμνιον τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Shepherd the flock of God | Here Peter uses **Shepherd** figuratively to refer to leading and taking care of believers and **flock** figuratively to refer to those believers. Elders who lead assemblies of believers should take care of those believers like shepherds take care of their sheep. Since the shepherd and sheep metaphors are important metaphors in the Bible, you should keep the metaphors in your translation or use similes. Alternate translation: “Take care of God’s people as if they were a flock of sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 443 | 1PE | 5 | 2 | dvai | figs-abstractnouns | ἐπισκοποῦντες μὴ ἀναγκαστῶς | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **oversight** and **compulsion**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “supervising—not because you must do so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 444 | 1PE | 5 | 2 | zfei | figs-ellipsis | ἐπισκοποῦντες μὴ ἀναγκαστῶς | 1 | Peter is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “exercising oversight over them—not doing this under compulsion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 445 | 1PE | 5 | 2 | k4dk | figs-doublet | μὴ ἀναγκαστῶς, ἀλλὰ ἑκουσίως | 1 | The phrases **not under compulsion** and **willingly** mean the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that Peter wants church leaders to voluntarily take care of believers. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “with complete willingness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 446 | 1PE | 5 | 2 | cp7u | figs-explicit | κατὰ Θεόν | 1 | This phrase refers to acting according to God’s will or requirements. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “according to God’s will” or “as God wants you to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 447 | 1PE | 5 | 2 | c6qf | figs-doublet | μηδὲ αἰσχροκερδῶς, ἀλλὰ προθύμως | 1 | The phrases **not greedily** and **eagerly** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that Peter wants church leaders to eagerly take care of believers. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “with complete eagerness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 448 | 1PE | 5 | 3 | lta9 | figs-metaphor | ὡς κατακυριεύοντες | 1 | And not as lording it over those who are allotted to you, but be examples | Here Peter uses **lording it over** figuratively to refer to acting toward people in a harsh and controlling manner as if someone were a harsh master who abuses his servants. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “harshly controlling” or “acting like harsh masters over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 449 | 1PE | 5 | 3 | xwr3 | figs-abstractnouns | τῶν κλήρων | 1 | those who are allotted to you | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **portion**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “those who are assigned to you” or “those whom God has apportioned to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 450 | 1PE | 5 | 3 | n485 | figs-possession | τύποι γινόμενοι τοῦ ποιμνίου | 1 | those who are allotted to you | Peter is using the possessive form to describe **examples** that are for **the flock**. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being examples for the flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
| 451 | 1PE | 5 | 3 | vg31 | figs-metaphor | τοῦ ποιμνίου | 1 | See how you translated **flock** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 452 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | oz14 | grammar-connect-logic-result | καὶ | 1 | when the Chief Shepherd has been revealed | **And** here indicates that what follows is the result of obeying the commands that Peter gave in [verses 2–3](../05/02.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a result clause. Alternate translation: “As a result of doing these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
| 453 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | pfjr | figs-explicit | τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος | 1 | when the Chief Shepherd has been revealed | **Chief Shepherd** is a title for Jesus. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jesus, the Chief Shepherd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 454 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | td11 | figs-metaphor | τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος | 1 | when the Chief Shepherd has been revealed | Here Peter speaks of Jesus figuratively as if he were a **shepherd** who has authority over all the leaders of the assemblies of believers. Peter told those leaders to shepherd their flocks in [verse 2](../05/02.md). Since this is an important title for Jesus that connects to some prophecies about the Messiah in the Old Testament, you should keep the metaphor in your translation or use a simile. Alternate translation: “the one who is like a lead shepherd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 455 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | qlek | figs-activepassive | φανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος | 1 | when the Chief Shepherd has been revealed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when the Chief Shepherd appears” or “when God reveals the Chief Shepherd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 456 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | ll4r | figs-metaphor | τὸν ἀμαράντινον τῆς δόξης στέφανον\r | 1 | the unfading crown of glory | Here,**crown** refers to a symbol of victory. It does not refer to the type of **crown** that kings wear. In ancient times an athlete would receive this **crown** as a reward for winning a competition. Those crowns were often made of leaves or flowers that would fade. Unlike those victory crowns, the reward that God gives will be **unfading**, which means that it will last forever. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a glorious reward that will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 457 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | c6h3 | figs-possession | τῆς δόξης στέφανον | 1 | crown of glory | This could refer to: (1) a **crown** that is characterized by **glory**. Alternate translation: “glorious crown” (2) a **crown** that is the **glory** referred to in [verse 1](../05/01.md). Alternate translation: “crown, that is, glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
| 458 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | qm2h | 0 | General Information: | In this verse Peter first instructs younger men specifically and then continues to instruct all of the believers. | ||
| 459 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | z13n | figs-activepassive | ὑποτάγητε | 1 | all of you | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “subject yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 460 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | bjt6 | figs-explicit | πρεσβυτέροις | 1 | all of you | See how you translated **elders** in [verse 1](../05/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 461 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | uh4n | figs-explicit | πάντες | 1 | all of you | Here, **everyone** refers to all the believers to whom Peter is writing this letter, not to all people. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “every one of you believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 462 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | r6s6 | figs-metaphor | τὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην ἐγκομβώσασθε | 1 | clothe yourselves with humility | Peter speaks of **humility** figuratively as if it were a piece of clothing that a person could put on. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “act with humility” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 463 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | jr8h | figs-abstractnouns | τὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην | 1 | clothe yourselves with humility | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **humility**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “with humble actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 464 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | v49g | writing-quotations | ὅτι | 1 | clothe yourselves with humility | Here, **for** introduces a quotation from the Old Testament ([Proverbs 3:34](../../pro/03/34.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “for it is as Solomon wrote in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) |
| 465 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | r4gv | figs-quotemarks | ὁ Θεὸς ὑπερηφάνοις ἀντιτάσσεται, ταπεινοῖς δὲ δίδωσιν χάριν | 1 | clothe yourselves with humility | This sentence is a quotation from [Proverbs 3:34](../../pro/03/34.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) |
| 466 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | xgeg | figs-abstractnouns | δίδωσιν χάριν | 1 | clothe yourselves with humility | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “acts graciously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 467 | 1PE | 5 | 6 | bie6 | figs-metonymy | ὑπὸ τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖρα τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | under the mighty hand of God | Peter uses **hand** figuratively to refer to God’s power to save humble people and punish proud people. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “under God’s great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 468 | 1PE | 5 | 6 | qwn9 | figs-metaphor | ὑμᾶς ὑψώσῃ | 1 | under the mighty hand of God | Peter is using a spatial metaphor to describe God honoring someone as if God would **lift** that person **up**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God may show honor to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 469 | 1PE | 5 | 7 | c1uu | figs-metaphor | πᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν ὑμῶν ἐπιρίψαντες ἐπ’ αὐτόν | 1 | having cast all your anxiety on him | Here Peter speaks of **anxiety** figuratively as if it were a heavy burden that a person can take off of his back and **cast** onto God. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “trusting him with everything that worries you” or “letting him take care of all the things that trouble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 470 | 1PE | 5 | 8 | wbb5 | figs-doublet | νήψατε, γρηγορήσατε | 1 | Be sober | The words translated as **sober** and **watchful** basically the same thing. Peter uses them to emphasize that believers need to be alert since the devil wants to destroy them. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “be completely alert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 471 | 1PE | 5 | 8 | k9nt | figs-metaphor | νήψατε | 1 | Be sober | See how you translated this word in [1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 472 | 1PE | 5 | 8 | tl7i | figs-simile | ὡς λέων ὠρυόμενος περιπατεῖ, ζητῶν τινα καταπιεῖν | 1 | the devil, is walking around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour | Peter speaks of **the devil** figuratively as if he were a **roaring lion** who wants to **devour** people. Just as a hungry lion devours its prey, the devil is **seeking** to destroy the faith of believers. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is trying to find ways to destroy the faith of believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 473 | 1PE | 5 | 9 | v4t5 | figs-ellipsis | στερεοὶ τῇ πίστει | 1 | Peter is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “being firm in the faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 474 | 1PE | 5 | 9 | vwtc | figs-abstractnouns | τῇ πίστει | 1 | Here, **the faith** could refer to: (1) a person’s trust in Jesus. Alternate translation: “in the faith that you have” (2) the Christian faith in general. Alternate translation: “in the Christian faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 475 | 1PE | 5 | 9 | tusy | figs-abstractnouns | τὰ αὐτὰ τῶν παθημάτων…ἐπιτελεῖσθαι | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sufferings**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “that people are suffering in the same ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 476 | 1PE | 5 | 9 | uk06 | figs-activepassive | τὰ αὐτὰ τῶν παθημάτων…ἐπιτελεῖσθαι | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the same kind of sufferings are occurring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 477 | 1PE | 5 | 9 | v451 | figs-metaphor | ὑμῶν ἀδελφότητι | 1 | your brotherhhood | See how you translated **brotherhood** in [2:17](../02/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 478 | 1PE | 5 | 9 | i4ur | ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ | 1 | in the world | Alternate translation: “in various places throughout the world” | |
| 479 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | fxfg | figs-infostructure | ὁ δὲ Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος, ὁ καλέσας ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν ἐν Χριστῷ, ὀλίγον παθόντας | 1 | the God of all grace | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these clauses so that they appear in chronological order. Alternate translation: “But after having suffered for a little while, the God of all grace, the one who has called you to his eternal glory in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) |
| 480 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | p648 | figs-possession | ὁ…Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος | 1 | the God of all grace | **God of all grace** could mean: (1) God is always gracious. Alternate translation: “the God who is always gracious” (2) God always give gracious gifts, as mentioned in [4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “the God who gives all gracious gifts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
| 481 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | wpzj | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν | 1 | the God of all grace | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to his glorious presence forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 482 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | ns1v | figs-explicit | ἐν Χριστῷ | 1 | the God of all grace | Here, **in Christ** refers to being united with Christ through faith in him. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in union with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 483 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | suu9 | ὀλίγον | 1 | for a little while | Alternate translation: “for a short time” | |
| 484 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | gnvs | figs-doublet | αὐτὸς καταρτίσει, στηρίξει, σθενώσει, θεμελιώσει | 1 | for a little while | Here, **confirm**, **strengthen**, and **establish** all mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that God will fully strengthen people who suffer because they trust in Jesus. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “will himself restore and thoroughly strengthen in every way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 485 | 1PE | 5 | 11 | u6h1 | figs-abstractnouns | αὐτῷ τὸ κράτος | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **power**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “May he rule powerfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 486 | 1PE | 5 | 12 | an6q | figs-explicit | διὰ Σιλουανοῦ, ὑμῖν τοῦ πιστοῦ ἀδελφοῦ (ὡς λογίζομαι), δι’ ὀλίγων ἔγραψα | 1 | Through Silvanus … I wrote to you briefly | **Through Silvanus** means that Silvanus wrote down the words that Peter told him to write in this letter. In ancient times it was common for people to use scribes to write down letters for them. If this might confuse your readers, you could state it explicitly. Alternate translation: “I wrote to you briefly by means of Silvanus, the faithful brother, as I regard him, who wrote down what I told him to write” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 487 | 1PE | 5 | 12 | dhvh | figs-gendernotations | ἀδελφοῦ | 1 | Through Silvanus … I wrote to you briefly | Although **brother** is masculine and Silvanus is a man, here Peter is using **brother** in a generic sense to refer to another believer. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “fellow Christian” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) |
| 488 | 1PE | 5 | 12 | ca38 | writing-pronouns | ταύτην | 1 | this is the true grace of God | Here, **this** refers back to what Peter has written in this letter, especially the gospel message that the letter contains. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “what I have written to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
| 489 | 1PE | 5 | 12 | g1t6 | figs-metonymy | ταύτην εἶναι ἀληθῆ χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | this is the true grace of God | Here the word **grace** refers to the gospel message, which tells of the kind things that God has done for believers. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “this letter I have written contains God’s true and gracious message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 490 | 1PE | 5 | 12 | cssm | figs-metaphor | εἰς ἣν στῆτε | 1 | Stand in it | Peter uses **Stand** figuratively to refer to being strongly committed to something as if someone is standing firmly in one place and refusing to move. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Remain strongly committed to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 491 | 1PE | 5 | 12 | nm72 | writing-pronouns | εἰς ἣν στῆτε | 1 | Stand in it | Here, **it** refers to **the true grace of God** mentioned earlier in the verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Stand in this true grace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) |
| 492 | 1PE | 5 | 13 | muq7 | writing-symlanguage | ἡ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι συνεκλεκτὴ | 1 | She who is in Babylon | **She** and **fellow-elect one** here both refer to the group of believers who were with Peter when he wrote this letter. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “We believers in Babylon, who are fellow-elect ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) |
| 493 | 1PE | 5 | 13 | pzpw | writing-symlanguage | ἐν Βαβυλῶνι | 1 | Here, **Babylon** could mean: (1) the city of Rome. Alternate translation: “in Rome, which is like Babylon” (2) the city of Babylon, as it appears in the ULT. See the discussion of this in the General Notes to this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) | |
| 494 | 1PE | 5 | 13 | rpf5 | figs-activepassive | συνεκλεκτὴ | 1 | chosen together with you | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “one whom God has elected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 495 | 1PE | 5 | 13 | kc8s | ἀσπάζεται | 1 | chosen together with you | As was customary in this culture, Peter concludes the letter by extending greetings from people who are with him and who know the people to whom he is writing. Your language may have a particular way of sharing greetings in a letter. If so, you can use that form here. Alternate translation: “asks to be remembered by” or “says hello to” | |
| 496 | 1PE | 5 | 13 | ws2x | figs-metaphor | ὁ υἱός μου | 1 | my son | Peter refers to Mark figuratively as if he were his **son** because he taught him about Christianity and loved him like a **son**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who is like my son” or “my spiritual son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 497 | 1PE | 5 | 13 | d9hx | translate-names | Μᾶρκος | 1 | **Mark** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 498 | 1PE | 5 | 14 | jqd8 | figs-imperative | ἀσπάσασθε | 1 | **Greet** here is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. Alternate translation: “Make it your habit to greet” or “Make it your practice to greet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) | |
| 499 | 1PE | 5 | 14 | fc7b | translate-symaction | ἐν φιλήματι ἀγάπης | 1 | a kiss of love | A **kiss** was an action that expressed Christian affection in this culture. It showed the unity of those who belong to Christ. If there is a gesture with similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “with a loving kiss” or “a kiss to show your love for each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) |
| 500 | 1PE | 5 | 14 | i08w | translate-blessing | εἰρήνη ὑμῖν πᾶσιν, τοῖς ἐν Χριστῷ | 1 | As was customary in his culture, Peter closes his letter with a blessing for his readers. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May all you who are in Christ experience peace within you” or “I pray that you all who are in Christ will have peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) | |
| 501 | 1PE | 5 | 14 | u70z | figs-explicit | ἐν Χριστῷ | 1 | a kiss of love | See how you translated this phrase in [verse 10](../05/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |