unfoldingWord_en_tn/en_tn_61-1PE.tsv

126 KiB
Raw Blame History

1BookChapterVerseIDSupportReferenceOrigQuoteOccurrenceGLQuoteOccurrenceNote
21PEfrontintroc1uv0# Introduction to 1 Peter<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of 1 Peter<br><br>1. Introduction (1:12)<br>2. Peter reminds the believers of their identity in Christ (1:32:10)<br> * Peter praises God for saving the believers (1:312)<br> * Command to be holy (1:1321)<br>* Command to love each other as a family (1:222:10)<br>3. Peter tells the believers how they should behave (2:114:11)<br> * How believers should act toward other people (2:113:12)<br> * How believers should endure suffering (3:134:6)<br> * The end is near (4:711)<br>4. Peter encourages the believers to persevere when suffering (4:125:11)<br> * How believers should respond to trials (4:1219)<br> * Instructions for relationships among believers (5:111)<br>5. Conclusion (5:1214)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter?<br><br>The author identified himself as Peter, who was also called Simon Peter. He was an apostle and also wrote the book of 2 Peter. Peter probably wrote this letter in Rome. He wrote the letter to Gentile Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/peter]])<br><br>### What is the Book of 1 Peter about?<br><br>Peter wrote this letter to encourage Gentile Christians who were being persecuted and to exhort them to stand firm in “the true grace of God” ([5:12](../05/12.md)). Peter told his readers how they should act in the midst of a society that hated them. He encouraged Christians to continue obeying God even when they are suffering. He told them to do this because Jesus will return soon. Peter also instructed Christians about submitting to persons in authority.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title “1 Peter” or “First Peter.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The First Letter from Peter” or “The First Letter Peter Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### How were Christians treated in Rome?<br><br>Peter was probably in Rome when he wrote this letter. In [5:13](../05/13.md) Peter referred to Rome symbolically as “Babylon.” It appears that when Peter wrote this letter, Romans were severely persecuting Christians.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Peter, except for two places: [1 Peter 1:16](../01/16.md) and [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). The word “you” is always plural and refers to Peters audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter?<br><br>“Having purified your souls by obedience to the truth for sincere brotherly love, love one another earnestly from a pure heart” ([1:22](../01/22.md)). The ULT, UST, and most other modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, “Having purified your souls by obedience to the truth *through the Spirit* for sincere brotherly love, love one another earnestly from the heart.” Translators are advised to follow the modern reading.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
31PE1introql4i0# 1 Peter 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Introduction (1:12)<br>2. Peter praises God for saving the believers (1:312)<br>3. Command to be holy (1:1321)<br>4. Command to love each other as a family (1:222:10)<br><br>Peter begins this letter in [1:12](../01/01.md) by giving his name, identifying the people to whom he is writing, and offering a greeting. That was the way people typically began letters at that time.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in [1:2425](../01/24.md).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### What God reveals<br><br>When Jesus comes again, everyone will see how good Gods people were to have faith in Jesus. Then Gods people will see how gracious God has been to them, and all people will praise both God and his people.<br><br>### Holiness<br><br>God wants his people to be holy because God is holy (1:15). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### Eternity<br><br>Peter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Paradox<br><br>A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Peter writes that his readers are glad and sad at the same time ([1 Peter 1:6](../01/06.md)). He can say this because they are sad because they are suffering, but they are also glad because they know that God will save them “in the last time” ([1 Peter 1:5](../01/05.md))
41PE11g6b4figs-123personΠέτρος1In this culture, letter writers would give their own names first, and they would refer to themselves in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the first person. If your language has a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, you could also use that. Alternate translation: “I, Peter, am writing this letter” or “From Peter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
51PE11p0pdtranslate-namesΠέτρος1**Peter** is the name of a man, a disciple of Jesus. See the information about him in Part 1 of the Introduction to 1 Peter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
61PE11h6omfigs-distinguishἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1This phrase gives further information about Simon Peter. He describes himself as being someone given the position and authority of being Christs apostle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
71PE11owrgfigs-123personἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις1In this culture, after giving their own names, letter writers would then say to whom they were writing, naming those people in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the second person. Alternate translation: “to you elect exiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
81PE11g3n3figs-abstractnounsἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς1If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **elect** and **dispersion**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to those whom God has elected and exiled among those whom God has dispersed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
91PE11u3zcfigs-metaphorἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς1to the elect foreigners of the dispersionWhen Peter calls his readers **exiles** he could mean: (1) they are **exiles** because they are far away from their true home in heaven. Alternate translation: “to the elect exiles of the dispersion who are far from their home in heaven” (2) they are **exiles** because they were forced to leave their homes and go far away to Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia. Alternate translation: “to you elect exiles of the dispersion who are far away from your homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
101PE11bg47figs-metaphorδιασπορᾶς1Here, **dispersion** could refer to: (1) groups of Gentile Christians who were spread throughout the world instead of in their true home in heaven. In this case, **dispersion** would have a similar meaning to **exiles** and would add emphasis. Alternate translation: “among those dispersed outside of their true home in heaven” (2) the groups of Jewish people who were spread across the Greek-speaking world that was outside of the land of Israel, which is the common technical meaning for this word. Alternate translation: “among the dispersed Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
111PE11qkl8translate-namesΠόντου, Γαλατίας, Καππαδοκίας, Ἀσίας, καὶ Βιθυνίας1Cappadocia … Bithynia**Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia** are names of Roman provinces that were located in what is now the country of Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
121PE12ba1hfigs-abstractnounsπρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός1the foreknowledge of God the FatherIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **foreknowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “what God the Father foreknew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
131PE12lcpsfigs-explicitπρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός1This phrase could mean: (1) God had determined what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father planned previously” (2) God knew what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father knew beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
141PE12z59tguidelines-sonofgodprinciplesΠατρός1**Father** is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
151PE12huw6figs-abstractnounsἐν ἁγιασμῷ Πνεύματος1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sanctification**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “by the Spirit sanctifying you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
161PE12sfrrfigs-possessionἐν ἁγιασμῷ Πνεύματος1Peter is using the possessive form to describe **sanctification** that is produced by the Holy **Spirit**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by the Spirit causing you to be sanctified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
171PE12ukosfigs-explicitεἰς ὑπακοὴν καὶ ῥαντισμὸν αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1Here, **obedience** could refer to: (1) obeying God. Alternate translation: “for obedience of God and the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ” (2) obeying Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “for obedience of Jesus Christ and the sprinkling of his blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
181PE12oiuzfigs-abstractnounsεἰς ὑπακοὴν1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **obedience**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “for you to obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
191PE12j96ugrammar-connect-logic-goalεἰς ὑπακοὴν1Here, **for** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a purpose for which the Holy Spirit sanctifies believers. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of obedience” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
201PE12rwkkfigs-metaphorῥαντισμὸν αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus ChristPeter uses **sprinkling** figuratively to refer to believers being in a covenant relationship with God. Just as Moses sprinkled blood on the people of Israel in [Exodus 24:111](../../exo/24/01.md) to symbolize them joining in a covenant relationship with God, believers are joined in a covenant relationship with God by means of Jesus death. Moses also sprinkled blood on the priests to set them apart to serve God as priests ([Leviticus 8:30](../../lev/08/30.md)). If your readers would not understand this, you could use a simile or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the covenant between believers and God established by the blood of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
211PE12i9kffigs-metonymyαἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1of the blood of Jesus ChristHere, **blood** refers figuratively to the death of Jesus. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “of the death of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
221PE12k547translate-blessingχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1In this culture, letter writers would offer a good wish for the recipient before introducing the main business of the letter. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing. Alternate translation: “May God increase his kind acts to you and make you more peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
231PE12iam1figs-abstractnounsχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract nouns **grace** and **peace**, you could express the ideas behind them with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “May God multiply his kind acts to you and give you a more peaceful spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
241PE12z7dffigs-metaphorχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1May grace be to you, and may your peace increasePeter speaks of **grace** and **peace** as if they were objects that could increase in size or number. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a different metaphor that means that these things will increase, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “May grace and peace increase in your lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
251PE12gj71figs-activepassiveχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May God multiply grace and peace to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
261PE13y6aq0General Information:Peter begins to talk about the believers salvation and faith. Verses 35 are one sentence, but you may need to divide them into shorter sentences in your language.
271PE13l4vifigs-declarativeεὐλογητὸς1Peter is using a statement to give an exhortation. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for exhortation. Alternate translation: “Let us bless” or “Let us praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
281PE13z6wkguidelines-sonofgodprinciplesΠατὴρ1**Father** is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
291PE13cyf6figs-exclusiveἡμῶν…ἡμᾶς1our … usThe words **our** and **us** are inclusive. They refer to Peter and those believers to whom he is writing. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
301PE13ib1xfigs-possessionτοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν1Peter is using the possessive form to describe Jesus as the **Lord** who rules over those who believe in him. If this is not clear in your language, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the person who is lord over us” or “of the person who rules over us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
311PE13mdvifigs-abstractnounsὁ κατὰ τὸ πολὺ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **mercy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “according to his great merciful character” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
321PE13c92yfigs-metaphorἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς1he has given us new birthThe phrase **born again** is a metaphor that refers to spiritual rebirth. Since this is an important metaphor in the Bible, you should keep it in your translation and include an explanation if necessary. Alternate translation: “has caused us to be spiritually reborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
331PE13cbxbfigs-infostructureἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς εἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν, δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐκ νεκρῶν1The clause **into a living hope** is parallel to “into an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritance” in the next verse. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of the phrases in this verse in order to show that parallel structure. Alternate translation: “who has caused us to be born again through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from dead ones into a living hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
341PE13qe1cgrammar-connect-logic-goalεἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν1Here, **into** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a purpose for which God causes believers to be born again. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving us a living hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
351PE13kngtfigs-metaphorεἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν1Peter uses **living** figuratively to describe **hope** that is certain and will not lead to disappointment. If this use of living might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into a hope that will not disappoint you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
361PE13lh0rfigs-abstractnounsδι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐκ νεκρῶν1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **resurrection**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “through Jesus Christ being resurrected from among dead ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
371PE14v9jqgrammar-connect-logic-goalεἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον1Here, **into** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a second purpose for which God causes believers to be born again. This clause states what the “living hope” in the previous verse is. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving us an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
381PE14b2zyfigs-abstractnounsεἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον1for an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritanceIf it would be clearer in your language, you can translate **inheritance** using a verb. Alternate translation: “into what we will inherit that is imperishable and undefiled and unfading” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
391PE14cy1gfigs-metaphorκληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον1an … inheritancePeter uses **inheritance** figuratively to refer to what we will receive in heaven. This could refer to: (1) salvation after this life. Alternate translation: “an imperishable and undefiled and unfading salvation” (2) future blessings in heaven after this life. Alternate translation: “imperishable and undefiled and unfading blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
401PE14z6w4figs-activepassiveτετηρημένην ἐν οὐρανοῖς εἰς ὑμᾶς1reserved in heaven for youIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which God has kept in heaven for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
411PE15r4esfigs-activepassiveτοὺς ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ φρουρουμένους1who are protected by the power of GodIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones whom God is protecting with his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
421PE15a4abfigs-abstractnounsδιὰ πίστεως1through faithIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by believing in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
431PE15ymh2grammar-connect-logic-goalεἰς σωτηρίαν1Here, **for** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a purpose for which God is protecting believers. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving us a salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
441PE15gj5sfigs-abstractnounsεἰς σωτηρίαν ἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for the time when God saves you, which is ready to be revealed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
451PE15g4rbfigs-activepassiveἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι1that is ready to be revealedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God is ready to reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
461PE15xsp2figs-explicitἐν καιρῷ ἐσχάτῳ1Here, **the last time** refers to “the day of the Lord,” which is the time when Jesus returns to the world to judge everyone and vindicate those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the last time when Jesus returns and judges everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
471PE16p1tawriting-pronounsἐν ᾧ1Here, **this** could refer to: (1) the “last time” referred to at the end of the last verse. Alternate translation: “in this last time” (2) everything described in [verses 35](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “in all of this that I have said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
481PE16hy8dgrammar-connect-logic-resultἐν ᾧ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε1In this you greatly rejoice**In** here introduces the reason why Peters readers rejoice. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “On account of this you greatly rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
491PE16dtvbgrammar-connect-condition-factἄρτι, εἰ δέον λυπηθέντες1Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “if now it is necessary to have been distressed, and it is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
501PE16a2bqfigs-activepassiveὀλίγον ἄρτι, εἰ δέον λυπηθέντες ἐν ποικίλοις πειρασμοῖς1If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if now it is necessary for various trials to distress you a little while” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
511PE17vvp1figs-metaphorἵνα τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως1so that the proof of your faithIn the same way in which fire refines gold, hardships test how well believers trust in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
521PE17ct3nfigs-abstractnounsτὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως1the proof of your faithIf your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **genuineness** and **faith**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the fact that you genuinely believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
531PE17g1oefigs-infostructureἵνα τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, διὰ πυρὸς δὲ δοκιμαζομένου, εὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ τιμὴν, ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “so that the genuineness of your faith might be found to result in praise and glory and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ; that faith is more precious than the perishing gold, but being tested by fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
541PE17u63mfigs-explicitὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, διὰ πυρὸς δὲ δοκιμαζομένου1of your faith, which is more precious than gold that perishes. But, being tested by fireIn this clause Peter means that **faith** is more valuable than **gold** because faith lasts forever but gold does not, even if it is refined by someone passing it through **fire**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. It may be helpful to make this a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “of your faith, which is more precious than gold because even gold that is tested by fire can perish, but your faith will not perish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
551PE17a6q4figs-activepassiveεὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ τιμὴν1it might be found to result in praise, and glory, and honorIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it might result in praise and glory and honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
561PE17lewtfigs-explicitἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1Peter assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to the future **revelation of Jesus Christ** when Jesus returns to earth. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the future revelation of Jesus Christ” or “when Jesus Christ reveals himself again in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
571PE17bkr9figs-abstractnounsἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1at the revealing of Jesus ChristIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **revelation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “at the time when Jesus Christ is revealed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
581PE18eka3figs-doubletχαρᾷ ἀνεκλαλήτῳ καὶ δεδοξασμένῃ1with joy that is inexpressible and filled with gloryHere, **inexpressible** and **filled with glory** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that how great the joy is If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “with joy so great that words cannot describe it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
591PE19hw6yfigs-metaphorκομιζόμενοι…σωτηρίαν1the salvationHere Peter speaks figuratively of **salvation** as if it were an object that someone could receive. If this would confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experiencing … the salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
601PE19jkcbfigs-abstractnounsτῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “of you believing in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
611PE19j2qefigs-abstractnounsσωτηρίαν ψυχῶν1the salvation of your soulsIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God saving your souls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
621PE19uk4afigs-synecdocheσωτηρίαν ψυχῶν1the salvation of your soulsHere, **souls** refers to the individual Christians to whom Peter is writing this letter. If this might confuse your readers, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “your salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
631PE110yyz4figs-doubletἐξεζήτησαν καὶ ἐξηραύνησαν1searched and inquired carefullyThe phrases **searched** and **inquired carefully** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize how hard the prophets tried to understand this salvation. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “examined very carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
641PE110gmcyfigs-abstractnounsἧς σωτηρίας1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God saving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
651PE110wx95figs-abstractnounsεἰς ὑμᾶς χάριτος1Here, **this grace** refers to **this salvation** mentioned earlier in this verse. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God being gracious to you by saving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
661PE111j917figs-explicitεἰς τίνα ἢ ποῖον καιρὸν1The word translated **whom** could also be translated “what.” In that case, “what” would refer to the time when salvation would take place and **what time** would then refer to the specific circumstances. However, most translations agree with the ULTs use of **whom**. Alternate translation: “into what time or what circumstances” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
671PE111w3n8figs-possessionτὸ…Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ1the Spirit of ChristPeter is using the possessive form to describe the Holy Spirit as being **the Spirit* that is associated with **Christ**. If this is not clear in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit associated with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
681PE111hjq5προμαρτυρόμενον1This could indicate: (1) the time when **the Spirit of Christ was revealing** information to the prophets. Alternate translation: “when testifying beforehand” (2) the means by which **the Spirit of Christ was revealing** information to the prophets. Alternate translation: “by means of testifying beforehand”
691PE111x5x8figs-abstractnounsτὰ εἰς Χριστὸν παθήματα, καὶ τὰς μετὰ ταῦτα δόξας1If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **sufferings** and **glories**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “about how Christ would suffer and glorious things would happen afterwards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
701PE112x4b1figs-activepassiveοἷς ἀπεκαλύφθη1It was revealed to themIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God revealed to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
711PE112hi9ufigs-activepassiveἃ νῦν ἀνηγγέλη ὑμῖν, διὰ τῶν εὐαγγελισαμένων ὑμᾶς1If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which those who proclaimed the gospel to you have now declared to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
721PE112c7jzfigs-explicitΠνεύματι Ἁγίῳ ἀποσταλέντι ἀπ’ οὐρανοῦ1This phrase indicates the means by which the evangelists proclaimed the gospel to Peters readers. Peter uses **the Holy Spirit** here to refer specifically to the Holy Spirits work of giving those evangelists the ability or power to proclaim the gospel effectively. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of the Holy Spirit sent from heaven enabling them to do so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
731PE112yzqkfigs-activepassiveἀποσταλέντι ἀπ’ οὐρανοῦ1If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
741PE112lyzlfigs-explicitεἰς ἃ1Here, **things** refers to what God had revealed to the prophets and some evangelists had proclaimed to Peters readers. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “into which things God revealed to the prophets and which were declared to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
751PE112xi4dfigs-metaphorεἰς ἃ ἐπιθυμοῦσιν ἄγγελοι παρακύψαι1into which things angels long to lookPeter uses **look** figuratively to refer to getting a clearer understanding of what God has revealed about salvation. This does not mean that the angels do not understand salvation at all. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “things which angels desire to understand more clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
761PE113bjg9grammar-connect-words-phrasesδιὸ1So**Therefore** here refers back to everything that Peter has written in [verses 112](../01/01.md). If it might be helpful to your readers, you could say this concisely. Alternate translation: “Since all these things I have just written are true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
771PE113zvghfigs-declarativeἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς διανοίας ὑμῶν, νήφοντες, τελείως ἐλπίσατε1The clauses **having girded up the loins of your mind** and **being sober** could indicate: (1) two commands in addition to the command to **hope fully** that occurs next in the sentence. Alternate translation: “gird up the loins of your mind, be sober, hope fully” (2) two actions that are means by which Peter wants his readers to obey the command to **hope fully**. Alternate translation: “hope fully, by having girded up the loins of your mind and by being sober” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
781PE113u87yfigs-idiomἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς διανοίας ὑμῶν1having girded the loins of your mindGirding up **the loins** is an idiom that means to prepare to work hard. It comes from the custom of tucking the bottom of ones robe into a belt around the waist in order to move with ease. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having prepared your minds for action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
791PE113i56ffigs-metaphorνήφοντες1Here Peter uses **sober** figuratively to refer to mental clarity and alertness. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “thinking clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
801PE113y771figs-activepassiveτὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν1the grace that is being brought to youIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the grace God is bringing to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
811PE113ut69figs-metaphorτὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν1the grace that is being brought to youHere Peter speaks of **grace** as if it were an object that could be brought to people. If this might confuse you readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the grace God is giving to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
821PE113qk5sfigs-metonymyτὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν1Here, **the grace** refers to salvation, as it also does in [verse 10](../01/10.md). If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the gracious salvation being brought to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
831PE113l45dfigs-possessionἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1in the revelation of Jesus ChristSee how you translated this phrase in [verse 7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
841PE114opvhfigs-metaphorτέκνα ὑπακοῆς1Here Peter uses **children** figuratively to refer to people who love and obey God. The relationship between God and those who love him is like the relationship between a father and his children. Because this is an important concept in the Bible, you should not say the meaning plainly here, but you may use a simile. Alternate translation: “like children of obedience” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
851PE114n5wgfigs-possessionτέκνα ὑπακοῆς1Peter is using the possessive form to describe **children** who are characterized by **obedience**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the adjective “obedient” instead of the noun “obedience.” Alternate translation: “obedient children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
861PE114e4tbfigs-idiomμὴ συνσχηματιζόμενοι ταῖς πρότερον…ἐπιθυμίαις1not being conformed to your former desiresHere, **not being conformed to** is an idiom meaning “not letting ones life be controlled by.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “not being controlled by your former desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
871PE114nepqfigs-declarativeμὴ συνσχηματιζόμενοι ταῖς πρότερον…ἐπιθυμίαις1Peter is using a statement to give a command. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for a command. Alternate translation: “do not be conformed to your former desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
881PE114j2wofigs-abstractnounsἐν τῇ ἀγνοίᾳ ὑμῶν1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **ignorance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when you were ignorant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
891PE115edvwfigs-explicitτὸν καλέσαντα ὑμᾶς1This phrase refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who called you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
901PE115mrbqfigs-abstractnounsἐν πάσῃ ἀναστροφῇ1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **behavior**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in how you conduct yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
911PE116m1q7figs-activepassiveγέγραπται1For it is writtenIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Moses was the author of the quotation that follows. Alternate translation: “Moses had written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
921PE116e6elwriting-quotationsγέγραπται1Here Peter uses **it is written** to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Leviticus 11:44](../../lev/11/44.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “it had been written in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
931PE116tt52figs-declarativeἅγιοι ἔσεσθε1Peter quotes God using a future statement to give a command. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for a command, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
941PE116s8kzfigs-123personὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιος1You will be holy, because I am holyIn this quotation from the Old Testament **I** refers to God. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “because I, God, am holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
951PE117x0xlgrammar-connect-condition-factεἰ…ἐπικαλεῖσθε1Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “because you call” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
961PE117c53bfigs-explicitτὸν ἀπροσωπολήμπτως κρίνοντα1This phrase refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who judges impartially” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
971PE117s6gvfigs-metaphorτὸν τῆς παροικίας ὑμῶν χρόνον1conduct yourselves in fear during the time of your journeyHere Peter speaks of his readers as if they were people living in a foreign land far away from their home. Like people living away from home, so are Christians living away from their home in heaven. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “during the time that you are living away from your true home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
981PE118pcm5figs-infostructureοὐ φθαρτοῖς, ἀργυρίῳ ἢ χρυσίῳ, ἐλυτρώθητε ἐκ τῆς ματαίας ὑμῶν ἀναστροφῆς πατροπαραδότου1If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “you have been redeemed from your futile behavior handed down from your fathers, not with perishable things, with silver or with gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
991PE118q4pcfigs-activepassiveἐλυτρώθητε1you have been redeemedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has redeemed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1001PE118git3figs-metaphorἐκ τῆς ματαίας ὑμῶν ἀναστροφῆς πατροπαραδότου1Here, **handed down** figuratively refers to one generation teaching **futile behavior** to another generation, as if that behavior was an object that could be passed by hand from one person to another. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from your futile behavior taught to you by your fathers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1011PE118ctgmfigs-abstractnounsἐκ τῆς ματαίας ὑμῶν ἀναστροφῆς1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **behavior**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “from behaving in futile ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1021PE118b5qafigs-activepassiveπατροπαραδότου1If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that your fathers handed down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1031PE119s4jdfigs-metonymyτιμίῳ αἵματι…Χριστοῦ1with the precious blood of ChristPeter uses **the blood of Christ** figuratively to refer to Jesus death. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with Christs precious death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1041PE119gk6afigs-simileὡς ἀμνοῦ ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου1as an unblemished and spotless lambPeter compares Jesus blood to the blood of the lambs that the Jewish priests sacrificed to God because of the peoples sins. The point of this comparison is that Jesus died as a sacrifice so that God would forgive peoples sins. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “like that of the unblemished and spotless lambs that the Jewish priests sacrificed to God for sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1051PE119smu8figs-doubletἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου1unblemished and spotlessThe words **unblemished** and **spotless** basically the same thing. Peter uses this repetition to emphasize that Christ was completely perfect. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “completely perfect” or “with no imperfections at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1061PE120msw5figs-activepassiveπροεγνωσμένου1He has been chosenIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God having foreknown him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1071PE120tnrvfigs-explicitπροεγνωσμένου1This phrase could mean: (1) God had determined what Christ would do. Alternate translation: “having been planned previously” (2) God knew what what Christ would do ahead of time. Alternate translation: “having been known beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1081PE120ky7afigs-abstractnounsπρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου1before the foundation of the worldIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **foundation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “before God founded the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1091PE120dkk2figs-activepassiveφανερωθέντος1he has been revealed … for your sakeIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God having revealed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1101PE120pmf2figs-explicitφανερωθέντος1Here, **revealing** refers to the first time Jesus came to the earth. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “having been revealed when he came to earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1111PE120kzi0figs-explicitἐπ’ ἐσχάτου τῶν χρόνων1Here, **the last of the times** refers to the final period of history which began when Jesus came to the earth for the first time. This period will end when Jesus returns. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “in this final time period of history” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1121PE121lt5ufigs-idiomτὸν ἐγείραντα αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν1who has raised him from the deadHere, to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who caused him to live again so that he was no longer among the dead people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1131PE121f7mnfigs-abstractnounsδόξαν αὐτῷ δόντα1has given him gloryIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “has glorified him” or “has showed that he is glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1141PE121k85rfigs-abstractnounsτὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν καὶ ἐλπίδα, εἶναι εἰς Θεόν1If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **faith** and **hope**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “you would believe and hope in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1151PE122hj14figs-metaphorτὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ἡγνικότες1Having purified**Having purified** here figuratively refers to the being forgiven for sins. Sin in the Bible is often referred to as something that makes people dirty and the forgiveness for sin is referred to as the removal of that dirt. God is the one who forgives sins and **purifies** those who believe in Jesus. However, here Peter is referring to his readers responsibility in their salvation, which is the responsibility to repent and believe that the gospel is true. Alternate translation: “Having made your souls spiritually pure” or Having cleansed your souls from sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1161PE122luj3figs-synecdocheτὰς ψυχὰς1Having purified your soulsSee how you translated **souls** in [verse 9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1171PE122qyt5figs-abstractnounsἐν τῇ ὑπακοῇ τῆς ἀληθείας1by obedience to the truthIf your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **obedience** and **truth**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “by obeying what is true” or “by obeying the true information” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1181PE122iyzefigs-explicitτῆς ἀληθείας1Here, **the truth** refers to the true teaching about Jesus, which includes the command to repent and believe the gospel. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the true message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1191PE122j777figs-gendernotationsφιλαδελφίαν1brotherly loveAlthough **brotherly** is masculine, Peter is using the phrase **brotherly love** in a generic sense to refer to the kind of love that all believers should have for other believers. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “love for fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
1201PE122e9wrfigs-metonymyἐκ καθαρᾶς καρδίας, ἀλλήλους ἀγαπήσατε ἐκτενῶς\r1love one another earnestly from a pure heartPeter uses **heart** here figuratively to refer to a persons thoughts or emotions. The word **from** indicates that the **heart** must be the source of the **love** that Peter is telling his readers to have. Therefore, this phrase has a similar meaning to the word “sincere” in the previous clause. If this would confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “love one another earnestly based on sincere thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1211PE123k79ffigs-metaphorἀναγεγεννημένοι1See how you translated **born again** in [verse 3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1221PE123w4v3figs-metonymyοὐκ ἐκ σπορᾶς φθαρτῆς1having been born again, not from perishable seed, but from imperishableThe word **seed** usually refers to either the seed of a plant or the sperm cell of a man that is used to produce a baby. However, here Peter uses **seed** as a metaphor. It could refer to: (1) the **word of God** mentioned later in the verse. In this case, Peter is saying what the **word of God** is not. Alternate translation: “not by means of a word of God than can perish” (2) physical human birth, in which case the meaning is similar to the idea expressed in [John 1:13](../../jhn/01/13.md). Alternate translation: “not by means of mortal physical birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1231PE123nh9rfigs-ellipsisἀφθάρτου1from imperishablePeter is leaving out a word that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the word from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “from imperishable seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1241PE123tjq9figs-metonymyλόγου ζῶντος Θεοῦ, καὶ μένοντος1through the living and enduring word of GodHere, Peter uses **word** figuratively to describe the gospel message that came from God and was proclaimed to Peters readers by using words. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Gods living and enduring message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1251PE123pkplfigs-doubletζῶντος…καὶ μένοντος1These two words mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that Gods word is permanent. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “perpetually enduring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1261PE124kyc5writing-quotationsδιότι1**For** here introduces a quotation of some phrases from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 40:68](../../isa/40/06.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “It is as Isaiah wrote in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
1271PE124e299figs-quotemarksπᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος, καὶ πᾶσα δόξα αὐτῆς ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου. ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος, καὶ τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν,1In these clauses and the first clause of the next verse, Peter quotes parts of [Isaiah 40:68](../../isa/40/06.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
1281PE124dr75figs-metonymyπᾶσα σὰρξ1All fleshHere Peter quotes Isaiah using the term **flesh** figuratively to refer to human beings in general, which are made of flesh. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “All humankind” or “Everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1291PE124zaa4figs-metaphorπᾶσα δόξα αὐτῆς1Here, **glory** refers to whatever is beautiful or magnificent about humankind. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything that is glorious about humankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1301PE124ysnbfigs-genericnounἄνθος χόρτου. ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος, καὶ τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν1Peter quotes Isaiah speaking of **grass** and flowers in general, not of one particular blade of **grass** or **flower**. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “flowers of grass. Grass dried up, and flowers fell off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1311PE124w0s8figs-possessionἄνθος χόρτου1Here Peter quotes Isaiah using the possessive form to describe the **flower** that grows in the **grass**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the flowing that grows in the grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1321PE124r0fdfigs-simileἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος1All flesh is like grass … The grass dries upIn this clause the prophet Isaiah continues the comparison between humankind and grass. Just like grass dies quickly, so human beings only live a short time. If this would confuse your readers, you could express this meaning by repeating the simile language from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “Like the grass dries up, so do people die after a short time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1331PE124hd2ffigs-simileτὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν1all its glory is like the flower of the grass … its flower falls offIn this clause the prophet Isaiah continues the comparison between the glory of humankind and flowers. Just like flowers die and fall to the ground, so does the beauty of mankind disappear. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could express this meaning by repeating the simile language from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “like the flower falls off the plant, so does everything that is glorious about humankind come to an end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1341PE125lqjzfigs-quotemarksτὸ δὲ ῥῆμα Κυρίου μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα1This clause completes Peters quotation of [Isaiah 40:68](../../isa/40/06.md) that began in the previous verse. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
1351PE125aba2figs-metonymτὸ…ῥῆμα Κυρίου1the word of the LordPeter quotes Isaiah using **word** figuratively to describe all that God has spoken by using words. This general reference to Gods word would include what God had said about the Messiah. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the message that comes from the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1361PE125pp62figs-metonymτοῦτο δέ ἐστιν τὸ ῥῆμα1Here Peter uses **word** in the same specific sense as in [verse 23](../01/23.md). It is not the general meaning of **word** used earlier in the verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And this is the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1371PE125s11jfigs-activepassiveτὸ ῥῆμα τὸ εὐαγγελισθὲν1the word that has been proclaimedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the word that we have proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1381PE2introa1210# 1 Peter 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Command to love each other as a family (1:222:10)<br>2. How believers should act toward other people (2:113:12)<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:6, 7, 8, and 22.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:10.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Stones<br><br>The Bible uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jesus is the cornerstone, the most important stone. The apostles and prophets are the foundation, the part of the building on which all the other stones rest. In this chapter, Christians are the stones that make up the walls of the building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cornerstone]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/foundation]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Milk and babies<br><br>When Peter tells his readers to “long for pure spiritual milk,” he is using the metaphor of a baby craving his mothers milk. Peter wants Christians to crave Gods word the same way a baby craves milk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1391PE21cch50Connecting Statement:Peter continues teaching his readers about holiness and obedience.
1401PE21n3x5grammar-connect-logic-resultοὖν1ThereforeThe word **Therefore** here refers back to everything that Peter has said about being holy and obedient. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1411PE21g65yfigs-metaphorἀποθέμενοι…πᾶσαν κακίαν, καὶ πάντα δόλον, καὶ ὑποκρίσεις, καὶ φθόνους, καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς1having put aside all evil, and all deceit and hypocrisy and envy, and all slanderThese sinful actions are spoken of as if they were objects that people could throw away. Alternate translation: “get rid of everything that is evil, and hypocrisy, and envy, and all slander” or “stop being evil, or being deceptive, or being hypocritical, or envying, or slandering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1421PE22y6fvfigs-metaphorὡς ἀρτιγέννητα βρέφη τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα ἐπιποθήσατε1As newborn infants, long for pure spiritual milkPeter speaks of his readers as if they were babies. Babies requires very pure food, which they can digest easily. In the same way, believers need pure teaching from Gods word. Alternate translation: “Just as babies long for their mothers breast milk, so you must yearn for pure spiritual milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1431PE22rm71ἐπιποθήσατε1long forAlternate translation: “desire intensely” or “yearn for”
1441PE22fn81figs-metaphorτὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα1pure spiritual milkPeter speaks of the word of God as if it were **spiritual milk** that nourished children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1451PE22vg76figs-abstractnounsεἰς σωτηρίαν1to salvationHere the word **salvation** refers to when God brings the salvation of his people to completion when Jesus returns (see [1 Peter 1:5](../01/05.md)). Alternate translation: “until God saves you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1461PE22ypy6figs-metaphorαὐξηθῆτε1you may grow upPeter speaks of believers advancing in knowledge of God and faithfulness to him as if they were children growing up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1471PE22scbefigs-explicitαὐξηθῆτε εἰς σωτηρίαν1you may grow up to salvationThey were to increasingly act in ways that were consistent with this salvation. You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you may grow up spiritually until God saves you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1481PE23tui9figs-metaphorεἰ ἐγεύσασθε ὅτι χρηστὸς ὁ Κύριος1if you have tasted that the Lord is kindHere to taste means to experience something personally. Alternate translation: “if you have experienced the Lords kindness toward you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1491PE24sa2zfigs-metaphor0General Information:Peter begins to tell a metaphor about Jesus and the believers being living stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1501PE24c4lufigs-metaphorπρὸς ὃν προσερχόμενοι λίθον ζῶντα1coming to him, a living stonePeter speaks of Jesus as if he were a stone in a building. Alternate translation: “coming to him who is like a stone in a building, but alive, not a dead stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1511PE24ihq2ὃν…λίθον ζῶντα1him, a living stoneThis could mean: (1) This refers to a stone that is alive. (2) This refers to a stone that gives life.
1521PE24e8syfigs-activepassiveὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων μὲν ἀποδεδοκιμασμένον1having been rejected by menIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that people have rejected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1531PE24a438figs-activepassiveπαρὰ δὲ Θεῷ ἐκλεκτὸν1but chosen by GodIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but that God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1541PE25z11hfigs-metaphorαὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς1you, like living stones, are being built up as a spiritual houseJust as people used **stones** to build the temple in the Old Testament, believers are the materials that God is using to build a house in which he will live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1551PE25g33xfigs-simileαὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες1you, like living stonesPeter compares his readers to **stones** that are alive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1561PE25v3jwfigs-activepassiveλίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς1living stones, are being built up as a spiritual houseIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “living stones that God is building into a spiritual house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1571PE25i4bnfigs-metonymyἱεράτευμα ἅγιον ἀνενέγκαι πνευματικὰς θυσίας1a holy priesthood to offer the spiritual sacrificesHere the position of **priesthood** stands for the priests who fulfill its duties. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1581PE26ibi1figs-metaphorπεριέχει ἐν Γραφῇ1it stands in scripture**Scripture** is spoken of as if it were a container. This passage refers to the words that a person reads in scripture. Alternate translation: “this is what a prophet wrote in the scriptures long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1591PE26q7jxἰδοὺ1BeholdThe word **behold** here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
1601PE26klv2figs-explicitλίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον ἐκλεκτὸν ἔντιμον1a cornerstone, chosen, preciousGod is the one who chose the stone. Alternate translation: “a most important cornerstone, which I have chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1611PE26xsx8figs-metaphorλίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον1a cornerstoneThe prophet speaks of the Messiah as the most important stone in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1621PE27ze1c0Connecting Statement:Peter continues quoting from the scriptures.
1631PE27uu3jfigs-metaphorλίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν…ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας1The stone that was rejected by … has become the head of the cornerThis is a metaphor that means people, like builders, **rejected** Jesus, but God has made him the most important **stone** in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1641PE27i4jlfigs-activepassiveλίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες1The stone that was rejected by the buildersIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The stone that the builders rejected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1651PE27ql12κεφαλὴν γωνίας1the head of the cornerThis refers to the most important stone in a building and means basically the same thing as “cornerstone” in [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md).
1661PE28ptx5figs-parallelismλίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου1A stone of stumbling and a rock of offenseThese two phrases share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that people will take **offense** at this “stone,” which refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “a stone or a rock over which people will stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1671PE28h7taπροσκόπτουσιν τῷ λόγῳ ἀπειθοῦντες1stumble because they disobey the wordHere, **the word** refers to the gospel message. To **disobey** means that they do not believe. Alternate translation: “stumble because they are not believing the message about Jesus”
1681PE28sm6sfigs-activepassiveεἰς ὃ καὶ ἐτέθησαν1to which also they were appointedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for which God also appointed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1691PE29dc8m0General Information:In verse 10 Peter quotes a verse from the prophet Hosea. Some modern versions do not format this as a quote, which is also acceptable.
1701PE29zla9figs-activepassiveγένος ἐκλεκτόν1a chosen peopleYou can clarify that God is the one who has **chosen** them. Alternate translation: “a people whom God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1711PE29g39zβασίλειον ἱεράτευμα1a royal priesthoodThis could mean: (1) This refers to a group of kings and a group of priests. (2) This refers to a group of priests who serve the king.
1721PE29qk7fλαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν1a people for possessionAlternate translation: “a people who belong to God”
1731PE29ra7zἐκ…ὑμᾶς καλέσαντος1who called you fromAlternate translation: “who called you to come out of”
1741PE29nvf5figs-metaphorἐκ σκότους…εἰς τὸ θαυμαστὸν αὐτοῦ φῶς1from darkness into his marvelous lightHere, **darkness** refers to their condition as sinful people who did not know God, and **light** refers to their condition as people who do know God and practice righteousness. Alternate translation: “from a life of sin and ignorance of God to a life of knowing and pleasing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1751PE211jnr90General Information:Peter begins to talk about how to live Christian lives.
1761PE211ve9ufigs-doubletπαροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους1foreigners and exilesThese two words mean basically the same thing.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1771PE211hjukfigs-metaphorπαροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους1foreigners and exilesPeter speaks of his readers as people who are living in foreign lands away from their home. See how you translated “foreigners” in [1 Peter 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1781PE211ubn9figs-metaphorἀπέχεσθαι τῶν σαρκικῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν1to abstain from fleshly desiresHere the idea of flesh refers to the sinful nature of humanity in this fallen world. Alternate translation: “to not to give in to sinful desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1791PE211x3q5figs-metonymyτῆς ψυχῆς1your soulHere the word **soul** refers to a persons spiritual life. Alternate translation: “your spiritual life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1801PE211q4znfigs-metaphorστρατεύονται κατὰ τῆς ψυχῆς1make war against your soulPeter speaks of sinful desires as soldiers that are trying to destroy the spiritual life of believers. Alternate translation: “seek to destroy your spiritual life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1811PE212b5nvfigs-abstractnounsτὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἔχοντες καλήν1keeping your behavior among the Gentiles goodThe abstract noun **behavior** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “you should behave well among the Gentiles” or “you should behave in a good way in the presence of the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1821PE212mkt4ἐν ᾧ καταλαλοῦσιν ὑμῶν ὡς1in whatever they speak about you asAlternate translation: “even if they accuse you of being”
1831PE212w3ynfigs-abstractnounsἐκ τῶν καλῶν ἔργων ἐποπτεύοντες1from observing your good worksThe abstract noun **works** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “they may observe the good things that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1841PE212s2jifigs-explicitἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπισκοπῆς1in the day of visitationAlternate translation: “on the day when he comes.” This refers to the day when God will judge all people. Alternate translation: “when he comes to judge everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1851PE213c484διὰ τὸν Κύριον1for the sake of the LordThis could mean: (1) By obeying human authorities, they are obeying the Lord who established those authorities. (2) By obeying human authorities, they will honor Jesus who also obeyed human authorities.
1861PE213al6qβασιλεῖ ὡς ὑπερέχοντι1to the king as supremeAlternate translation: “to the king as the highest human authority”
1871PE214y1l2figs-activepassiveδι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις1through him having been sentIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom the king has sent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1881PE215mh6sἀγαθοποιοῦντας φιμοῦν τὴν τῶν ἀφρόνων ἀνθρώπων ἀγνωσίαν1doing good to silence the ignorant talk of foolish peopleAlternate translation: “by doing good you stop foolish people from speaking about things that they do not know”
1891PE216y9pgfigs-metaphorὡς ἐπικάλυμμα…τῆς κακίας1as a covering for wickednessPeter speaks of their condition as free people as something that they should not use to hide sinful behavior. Alternate translation: “as an excuse to do wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1901PE217gwy8τὴν ἀδελφότητα1the brotherhoodThis refers to all Christian believers.
1911PE218w2nc0General Information:Peter begins to speak specifically to people who are servants in peoples houses.
1921PE218xgk8figs-doubletτοῖς ἀγαθοῖς καὶ ἐπιεικέσιν1the good and gentleHere the words **good** and **gentle** share similar meanings and emphasize that such masters treat their servants kindly. Alternate translation: “the very kind masters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1931PE218a6gcτοῖς σκολιοῖς1to the perverseAlternate translation: “to the cruel ones” or “to the mean ones”
1941PE219r1h1τοῦτο…χάρις1this is praiseworthyAlternate translation: “this is deserving of praise” or “it is pleasing to God”
1951PE219zm8eδιὰ συνείδησιν Θεοῦ, ὑποφέρει…λύπας1endures sorrow … because of awareness of GodThis could mean: (1) This person accepts suffering because he knows he is obeying God. (2) This person is able to endure unjust punishment because he knows that God knows how he is suffering.
1961PE220y5uefigs-rquestionποῖον γὰρ κλέος, εἰ ἁμαρτάνοντες καὶ κολαφιζόμενοι ὑπομενεῖτε?1For what kind of credit is there if, sinning and being tormented, you will endure?Peter asks this question to emphasize that there is nothing praiseworthy about suffering for doing something wrong. Alternate translation: “For God will not reward you if you are punished because you sinned.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1971PE220pr8bfigs-activepassiveἁμαρτάνοντες καὶ κολαφιζόμενοι1sinning and being tormentedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “while someone punishes you because you sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1981PE220ly9ffigs-activepassiveἀγαθοποιοῦντες καὶ πάσχοντες ὑπομενεῖτε1doing good and suffering, you will endureIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you endure when someone punishes you for doing good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1991PE221c1jn0Connecting Statement:Peter continues speaking to people who are servants in peoples houses.
2001PE221xit1figs-activepassiveεἰς τοῦτο…ἐκλήθητε1to this you were calledHere the word **this** refers to believers enduring while suffering for doing good, as Peter has just described. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has called you to this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2011PE221si3lfigs-metaphorὑμῖν…ἵνα ἐπακολουθήσητε τοῖς ἴχνεσιν αὐτοῦ1for you so that you might follow in his footstepsPeter speaks of following Jesus example in the way that they suffer as if one were walking on the same path that Jesus had taken. Alternate translation: “so that you would imitate his behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2021PE222tyz4figs-activepassiveοὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ1neither was deceit found in his mouthIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “neither did anyone find deceit in his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2031PE222lw1ufigs-metonymyοὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ1neither was deceit found in his mouthHere, **deceit** refers to words that a person speaks that are intended to deceive other people. Alternate translation: “neither did he speak any lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2041PE223lj4afigs-activepassiveὃς λοιδορούμενος, οὐκ ἀντελοιδόρει1He, being reviled, did not revile backTo **revile** someone is to speak abusively to another person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “When people insulted him, he did not insult them back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2051PE223gqb5παρεδίδου…τῷ κρίνοντι δικαίως1he comitted himself to the one who judges justlyAlternate translation: “he entrusted himself to the one who judges justly.” This means that he trusted God to take away his shame, which had been put on him by those who treated him harshly.
2061PE224k5fm0Connecting Statement:Peter continues talking about Jesus Christ. He is still speaking to people who are servants.
2071PE224k632figs-rpronounsὃς…αὐτὸς1He himselfThis refers to Jesus, with emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
2081PE224w49mfigs-metonymyτὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν…ἀνήνεγκεν ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον1carried our sins in his body to the treeHere, **carried our sins** means he suffered the punishment for our sins. Alternate translation: “suffered the punishment for our sins in his body on the tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2091PE224zl8efigs-metonymyτὸ ξύλον1the treeThis is a reference to the cross on which Jesus died, which was made of wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2101PE224ep4sfigs-activepassiveοὗ τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε1of whose wounds you were healedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has healed you because people bruised him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2111PE225sgt9figs-simileἦτε…ὡς πρόβατα πλανώμενοι1you as sheep are being led astrayPeter speaks about his readers before they believed in Christ as if they had been similar to lost sheep wandering around aimlessly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2121PE225i5lufigs-metaphorτὸν ποιμένα καὶ ἐπίσκοπον τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν1the shepherd and guardian of your soulsPeter speaks of Jesus as if he were a **shepherd**. Just as a shepherd protects his sheep, Jesus protects those who trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2131PE3introcqf40# 1 Peter 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. How believers should act toward other people (2:113:12)<br>2. How believers should endure suffering (3:134:6)<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 3:10-12.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “Outward ornaments”<br><br>Most people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are good people. Women are especially careful to look good by wearing nice clothes and jewels. Peter is saying that what a woman thinks and says and does are more important to God than how she looks.<br><br>### Unity<br><br>Peter wanted his readers to agree with each other. More importantly, he wanted them to love each other and be patient with each other.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br><br>Peter quotes a psalm that describes God as if he were a person with eyes, ears, and a face. However, God is a spirit, so he does not have physical eyes or ears or a physical face. But he does know what people do, and he does act against wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2141PE31p4540General Information:Peter begins to speak specifically to women who are wives.
2151PE31cj7zὁμοίως, γυναῖκες, ὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν1In the same way, wives, submit to your own husbandsJust as believers are to “obey every human authority” ([1 Peter 2:13](../02/13.md)) and servants are to “be subject” to their masters ([1 Peter 2:18](../02/18.md)), wives are to **submit** to their **husbands**. The words “obey,” “be subject,” and “submit” translate the same word.
2161PE31wp5pfigs-metonymyτινες ἀπειθοῦσιν τῷ λόγῳ1some are disobedient to the wordHere, **the word** refers to the gospel message. To disobey means that they do not believe. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Peter 2:8](../02/08.md). Alternate translation: “some men do not believe the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2171PE31bs56figs-idiomκερδηθήσονται1they will be wonThis means that the unbelieving husbands will become believers. Alternate translation: “they will be persuaded to believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2181PE31kbisfigs-activepassiveκερδηθήσονται1they will be wonIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will become believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2191PE31qp4qfigs-ellipsisἄνευ λόγου1without a wordAlternate translation: “without the wife saying a word.” Here, **a word** refers to anything the wife might speak about Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2201PE32zft4figs-abstractnounsἐποπτεύσαντες τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν1having seen your pure behavior with respectThe abstract noun **behavior** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “having seen that you behave sincerely and respectfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2211PE32ng3sτὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν1your pure behavior with respectThis could mean: (1) This refers to their sincere behavior toward them and the way that they honor them. (2) This refers to their pure behavior toward them and the way that they honor God.
2221PE33p1bg0Connecting Statement:Peter continues speaking to women who are wives.
2231PE34l2yqfigs-metonymyὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος1the inner person of the heartHere the words **inner man** and **heart** refer to the person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2241PE34x6usfigs-doubletὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος1the inner man of the heartHere the words **inner man** and **heart** both refer to the inward character and personality of a person. Alternate translation: “what you really are on the inside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2251PE34gbw9τοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος1of a gentle and quiet spiritAlternate translation: “of a gentle and peaceful attitude.” Here the word **quiet** means “peaceful” or “calm.” The word **spirit** refers to a persons attitude or temperament.
2261PE34j5bufigs-metaphorὅ ἐστιν ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ πολυτελές1which is precious before GodPeter speaks of Gods opinion of a person as if that person were standing directly in front of him. Alternate translation: “which God considers to be precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2271PE36j1tpκύριον, αὐτὸν καλοῦσα1called him lordsaying that he was her lord, that is, her master
2281PE36t3xlfigs-metaphorἧς ἐγενήθητε τέκνα1whose children you have becomePeter says that believing women who act as Sarah acted can be thought of as if they were her actual **children**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2291PE37lbc20General Information:Peter begins to speak specifically to men who are husbands.
2301PE37f5ayὁμοίως1in the same wayThis refers back to how Sarah and other godly women obeyed their husbands in [1 Peter 3:5](../03/05.md) and [1 Peter 3:6](../03/06.md).
2311PE37lulzfigs-abstractnounsσυνοικοῦντες κατὰ γνῶσιν, ὡς ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει τῷ γυναικείῳ1live with your wife according to understanding, as with a weaker containerThe abstract noun **understanding** can also be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “live with your wife, understanding that she is the weaker partner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2321PE37eq1zfigs-metaphorὡς ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει1as with a weaker containerPeter speaks of women as if they were containers, as men are sometimes also spoken of. Alternate translation: “knowing that she is not as strong as you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2331PE37a88wfigs-abstractnounsἀπονέμοντες τιμήν ὡς καὶ συνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς1assigning her honor as also fellow heirs of the grace of lifeYou can translate this using verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “honor her because she will also receive by grace the eternal life that God gives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2341PE37n4rffigs-metaphorσυνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς1fellow heirs of the grace of lifeEternal **life** is often spoken of as if it were something that people inherit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2351PE37dv7tgrammar-connect-logic-resultεἰς τὸ1so thatHere this phrase introduces the result that will happen if husbands treat their wives well. Alternate translation: “Live with your wives in this way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2361PE37dwm6figs-activepassiveεἰς τὸ μὴ ἐνκόπτεσθαι τὰς προσευχὰς ὑμῶν1so that your prayers will not be hinderedTo “hinder” is to prevent something from happening. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that nothing will hinder your prayers” or “so that nothing will keep you from praying as you should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2371PE38nk970General Information:Peter begins to speak again to all of the believers.
2381PE38f5y7ὁμόφρονες1be likemindedAlternate translation: “have the same opinion and be” or “have the same attitude and be”
2391PE38rut5εὔσπλαγχνοι1tenderheartedbeing gentle and compassionate towards others
2401PE39z5u3figs-metaphorμὴ ἀποδιδόντες κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ, ἢ λοιδορίαν ἀντὶ λοιδορίας1Do not pay back evil in exchange for evil or insult in exchange for insultPeter speaks of responding to the actions of another person as remitting payment for those actions. Alternate translation: “Do not do evil to someone who does evil to you or insult someone who insults you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2411PE39t6ilfigs-explicitεὐλογοῦντες1blessingYou can clarify the object of **blessing**. Alternate translation: “continue to bless those who do evil to you or insult you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2421PE39w5dffigs-activepassiveεἰς τοῦτο ἐκλήθητε1to this you were calledIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God called you for this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2431PE39n3xcfigs-metaphorἵνα εὐλογίαν κληρονομήσητε1so that you might inherit a blessingPeter speaks of receiving Gods **blessing** as receiving an inheritance. Alternate translation: “that you might receive Gods blessing as your permanent possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2441PE310dpf2figs-explicit0General Information:In these verses Peter quotes from the Psalms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2451PE310p9blfigs-parallelismζωὴν ἀγαπᾶν, καὶ ἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς1to love life and to see good daysThese two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the desire to have a good life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2461PE310btkpfigs-metaphorἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς1to see good daysHere experiencing good things is spoken of as seeing good things. Alternate translation: “experience good things during life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2471PE310t5enfigs-metonymyἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς1good daysThe word **days** refers to ones lifetime. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2481PE310wq2bfigs-parallelismπαυσάτω τὴν γλῶσσαν ἀπὸ κακοῦ, καὶ χείλη τοῦ μὴ λαλῆσαι δόλον1Let … stop his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceitThese two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the command not to lie. Alternate translation: “stop saying evil and deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2491PE310rqa9figs-synecdocheτὴν γλῶσσαν…χείλη1his tongue … his lipsThe words **tongue** and **lips** refer to the person who is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2501PE311n5srfigs-metaphorἐκκλινάτω…ἀπὸ κακοῦ1let him turn away from evilHere, **turn away** is a metaphor that means to stop doing something. Alternate translation: “let him stop doing what is bad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2511PE312yn5lfigs-synecdocheὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους1the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteousThe word **eyes** refers to the Lords ability to know things. Alternate translation: “The Lord knows the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2521PE312m2a0figs-metaphorὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους1the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteousThe Lords approval of the righteous is spoken of as his seeing them. Alternate translation: “The Lord approves of the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2531PE312r5xffigs-synecdocheὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν1his ears are upon their requestsThe word “ears” refers to the Lords awareness of what people say. Alternate translation: “he hears their requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2541PE312tytzfigs-explicitὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν1his ears are upon their requestsThat the Lord hears their requests implies that he also responds to them. Alternate translation: “he grants their requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2551PE312t22bfigs-metaphorπρόσωπον δὲ Κυρίου ἐπὶ1But the face of the Lord is againstOpposing someone is spoken of as setting ones face against that person. Alternate translation: “the Lord opposes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2561PE312es9nfigs-synecdocheπρόσωπον δὲ Κυρίου ἐπὶ1But the face of the Lord is againstThe word **face** refers to the Lords will to oppose his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2571PE313wkw40Connecting Statement:Peter continues teaching the believers how to live Christian lives.
2581PE313e1mafigs-rquestionτίς ὁ κακώσων ὑμᾶς, ἐὰν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ζηλωταὶ γένησθε?1who is the one who will harm you if you are a zealot of what is good?Peter asks this question to emphasize that it is unlikely that someone would harm them if they do good things. Alternate translation: “no one will harm you if you do good things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2591PE314f6chfigs-abstractnounsπάσχοιτε διὰ δικαιοσύνην1you suffer because of righteousnessYou can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you suffer because you do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2601PE314xg3mfigs-activepassiveμακάριοι1you are blessedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2611PE314f9u8figs-parallelismτὸν δὲ φόβον αὐτῶν, μὴ φοβηθῆτε μηδὲ ταραχθῆτε1But do not fear their fear, nor be troubledThese two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that believers should not be afraid of those who persecute them. Alternate translation: “But do not be afraid of what people might do to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2621PE314yz6yτὸν…φόβον αὐτῶν1their fearHere the word **their** refers to anyone who might try to harm those to whom Peter is writing.
2631PE315ju58δὲ…ἁγιάσατε1Instead, sanctifyAlternate translation: “Instead of being troubled, set apart”
2641PE315vgv7figs-metaphorΚύριον…τὸν Χριστὸν ἁγιάσατε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν1sanctify the Lord Christ in your heartsThe phrase “sanctify the Lord Christ” is a metaphor for acknowledging Christs holiness. Alternate translation: “acknowledge in your hearts that the Lord Christ is holy” or “honor the Lord Christ as holy within yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2651PE315qjg3figs-metonymyἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν1in your heartsHere, **hearts** is a metonym for the “inner person.” Alternate translation: “within yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2661PE318me4u0Connecting Statement:Peter explains how Christ suffered and what Christ accomplished by suffering.
2671PE318g1xdfigs-metaphorἵνα ὑμᾶς προσαγάγῃ τῷ Θεῷ1so that he might bring us to GodPeter probably means here that Christ died in order to create a close relationship between us and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2681PE318j5lhfigs-metaphorθανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ1having been put to death in the fleshHere, **flesh** refers to Christs body; Christ was physically put to death. Alternate translation: “having been killed physically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2691PE318q9fafigs-activepassiveθανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ1having been put to death in the fleshIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “since people put Christ to death physically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2701PE318h6v4figs-activepassiveζῳοποιηθεὶς…πνεύματι1having been made alive in the spiritIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God made him alive spiritually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2711PE318n7nhπνεύματι1in the spiritThis could mean: (1) This refers to a spiritual existence. (2) This refers to the Holy Spirits power.
2721PE319hp82ἐν ᾧ1in whichThis could mean: (1) This refers to his spiritual existence. (2) This refers to the Holy Spirits power.
2731PE319ez3dτοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν1to the spirits in prisonHere, **spirits** could mean: (1) This refers to evil spirits. (2) This refers to spirits of the dead people.
2741PE320s7qmfigs-metonymyἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ1the patience of GodThe word **patience** is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “God himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2751PE320qxahfigs-personificationὅτε ἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ μακροθυμία1when the patience of God was waitingPeter writes of Gods patience as if it is a person. Alternate translation: “when God was waiting patiently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2761PE320c6mifigs-activepassiveἐν ἡμέραις Νῶε, κατασκευαζομένης κιβωτοῦ1in the days of Noah, while an ark was being constructedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “during the time of Noah, when he was building an ark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2771PE321jti3δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1through the resurrection of Jesus ChristAlternate translation: “because of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.” This phrase completes the thought, “This is a symbol of the baptism that saves you now”
2781PE322g4qhfigs-metonymyὅς ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ1who is at the right hand of GodTo be at the **right hand of God** is a symbol that God has given Jesus greatest honor and authority over all others. Alternate translation: “who is beside God in the place of honor and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2791PE322f6jqὑποταγέντων αὐτῷ1after … had been subjected to himAlternate translation: “when … had submitted to Jesus Christ”
2801PE4introzh5n0# 1 Peter 4 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. How believers should endure suffering (3:134:6)<br>2. The end is near (4:711)<br>3. How believers should respond to trials (4:1219)<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:18.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Ungodly Gentiles<br><br>This passage uses the term “Gentiles” to refer to all ungodly people who are not Jews. It does not include Gentiles who have become Christians. “Sensuality, passion, drunkenness, carousings, wild parties, and disgusting acts of idolatry” were actions that characterized or typified the ungodly Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>### Martyrdom<br><br>It is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Let it” and “Let none” and “Let him” and “Let those”<br><br>Peter uses these phrases to tell his readers what he wants them to do. They are like commands because he wants his readers to obey. But it is as if he is telling one person what he wants other people to do.
2811PE41b8d40Connecting Statement:Peter continues to teach the believers about Christian living. He begins by giving a conclusion to his thoughts from the previous chapter about Christs sufferings.
2821PE41ess6σαρκὶ1in the fleshAlternate translation: “in his body”
2831PE41p2rvfigs-metaphorὑμεῖς τὴν αὐτὴν ἔννοιαν ὁπλίσασθε1arm yourselves with the same intentionThe phrase **arm yourselves** makes readers think of soldiers who get their weapons ready for battle. It also pictures **the same intention** as a weapon or perhaps as a piece of armor. Here this metaphor means that believers should be determined in their mind to suffer as Jesus did. Alternate translation: “prepare yourselves with the same thoughts that Christ had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2841PE41vjw2σαρκὶ1in the fleshHere “flesh” means “body.” Alternate translation: “in his body” or “while here on earth”
2851PE41d66gπέπαυται ἁμαρτίας1has ceased from sinAlternate translation: “has stopped sinning”
2861PE42gbb6ἀνθρώπων ἐπιθυμίαις1for the desires of menfor the things that sinful people normally desire
2871PE43rp5pκώμοις, πότοις1carousing, drunken partiesThese terms refer to activities in which people gather to drink alcohol excessively and behave in a shameful manner.
2881PE44q6k6τῆς ἀσωτίας ἀνάχυσιν1outpouring of their reckless behaviorThese examples of wild, boundless sin are spoken of as if they were great floods of water that were being poured out.
2891PE44w1d8τῆς ἀσωτίας1of their reckless behaviordoing everything they can to satisfy the desires of their bodies
2901PE45xw39τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι1to the one who is ready to judgeThis could mean: (1) This refers to God, who is ready to judge. (2) This refers to Christ, who is ready to judge.
2911PE45dx7vfigs-merismζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς1the living and the deadThis means all people, whether they are still alive or have died. Alternate translation: “every person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2921PE46u54mκαὶ νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη1the gospel was preached also to the deadThis could mean: (1) The gospel was preached also to people who had already died. (2) The gospel was preached also to those who were alive but are now dead.
2931PE46ql11figs-activepassiveεὐηγγελίσθη1the gospel was preachedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) Christ preached. Alternate translation: “Christ preached the gospel” (2) Men preached. Alternate translation: “men preached the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2941PE46hsg6figs-activepassiveκριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ1they were judged in the flesh according to menIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) God judged them in this life on earth. Alternate translation: “God judged them in their bodies as humans” (2) Men judged them according to human standards. Alternate translation: “men judged them in their bodies as humans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2951PE46s72ffigs-euphemismκριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ1they were judged in the flesh according to menThis is a reference to death as the ultimate form of judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
2961PE46h154ζῶσι…κατὰ Θεὸν πνεύματι1they may live in the spirit according to GodThis could mean: (1) They should live spiritually as God lives because the Holy Spirit will enable them to do so. (2) They should live according to Gods standards by the power of the Holy Spirit.
2971PE47e445πάντων…τὸ τέλος1the end of all thingsThis refers to the end of the world at Christs second coming.
2981PE47qs1tfigs-metaphorἤγγικεν1has come nearThe end that will happen soon is spoken of as if it has physically come closer in distance. Alternate translation: “will soon happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2991PE47ubd4figs-parallelismσωφρονήσατε…καὶ νήψατε1be of sound mind, and be soberThese two phrases mean basically the same thing. Peter uses them to emphasize the need to think clearly about life since the end of the world is near. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3001PE47k5hhfigs-idiomνήψατε1be soberHere the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “control your thoughts” or “be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3011PE48x6acπρὸ πάντων1above allAlternate translation: “most importantly of all”
3021PE48f1lrfigs-personificationὅτι ἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν1for love covers a multitude of sinsPeter describes **love** as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3031PE48b7p0figs-metaphorἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν1for love covers a multitude of sinsPeter speaks of **love** as a person who places a cover over the sins of others. This could mean: (1) A person who loves will not try to find out if another person has sinned. (2) A person who loves will forgive the sins of other people, even if those sins are many. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3041PE49g3vwφιλόξενοι1hospitableshowing kindness to and welcoming guests and travelers
3051PE410xvj3figs-explicitἕκαστος καθὼς ἔλαβεν χάρισμα1Just as each one has received a giftThis refers to special spiritual abilities that God gives to believers. Alternate translation: “Because each one of you has received a special spiritual ability as a gift from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3061PE411ir6xfigs-activepassiveἵνα ἐν πᾶσιν δοξάζηται ὁ Θεὸς1so that in all God may be glorifiedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that in all ways you will glorify God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3071PE411wq9eδοξάζηται1may be glorifiedmay be praised and honored
3081PE412vw9sfigs-metaphorτῇ ἐν ὑμῖν πυρώσει πρὸς πειρασμὸν ὑμῖν γινομένῃ1the fiery trial among you that is happening for a testing to youIn the same way that fire refines gold, trials test and refine a persons faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3091PE413rgb5figs-doubletχαρῆτε ἀγαλλιώμενοι1you may rejoice, being full of joyThese two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “rejoice even more” or “be very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
3101PE413mhj1ἐν τῇ ἀποκαλύψει τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ1at the revealing of his gloryAlternate translation: “when God reveals Christs glory”
3111PE414i6ulfigs-metonymyεἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ1If you are reviled for the name of ChristHere the word **name** refers to Christ himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3121PE414kswcfigs-activepassiveεἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ1If you are reviled for the name of ChristIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If people insult you because you believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3131PE414i1kqfigs-parallelismτὸ τῆς δόξης καὶ τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ Πνεῦμα1the Spirit of glory and of GodBoth of these refer to the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of glory, who is the Spirit of God” or “the glorious Spirit of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3141PE414nx6pἐφ’ ὑμᾶς ἀναπαύεται1is resting on youis staying with you
3151PE415nr6nἀλλοτριεπίσκοπος1a meddlerThis refers to a person who gets involved with the affairs of others without having a right to do so.
3161PE416xm8zἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ1in this nameAlternate translation: “because he bears the name Christian” or “because people have recognized him as a Christian.” The words **this name** refer to the word “Christian”
3171PE417x9npfigs-metaphorτοῦ οἴκου τοῦ Θεοῦ1the household of GodThis phrase refers to believers, whom Peter speaks of as Gods family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3181PE417c8kefigs-rquestionεἰ δὲ πρῶτον ἀφ’ ἡμῶν, τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ?1but if first with us, what will be the end of those disobeying the gospel of God?Peter use this question to emphasize that Gods judgment will be more severe for people who reject the gospel than for believers. Alternate translation: “If it begins with us, the outcome for those who do not obey Gods gospel will be much worse.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3191PE417z9zcτί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων1what will be the end of those disobeyingAlternate translation: “what will happen to those who disobey”
3201PE417l3dbτῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ1of those disobeying the gospel of GodAlternate translation: “of those who do not believe Gods gospel.” Here the word **disobeying** means they do not believe.
3211PE418t762figs-activepassiveεἰ ὁ δίκαιος μόλις σῴζεται1If with difficulty the righteous are being savedHere the word **saved** refers to final salvation when Christ returns. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If the righteous person experiences many difficulties before God saves him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3221PE418w8kefigs-rquestionὁ δίκαιος…ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται?1the righteous … where will the ungodly and the sinner appear?Peter use this question to emphasize that sinners will suffer much more than believers do. Alternate translation: “the righteous man … the outcome will be much worse for the ungodly and the sinner.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3231PE418ms54ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται1where will the ungodly and the sinner appearAlternate translation: “what will happen to the ungodly and the sinner”
3241PE418wb4vfigs-doubletὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς1the ungodly and the sinnerThe words **ungodly** and **sinner** mean basically the same thing and emphasize the wickedness of these people. Alternate translation: “ungodly sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
3251PE419qm3ufigs-synecdocheπαρατιθέσθωσαν τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν1let … entrust their soulsHere the word **souls** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “let … entrust themselves” or “let … entrust their lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3261PE419wih1figs-abstractnounsἐν ἀγαθοποιΐᾳ1in well-doingThe abstract noun **well-doing** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “while they do good” or “while they live rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3271PE5introa6d90# 1 Peter 5 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Instructions for relationships among believers (5:111)<br>2. Conclusion (5:1214)<br><br>Most people in the ancient Near East would end a letter the way Peter ends this one.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Crowns<br><br>The crown that the Chief Shepherd will give is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Lion<br><br>All animals are afraid of lions because they are fast and strong, and they eat almost every other kind of animal. They also eat people. Satan wants to make Gods people afraid, so Peter uses the simile of a lion to teach his readers that Satan can harm their bodies, but if they trust in God and obey him, they will always be Gods people, and God will care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br><br>### Babylon<br><br>Babylon was the evil nation that in Old Testament times had destroyed Jerusalem, taken the Jews away from their homes, and ruled over them. Peter uses Babylon as a metaphor for the nation that was persecuting the Christians he was writing to. He could have been referring to Jerusalem because the Jews were persecuting the Christians. Or he could have been referring to Rome because the Romans were persecuting the Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3281PE51s8fr0General Information:Peter speaks specifically to men who are elders.
3291PE51yb3lfigs-metonymyτῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης1of the glory that is about to be revealedThis is a reference to Christs second coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3301PE51a6vefigs-activepassiveτῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης1of the glory that is about to be revealedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “of the glory of Christ that God will soon reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3311PE52a5s7figs-metaphorποιμάνατε τὸ…ποίμνιον τοῦ Θεοῦ1Shepherd the flock of GodPeter speaks of the believers as a **flock** of sheep and the elders as the shepherds who care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3321PE53lta9figs-metaphorμηδ’ ὡς κατακυριεύοντες τῶν κλήρων, ἀλλὰ τύποι γινόμενοι1And not as lording it over those who are allotted to you, but be examplesElders are to lead by example and not act toward the people as a harsh master would toward his servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3331PE53xwr3figs-abstractnounsτῶν κλήρων1those who are allotted to youYou can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “those whom God has placed in your care” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3341PE54td11figs-metaphorφανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος1when the Chief Shepherd has been revealedPeter speaks of Jesus as if he were a **shepherd** who had authority over all other shepherds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3351PE54qlekfigs-activepassiveφανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος1when the Chief Shepherd has been revealedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when Jesus, the Chief Shepherd, appears” or “when God reveals Jesus, the Chief Shepherd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3361PE54ll4rfigs-metaphorτὸν ἀμαράντινον τῆς δόξης στέφανον1the unfading crown of gloryHere the word **crown** represents the reward that someone receives as a symbol of victory. The word **unfading** means that it is eternal. Alternate translation: “a glorious prize that will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3371PE54c6h3τῆς δόξης στέφανον1crown of gloryglorious crown
3381PE55qm2h0General Information:Peter gives an instruction specifically to younger men and then continues to instruct all of the believers.
3391PE55x6c2ὁμοίως1In the same wayThis refers back to the way the elders were to submit to the Chief Shepherd as Peter described in [1 Peter 5:1](../05/01.md) through [1 Peter 5:4](../05/04.md).
3401PE55uh4nπάντες1all of youThis refers to all believers, not just the younger men.
3411PE55r6s6figs-metaphorτὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην ἐγκομβώσασθε1clothe yourselves with humilityPeter speaks of having the moral quality of **humility** as putting on a piece of clothing. Alternate translation: “act humbly toward each other” or “act with humility” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3421PE56bie6figs-metonymyὑπὸ τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖρα τοῦ Θεοῦ1under the mighty hand of GodHere the word **hand** refers to Gods power to save the humble and punish the proud. Alternate translation: “under Gods great power” or “before God, realizing that he has great power,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3431PE57c1uufigs-metaphorπᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν ὑμῶν ἐπιρίψαντες ἐπ’ αὐτόν1having cast all your anxiety on himPeter speaks of **anxiety** as if it were a heavy burden that a person places on God, rather than carrying it himself. Alternate translation: “trusting him with everything that worries you” or “letting him take care of all the things that trouble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3441PE58k9ntfigs-idiomνήψατε1Be soberHere the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “Control your thoughts” or “Be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3451PE58tl7ifigs-simileδιάβολος, ὡς λέων ὠρυόμενος περιπατεῖ, ζητῶν τινα καταπιεῖν1the devil, is walking around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devourPeter compares the **devil** to a **roaring lion**. Just as a hungry lion completely devours its prey, the devil is **seeking** to completely destroy the faith of believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3461PE58l4u5περιπατεῖ1is walking aroundAlternate translation: “walking about” or “walking about and hunting”
3471PE59v451ὑμῶν ἀδελφότητι1your brotherhhoodAlternate translation: “your fellow believers”
3481PE59i4urἐν τῷ κόσμῳ1in the worldAlternate translation: “in various places throughout the world”
3491PE510eex10General Information:This is the end of Peters letter. Here he gives his final remarks about his letter and his closing greetings.
3501PE510suu9ὀλίγον1for a little whileAlternate translation: “for a short time”
3511PE510p648ὁ…Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος1the God of all graceHere the word **grace** may refer either to the things that **God** gives or to Gods character. This could mean: (1) This refers to the God who always gives us what we need. (2) This refers to the God who is always gracious.
3521PE510lwz6ὁ καλέσας ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν ἐν Χριστῷ1who has called you to his eternal glory in ChristAlternate translation: “who has chose you to share his eternal glory in heaven because you are joined to Christ”
3531PE510qf2hκαταρτίσει1will perfectAlternate translation: “make perfect” or “restore” or “make well again”
3541PE510j2ntfigs-metaphorσθενώσει, θεμελιώσει1strengthen, and establish youThese two expressions have similar meanings, that is, that God will enable the believers to trust in him and to obey him regardless of any suffering they may experience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3551PE512an6qδιὰ Σιλουανοῦ, ὑμῖν…δι’ ὀλίγων ἔγραψα1Through Silvanus … I wrote to you brieflySilvanus wrote the words that Peter told him to write in the letter.
3561PE512g1t6figs-metonymyταύτην εἶναι ἀληθῆ χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ1this is the true grace of GodThis refers back to what Paul has written. Here the word **grace** refers to the gospel message, which tells of the kind things that God has done for believers. Alternate translation: “I have written about the true grace of God” or “the gospel message I have written is Gods grace to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3571PE512nm72figs-metaphorεἰς ἣν στῆτε1Stand in itThe word **it** refers to “the true grace of God.” Being strongly committed to this grace is spoken of as standing firmly in one place, refusing to move. Alternate translation: “Remain strongly committed to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3581PE513muq7writing-symlanguageἡ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι1She who is in BabylonHere, **she** probably refers to the group of believers who live in **Babylon**. Here, **Babylon** could mean: (1) This is a symbol for the city of Rome. (2) This is a symbol for anywhere that Christians are suffering. (3) This is a literal reference to the city of Babylon. It most likely refers to the city of Rome. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
3591PE513rpf5figs-activepassiveσυνεκλεκτὴ1chosen together with youIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom God has chosen as he has chosen you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3601PE513ws2xfigs-metaphorὁ υἱός μου1my sonPeter speaks of Mark as if he is his spiritual **son**. Alternate translation: “my spiritual son” or “who is like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3611PE514fc7bφιλήματι ἀγάπης1a kiss of loveAlternate translation: “a loving kiss” or “a kiss to show your love for each other”