unfoldingWord_en_tn/en_tn_61-1PE.tsv

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21PEfrontintroc1uv0# Introduction to 1 Peter<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of 1 Peter<br><br>1. Introduction (1:1-2)<br>1. Praise for Gods salvation of the believers (1:3-2:10)<br>1. Christian living (2:11-4:11)<br>1. Encouragement to persevere when suffering (4:12-5:11)<br>1. Closing (5:12-14)<br><br><br>### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter?<br><br>The Book of 1 Peter was written by the Apostle Peter. He wrote the letter to Gentile Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor.<br><br>### What is the Book of 1 Peter about?<br><br>Peter wrote this letter to help encourage and testify to “the true grace of God” so that the Gentile believers would stand firm “in it” (5:12).<br><br>He encouraged Christians to continue obeying God even when they are suffering. He told them to do this because Jesus will return soon. Peter also gave instructions about Christians submitting to persons in authority.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title “1 Peter” or “First Peter.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The First Letter from Peter” or “The First Letter Peter Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### How were Christians treated in Rome?<br><br>Peter probably was in Rome when he wrote this letter. He gave Rome the symbolic name of “Babylon” (5:13). It appears that when Peter wrote this letter, Romans were badly persecuting Christians.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Peter, except for two places: [1 Peter 1:16](../01/16.md) and [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). The word “you” is always plural and refers to Peters audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter?<br><br>“You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth. This was for the purpose of sincere brotherly love; so love one another earnestly from the heart” (1:22). The ULT, UST, and most other modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, “You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth through the Spirit for the purpose of sincere brotherly love, so love one another earnestly from the heart.”<br><br>If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
31PE1introql4i0# 1 Peter 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 1:24-25.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### What God reveals<br><br>When Jesus comes again, everyone will see how good Gods people were to have faith in Jesus. Then Gods people will see how gracious God has been to them, and all people will praise both God and his people.<br><br>### Holiness<br><br>God wants his people to be holy because God is holy (1:15). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### Eternity<br><br>Peter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Paradox<br><br>A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Peter writes that his readers are glad and sad at the same time ([1 Peter 1:6](../01/06.md)). He can say this because they are sad because they are suffering, but they are glad because they know that God will save them “in the last time” ([1 Peter 1:5](../01/05.md))
41PE11g6b40General Information:Peter identifies himself as the writer and identifies and greets the believers to whom he is writing.
51PE11u3zcfigs-metaphorἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς1to the elect foreigners of the dispersionPeter speaks of his readers as people who live as **exiles**since they are far from their homes in many different countries because of **the dispersion**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
61PE11cf7bἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις1to the elect foreignersPeter wrote this letter **to the elect exiles**. God has chosen them according to his own foreknowledge. Alternate translation: “to the chosen foreigners” or “the ones whom God the Father has chosen.”
71PE11qkl8Πόντου, Γαλατίας, Καππαδοκίας, Ἀσίας, καὶ Βιθυνίας1Cappadocia … BithyniaPeter mentions, **Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia**, which were Roman provinces located in what is now the country of Turkey.
81PE12ba1hfigs-abstractnounsπρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός1the foreknowledge of God the FatherYou can translate the abstract noun **foreknowledge** with a verbal phrase. This phrase could mean: (1) God had determined what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father decided previously” or (2) God knew what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father knew beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
91PE12i9kffigs-metonymyαἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1of the blood of Jesus ChristHere the **blood** refers to the death of Jesus. This phrase could mean (1) they are members of God's people by the blood of Jesus Christ or (2) Jesus Christ's blood helps them become more holy through how they obey him (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
101PE12rwkkfigs-metaphorῥαντισμὸν αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus ChristJust as Moses sprinkled **blood** on the people of Israel to symbolize their covenant with God, believers are in covenant with God because of Jesus death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
111PE12en3gtranslate-blessingχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1After introducing the senders and recipients of the letter, Peter gives a blessing. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May God give you grace and peace.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
121PE12rcmtfigs-abstractnounsχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1If the abstract nouns **grace** and **peace** would be misunderstood in your language, you could express the idea behind them with adjectives such as “gracious” and “peaceful.” Alternate translation: “May God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ be gracious to you and make you peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
131PE12z7dffigs-abstractnounsχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1May grace be to you, and may your peace increaseThis passage speaks of **grace** as if it were an object that believers could possess, and of **peace** as if it were something that could increase in amount. Of course, grace is in reality the kind way God acts toward believers, and peace is how believers live in safety and joy with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
141PE13y6aq0General Information:Peter begins to talk about the believers salvation and faith.
151PE13jpsmεὐλογητὸς1Alternate translation: “Let us give thanks” or “Let us praise”
161PE13cyf6figs-exclusiveἡμῶν…ἡμᾶς1our … usThe words **our** and **us** refer to Peter and those to whom he is writing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
171PE13ekukfigs-abstractnounsτὸ πολὺ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος1If the abstract noun **mercy** would be misunderstood in your language, you could express the idea behind it with an adjective such as “kind.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
181PE13c92yἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς1he has given us new birthAlternate translation: “he has caused us to be born again”
191PE14b2zyfigs-abstractnounsεἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον1for an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritanceYou can translate **inheritance** using a verb. Alternate translation: “which we confidently expect that God the Father is keeping as a gift for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
201PE14cy1gfigs-metaphorκληρονομίαν1an … inheritanceReceiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
211PE14vr9sfigs-metaphorἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον1imperishable and undefiled and unfadingPeter uses three similar phrases to describe the inheritance that believers will receive as something that is perfect and eternal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
221PE14z6w4figs-activepassiveτετηρημένην ἐν οὐρανοῖς εἰς ὑμᾶς1reserved in heaven for youYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “which God is reserving in heaven for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
231PE15r4esfigs-activepassiveτοὺς ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ φρουρουμένους1who are protected by the power of GodYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “and God is protecting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
241PE15fw3pfigs-abstractnounsἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ1by the power of GodHere, **power** is a way of saying that God is strong and able to protect believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
251PE15a4abfigs-abstractnounsδιὰ πίστεως1through faithHere, **faith** refers to the fact that the believers trust in Christ. Alternate translation: “because of your faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
261PE15g4rbfigs-activepassiveἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι1that is ready to be revealedYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “that God is ready to reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
271PE16hy8dἐν ᾧ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε1In this you greatly rejoiceThe word **this** refers to all the blessings that Peter mentions in the previous verses.
281PE17vvp1figs-metaphorἵνα τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως1so that the proof of your faithIn the same way in which fire refines gold, hardships test how well believers trust in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
291PE17ct3nτὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως1the proof of your faithGod wishes to test how well believers trust in Christ.
301PE17u63mὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, διὰ πυρὸς δὲ δοκιμαζομένου1of your faith, which is more precious than gold that perishes. But, being tested by fire**Faith** is more valuable than **gold**, because gold does not last forever, even if it is refined in **fire**.
311PE17a6q4εὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ τιμὴν1it might be found to result in praise, and glory, and honorThis could mean: (1) God will honor them very highly because of their faith. (2) Their faith will bring praise, glory, and honor to God.
321PE17bkr9figs-activepassiveἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1at the revealing of Jesus Christ“when Jesus Christ is revealed.” This refers to the return of Christ. This can also be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: “when Jesus Christ appears to all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
331PE18eka3χαρᾷ ἀνεκλαλήτῳ καὶ δεδοξασμένῃ1with joy that is inexpressible and filled with glory“with wonderful joy that words cannot describe”
341PE19j2qefigs-abstractnounsσωτηρίαν ψυχῶν1the salvation of your soulsThe abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “God saving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
351PE19hw6yσωτηρίαν1the salvationThis words presents the idea as if it were an object. In reality, **salvation** refers to the action of God saving us, or to what happens as a result.
361PE19uk4afigs-synecdocheσωτηρίαν ψυχῶν1the salvation of your soulsHere the word **souls** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “your salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
371PE110p4p5σωτηρίας…χάριτος1salvation … graceThese words present two ideas as if they were things or objects. In reality, **salvation** refers to the action of God saving us, or to what happens as a result. Similarly, **grace** refers to the kind way in which God deals with believers.
381PE110yyz4figs-doubletἐξεζήτησαν καὶ ἐξηραύνησαν1searched and inquired carefullyThe phrase **inquired carefully** means basically the same thing as “searched.” Together these words emphasize how hard the prophets tried to understand this salvation. Alternate translation: “examined very carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
391PE111x5x80Connecting Statement:Peter continues talking about the prophets search for salvation.
401PE111r5jfἐραυνῶντες1examining“trying to determine”
411PE111w3n8τὸ…Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ1the Spirit of ChristThis is a reference to the Holy Spirit.
421PE112x4b1figs-activepassiveοἷς ἀπεκαλύφθη1It was revealed to themYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God revealed to the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
431PE112xi4dεἰς ἃ ἐπιθυμοῦσιν ἄγγελοι παρακύψαι1into which things angels long to look“things that angels want to understand”
441PE113bjg9διὸ1SoPeter uses the word **So** here to refer back to everything he has said about salvation, their faith, and the Spirit of Christ giving revelations to the prophets.
451PE113u87yfigs-idiomἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς διανοίας ὑμῶν1having girded the loins of your mindGirding up **the loins** refers to preparing to work hard. It comes from the custom of tucking the bottom of ones robe into a belt around the waist in order to move with ease. Alternate translation: “after getting your minds ready” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
461PE113i56ffigs-idiomνήφοντες, τελείως1being fully soberHere the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. Alternate translation: “controlling your thoughts” or “being careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
471PE113y771figs-activepassiveτὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν1the grace that is being brought to youYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the grace that God will bring to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
481PE113ut69figs-metaphorτὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν1the grace that is being brought to youHere Gods way of dealing kindly with believers is spoken of as if it were an object that he will bring to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
491PE113l45dfigs-activepassiveἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1in the revelation of Jesus ChristThis refers to when Christ returns. This can also be expressed with an active form. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “when Jesus Christ appears to all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
501PE114e4tbfigs-idiomμὴ συνσχηματιζόμενοι ταῖς πρότερον…ἐπιθυμίαις1not being conformed to your former desires“not desiring the same things as before” Alternate translation: “not living to gratify the desires you used to have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
511PE116m1q7figs-activepassiveδιότι γέγραπται1For it is writtenThis refers to Gods message in the scripture. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “For as God said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
521PE116s8kzἅγιοι ἔσεσθε, ὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιος1You will be holy, because I am holyHere the word **I** refers to God.
531PE117s6gvfigs-metaphorἐν φόβῳ τὸν τῆς παροικίας ὑμῶν χρόνον ἀναστράφητε1conduct yourselves in fear during the time of your journeyPeter speaks of his readers as if they were people living in a foreign land away from their home. Alternate translation: “be careful how you use the time you are living away from your true home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
541PE118q4pcfigs-activepassiveἐλυτρώθητε1you have been redeemedYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God has redeemed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
551PE119s4jdfigs-metonymyτιμίῳ αἵματι…Χριστοῦ1with the precious blood of ChristHere, **blood** stands for Christs death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
561PE119gk6afigs-simileὡς ἀμνοῦ ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου1as an unblemished and spotless lambJesus died as a sacrifice so that God would forgive peoples sins. Alternate translation: “like the lambs without blemish or spot that the Jewish priests sacrificed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
571PE119smu8figs-doubletἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου1unblemished and spotlessPeter expresses the same idea in two different ways to emphasize Christs purity. Alternate translation: “with no imperfections” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
581PE120msw5figs-activepassiveπροεγνωσμένου1He has been chosenYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God chose Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
591PE120ky7afigs-abstractnounsπρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου1before the foundation of the worldYou can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “before God created the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
601PE120dkk2figs-activepassiveφανερωθέντος…δι’ ὑμᾶς1he has been revealed … for your sakeYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God has revealed him … for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
611PE120u7e3figs-metaphorφανερωθέντος…δι’ ὑμᾶς1he has been revealed … for your sakePeter does not mean that his readers actually saw Christ, but that they learned the truth about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
621PE121lt5ufigs-idiomτὸν ἐγείραντα αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν1who has raised him from the deadHere to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “who caused him to live again so that he was no longer among the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
631PE121f7mnfigs-abstractnounsδόξαν αὐτῷ δόντα1has given him gloryYou can state the abstract noun **glory** in verbal form. Alternate translation: “glorified him” or “showed that he is glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
641PE122luj3figs-synecdocheτὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ἡγνικότες1Having purified your soulsHere the word **souls** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “Since you made yourselves pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
651PE122hj14figs-metaphorἡγνικότες1Having purifiedHere the idea of cleanliness refers to being acceptable to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
661PE122qyt5figs-abstractnounsἐν τῇ ὑπακοῇ τῆς ἀληθείας1by obedience to the truthYou can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “by obeying the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
671PE122j777φιλαδελφίαν1brotherly loveThis refers to love between fellow believers.
681PE122e9wrfigs-metonymyἐκ καθαρᾶς καρδίας, ἀλλήλους ἀγαπήσατε ἐκτενῶς1love one another earnestly from a pure heartHere, **heart** is a metonym for a persons thoughts or emotions. To love someone “from the heart” means to love some one completely with total commitment. Alternate translation: “love one another earnestly and completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
691PE123w4v3figs-metaphorἀναγεγεννημένοι, οὐκ ἐκ σπορᾶς φθαρτῆς, ἀλλὰ ἀφθάρτου1having been born again, not from perishable seed, but from imperishableHere, **seed** could mean: (1) This refers to the seed of a plant that grows and produces new life in believers. (2) This refers to the tiny cells inside a man or woman that combine to cause a baby to grow inside the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
701PE123nh9rἀφθάρτου1from imperishableseed that will not rot or dry up or die
711PE123tjq9figs-metonymyδιὰ λόγου ζῶντος Θεοῦ, καὶ μένοντος1through the living and enduring word of GodPeter speaks of the **word of God** as if it were alive forever. In reality, it is God who lives forever, and whose instructions and promises last eternally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
721PE124kyc50General Information:In these verses Peter quotes a passage from the prophet Isaiah relating to what he has just said about them being born of imperishable seed.
731PE124dr75figs-metonymyπᾶσα σὰρξ1All fleshThe word **flesh** refers to humanity. Alternate translation: “All people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
741PE124r0fdfigs-metonymyπᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος…ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος1All flesh is like grass … The grass dries upThe prophet Isaiah compares humanity to grass that grows and dies quickly. Alternate translation: “All people are temporary like grass … They will die like the grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
751PE124hd2ffigs-simileπᾶσα δόξα αὐτῆς ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου…τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν1all its glory is like the flower of the grass … its flower falls offHere the word **glory** refers to beauty or goodness. Isaiah compares the things that people consider to be good or beautiful about humanity to flowers that die quickly. Alternate translation: “all their goodness is as temporary as a flower … it will fall away like a dying flower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
761PE125aba2τὸ…ῥῆμα Κυρίου1the word of the Lord“the message that comes from the Lord”
771PE125s11jfigs-activepassiveτὸ ῥῆμα τὸ εὐαγγελισθὲν1the word that has been proclaimedYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the gospel that we proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
781PE2introa1210# 1 Peter 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:6, 7, 8, and 22.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:10.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Stones<br><br>The Bible uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jesus is the cornerstone, the most important stone. The apostles and prophets are the foundation, the part of the building on which all the other stones rest. In this chapter, Christians are the stones that make up the walls of the building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cornerstone]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/foundation]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Milk and babies<br><br>When Peter tells his readers to “long for pure spiritual milk,” he is using the metaphor of a baby craving his mothers milk. Peter wants Christians to crave Gods word the same way a baby craves milk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
791PE21cch50Connecting Statement:Peter continues teaching his readers about holiness and obedience.
801PE21n3x5grammar-connect-logic-resultοὖν1ThereforeThe word **Therefore** here refers back to everything that Peter has said about being holy and obedient. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
811PE21g65yfigs-metaphorἀποθέμενοι…πᾶσαν κακίαν, καὶ πάντα δόλον, καὶ ὑποκρίσεις, καὶ φθόνους, καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς1having put aside all evil, and all deceit and hypocrisy and envy, and all slanderThese sinful actions are spoken of as if they were objects that people could throw away. Alternate translation: “get rid of everything that is evil, and hypocrisy, and envy, and all slander” or “stop being evil, or being deceptive, or being hypocritical, or envying, or slandering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
821PE22y6fvfigs-metaphorὡς ἀρτιγέννητα βρέφη τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα ἐπιποθήσατε1As newborn infants, long for pure spiritual milkPeter speaks of his readers as if they were babies. Babies requires very pure food, which they can digest easily. In the same way, believers need pure teaching from Gods word. Alternate translation: “Just as babies long for their mothers breast milk, so you must yearn for pure spiritual milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
831PE22rm71ἐπιποθήσατε1long for“desire intensely” or “yearn for”
841PE22fn81figs-metaphorτὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα1pure spiritual milkPeter speaks of the word of God as if it were **spiritual milk** that nourished children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
851PE22vg76figs-abstractnounsεἰς σωτηρίαν1to salvationHere the word **salvation** refers to when God brings the salvation of his people to completion when Jesus returns (see [1 Peter 1:5](../01/05.md)). Alternate translation: “until God saves you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
861PE22ypy6figs-metaphorαὐξηθῆτε1you may grow upPeter speaks of believers advancing in knowledge of God and faithfulness to him as if they were children growing up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
871PE22scbefigs-explicitαὐξηθῆτε εἰς σωτηρίαν1you may grow up to salvationThey were to increasingly act in ways that were consistent with this salvation. You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you may grow up spiritually until God saves you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
881PE23tui9figs-metaphorεἰ ἐγεύσασθε ὅτι χρηστὸς ὁ Κύριος1if you have tasted that the Lord is kindHere to taste means to experience something personally. Alternate translation: “if you have experienced the Lords kindness toward you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
891PE24sa2zfigs-metaphor0General Information:Peter begins to tell a metaphor about Jesus and the believers being living stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
901PE24c4lufigs-metaphorπρὸς ὃν προσερχόμενοι λίθον ζῶντα1coming to him, a living stonePeter speaks of Jesus as if he were a stone in a building. Alternate translation: “coming to him who is like a stone in a building, but alive, not a dead stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
911PE24ihq2ὃν…λίθον ζῶντα1him, a living stoneThis could mean: (1) This refers to a stone that is alive. (2) This refers to a stone that gives life.
921PE24e8syfigs-activepassiveὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων μὲν ἀποδεδοκιμασμένον1having been rejected by menYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “that people have rejected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
931PE24a438figs-activepassiveπαρὰ δὲ Θεῷ ἐκλεκτὸν1but chosen by GodYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “but that God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
941PE25z11hfigs-metaphorαὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς1you, like living stones, are being built up as a spiritual houseJust as people used **stones** to build the temple in the Old Testament, believers are the materials that God is using to build a house in which he will live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
951PE25g33xfigs-simileαὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες1you, like living stonesPeter compares his readers to **stones** that are alive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
961PE25v3jwfigs-activepassiveλίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς1living stones, are being built up as a spiritual houseYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “living stones that God is building into a spiritual house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
971PE25i4bnfigs-metonymyἱεράτευμα ἅγιον ἀνενέγκαι πνευματικὰς θυσίας1a holy priesthood to offer the spiritual sacrificesHere the position of **priesthood** stands for the priests who fulfill its duties. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
981PE26ibi1figs-metaphorπεριέχει ἐν Γραφῇ1it stands in scripture**Scripture** is spoken of as if it were a container. This passage refers to the words that a person reads in scripture. Alternate translation: “this is what a prophet wrote in the scriptures long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
991PE26q7jxἰδοὺ1BeholdThe word **behold** here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
1001PE26klv2figs-explicitλίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον ἐκλεκτὸν ἔντιμον1a cornerstone, chosen, preciousGod is the one who chose the stone. Alternate translation: “a most important cornerstone, which I have chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1011PE26xsx8figs-metaphorλίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον1a cornerstoneThe prophet speaks of the Messiah as the most important stone in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1021PE27ze1c0Connecting Statement:Peter continues quoting from the scriptures.
1031PE27uu3jfigs-metaphorλίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν…ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας1The stone that was rejected by … has become the head of the cornerThis is a metaphor that means people, like builders, **rejected** Jesus, but God has made him the most important **stone** in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1041PE27i4jlfigs-activepassiveλίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες1The stone that was rejected by the buildersYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “The stone that the builders rejected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1051PE27ql12κεφαλὴν γωνίας1the head of the cornerThis refers to the most important stone in a building and means basically the same thing as “cornerstone” in [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md).
1061PE28ptx5figs-parallelismλίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου1A stone of stumbling and a rock of offenseThese two phrases share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that people will take **offense** at this “stone,” which refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “a stone or a rock over which people will stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1071PE28h7taπροσκόπτουσιν τῷ λόγῳ ἀπειθοῦντες1stumble because they disobey the wordHere, **the word** refers to the gospel message. To **disobey** means that they do not believe. Alternate translation: “stumble because they are not believing the message about Jesus”
1081PE28sm6sfigs-activepassiveεἰς ὃ καὶ ἐτέθησαν1to which also they were appointedYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “for which God also appointed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1091PE29dc8m0General Information:In verse 10 Peter quotes a verse from the prophet Hosea. Some modern versions do not format this as a quote, which is also acceptable.
1101PE29zla9figs-activepassiveγένος ἐκλεκτόν1a chosen peopleYou can clarify that God is the one who has **chosen** them. Alternate translation: “a people whom God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1111PE29g39zβασίλειον ἱεράτευμα1a royal priesthoodThis could mean: (1) This refers to a group of kings and a group of priests. (2) This refers to a group of priests who serve the king.
1121PE29qk7fλαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν1a people for possession“a people who belong to God”
1131PE29ra7zἐκ…ὑμᾶς καλέσαντος1who called you from“who called you to come out of”
1141PE29nvf5figs-metaphorἐκ σκότους…εἰς τὸ θαυμαστὸν αὐτοῦ φῶς1from darkness into his marvelous lightHere, **darkness** refers to their condition as sinful people who did not know God, and **light** refers to their condition as people who do know God and practice righteousness. Alternate translation: “from a life of sin and ignorance of God to a life of knowing and pleasing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1151PE211jnr90General Information:Peter begins to talk about how to live Christian lives.
1161PE211ve9ufigs-doubletπαροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους1foreigners and exilesThese two words mean basically the same thing.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1171PE211hjukfigs-metaphorπαροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους1foreigners and exilesPeter speaks of his readers as people who are living in foreign lands away from their home. See how you translated “foreigners” in [1 Peter 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1181PE211ubn9figs-metaphorἀπέχεσθαι τῶν σαρκικῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν1to abstain from fleshly desiresHere the idea of flesh refers to the sinful nature of humanity in this fallen world. Alternate translation: “to not to give in to sinful desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1191PE211x3q5figs-metonymyτῆς ψυχῆς1your soulHere the word **soul** refers to a persons spiritual life. Alternate translation: “your spiritual life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1201PE211q4znfigs-metaphorστρατεύονται κατὰ τῆς ψυχῆς1make war against your soulPeter speaks of sinful desires as soldiers that are trying to destroy the spiritual life of believers. Alternate translation: “seek to destroy your spiritual life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1211PE212b5nvfigs-abstractnounsτὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἔχοντες καλήν1keeping your behavior among the Gentiles goodThe abstract noun **behavior** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “you should behave well among the Gentiles” or “you should behave in a good way in the presence of the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1221PE212mkt4ἐν ᾧ καταλαλοῦσιν ὑμῶν ὡς1in whatever they speak about you as“even if they accuse you of being”
1231PE212w3ynfigs-abstractnounsἐκ τῶν καλῶν ἔργων ἐποπτεύοντες1from observing your good worksThe abstract noun **works** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “they may observe the good things that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1241PE212s2jifigs-explicitἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπισκοπῆς1in the day of visitation“on the day when he comes.” This refers to the day when God will judge all people. Alternate translation: “when he comes to judge everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1251PE213c484διὰ τὸν Κύριον1for the sake of the LordThis could mean: (1) By obeying human authorities, they are obeying the Lord who established those authorities. (2) By obeying human authorities, they will honor Jesus who also obeyed human authorities.
1261PE213al6qβασιλεῖ ὡς ὑπερέχοντι1to the king as supreme“to the king as the highest human authority”
1271PE214y1l2figs-activepassiveδι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις1through him having been sentYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “whom the king has sent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1281PE215mh6sἀγαθοποιοῦντας φιμοῦν τὴν τῶν ἀφρόνων ἀνθρώπων ἀγνωσίαν1doing good to silence the ignorant talk of foolish people“by doing good you stop foolish people from speaking about things that they do not know”
1291PE216y9pgfigs-metaphorὡς ἐπικάλυμμα…τῆς κακίας1as a covering for wickednessPeter speaks of their condition as free people as something that they should not use to hide sinful behavior. Alternate translation: “as an excuse to do wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1301PE217gwy8τὴν ἀδελφότητα1the brotherhoodThis refers to all Christian believers.
1311PE218w2nc0General Information:Peter begins to speak specifically to people who are servants in peoples houses.
1321PE218xgk8figs-doubletτοῖς ἀγαθοῖς καὶ ἐπιεικέσιν1the good and gentleHere the words **good** and **gentle** share similar meanings and emphasize that such masters treat their servants kindly. Alternate translation: “the very kind masters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1331PE218a6gcτοῖς σκολιοῖς1to the perverse“to the cruel ones” or “to the mean ones”
1341PE219r1h1τοῦτο…χάρις1this is praiseworthy“this is deserving of praise” or “it is pleasing to God”
1351PE219zm8eδιὰ συνείδησιν Θεοῦ, ὑποφέρει…λύπας1endures sorrow … because of awareness of GodThis could mean: (1) This person accepts suffering because he knows he is obeying God. (2) This person is able to endure unjust punishment because he knows that God knows how he is suffering.
1361PE220y5uefigs-rquestionποῖον γὰρ κλέος, εἰ ἁμαρτάνοντες καὶ κολαφιζόμενοι ὑπομενεῖτε?1For what kind of credit is there if, sinning and being tormented, you will endure?Peter asks this question to emphasize that there is nothing praiseworthy about suffering for doing something wrong. Alternate translation: “For God will not reward you if you are punished because you sinned.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1371PE220pr8bfigs-activepassiveἁμαρτάνοντες καὶ κολαφιζόμενοι1sinning and being tormentedYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “while someone punishes you because you sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1381PE220ly9ffigs-activepassiveἀγαθοποιοῦντες καὶ πάσχοντες ὑπομενεῖτε1doing good and suffering, you will endureYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “you endure when someone punishes you for doing good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1391PE221c1jn0Connecting Statement:Peter continues speaking to people who are servants in peoples houses.
1401PE221xit1figs-activepassiveεἰς τοῦτο…ἐκλήθητε1to this you were calledHere the word **this** refers to believers enduring while suffering for doing good, as Peter has just described. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God has called you to this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1411PE221si3lfigs-metaphorὑμῖν…ἵνα ἐπακολουθήσητε τοῖς ἴχνεσιν αὐτοῦ1for you so that you might follow in his footstepsPeter speaks of following Jesus example in the way that they suffer as if one were walking on the same path that Jesus had taken. Alternate translation: “so that you would imitate his behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1421PE222tyz4figs-activepassiveοὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ1neither was deceit found in his mouthYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “neither did anyone find deceit in his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1431PE222lw1ufigs-metonymyοὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ1neither was deceit found in his mouthHere, **deceit** refers to words that a person speaks that are intended to deceive other people. Alternate translation: “neither did he speak any lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1441PE223lj4afigs-activepassiveὃς λοιδορούμενος, οὐκ ἀντελοιδόρει1He, being reviled, did not revile backTo **revile** someone is to speak abusively to another person. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “When people insulted him, he did not insult them back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1451PE223gqb5παρεδίδου…τῷ κρίνοντι δικαίως1he comitted himself to the one who judges justly“he entrusted himself to the one who judges justly.” This means that he trusted God to take away his shame, which had been put on him by those who treated him harshly.
1461PE224k5fm0Connecting Statement:Peter continues talking about Jesus Christ. He is still speaking to people who are servants.
1471PE224k632figs-rpronounsὃς…αὐτὸς1He himselfThis refers to Jesus, with emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
1481PE224w49mfigs-metonymyτὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν…ἀνήνεγκεν ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον1carried our sins in his body to the treeHere, **carried our sins** means he suffered the punishment for our sins. Alternate translation: “suffered the punishment for our sins in his body on the tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1491PE224zl8efigs-metonymyτὸ ξύλον1the treeThis is a reference to the cross on which Jesus died, which was made of wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1501PE224ep4sfigs-activepassiveοὗ τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε1of whose wounds you were healedYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God has healed you because people bruised him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1511PE225sgt9figs-simileἦτε…ὡς πρόβατα πλανώμενοι1you as sheep are being led astrayPeter speaks about his readers before they believed in Christ as if they had been similar to lost sheep wandering around aimlessly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1521PE225i5lufigs-metaphorτὸν ποιμένα καὶ ἐπίσκοπον τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν1the shepherd and guardian of your soulsPeter speaks of Jesus as if he were a **shepherd**. Just as a shepherd protects his sheep, Jesus protects those who trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1531PE3introcqf40# 1 Peter 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 3:10-12.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “Outward ornaments”<br><br>Most people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are good people. Women are especially careful to look good by wearing nice clothes and jewels. Peter is saying that what a woman thinks and says and does are more important to God than how she looks.<br><br>### Unity<br><br>Peter wanted his readers to agree with each other. More importantly, he wanted them to love each other and be patient with each other.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br><br>Peter quotes a psalm that describes God as if he were a person with eyes, ears, and a face. However, God is a spirit, so he does not have physical eyes or ears or a physical face. But he does know what people do, and he does act against wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1541PE31p4540General Information:Peter begins to speak specifically to women who are wives.
1551PE31cj7zὁμοίως, γυναῖκες, ὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν1In the same way, wives, submit to your own husbandsJust as believers are to “obey every human authority” ([1 Peter 2:13](../02/13.md)) and servants are to “be subject” to their masters ([1 Peter 2:18](../02/18.md)), wives are to **submit** to their **husbands**. The words “obey,” “be subject,” and “submit” translate the same word.
1561PE31wp5pfigs-metonymyτινες ἀπειθοῦσιν τῷ λόγῳ1some are disobedient to the wordHere, **the word** refers to the gospel message. To disobey means that they do not believe. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Peter 2:8](../02/08.md). Alternate translation: “some men do not believe the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1571PE31bs56figs-idiomκερδηθήσονται1they will be wonThis means that the unbelieving husbands will become believers. Alternate translation: “they will be persuaded to believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1581PE31kbisfigs-activepassiveκερδηθήσονται1they will be wonYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “they will become believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1591PE31qp4qfigs-ellipsisἄνευ λόγου1without a word“without the wife saying a word.” Here, **a word** refers to anything the wife might speak about Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1601PE32zft4figs-abstractnounsἐποπτεύσαντες τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν1having seen your pure behavior with respectThe abstract noun **behavior** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “having seen that you behave sincerely and respectfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1611PE32ng3sτὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν1your pure behavior with respectThis could mean: (1) This refers to their sincere behavior toward them and the way that they honor them. (2) This refers to their pure behavior toward them and the way that they honor God.
1621PE33p1bg0Connecting Statement:Peter continues speaking to women who are wives.
1631PE34l2yqfigs-metonymyὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος1the inner person of the heartHere the words **inner man** and **heart** refer to the person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1641PE34x6usfigs-doubletὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος1the inner man of the heartHere the words **inner man** and **heart** both refer to the inward character and personality of a person. Alternate translation: “what you really are on the inside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1651PE34gbw9τοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος1of a gentle and quiet spirit“of a gentle and peaceful attitude.” Here the word **quiet** means “peaceful” or “calm.” The word **spirit** refers to a persons attitude or temperament.
1661PE34j5bufigs-metaphorὅ ἐστιν ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ πολυτελές1which is precious before GodPeter speaks of Gods opinion of a person as if that person were standing directly in front of him. Alternate translation: “which God considers to be precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1671PE36j1tpκύριον, αὐτὸν καλοῦσα1called him lordsaying that he was her lord, that is, her master
1681PE36t3xlfigs-metaphorἧς ἐγενήθητε τέκνα1whose children you have becomePeter says that believing women who act as Sarah acted can be thought of as if they were her actual **children**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1691PE37lbc20General Information:Peter begins to speak specifically to men who are husbands.
1701PE37f5ayὁμοίως1in the same wayThis refers back to how Sarah and other godly women obeyed their husbands in [1 Peter 3:5](../03/05.md) and [1 Peter 3:6](../03/06.md).
1711PE37lulzfigs-abstractnounsσυνοικοῦντες κατὰ γνῶσιν, ὡς ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει τῷ γυναικείῳ1live with your wife according to understanding, as with a weaker containerThe abstract noun **understanding** can also be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “live with your wife, understanding that she is the weaker partner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1721PE37eq1zfigs-metaphorὡς ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει1as with a weaker containerPeter speaks of women as if they were containers, as men are sometimes also spoken of. Alternate translation: “knowing that she is not as strong as you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1731PE37a88wfigs-abstractnounsἀπονέμοντες τιμήν ὡς καὶ συνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς1assigning her honor as also fellow heirs of the grace of lifeYou can translate this using verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “honor her because she will also receive by grace the eternal life that God gives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1741PE37n4rffigs-metaphorσυνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς1fellow heirs of the grace of lifeEternal **life** is often spoken of as if it were something that people inherit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1751PE37dv7tgrammar-connect-logic-resultεἰς τὸ1so thatHere this phrase introduces the result that will happen if husbands treat their wives well. Alternate translation: “Live with your wives in this way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1761PE37dwm6figs-activepassiveεἰς τὸ μὴ ἐνκόπτεσθαι τὰς προσευχὰς ὑμῶν1so that your prayers will not be hinderedTo “hinder” is to prevent something from happening. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “so that nothing will hinder your prayers” or “so that nothing will keep you from praying as you should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1771PE38nk970General Information:Peter begins to speak again to all of the believers.
1781PE38f5y7ὁμόφρονες1be likeminded“have the same opinion and be” or “have the same attitude and be”
1791PE38rut5εὔσπλαγχνοι1tenderheartedbeing gentle and compassionate towards others
1801PE39z5u3figs-metaphorμὴ ἀποδιδόντες κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ, ἢ λοιδορίαν ἀντὶ λοιδορίας1Do not pay back evil in exchange for evil or insult in exchange for insultPeter speaks of responding to the actions of another person as remitting payment for those actions. Alternate translation: “Do not do evil to someone who does evil to you or insult someone who insults you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1811PE39t6ilfigs-explicitεὐλογοῦντες1blessingYou can clarify the object of **blessing**. Alternate translation: “continue to bless those who do evil to you or insult you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1821PE39w5dffigs-activepassiveεἰς τοῦτο ἐκλήθητε1to this you were calledYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God called you for this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1831PE39n3xcfigs-metaphorἵνα εὐλογίαν κληρονομήσητε1so that you might inherit a blessingPeter speaks of receiving Gods **blessing** as receiving an inheritance. Alternate translation: “that you might receive Gods blessing as your permanent possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1841PE310dpf2figs-explicit0General Information:In these verses Peter quotes from the Psalms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1851PE310p9blfigs-parallelismζωὴν ἀγαπᾶν, καὶ ἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς1to love life and to see good daysThese two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the desire to have a good life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1861PE310btkpfigs-metaphorἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς1to see good daysHere experiencing good things is spoken of as seeing good things. Alternate translation: “experience good things during life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1871PE310t5enfigs-metonymyἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς1good daysThe word **days** refers to ones lifetime. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1881PE310wq2bfigs-parallelismπαυσάτω τὴν γλῶσσαν ἀπὸ κακοῦ, καὶ χείλη τοῦ μὴ λαλῆσαι δόλον1Let … stop his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceitThese two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the command not to lie. Alternate translation: “stop saying evil and deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1891PE310rqa9figs-synecdocheτὴν γλῶσσαν…χείλη1his tongue … his lipsThe words **tongue** and **lips** refer to the person who is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1901PE311n5srfigs-metaphorἐκκλινάτω…ἀπὸ κακοῦ1let him turn away from evilHere, **turn away** is a metaphor that means to stop doing something. Alternate translation: “let him stop doing what is bad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1911PE312yn5lfigs-synecdocheὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους1the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteousThe word **eyes** refers to the Lords ability to know things. Alternate translation: “The Lord knows the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1921PE312m2a0figs-metaphorὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους1the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteousThe Lords approval of the righteous is spoken of as his seeing them. Alternate translation: “The Lord approves of the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1931PE312r5xffigs-synecdocheὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν1his ears are upon their requestsThe word “ears” refers to the Lords awareness of what people say. Alternate translation: “he hears their requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1941PE312tytzfigs-explicitὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν1his ears are upon their requestsThat the Lord hears their requests implies that he also responds to them. Alternate translation: “he grants their requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1951PE312t22bfigs-metaphorπρόσωπον δὲ Κυρίου ἐπὶ1But the face of the Lord is againstOpposing someone is spoken of as setting ones face against that person. Alternate translation: “the Lord opposes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1961PE312es9nfigs-synecdocheπρόσωπον δὲ Κυρίου ἐπὶ1But the face of the Lord is againstThe word **face** refers to the Lords will to oppose his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1971PE313wkw40Connecting Statement:Peter continues teaching the believers how to live Christian lives.
1981PE313e1mafigs-rquestionτίς ὁ κακώσων ὑμᾶς, ἐὰν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ζηλωταὶ γένησθε?1who is the one who will harm you if you are a zealot of what is good?Peter asks this question to emphasize that it is unlikely that someone would harm them if they do good things. Alternate translation: “no one will harm you if you do good things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1991PE314f6chfigs-abstractnounsπάσχοιτε διὰ δικαιοσύνην1you suffer because of righteousnessYou can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you suffer because you do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2001PE314xg3mfigs-activepassiveμακάριοι1you are blessedYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2011PE314f9u8figs-parallelismτὸν δὲ φόβον αὐτῶν, μὴ φοβηθῆτε μηδὲ ταραχθῆτε1But do not fear their fear, nor be troubledThese two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that believers should not be afraid of those who persecute them. Alternate translation: “But do not be afraid of what people might do to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2021PE314yz6yτὸν…φόβον αὐτῶν1their fearHere the word **their** refers to anyone who might try to harm those to whom Peter is writing.
2031PE315ju58δὲ…ἁγιάσατε1Instead, sanctify“Instead of being troubled, set apart”
2041PE315vgv7figs-metaphorΚύριον…τὸν Χριστὸν ἁγιάσατε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν1sanctify the Lord Christ in your heartsThe phrase “sanctify the Lord Christ” is a metaphor for acknowledging Christs holiness. Alternate translation: “acknowledge in your hearts that the Lord Christ is holy” or “honor the Lord Christ as holy within yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2051PE315qjg3figs-metonymyἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν1in your heartsHere, **hearts** is a metonym for the “inner person.” Alternate translation: “within yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2061PE318me4u0Connecting Statement:Peter explains how Christ suffered and what Christ accomplished by suffering.
2071PE318g1xdfigs-metaphorἵνα ὑμᾶς προσαγάγῃ τῷ Θεῷ1so that he might bring us to GodPeter probably means here that Christ died in order to create a close relationship between us and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2081PE318j5lhfigs-metaphorθανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ1having been put to death in the fleshHere, **flesh** refers to Christs body; Christ was physically put to death. Alternate translation: “having been killed physically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2091PE318q9fafigs-activepassiveθανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ1having been put to death in the fleshYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “since people put Christ to death physically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2101PE318h6v4figs-activepassiveζῳοποιηθεὶς…πνεύματι1having been made alive in the spiritYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God made him alive spiritually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2111PE318n7nhπνεύματι1in the spiritThis could mean: (1) This refers to a spiritual existence. (2) This refers to the Holy Spirits power.
2121PE319hp82ἐν ᾧ1in whichThis could mean: (1) This refers to his spiritual existence. (2) This refers to the Holy Spirits power.
2131PE319ez3dτοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν1to the spirits in prisonHere, **spirits** could mean: (1) This refers to evil spirits. (2) This refers to spirits of the dead people.
2141PE320s7qmfigs-metonymyἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ1the patience of GodThe word **patience** is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “God himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2151PE320qxahfigs-personificationὅτε ἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ μακροθυμία1when the patience of God was waitingPeter writes of Gods patience as if it is a person. Alternate translation: “when God was waiting patiently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2161PE320c6mifigs-activepassiveἐν ἡμέραις Νῶε, κατασκευαζομένης κιβωτοῦ1in the days of Noah, while an ark was being constructedYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “during the time of Noah, when he was building an ark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2171PE321jti3δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1through the resurrection of Jesus Christ“because of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.” This phrase completes the thought, “This is a symbol of the baptism that saves you now.”
2181PE322g4qhfigs-metonymyὅς ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ1who is at the right hand of GodTo be at the **right hand of God** is a symbol that God has given Jesus greatest honor and authority over all others. Alternate translation: “who is beside God in the place of honor and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2191PE322f6jqὑποταγέντων αὐτῷ1after … had been subjected to him“when … had submitted to Jesus Christ”
2201PE4introzh5n0# 1 Peter 4 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:18.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Ungodly Gentiles<br><br>This passage uses the term “Gentiles” to refer to all ungodly people who are not Jews. It does not include Gentiles who have become Christians. “Sensuality, passion, drunkenness, carousings, wild parties, and disgusting acts of idolatry” were actions that characterized or typified the ungodly Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>### Martyrdom<br><br>It is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Let it” and “Let none” and “Let him” and “Let those”<br><br>Peter uses these phrases to tell his readers what he wants them to do. They are like commands because he wants his readers to obey. But it is as if he is telling one person what he wants other people to do.
2211PE41b8d40Connecting Statement:Peter continues to teach the believers about Christian living. He begins by giving a conclusion to his thoughts from the previous chapter about Christs sufferings.
2221PE41ess6σαρκὶ1in the flesh“in his body”
2231PE41p2rvfigs-metaphorὑμεῖς τὴν αὐτὴν ἔννοιαν ὁπλίσασθε1arm yourselves with the same intentionThe phrase **arm yourselves** makes readers think of soldiers who get their weapons ready for battle. It also pictures **the same intention** as a weapon or perhaps as a piece of armor. Here this metaphor means that believers should be determined in their mind to suffer as Jesus did. Alternate translation: “prepare yourselves with the same thoughts that Christ had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2241PE41vjw2σαρκὶ1in the fleshHere “flesh” means “body.” Alternate translation: “in his body” or “while here on earth”
2251PE41d66gπέπαυται ἁμαρτίας1has ceased from sin“has stopped sinning”
2261PE42gbb6ἀνθρώπων ἐπιθυμίαις1for the desires of menfor the things that sinful people normally desire
2271PE43rp5pκώμοις, πότοις1carousing, drunken partiesThese terms refer to activities in which people gather to drink alcohol excessively and behave in a shameful manner.
2281PE44q6k6τῆς ἀσωτίας ἀνάχυσιν1outpouring of their reckless behaviorThese examples of wild, boundless sin are spoken of as if they were great floods of water that were being poured out.
2291PE44w1d8τῆς ἀσωτίας1of their reckless behaviordoing everything they can to satisfy the desires of their bodies
2301PE45xw39τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι1to the one who is ready to judgeThis could mean: (1) This refers to God, who is ready to judge. (2) This refers to Christ, who is ready to judge.
2311PE45dx7vfigs-merismζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς1the living and the deadThis means all people, whether they are still alive or have died. Alternate translation: “every person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2321PE46u54mκαὶ νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη1the gospel was preached also to the deadThis could mean: (1) The gospel was preached also to people who had already died. (2) The gospel was preached also to those who were alive but are now dead.
2331PE46ql11figs-activepassiveεὐηγγελίσθη1the gospel was preachedYou can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) Christ preached. Alternate translation: “Christ preached the gospel” (2) Men preached. Alternate translation: “men preached the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2341PE46hsg6figs-activepassiveκριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ1they were judged in the flesh according to menYou can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) God judged them in this life on earth. Alternate translation: “God judged them in their bodies as humans” (2) Men judged them according to human standards. Alternate translation: “men judged them in their bodies as humans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2351PE46s72ffigs-euphemismκριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ1they were judged in the flesh according to menThis is a reference to death as the ultimate form of judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
2361PE46h154ζῶσι…κατὰ Θεὸν πνεύματι1they may live in the spirit according to GodThis could mean: (1) They should live spiritually as God lives because the Holy Spirit will enable them to do so. (2) They should live according to Gods standards by the power of the Holy Spirit.
2371PE47e445πάντων…τὸ τέλος1the end of all thingsThis refers to the end of the world at Christs second coming.
2381PE47qs1tfigs-metaphorἤγγικεν1has come nearThe end that will happen soon is spoken of as if it has physically come closer in distance. Alternate translation: “will soon happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2391PE47ubd4figs-parallelismσωφρονήσατε…καὶ νήψατε1be of sound mind, and be soberThese two phrases mean basically the same thing. Peter uses them to emphasize the need to think clearly about life since the end of the world is near. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2401PE47k5hhfigs-idiomνήψατε1be soberHere the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “control your thoughts” or “be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2411PE48x6acπρὸ πάντων1above all“most importantly of all”
2421PE48f1lrfigs-personificationὅτι ἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν1for love covers a multitude of sinsPeter describes **love** as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2431PE48b7p0figs-metaphorἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν1for love covers a multitude of sinsPeter speaks of **love** as a person who places a cover over the sins of others. This could mean: (1) A person who loves will not try to find out if another person has sinned. (2) A person who loves will forgive the sins of other people, even if those sins are many. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2441PE49g3vwφιλόξενοι1hospitableshowing kindness to and welcoming guests and travelers
2451PE410xvj3figs-explicitἕκαστος καθὼς ἔλαβεν χάρισμα1Just as each one has received a giftThis refers to special spiritual abilities that God gives to believers. Alternate translation: “Because each one of you has received a special spiritual ability as a gift from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2461PE411ir6xfigs-activepassiveἵνα ἐν πᾶσιν δοξάζηται ὁ Θεὸς1so that in all God may be glorifiedYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “so that in all ways you will glorify God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2471PE411wq9eδοξάζηται1may be glorifiedmay be praised and honored
2481PE412vw9sfigs-metaphorτῇ ἐν ὑμῖν πυρώσει πρὸς πειρασμὸν ὑμῖν γινομένῃ1the fiery trial among you that is happening for a testing to youIn the same way that fire refines gold, trials test and refine a persons faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2491PE413rgb5figs-doubletχαρῆτε ἀγαλλιώμενοι1you may rejoice, being full of joyThese two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “rejoice even more” or “be very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2501PE413mhj1ἐν τῇ ἀποκαλύψει τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ1at the revealing of his glory“when God reveals Christs glory”
2511PE414i6ulfigs-metonymyεἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ1If you are reviled for the name of ChristHere the word **name** refers to Christ himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2521PE414kswcfigs-activepassiveεἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ1If you are reviled for the name of ChristYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “If people insult you because you believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2531PE414i1kqfigs-parallelismτὸ τῆς δόξης καὶ τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ Πνεῦμα1the Spirit of glory and of GodBoth of these refer to the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of glory, who is the Spirit of God” or “the glorious Spirit of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2541PE414nx6pἐφ’ ὑμᾶς ἀναπαύεται1is resting on youis staying with you
2551PE415nr6nἀλλοτριεπίσκοπος1a meddlerThis refers to a person who gets involved with the affairs of others without having a right to do so.
2561PE416xm8zἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ1in this name“because he bears the name Christian” or “because people have recognized him as a Christian.” The words **this name** refer to the word “Christian.”
2571PE417x9npfigs-metaphorτοῦ οἴκου τοῦ Θεοῦ1the household of GodThis phrase refers to believers, whom Peter speaks of as Gods family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2581PE417c8kefigs-rquestionεἰ δὲ πρῶτον ἀφ’ ἡμῶν, τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ?1but if first with us, what will be the end of those disobeying the gospel of God?Peter use this question to emphasize that Gods judgment will be more severe for people who reject the gospel than for believers. Alternate translation: “If it begins with us, the outcome for those who do not obey Gods gospel will be much worse.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2591PE417z9zcτί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων1what will be the end of those disobeying“what will happen to those who disobey”
2601PE417l3dbτῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ1of those disobeying the gospel of God“of those who do not believe Gods gospel.” Here the word **disobeying** means they do not believe.
2611PE418t762figs-activepassiveεἰ ὁ δίκαιος μόλις σῴζεται1If with difficulty the righteous are being savedHere the word **saved** refers to final salvation when Christ returns. You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “If the righteous person experiences many difficulties before God saves him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2621PE418w8kefigs-rquestionὁ δίκαιος…ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται?1the righteous … where will the ungodly and the sinner appear?Peter use this question to emphasize that sinners will suffer much more than believers do. Alternate translation: “the righteous man … the outcome will be much worse for the ungodly and the sinner.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2631PE418ms54ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται1where will the ungodly and the sinner appear“what will happen to the ungodly and the sinner”
2641PE418wb4vfigs-doubletὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς1the ungodly and the sinnerThe words **ungodly** and **sinner** mean basically the same thing and emphasize the wickedness of these people. Alternate translation: “ungodly sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2651PE419qm3ufigs-synecdocheπαρατιθέσθωσαν τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν1let … entrust their soulsHere the word **souls** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “let … entrust themselves” or “let … entrust their lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2661PE419wih1figs-abstractnounsἐν ἀγαθοποιΐᾳ1in well-doingThe abstract noun **well-doing** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “while they do good” or “while they live rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2671PE5introa6d90# 1 Peter 5 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Most people in the ancient Near East would end a letter the way Peter ends this one.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Crowns<br><br>The crown that the Chief Shepherd will give is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Lion<br><br>All animals are afraid of lions because they are fast and strong, and they eat almost every other kind of animal. They also eat people. Satan wants to make Gods people afraid, so Peter uses the simile of a lion to teach his readers that Satan can harm their bodies, but if they trust in God and obey him, they will always be Gods people, and God will care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br><br>### Babylon<br><br>Babylon was the evil nation that in Old Testament times had destroyed Jerusalem, taken the Jews away from their homes, and ruled over them. Peter uses Babylon as a metaphor for the nation that was persecuting the Christians he was writing to. He could have been referring to Jerusalem because the Jews were persecuting the Christians. Or he could have been referring to Rome because the Romans were persecuting the Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2681PE51s8fr0General Information:Peter speaks specifically to men who are elders.
2691PE51yb3lfigs-metonymyτῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης1of the glory that is about to be revealedThis is a reference to Christs second coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2701PE51a6vefigs-activepassiveτῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης1of the glory that is about to be revealedYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “of the glory of Christ that God will soon reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2711PE52a5s7figs-metaphorποιμάνατε τὸ…ποίμνιον τοῦ Θεοῦ1Shepherd the flock of GodPeter speaks of the believers as a **flock** of sheep and the elders as the shepherds who care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2721PE53lta9figs-metaphorμηδ’ ὡς κατακυριεύοντες τῶν κλήρων, ἀλλὰ τύποι γινόμενοι1And not as lording it over those who are allotted to you, but be examplesElders are to lead by example and not act toward the people as a harsh master would toward his servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2731PE53xwr3figs-abstractnounsτῶν κλήρων1those who are allotted to youYou can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “those whom God has placed in your care” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2741PE54td11figs-metaphorφανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος1when the Chief Shepherd has been revealedPeter speaks of Jesus as if he were a **shepherd** who had authority over all other shepherds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2751PE54qlekfigs-activepassiveφανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος1when the Chief Shepherd has been revealedYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “when Jesus, the Chief Shepherd, appears” or “when God reveals Jesus, the Chief Shepherd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2761PE54ll4rfigs-metaphorτὸν ἀμαράντινον τῆς δόξης στέφανον1the unfading crown of gloryHere the word **crown** represents the reward that someone receives as a symbol of victory. The word **unfading** means that it is eternal. Alternate translation: “a glorious prize that will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2771PE54c6h3τῆς δόξης στέφανον1crown of gloryglorious crown
2781PE55qm2h0General Information:Peter gives an instruction specifically to younger men and then continues to instruct all of the believers.
2791PE55x6c2ὁμοίως1In the same wayThis refers back to the way the elders were to submit to the Chief Shepherd as Peter described in [1 Peter 5:1](../05/01.md) through [1 Peter 5:4](../05/04.md).
2801PE55uh4nπάντες1all of youThis refers to all believers, not just the younger men.
2811PE55r6s6figs-metaphorτὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην ἐγκομβώσασθε1clothe yourselves with humilityPeter speaks of having the moral quality of **humility** as putting on a piece of clothing. Alternate translation: “act humbly toward each other” or “act with humility” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2821PE56bie6figs-metonymyὑπὸ τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖρα τοῦ Θεοῦ1under the mighty hand of GodHere the word **hand** refers to Gods power to save the humble and punish the proud. Alternate translation: “under Gods great power” or “before God, realizing that he has great power,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2831PE57c1uufigs-metaphorπᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν ὑμῶν ἐπιρίψαντες ἐπ’ αὐτόν1having cast all your anxiety on himPeter speaks of **anxiety** as if it were a heavy burden that a person places on God, rather than carrying it himself. Alternate translation: “trusting him with everything that worries you” or “letting him take care of all the things that trouble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2841PE58k9ntfigs-idiomνήψατε1Be soberHere the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “Control your thoughts” or “Be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2851PE58tl7ifigs-simileδιάβολος, ὡς λέων ὠρυόμενος περιπατεῖ, ζητῶν τινα καταπιεῖν1the devil, is walking around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devourPeter compares the **devil** to a **roaring lion**. Just as a hungry lion completely devours its prey, the devil is **seeking** to completely destroy the faith of believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2861PE58l4u5περιπατεῖ1is walking around“walking about” or “walking about and hunting”
2871PE59v451ὑμῶν ἀδελφότητι1your brotherhhood“your fellow believers”
2881PE59i4urἐν τῷ κόσμῳ1in the world“in various places throughout the world”
2891PE510eex10General Information:This is the end of Peters letter. Here he gives his final remarks about his letter and his closing greetings.
2901PE510suu9ὀλίγον1for a little while“for a short time”
2911PE510p648ὁ…Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος1the God of all graceHere the word **grace** may refer either to the things that **God** gives or to Gods character. This could mean: (1) This refers to the God who always gives us what we need. (2) This refers to the God who is always gracious.
2921PE510lwz6ὁ καλέσας ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν ἐν Χριστῷ1who has called you to his eternal glory in Christ“who has chose you to share his eternal glory in heaven because you are joined to Christ”
2931PE510qf2hκαταρτίσει1will perfect“make perfect” or “restore” or “make well again”
2941PE510j2ntfigs-metaphorσθενώσει, θεμελιώσει1strengthen, and establish youThese two expressions have similar meanings, that is, that God will enable the believers to trust in him and to obey him regardless of any suffering they may experience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2951PE512an6qδιὰ Σιλουανοῦ, ὑμῖν…δι’ ὀλίγων ἔγραψα1Through Silvanus … I wrote to you brieflySilvanus wrote the words that Peter told him to write in the letter.
2961PE512g1t6figs-metonymyταύτην εἶναι ἀληθῆ χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ1this is the true grace of GodThis refers back to what Paul has written. Here the word **grace** refers to the gospel message, which tells of the kind things that God has done for believers. Alternate translation: “I have written about the true grace of God” or “the gospel message I have written is God's grace to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2971PE512nm72figs-metaphorεἰς ἣν στῆτε1Stand in itThe word **it** refers to “the true grace of God.” Being strongly committed to this grace is spoken of as standing firmly in one place, refusing to move. Alternate translation: “Remain strongly committed to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2981PE513muq7writing-symlanguageἡ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι1She who is in BabylonHere, **she** probably refers to the group of believers who live in **Babylon**. Here, **Babylon** could mean: (1) This is a symbol for the city of Rome. (2) This is a symbol for anywhere that Christians are suffering. (3) This is a literal reference to the city of Babylon. It most likely refers to the city of Rome. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
2991PE513rpf5figs-activepassiveσυνεκλεκτὴ1chosen together with youYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “whom God has chosen as he has chosen you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3001PE513ws2xfigs-metaphorὁ υἱός μου1my sonPeter speaks of Mark as if he is his spiritual **son**. Alternate translation: “my spiritual son” or “who is like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3011PE514fc7bφιλήματι ἀγάπης1a kiss of love“a loving kiss” or “a kiss to show your love for each other”