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21SAfrontintroz2ar0# Introduction to 1 Samuel<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of 1 Samuel<br><br>1. Samuel as judge over Israel (1:17:17)<br>- Samuel as a child (1:13:21)<br>- Shiloh priesthood; the fall and death of Eli the priest (4:122)<br>- The ark of God and the war with the Philistines (5:16:21)<br>- Mizpah; Samuels rule over Israel (7:117)<br>1. Saul and Samuel (8:115:35)<br>- Samuel lets the people seek a king (8:122)<br>- Saul anointed king (9:110:27)<br>- Battle and victory over the Ammonites (11:115)<br>- Samuels farewell (12:125)<br>- Sauls weakness and failures (13:115:35)<br>1. David and his conflicts with Saul (16:131:13)<br>- Gods choice of David to be king (16:123)<br>- David fights Goliath (17:158)<br>- Sauls jealousy of David; David and Jonathan (18:120:42)<br>- David in the wilderness; David in Philistia (21:130:31)<br>- Death of Saul (31:113)<br><br>### What is the Book of 1 Samuel about?<br><br>The Book of 1 Samuel is about Samuel, Saul, and David. Samuel was the last of the judges over Israel. Saul was the first king of Israel. Much of the book is about how Saul became king, then how he later sinned against God and died. God chose David to be king after Saul. This book shows how God protected David when Saul tried to kill him.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators can use the traditional title “1 Samuel” or “First Samuel.” Or, translators may consider a clearer title such as “The First Book About Samuel, Saul, and David.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### What is the purpose of the Book of 1 Samuel?<br><br>The purpose of 1 Samuel is to give an account of the events leading up to David becoming king of Israel. In 1 Samuel, the twelve tribes of Israel unite under the first king of Israel, Saul. But Saul does not obey Yahwehs commands. So God uses Samuel to choose David as a king who will trust and obey Yahweh.<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of 1 Samuel?<br><br>It is uncertain who wrote 1 Samuel. It may have been someone alive soon after King Solomon died. When Solomon died, the kingdom of Israel split into two kingdoms. The author probably lived in the southern kingdom of Judah. A descendant of David continued to rule over the southern kingdom. The author may have written 1 Samuel to defend Davids right to be king. This would prove that Davids descendant was the rightful king of Gods people.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Who is “Yahwehs anointed”?<br><br>The writer of 1 Samuel often speaks of “Yahwehs anointed.” This refers to the one whom Yahweh chose to be the king of his people. Also, the phrase “Yahwehs anointed” would make later readers think about the future descendant of David who would become king of Gods people. This person who Yahweh chose would be known as the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### What are curses, as found in 1 Samuel and elsewhere?<br><br>A curse is a strong statement a person makes to cause bad things to happen to the person or thing being cursed. A curse usually has this pattern: “May God do so to you, and even more, if you hide anything from me of all the words that he spoke to you” (1 Sam. 3:17). Other instances of curses in 1 and 2 Samuel are found in 1 Sam 14:44; 20:13; 25:22; 2 Sam 3:9, 35; and 19:13. The translator should represent a curse in the project language in as strong a way as possible.<br><br>### How is the name “Israel” used in the Bible?<br><br>The name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed his name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])<br><br>The Book of 1 Samuel has two references to Israel and Judah ([1 Samuel 17:52](../17/52.md), [1 Samuel 18:16](../18/16.md)). However, these references appear in the text long before the two kingdoms split apart. It seems clear that the references to Israel and Judah are in the text because the author wrote at a time after the kingdoms split. He wanted the readers to understand that all the twelve tribes had supported David.<br><br>### What is the meaning of the phrase “to this day”?<br><br>This phrase was used by the narrator to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that “to this day” refers to a time already passed. He must avoid giving the impression that the present day of the translations readers is meant. The translator might decide to say, “to this day, at the time when this is being written” or “to this day, at the time of writing.” This phrase occurs in 1 Samuel 5:5; 6:18: 27:6; 30:25.
31SA1introcj3l0# 1 Samuel 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter introduces Samuel. It is the beginning of the section 1 Samuel 1-7 which tells about Samuel, the religious leader of Israel.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Two wives<br>This was a common practice in the ancient Near East. It was against the law of Moses. The men of Israel would have sinned if they married more than one woman. This type of marriage always creates problems because of jealousy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]])<br><br>### “Pay his vow”<br>It was customary for Israelites to promise God to make a sacrifice to him if God answered special prayers. Making such a sacrifice was called paying ones vow. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Idioms<br><br>When Hannah wanted to assure Eli she was telling the truth, she used the idiom “as you live.” This is a type of oath formula meaning “I promise you I am telling the truth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])<br><br>The author also uses the phrase “call to mind.” This is a common idiom meaning “remember.”
41SA11xa1ttranslate-names0RamathaimThis is the name of a small village possibly located eight kilometers northwest of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
51SA11mwm2translate-names0the ZuphitesThis is the name of a people group that descended from Zuph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
61SA11cjl8translate-names0Elkanah…Jeroham…Elihu…Tohu…ZuphThese are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
71SA12g5tktranslate-names0PeninnahThis is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
81SA13zzb50This man“This man” refers to Elkanah.
91SA13wr8l0YahwehThis is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
101SA13w8setranslate-names0Eli, Hophni and PhinehasThese are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
111SA15xq4vtranslate-names0HannahThis is a womans name. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 1:2](../01/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
121SA15b7ri0closed her womb“made her barren” or “prevented her from becoming pregnant”
131SA16f5cg0Her rival provoked her severelyThe other wife would often grieve and shame Hannah.
141SA17bzk30her rivalThis is Peninnah, the other wife of Elkanah. A rival is someone who competes against another person. In this case Peninnah was competing against Hannah to try to get Elkanah to love her best.
151SA18nz4vfigs-rquestion0Hannah, why do you weep? Why do you not eat? Why is your heart sad? Am I not better to you than ten sons?These rhetorical questions can be translated as statements, if necessary. Alternate translation: “Hannah, you should not weep. You should eat, and your heart should be glad because I am better to you than ten sons!” or “You have little reason for sadness. I favor you and that should be enough.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
161SA18tt3yfigs-hyperbole0than ten sonsElkanah is exaggerating to emphasize how important Hannah is to him. Alternate translation: “than any son could be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
171SA19s3gh0General Information:Hannah begins to pray to Yahweh, and Eli watches.
181SA19kgv8figs-explicit0Hannah rose up afterImplicit information here can be made explicit. Either Hannahs tent was next to the tabernacle tent or she walked from her tent to the tabernacle to pray. Alternate translation: “Hannah rose up and went to the house of Yahweh to pray after” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
191SA19hic6translate-names0Now Eli the priest“Now” is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author tells about a new person in the story. This person is the priest Eli. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
201SA19qdl60the temple of YahwehThe “temple” was actually a tent, but it was where the people worshiped, so it is best to translate as “temple” here.
211SA110b85ffigs-explicit0She was deeply distressedHannah was deeply troubled or grieved because of not having any children and being ridiculed regularly by Peninnah, her husbands other wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
221SA111peh30Connecting Statement:Hannahs prayer to Yahweh continues.
231SA111ri9rfigs-abstractnouns0the affliction of your servantThe abstract noun “affliction” can be translated as a verbal phrase. This refers either to (1) Hannah being unable to become pregnant. Alternate translation: “how I am suffering because I cannot become pregnant” or (2) the way Peninnah always insulted her. Alternate translation: “how that woman is afflicting me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
241SA111l71a0call me to mindThis is a special plea to God to take action on Hannahs behalf. God does know what is happening to Hannah; he has not forgotten.
251SA111ee3hfigs-parallelism0do not forget your servantThis phrase says almost the same thing as “call me to mind.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
261SA112js4qtranslate-names0Eli watched herEli was the chief priest, so he was in the tabernacle of God and in charge of it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
271SA115qnz50I am a woman of a sorrowful spirit“I am a woman who is deeply sad”
281SA115fzi6figs-idiom0pouring out my soul before YahwehThis is an idiom that means “telling Yahweh my deepest emotions.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
291SA116a5rzfigs-123person0Do not consider your servant to beHannah speaks of herself in the second person to show her humility. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “Do not consider me, your servant, to be” or “Do not consider me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
301SA116lf9rfigs-abstractnouns0I have been speaking out of the abundance of my great concern and provocationThis is another way of saying that she has a “sorrowful spirit,” as in 1:15. The abstract nouns “abundance,” “concern,” and “provocation” can be translated as adjectives and verbs. Alternate translation: “I have been speaking because I am very sad, and my rival has greatly provoked me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
311SA116j8n8figs-doublet0concern and provocationThese words both mean that Hannah is sad and annoyed because her rival has been provoking her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
321SA116t7tp0concernPeninnah irritates and annoys her.
331SA116l6kn0provocationHannah is referring to the grief and shame she feels because Peninnah is being cruel to her.
341SA117a5u20Then Eli answeredEli was the head priest residing over the tabernacle.
351SA118sl27figs-123person0Let your servant findHannah speaks of herself in the second person to show respect for Eli, the head priest. This can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: “Let me, your servant, find” or “Let me find” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
361SA118tu8xfigs-metonymy0find favor in your eyesHere “find favor” is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Here the eyes are a metonym for sight, and seeing represents judging or deciding the value of something. Alternate translation: “evaluated me and approve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
371SA118us1ufigs-synecdoche0ate; her face wasHere “her face” represents Hannah herself. You can make this a separate sentence, if needed. Alternate translation: “ate. She was” or “ate. People could see that she was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
381SA119rw2yfigs-euphemism0Elkanah knew HannahThis is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “Elkanah had sexual relations with Hannah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
391SA119r2kg0remembered herGod knew what was happening to Hannah; he had not forgotten her. See how you translated similar words in [1 Samuel 1:11](../01/11.md).
401SA120n4840Hannah conceived“Hannah became pregnant”
411SA121v7jyfigs-metonymy0his houseThe word “house” is a metonym for the people who lived in the house. Alternate translation: “his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
421SA122n9zg0is weanedstops drinking milk and starts eating only solid food
431SA122ui7y0he may appear before Yahweh and live there foreverHannah had promised God that she would allow Samuel to live and work with Eli the priest in the temple ([1 Samuel 1:11](../01/11.md)).
441SA123t6a90nursed her son“gave her son milk”
451SA124u3axtranslate-bvolume0ephahAn ephah is about 22 liters of dry material. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
461SA124dn9w0bottleWine was kept in animal skins, not glass bottles.
471SA126r835figs-idiom0Oh, my master! As you live, my masterHere the idiom “As you live” shows that Hannah is being sincere and truthful. Alternate translation: “Sir, what I am going to tell you is certainly true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
481SA127m76rfigs-abstractnouns0has given me my petition which I asked of himThe noun “petition” refers to a formal request for another person to do something. It can be translated with a verb. The idiom “to give a petition” means to do what the person requests. Alternate translation: “has agreed to do what I solemnly requested that he do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
491SA128fp77figs-activepassive0he is lent to YahwehThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am loaning him to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
501SA128f1d4figs-synecdoche0he worshiped YahwehPossible meanings: (1) “He” refers to Elkanah or (2) “he” is a synecdoche referring to both Elkanah and his family. Alternate translation: “Elkanah and his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
511SA2introfe7v0# 1 Samuel 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with Hannahs poetic prayer in 2:1-10 .<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Hannahs song of praise to God<br><br>This song is about how God protects the weak and strengthens them. He humbles the rich, provides for the poor, and defeats his enemies.<br><br>### Elis Sons<br><br>Eli, the chief priest, had two sons. They were ungodly priests who continually sinned and did not honor God. Eli corrected them but they did not listen. A prophet warned Eli that God would stop his family from being priests and his sons would both die on the same day. At the same time, Samuel was growing up and serving God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>This chapter has many figures of speech because the first part of the chapter is a song and the last part of the chapter is a prophecy. Songs and prophecy tend to have many figures of speech.<br><br>### Synecdoches<br><br>“My heart” and “my mouth” are synecdoches referencing the speaker. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])<br><br>### Metonymies<br><br>Body parts are often used to stand for activities involving that part of the body. “The feet of his faithful people” is a metonym meaning what they are doing or where they are going. Place names are often used for people in that place such as “the ends of the earth” meaning the people living in the ends of the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])<br><br>### Metaphors<br><br>Hannah used many military metaphors: “rock,” representing protection; “the bows of the mighty men are broken,” representing military defeat; “the horn of his anointed,” representing the power of the one that God has chosen to be king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br><br>God used three rhetorical questions to correct and condemn Eli. “Did I not reveal myself to the house of your ancestor, when they were in Egypt in bondage to Pharaohs house?” “Why then do you scorn my offerings that I required in the place where I live?” “Why do you honor your sons above me by making yourselves fat with the best of every offering of my people Israel?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
521SA21e9ksfigs-parallelism0General Information:Hannah recites a song to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
531SA21aq770My heart exults“I have great joy”
541SA21j5ts0in Yahweh“because of who Yahweh is” or “because Yahweh is so great”
551SA21s8ymfigs-metaphor0My horn is exaltedA horn is a symbol of strength. Alternate translation: “I am now strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
561SA22v6e5figs-parallelism0Hannah continues to recite a song to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
571SA22tvt6figs-metaphor0there is no rock like our GodThis is another way of saying that God is strong and faithful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
581SA22xqh20rockThis is a rock large enough to hide behind or to stand on and so be high above ones enemies.
591SA23k2upfigs-parallelism0Hannah continues to recite a song to Yahweh. She speaks as if other people were listening to her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
601SA23l38w0no arrogance“no arrogant words”
611SA23tzn5figs-activepassive0by him actions are weighedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he weighs peoples actions” or “he understands why people act as they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
621SA24v82qfigs-parallelism0Hannah continues to recite a song to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
631SA24rd1s0The bow of the mighty men are brokenPossible meanings are (1) the bows themselves are broken or (2) the men who carry the bows are prevented from acting. Alternate translation: “Mighty bowmen are kept from acting”
641SA24re5wfigs-activepassive0The bow of the mighty men are brokenThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh breaks the bows of the mighty men” or “Yahweh can make even the strongest of people weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
651SA24nr6lfigs-metaphor0those who stumble put on strength like a beltThis metaphor means they will no longer stumble, but their strength will remain with them as tightly as a belt. Alternate translation: “he will make those who stumble strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
661SA24u7850put on…a beltThis is the general term for putting something around ones waist to prepare for work.
671SA25t7agfigs-parallelism0Hannah continues to recite a song to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
681SA25q5su0gives birth to seven“gives birth to seven children”
691SA25uun50languishesbecomes weak and sad and lonely
701SA26rlw4figs-parallelism0Hannah continues to recite a song to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
711SA26wy38figs-merism0Yahweh kills…brings to life…brings down…raises upYahweh is in control of everything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
721SA27rdi6figs-parallelism0Hannah continues to recite a song to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
731SA27p7ghfigs-merism0makes some people poor…some rich…humbles…lifts upYahweh is in control of everything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
741SA28ui1hfigs-parallelism0Hannah continues to recite a song to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
751SA28x5qkfigs-metaphor0out of the dust…from the ash heapThese are metaphors for the lowest position in society. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
761SA28kfa70the needypeople who do not have the things that they need
771SA29n8u2figs-parallelism0Hannah continues to recite a song to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
781SA29qa5rfigs-metonymy0guard the feet of his faithful peopleHere “feet” is a metonym for the way a person walks, which in turn is a metaphor for the way a person decides how to live his life. Alternate translation: “keep his faithful people from making foolish decisions” or “enable his faithful people to make wise decisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
791SA29c576figs-euphemism0the wicked will be put to silence in darknessThis polite way of saying that Yahweh will kill the wicked can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will put the wicked to silence in darkness” or “Yahweh will put the wicked in the dark and silent world of the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
801SA29tij9figs-idiom0the wicked will be put to silenceThe words “be put to silence” are an idiom for “be made silent.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make them silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
811SA29ms180by strength“because he is strong”
821SA210mph9figs-parallelism0Hannah continues to recite a song to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
831SA210k6zwfigs-activepassive0Those who oppose Yahweh will be brokenThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will break those who oppose him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
841SA210q5jvfigs-idiom0broken to piecesThis idiom means “defeated.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
851SA210zja3figs-idiom0the ends of the earthThis is an idiom that means everywhere. Alternate translation: “the whole earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
861SA210ui4dfigs-metaphor0exalt the horn of his anointedA horn is a symbol of strength. See how you translated similar words in [1 Samuel 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: “he will make the leader he has chosen stronger than his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
871SA210zv7zfigs-metaphor0his anointedThis speaks of the person that Yahweh chose and empowered for his purposes as if Yahweh had anointed the person with oil. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one he has anointed” or “the one he has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
881SA212q8jj0General Information:When people would offer animals as sacrifices, they would first burn the animals fat and then boil the meat and eat it.
891SA212xbf40did not know Yahweh“did not listen to Yahweh” or “did not obey Yahweh”
901SA213j81a0customA custom is an action that people regularly do.
911SA214pa2z0into the pan, or kettle, or cauldron, or potThese are containers in which food could be cooked. If your language does not have separate words for these items it can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “into whatever the people were cooking the meat in”
921SA214r3hj0pana small metal container for boiling and cooking
931SA214ye8t0kettlea large, heavy metal container for boiling and cooking
941SA214y3g80cauldrona large, heavy metal container for boiling and cooking
951SA214u3la0pota clay container for cooking
961SA215q7b60General Information:When people would offer animals as sacrifices, they would first burn the animals fat and then boil the meat, give some to the priest, and eat the rest.
971SA215a5zh0Worse, before“They even did something worse than that. Before”
981SA215j2myfigs-explicit0they burnedThe person who actually did the burning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the man who was sacrificing took his sacrifice to the priests and the priests burned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
991SA215f4np0Give meat to roast for the priest“Give me some meat so I can give it to the priest so he can roast it”
1001SA215a5aa0roastcook over a fire
1011SA215c19i0boiledcooked in water
1021SA215y5r20rawnot cooked
1031SA217yx430despised Yahwehs offeringThe young men did not like Yahwehs instructions regarding the offering and paid no attention to them.
1041SA220tc3y0because of the request she made of YahwehHannah had asked Yahweh for a baby and promised him that she would give the baby to serve in the temple.
1051SA221k1xe0before YahwehThis means where Yahweh could see him and Samuel could learn about Yahweh.
1061SA222lbj3figs-euphemism0they were lying with the womenThis is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “they were having sexual relations with the women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
1071SA223tv62figs-rquestion0Why do you do such things?This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It is terrible that you do such things!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1081SA225lkz7figs-rquestion0who will speak for him?This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is certainly no one who can speak for him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1091SA225eb5j0speak for him“ask Yahweh to have mercy on him”
1101SA225cvx3figs-synecdoche0the voice of their fatherHere the fathers “voice” represents the father. Alternate translation: “their father” or “what their father said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1111SA227f6z60man of GodThis phrase usually means a prophet of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “a man who hears and tells words from God”
1121SA227r882figs-rquestion0Did I not reveal myself…house?This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should know that I revealed myself…house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1131SA227k8srfigs-metonymy0the house of your ancestorThe word “house” is a metonym for the people who lived in the house. Alternate translation: “the family of your ancestor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1141SA227u5410your ancestorAaron
1151SA228z66e0to go up to my altar, and to burn incenseThis refers to making an offering to Yahweh.
1161SA228vv14figs-metonymy0to wear an ephod before meThe words “wear an ephod” are a metonym for the work of the priests who wear the ephod. Alternate translation: “to do what I had commanded the priests to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1171SA229tk440Connecting Statement:The man of God continues to speak to Eli.
1181SA229rx55figs-rquestion0Why, then, do you scorn my sacrifices…live?This rhetorical question is a rebuke. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not scorn my sacrifices…where I live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1191SA229ai4j0the place where I live“the place where my people bring offerings to me”
1201SA229en930making yourselves fat with the best of every offeringThe best part of the offering was to be burned up as an offering to Yahweh, but the priests were eating it.
1211SA230b5d5figs-metonymy0the house of your ancestorThe word “house” is a metonym for the people who lived in the house. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 2:27](../02/27.md). Alternate translation: “the family of your ancestor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1221SA230url1figs-idiom0should walk before meThis is an idiom that means “live in obedience to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1231SA230agt30Far be it from me to do this“I will certainly not allow your family to serve me forever”
1241SA230hd3efigs-irony0those who despise me will be lightly esteemedThe words “lightly esteemed” is an ironic euphemism for “greatly despised.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will lightly esteem those who despise me” or “I will greatly despise those who despise me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1251SA231wg4e0See“Listen carefully to what I am about to say” or “What I am about to say is very important”
1261SA231h1axfigs-euphemism0I will cut off your strength and the strength of your fathers houseThe words “cut off…strength” are probably a euphemism for the death of strong, young men; the words “your fathers house” are a metonym for “your family.” Alternate translation: “I will kill you and all strong, young male descendants in your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1271SA231l1i20be any old man“be any old men” or “be any men who grow old”
1281SA233l8ta0cause your eyes to fail“cause you to lose your eyesight” or “cause you to go blind”
1291SA235vaw9figs-idiom0I will raise up…a faithful priestThis is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I will cause a man to become priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1301SA235i1g2figs-idiom0for myselfThis is an idiom. Alternate translation: “to serve me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1311SA235zj6d0what is in my heart and in my soul“what I want him to do and what I tell him to do”
1321SA235bg77figs-idiom0I will build him a sure houseHere “house” is an idiom used for “descendants.” Alternate translation: “I will ensure that he always has a descendant who serves as high priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1331SA236tmh40himthe faithful priest whom God will raise up
1341SA236y912figs-synecdoche0so I can eat a piece of breadHere “piece of bread” is used for “food. “Alternate translation: “so I can have something to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1351SA3introriy20# 1 Samuel 03 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God speaks to Samuel<br><br>God spoke at night to Samuel when he was a small boy, telling him that he would punish Elis family. As Samuel grew up, God gave him many messages. People came from all over Israel to find out what God had to say.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metonymy<br><br>In order to show respect when talking to God, Samuel calls himself “your servant” when referring to himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])<br><br>### Idioms<br><br>One characteristic of prophecy is the use of figures of speech. In this passage there are two idioms: “ears will shake,” meaning “will shock everyone who hears” and “carry out,” meaning “do.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])<br><br>In order to be sure Samuel would tell him the whole truth, Eli used the standard formula for a curse: “may God do to you, and even more, if,” meaning “God will punish severely if the person does what the curse says he will do.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])
1361SA31w5tu0Yahwehs word was rare“Yahweh did not often speak to people”
1371SA33vl1e0The lamp of GodThis is the seven-candle lampstand in the holy place of the tabernacle that burned every day and through the night until it was empty.
1381SA33vv3t0the temple of YahwehThe “temple” was actually a tent, but it was where the people worshiped, so it is best to translate the word as “temple” here. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 1:9](../01/09.md).
1391SA36mt8gfigs-metaphor0my sonEli was not Samuels true father. Eli speaks as if he were Samuels father to show Samuel that he is not angry but that Samuel needs to listen to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1401SA37s4pafigs-activepassive0nor had any message from Yahweh ever been revealed to himThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nor had Yahweh ever revealed any message to him” or “and Yahweh had never revealed any message to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1411SA39m2t2figs-pronouns0your servant isEli tells Samuel to speak to Yahweh as if Samuel were another person so that Samuel would show respect to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
1421SA310tcr30Yahweh came and stoodPossible meanings are (1) Yahweh actually appeared and stood before Samuel or (2) Yahweh made his presence known to Samuel.
1431SA310z33mfigs-pronouns0your servant isSamuel speaks to Yahweh as if Samuel were another person to show respect to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
1441SA311huj9figs-idiom0at which the ears of everyone who hears it will tingleHere “ears…will tingle” is an idiom that means everyone will be shocked by what they hear. Alternate translation: “that will shock everyone who hears it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1451SA311z6qj0tingleThis means to feel like someone is gently poking with small, sharp objects, usually because of the cold or because someone has slapped that body part with their hand.
1461SA312z75yfigs-merism0from beginning to endThis is a merism for completeness. Alternate translation: “absolutely everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1471SA313dp7i0brought a curse upon themselves“did those things which Yahweh had said he would punish those who did them”
1481SA314x5qufigs-activepassive0the sins of his house will never be atoned for by sacrifice or offeringThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “there is no sacrifice or offering that anyone can offer that will atone for the sins of his house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1491SA314n75w0the sins of his house“the sins that the people in his family have committed”
1501SA315ma130the house of YahwehThe “house” was actually a tent, but it would be best to translate “house” here.
1511SA316p47bfigs-metaphor0my sonEli was not Samuels true father. Eli speaks as if he were Samuels father to show Samuel that he is not angry but that Samuel needs to answer him. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 1:6](../01/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1521SA317w2ne0the word he spoke“the message Yahweh gave”
1531SA317s4uqfigs-idiom0May God do so to you, and even moreThis is an idiom to emphasize how serious Eli is. Alternate translation: “May God punish you the same way he said he will punish me, and even more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1541SA319rz12figs-metaphor0he let none of his prophetic words fall to the groundHere messages that do not come true are spoken of as if they fell to the ground. This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “he made all the things he prophesied happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
1551SA320km4x0All Israel“All the people in Israel”
1561SA320q8csfigs-merism0from Dan to BeershebaThis is a merism for “in every part of the land.” Alternate translation: “from one end of the land to the other” or “from Dan in the very north to Beersheba in the very south” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
1571SA320v6xmfigs-activepassive0Samuel was appointedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh had appointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1581SA4introa7dh0# 1 Samuel 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### The Ark of the Covenant in Philistine country<br><br>This chapter begins a new section on the Ark and the Philistines. It recounts two battles between Israel and the Philistines. In both battles, Israel was badly defeated and, in the second, the Ark was captured.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The Ark is captured<br><br>The Philistine army invaded Israel, and Israels army went to fight them but was defeated. Israel decided that if they took the Ark into the next battle, God would cause them to win. When Elis sons took the Ark into the next battle and the Philistines won the battle, they killed Elis two sons and captured the Ark. When Eli heard the Ark was captured, he fell over, broke his neck, and died. Hearing this news, his daughter-in-law named her baby “the glory has departed.”<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Question<br><br>The Philistines expressed their fear using a rhetorical question: “Who will protect us from the strength of this mighty God?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1591SA41ahq8translate-names0Ebenezer…AphekThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1601SA42in3qfigs-activepassive0Israel was defeated by the Philistines, who killedThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Philistines defeated the Israelites and killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1611SA42c78ltranslate-numbers0about four thousand menHere the number four thousand is a round number. There may have been a few more than that or a few less than that. The word “about” shows that it is not an exact number. Alternate translation: “about 4,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
1621SA43v2ec0the peoplethe soldiers who had been fighting the battle
1631SA43d9z90Why has Yahweh defeated us today before the Philistines? Let us bring…enemiesThe elders truly did not know why Yahweh had defeated them, but they wrongly thought they knew how to make sure it did not happen again, by bringing the ark to be with them.
1641SA44s4ksfigs-explicit0who sits above the cherubimYou may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahwehs footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “who sits on his throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1651SA44vz4l0PhinehasThis Phinehas is not the same as the grandson of Aaron in Exodus and Numbers.
1661SA44w7gp0were therewere in Shiloh
1671SA45ym2qfigs-explicit0When the ark of the covenant of Yahweh came into the camp“When the people carried the ark of the covenant of Yahweh into the camp” Some languages may need to add understood information to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “The people, along with Hophni and Phinehas, picked up the ark of the covenant of Yahweh and carried it into the camp. When the people carried the ark into the camp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1681SA46hsc80the ark of Yahweh had come into the camp“the people had carried the ark of Yahweh into the camp”
1691SA47hw970they said…They said“they said to themselves…They said to each other” or “they said to each other…They said to each other.” The second clause clearly refers to what the Philistines said to each other. The first clause probably refers to what they thought, though it could also refer to what they said to each other. If possible, avoid stating who was spoken to.
1701SA47n37yfigs-pronouns0A god has comeThe Philistines worshiped many gods, so they probably believed that one of those gods, or one whom they did not worship, had come into the camp. Another possible meaning is that they were speaking the proper name of the God of Israel: “Yahweh has come.” Because 4:8 speaks of “gods,” some translations read, “Gods have come,” that is, “It is gods who have come.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
1711SA48xaq3figs-rquestion0Who will protect us from the strength of these mighty gods?This rhetorical question is an expression of deep fear. It can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no one who can protect us from these mighty gods.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1721SA48rx6yfigs-pronouns0these mighty gods…the gods who attackedBecause the word “god” (or “God”) in 4:7 is singular, many translations read “this mighty god…the god who attacked,” referring to any one of many possible gods, or “this mighty God…the God who attacked,” using the proper name of the God of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
1731SA49b9tgfigs-idiom0be menThis is an idiom. Alternate translation: “be strong and fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1741SA410bt9kfigs-activepassive0Israel was defeatedThis can be stated in active form. Also, “Israel” refers to the army of Israel. Alternate translation: “they defeated the army of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1751SA411s6sxfigs-activepassive0The ark of God was takenThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Philistines also took the ark of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1761SA412x3210clothes torn and earth on his headThis is a way to express deep mourning in Israelite culture.
1771SA413tx5efigs-idiom0his heart trembled with concernThis is an idiom which means he was very fearful or terribly concerned about something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1781SA413l3myfigs-metonymy0the whole cityThis is a metonym for “all the people in the city.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1791SA414p7if0The man“The man of Benjamin”
1801SA416c94pfigs-metaphor0my sonEli was not the other mans true father. Eli speaks as if he were the mans father to show the man that he is not angry but that the man needs to answer him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1811SA417q67g0Israel fled from the PhilistinesThis is a general statement about what happened. The rest of the mans words give details.
1821SA417knm80Also, there has been…people. Also, your two sons“I will now tell you something worse…I will now tell you something worse” or “Not only has there been…people, but your two sons”
1831SA417b1fyfigs-activepassive0the ark of God has been takenThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Philistines have taken the ark of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1841SA418li8q0When he mentioned“When the man of Benjamin mentioned”
1851SA418duf30mentioned“spoke of”
1861SA418gqt1figs-activepassive0His neck was brokenThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “His neck broke because he fell” or “He broke his neck when he fell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1871SA419cm810his daughter-in-lawElis daughter-in-law
1881SA419px5mfigs-activepassive0the ark of God was capturedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Philistines had captured the ark of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1891SA420c6ct0take what they said to heart“pay any attention to what they said” or “allow herself to feel better”
1901SA421eja5translate-names0IchabodThe name is actually a phrase that means “no glory.” The name of a person sometimes reveals information about the person, place, or thing it refers to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1911SA421b2amfigs-activepassive0for the ark of God had been capturedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for the Philistines had captured the ark of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1921SA422pea3figs-activepassive0the ark of God has been capturedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “because the Philistines have captured the ark of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1931SA5introqnq60# 1 Samuel 05 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The story of the Ark of the Covenant in Philistia continues.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The Ark in the Philistine Cities<br><br>The Philistines took the Ark of God to Ashdod and put it in their idol temple, but their idol fell down in front of the Ark and the people got sick with bubonic plague. They took it to Gath next, and the people of Gath began dying of the plague. When they took the Ark to Ekron, the people of Ekron were afraid of it too and did not want it there. Finally they decided to send it back to Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Idioms<br><br>There are two slightly different idioms used in the same way: the “hand was heavy” and the “hand was hard.” Both idioms mean “was severely punished.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1941SA51r22j0NowThis word marks the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a word or phrase that does the same, you could use it here.
1951SA51j9ri0ark of GodSee how you translated this in [1 Samuel 3:3](../03/03.md). This is the a same as the “ark of the covenant of Yahweh” in [1 Samuel 4:3](../04/03.md).
1961SA52ibj10house of DagonThis refers to the temple of Dagon, the god of the Philistines.
1971SA53fn9x0behold, Dagon“they were very surprised to see that Dagon”
1981SA53z1gyfigs-explicit0Dagon had fallen facedown on the groundThe reader should understand that Yahweh had caused the statue to fall on its face during the night. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1991SA54jsj60Dagon had fallenThe reader should understand that Yahweh had caused Dagon to fall.
2001SA54fww10The head of Dagon and both of his hands were lying cut offIt was as if Yahweh were a soldier who had defeated his enemy and cut off the enemys head and hands.
2011SA55l4mawriting-background0This is why, even todayThe writer is about to give some background information separate from the main story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
2021SA55ey390even todayHere “today” means up to the day when the author was writing this book.
2031SA56l5hefigs-idiom0Yahwehs hand was heavy uponThis is an idiom. “Yahweh severely judged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2041SA56ddj30tumorsPossible meanings are (1) painful swelling under the skin or (2) hemorrhoids.
2051SA56uhg9figs-metonymy0both Ashdod and its territoriesThe name of the town is a metonym for the people living in the town. “both the people of Ashdod and the people in the land surrounding Ashdod” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2061SA57y9dm0the men of Ashdod realized“the men of Ashdod understood”
2071SA57l6t80ark of the God of IsraelSee how you translated this in [1 Samuel 3:3](../03/03.md). This is the a same as the “ark of the covenant of Yahweh” in [1 Samuel 4:3](../04/03.md).
2081SA59b7z1figs-idiom0Yahwehs hand was againstThis is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2091SA59buz5figs-merism0both small and greatPossible meanings are (1) this is a merism that refers to age. Alternate translation: “men of all ages” or (2) this is a merism that refers social class. Alternate translation: “from the poorest and weakest men to the richest and most powerful men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
2101SA59sxg10tumorsPossible meanings are (1) painful swelling under the skin or (2) hemorrhoids. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 5:6](../05/06.md)
2111SA510gk7mfigs-explicit0cried outWhy they cried out can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “cried out in fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2121SA511cb8i0the ark of the God of IsraelSee how you translated similar words in [1 Samuel 3:3](../03/03.md). This is the a same as the “ark of the covenant of Yahweh” in [1 Samuel 4:3](../04/03.md).
2131SA511s7pb0the God of IsraelPossible meanings are (1) they were speaking the proper name of the God of Israel or (2) they believed that Israel worshiped one of many gods, “the god of Israel.” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 5:7](../05/07.md).
2141SA511se4g0there was a deathly panic throughout the city“people all over the city were afraid that they were going to die”
2151SA511vn4hfigs-metonymy0the hand of God was very heavy thereThe hand is a metonym for God punishing the people. “Yahweh was punishing the people there very severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2161SA512djg2figs-explicit0The men who did not dieThis implies that many men actually died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2171SA512u8uu0tumorsPossible meanings are (1) painful swelling under the skin or (2) hemorrhoids. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 5:6](../05/06.md).
2181SA512vm1yfigs-metonymy0the cry of the city went up to the heavensThe word “city” is a metonym for the people of the city. Possible meanings are (1) the words “went up to the heavens” is an idiom for “was very great.” Alternate translation: “the people of the city cried out very loudly” or (2) the words “the heavens” is a metonym for the peoples gods. Alternate translation: “the people of the city cried out to their gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2191SA6introz9kg0# 1 Samuel 06 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter ends the story of the Ark of the Covenant among the Philistines.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The Philistines send the Ark back to Israel<br><br>The Philistine leaders asked their priests what they should do with the Ark. The priests said to send it off with an offering. The Philistines put the Ark on a cart drawn by cows and let them go wherever they wanted to go. The cows went straight toward Israel. When some people peeked into the Ark, God killed them. Because of this, the people sent the Ark to Kiriath Jearim.
2201SA62rk4s0the priests and the divinersThese were pagan priests and diviners who worshiped Dagon.
2211SA62nd2k0Tell us how we should send itThe Philistines wanted to know how to get rid of the ark without angering Yahweh any further.
2221SA63gg7q0the God of IsraelPossible meanings are (1) they were speaking the proper name of the God of Israel or (2) they believed that Israel worshiped one of many gods, “the god of Israel.” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 5:7](../05/07.md).
2231SA63nl22figs-idiom0by all means send him a guilt offeringThe words “by all means” are a forceful way of saying something. Alternate translation: “you must send a guilt offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2241SA63ly3u0you will be healed“you will no longer be ill”
2251SA63r6j5figs-you0youThe pronoun “you” is plural, referring to all of the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
2261SA63g77hfigs-metonymy0why his hand has not been lifted off of youHere “hand” is a metonym used to represent Gods power to afflict or discipline. Alternate translation: “why he has not relieved your suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2271SA64ej9d0tumorsPossible meanings are (1) painful swelling under the skin or (2) hemorrhoids. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 5:6](../05/06.md).
2281SA64kn780micemore than one mouse
2291SA65b9t40modelsA model is something that looks like a real thing.
2301SA65jv130tumorsPossible meanings are (1) painful swelling under the skin or (2) hemorrhoids. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 5:6](../05/06.md).
2311SA65n47l0that ravage“that are destroying”
2321SA65fu6m0the God of IsraelPossible meanings are (1) they were speaking the proper name of the God of Israel or (2) they believed that Israel worshiped one of many gods, “the god of Israel.” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 5:7](../05/07.md).
2331SA65yp97figs-metonymy0lift his hand from you, from your gods, and from your landHere “hand” is a metonym used to represent Gods power to afflict or discipline. Alternate translation: “stop punishing you, your gods and your land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2341SA66ix9sfigs-rquestion0Why should you harden your hearts, as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened their hearts?The priests and diviners use a rhetorical question to urge the Philistines to think very seriously about what will happen if they refuse to obey God. This can be translated as a warning. Alternate translation: “Do not be stubborn like the Egyptians and Pharaoh were!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2351SA66txz5figs-idiom0harden your heartsThis is an idiom that means to be stubborn or unwilling to obey God. Alternate translation: “refuse to obey God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2361SA66qg9rfigs-rquestion0did not the Egyptians send away the people, and they left?This is another rhetorical question used to remind the Philistines how the Egyptians finally sent the Israelites out of Egypt so that God would stop afflicting the Egyptians. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “remember that the Egyptians sent the Israelites out of Egypt.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2371SA67c6760two nursing cows“two cows that have calves that are still drinking milk”
2381SA68d3hf0Then send it off and let it go its own wayNormally the two cows would head back home to their calves.
2391SA69n7560if it goes…to Beth Shemesh, then it is YahwehIt is unlikely that the cows would choose to wander to Beth Shemesh when their calves are back in the Philistine area.
2401SA610vqs40two nursing cows“two cows that have calves that are still drinking milk” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 6:7](../06/07.md).
2411SA611l2qq0miceTranslated this as in [1 Samuel 6:4](../06/04.md).
2421SA611hg4l0castings of their tumors“models of their tumors”
2431SA611h2re0tumorsPossible meanings are (1) painful swelling under the skin or (2) hemorrhoids. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 5:6](../05/06.md).
2441SA612d3ub0The cows went straight in the direction of Beth ShemeshNursing cows would normally return to their calves, but these cows went to Beth Shemesh.
2451SA612iv940lowing as they wentLowing is the noise cows make with their voices.
2461SA612kpn80they did not turn aside either to the right or to the left“they did not wander off of the highway.” This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “they stayed on the highway” or “they went straight ahead”
2471SA613ha2r0NowThe writer is introducing a new part of the story. If your language has a way of marking the beginning of a new part of the story, you could use it here.
2481SA613teg50people of Beth ShemeshThese were Israelites.
2491SA613f6lwfigs-idiom0lifted up their eyesThis is an idiom. Alternate translation: “looked up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2501SA614dx590A great stone was thereThe people used this stone as an altar when they offered the cows as sacrifices.
2511SA615u7kn0The Levites took down the ark of YahwehThis actually happened before they chopped the cart into firewood to use in offering the cows to Yahweh.
2521SA615km1p0The Levites took down the arkAccording to the law of Moses, only the Levites were permitted to handle the ark.
2531SA615lq8f0the box that was with it, where the golden figures were“the box containing the gold models of the rats and the tumors”
2541SA616ke9z0the five rulers of the Philistines“the five Philistine kings”
2551SA617rf990tumorsPossible meanings are (1) painful swelling under the skin or (2) hemorrhoids. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 5:6](../05/06.md).
2561SA618vv5i0miceTranslated this as in [1 Samuel 6:4](../06/04.md).
2571SA618j5660fortified citiesThese are cities with high walls around them to protect the people inside from attack by their enemies.
2581SA618jy47figs-personification0The great stone…remains a witnessThe stone is referred to as if it is a person who can see. Alternate translation: “The great stone…is still there, and people remember what happened on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2591SA618z1wltranslate-names0JoshuaThis is a mans name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2601SA618i2lntranslate-names0the BethshemiteThis is what a person from Beth Shemesh is called. Alternate translation: “from Beth Shemesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2611SA618ksv70to this dayto the time at which the writer wrote the book
2621SA619gl4f0they had looked into the arkThe ark was so holy that no one was permitted to look inside it. Only the priests were allowed to even see the ark.
2631SA619vv74translate-numbers050,070 men“fifty thousand and seventy men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
2641SA620zwk1figs-rquestion0Who is able to stand before Yahweh, this holy God?Possible meanings are (1) this is a rhetorical question that expresses the peoples fear of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “There is no one who can resist Yahweh because he is so holy!” or (2) this is a question asking for information. The phrase “stand before Yahweh” may refer to priests who serve Yahweh. It is implied that the people were looking for a priest whom Yahweh would permit to handle the ark. Alternate translation: “Is there a priest among us who serves this holy God, Yahweh, and is able to handle this ark?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2651SA620bc1zfigs-explicit0To whom will the ark go up from us?This is a question asking for information. It is implied that the people want Yahweh and the ark to go somewhere else so he will not punish them again. Alternate translation: “Where can we send this ark so that Yahweh will not punish us again?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2661SA621n5grtranslate-names0Kiriath JearimThis was a town in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2671SA7introhd2a0# 1 Samuel 07 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter completes the section on Samuel leading Israel.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Israel begins to worship Yahweh again<br><br>Samuel told the people to get rid of all their idols and worship Yahweh alone. The people were obedient. When the Philistines heard the Israelites were all gathered together, the Philistines attacked, but God defeated them. There was a time of peace during which Samuel settled disputes between the people as the judges had done before.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Idioms<br><br>Whenever Samuel spoke to a group of people, he used many idioms: “to turn to” means “to worship”; “with your whole heart” means “completely”; and “rescue from the hand” means “rescued from the power.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2681SA71vxi4translate-names0Kiriath JearimThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2691SA71uf4mtranslate-names0Abinadab…EleazarThese are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2701SA72kwf8translate-numbers0twenty years“20 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
2711SA73iz8mfigs-metonymy0the entire house of IsraelThe word “house” is a metonym for the people who live in the house and their descendants. Alternate translation: “all of the descendants of Israel” or “all of the Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2721SA73yb5dfigs-idiom0return to Yahweh with your whole heartHere “with your whole heart” is an idiom that means to be completely devoted to something. Alternate translation: “become completely devoted to worshiping and obeying Yahweh only” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2731SA75bsu10all Israel“all the people of Israel” or “all the Israelites”
2741SA76a817figs-explicit0drew water and poured it out before YahwehPossible meanings are (1) the people denied themselves water as part of fasting or (2) they got water out of a stream or well and poured it on the ground as an outward sign of being sorry for their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2751SA77ey3dfigs-explicit0the rulers of the Philistines attacked IsraelIt can be stated plainly that it was the army and not the rulers by themselves who attacked Israel. Alternate translation: “the Philistine rulers led their army and attacked Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2761SA78n5chfigs-metonymy0save us from the hand of the PhilistinesThe “hand” is a metonym for the power of the person. Alternate translation: “save us from the Philistine army” or “keep the Philistine army from harming us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2771SA79b1zp0nursing lamba lamb that is still drinking its mothers milk
2781SA79w6zg0cried out“cried out for help”
2791SA79plu50Yahweh answered him“Yahweh did what Samuel asked him to do”
2801SA710k1nw0As Samuel…they were routed before IsraelThis begins to explain what the writer means by “Yahweh answered him” in ([1 Samuel 7:9](../07/09.md)).
2811SA710cd8jfigs-idiom0threw them into confusionThe word “confusion” here is used as a casual way of saying the Philistines were unable to think clearly. Alternate translation: “made them unable to think clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2821SA710k6plfigs-activepassive0they were routed before IsraelThis can be translated in active form. Possible meanings are (1) “Yahweh routed them before Israel” or (2) “Israel routed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2831SA710i1ra0routedTo rout people is to defeat them before they can cause any harm.
2841SA711h1ei0The men of Israel…Beth KarThis finishes explaining what the writer means by “Yahweh answered him” in ([1 Samuel 7:9](../07/09.md)).
2851SA711z9iqtranslate-names0Beth KarThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2861SA712wsp20took a stone and set itThe Israelites and other peoples in that land would place a large stone where important events had happened as a reminder of Gods help.
2871SA712p5qvtranslate-names0Mizpah…ShenThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2881SA713tts10So the Philistines were subduedThe writer has just finished telling how the Philistines were subdued. If your language has a way of marking the end of a description, you could use it here.
2891SA713xt6pfigs-activepassive0the Philistines were subduedThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh subdued the Philistines” or “Yahweh kept the Philistines from causing harm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2901SA713xr1h0they did not enter the border of IsraelThe Philistines did not enter Israels border to attack them.
2911SA713lb3dfigs-metonymy0The hand of Yahweh was against the PhilistinesThe word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh used his power against the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2921SA714li9afigs-activepassive0The towns…from Israel were restored to IsraelThis can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are (1) Here “Israel” refers to the “land” of Israel. “Yahweh restored to the land of Israel the towns…from Israel” or (2) “Israel” is a metonym for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel were able to reclaim the towns…from Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2931SA716p2sh0went on a circuittraveled from place to place in a rough circle
2941SA716qa190He decided disputesDisputes are arguments or disagreements between two or more people.
2951SA8introek6j0# 1 Samuel 08 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br>### Saul and Samuel<br><br>The section including chapters 8-16 begins a new part of the story. The people wanted a king, and God chose Saul, the man the people wanted, to be their king. He was not the king Yahweh wanted.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The people want a king<br><br>When Samuel was old, he appointed his sons to be judges. They were corrupt and took bribes, so the people came and asked Samuel to appoint a king for them. Samuel asked God, who gave them a king but warned them what a king would be like. Despite Samuels warning that a king would oppress them, the people still wanted a king. This was sinful because they were rejecting God as their king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
2961SA83d1qvfigs-metaphor0chased after dishonest gainThe writer speaks of money that people would give Samuels sons as if it were a person or animal running away from Samuels sons, and he speaks of Samuels sons as if they were physically chasing that person or animal. Alternate translation: “they worked hard to gain money by being dishonest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2971SA83pt6z0perverted justice“judged in favor of those who did evil”
2981SA85rx69figs-idiom0do not walk in your waysThe way a person lives is spoken of as walking on a path. Alternate translation: “do not do the things you do” or “do not do what is just the way you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2991SA85qj8f0Appoint for us a king to judge us like all the nationsPossible meanings are (1) “Appoint for us a king like the kings of all the nations so that he can judge us” or (2) “Appoint for us a king who will judge us the way the kings of the nations judge them”
3001SA85jwe40Appoint for us a king to judge usThe leaders wrongly believed that a king, and his sons after him, would rule justly.
3011SA86z6je0But it displeased Samuel…Give us a king to judge usSamuel was unhappy that the people did not just want him to remove his corrupt sons and to appoint honest judges, but they wanted a king to rule over them like other countries had.
3021SA87lz95figs-metonymy0Obey the voice of the peopleHere “the voice” is a metonym for the will or the desire of the people. Alternate translation: “Do what the people say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3031SA87a4k70but they have rejected meYahweh knew that the people were not just rejecting corrupt judges, but they were rejecting Yahweh as their king.
3041SA88xfk70I brought them out of EgyptThis refers to Yahweh freeing the Israelites from slavery in Egypt many years before.
3051SA89dmf60Now listen to them“Now do what they are asking you to do”
3061SA89c3yq0warn them solemnly“be very serious as you warn them”
3071SA811lsu40This will be the practice…He will takeThe practice of the king will be to take. This begins the list of things he will take.
3081SA811ah6lfigs-abstractnouns0This will be the practice of the king who will reign over youThe abstract noun “practice” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “This is how the king who will reign over you will act” or “This is what the king who will reign over you will do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3091SA811s2yh0appoint them to his chariots“have them drive chariots in battle”
3101SA811w2k20be his horsemenThey will ride horses into battle.
3111SA813d6m40Connecting Statement:Samuel continues to tell what things the king will take.
3121SA813m3k50to be perfumers“to make good-smelling oils to put on his body”
3131SA814uib20olive orchards“fields of olive trees”
3141SA815bsk5translate-fraction0a tenth of your grainThey will have to divide their grain into ten equal parts and give one of those parts to the kings officers and servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
3151SA815l9c7translate-fraction0a tenth…of your vineyardsThey will have to divide the wine that they produce in their vineyards into ten equal parts and give one of those parts to the kings officers and servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
3161SA815bsq90officersThese are the leaders of the kings army.
3171SA816eii90Connecting Statement:Samuel continues to tell what things the king will take.
3181SA817yl2btranslate-fraction0the tenth of your flocksThey will have to divide their flocks into ten equal parts and give one of those parts to the kings officers and servants. See how you translated “tenth” in [1 Samuel 8:15](../08/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
3191SA817t81y0you will be his slaves“you will feel as if you are his slaves”
3201SA818l9mn0you will cry outPossible meanings are (1) the people will ask Yahweh to rescue them from the king or (2) the people will ask the king to stop treating them so badly .
3211SA821mk43figs-synecdoche0he repeated them in the ears of YahwehHere “the ears of Yahweh” refers to Yahweh. Samuel prayed to Yahweh repeating all that the people said. Alternate translation: “he repeated them to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3221SA822d8pwfigs-metonymy0Obey their voiceHere the metonym “their voice” refers to the will of the people. Alternate translation: “Obey the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3231SA822s4b60cause someone to be king for them“make someone king over them.” Use the common term in your language for making someone king.
3241SA822vjc20go to his own city“go home”
3251SA9introkus30# 1 Samuel 09 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Samuel chooses Saul to be their king<br><br>When the donkeys of Sauls father strayed away, Saul went looking for them. When he could not find them, he asked Samuel to ask God where they were. Samuel said the donkeys had been found. He invited Saul as the guest of honor to a feast and gave him a place to sleep for the night.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br><br>Saul uses two rhetorical questions to convince Samuel he is not important: “Am not I a Benjamite, from the smallest of the tribes of Israel? Is not my clan the least of all the clans of the tribe of Benjamin?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3261SA91y487writing-background0General Information:If your language has a way of telling the reader that the writer is giving background information in these verses, you could use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
3271SA91k9kq0a man of influencePossible meanings are (1) he was a wealthy man or (2) he was a nobleman or (3) he was a mighty and brave man.
3281SA91sxy3translate-names0Kish…Abiel…Zeror…Bekorath…AphiahThese are names of the men of Sauls family line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3291SA91q9zb0BenjamiteA Benjamite is someone who belongs to the tribe of Benjamin.
3301SA92b5il0handsomesomeone who looks good
3311SA92vg770From his shoulders upward he was taller than any of the peopleThe other tall people in Israel did not even come up to his shoulders.
3321SA93cd5a0NowThe writer has ended the background information that began in ([1 Samuel 9:1](../09/01.md)) and starts a new main part of the story.
3331SA93f2dz0arise and go“stop what you are doing and go”
3341SA94z5qctranslate-names0the hill country of Ephraim…the land of Shalishah…the land of Shaalim…the land of the BenjamitesThese are all areas in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3351SA94kh3y0did not find them…they were not there…did not find themThe words “them” and “they” all refer to the donkeys.
3361SA95sqm4translate-names0land of ZuphThis is an area in Israel just north of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3371SA96vuh90man of GodThis phrase usually means a prophet of Yahweh. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 2:27](../02/27.md). Alternate translation: “a man who hears and tells words from God”
3381SA96bwk40which way we should go on our journey“which way we should go to find the donkeys”
3391SA97mr9g0what can we bring the man?Giving a gift is a sign of respect for the man of God.
3401SA97mnj10man of GodThis phrase usually means a prophet of Yahweh. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 2:27](../02/27.md). Alternate translation: “a man who hears and tells words from God”
3411SA98hwa8translate-bmoney0one-fourth of a shekel“1/4 of a shekel.” A shekel is a type of money used in the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
3421SA99d7htwriting-background0Formerly in Israel…seerThis is cultural information added by the Hebrew author. If it is not natural in your language to state this information here, it can be moved to the end of verse 11. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
3431SA99ejv40For todays prophet was formerly called a seer“Seer is the old name for what we call a prophet today”
3441SA912lk9k0the people are sacrificing todayThese are likely the feast or first-fruit sacrifices, not the sin sacrifices, which must be held at the tabernacle.
3451SA914uw7s0to go up to the high placeThis is a place that the people had designated as holy to make sacrifices and offerings to Yahweh. The writer writes as though it were outside the wall that was around the city.
3461SA915uxs4writing-background0General Information:The writer stops telling the story and gives background information so the reader can understand what happens next. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
3471SA916gzr8figs-euphemism0you will anoint him to be princeThe term prince is used here instead of king. This is the man whom God has chosen to be king of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
3481SA916r7na0the land of Benjamin“the land where people from the tribe of Benjamin live”
3491SA916d7jmfigs-metonymy0from the hand of the PhilistinesHere the word “hand” is a metonym for control. Alternate translation: “from the control of the Philistines” or “so the Philistines will no longer control them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3501SA916q8ng0For I have looked on my people with pity“My people are suffering and I want to help them”
3511SA917g1vw0Yahweh told him“Yahweh told Samuel”
3521SA918pwf20the seer“the prophet of Yahweh”
3531SA920fdy4figs-rquestion0Then on whom are all the desires of Israel set? Is it not on you and all your fathers house?These questions are an expression of deep conviction that Saul is the one whom Yahweh wants to be the king that the Israelites are looking for. The questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You should know that it is on you that all the desires of Israel are set. They are set on you and your fathers family.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3541SA921z2ngfigs-rquestion0Am not I a Benjamite…of Israel? Is not my clan…Benjamin? Why then have you spoken to me in this manner?Saul is expressing surprise because Benjamin was the smallest tribe in Israel, and other Israelites considered the tribe unimportant. Also, Benjamites considered the clan of which Saul was a member as unimportant. These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “I am from the tribe of Benjamin, the least important of all tribes. And my clan is the least important clan in our tribe. I do not understand why you are saying that the Israelite people want me and my family to do something important.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3551SA922wn3v0the hallThe writer assumes that the reader knows that near the place where they would offer sacrifices there was a large building in which people would eat together.
3561SA922rw250head placeThis is the seat of honor.
3571SA922tpy7translate-numbers0thirty people“30 people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
3581SA924s46f0what was on itPossible meanings are (1) the other food that Saul was to eat along with the meat or (2) other parts of the bull.
3591SA924v2sc0Then Samuel saidIn the original language it is not clear who is speaking. It is possible that the cook is speaking to Saul. Alternate translation: “Then the cook said”
3601SA925i36v0on the rooftopThis is a normal place for family and guests to eat, visit, and sleep. It tends to be cooler in the evening and at night than the inside of the house.
3611SA926r8shfigs-explicit0Samuel called to Saul on the rooftop and saidWhat Saul was doing on the rooftop can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “while Saul was sleeping on the rooftop, Samuel called to him and said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3621SA927yp6k0ahead of us”—and he went ahead—”but you must stayIt is possible that Samuel speaks all of these words. Alternate translation: “ahead of us, and when he has gone ahead, you must stay”
3631SA927e7zg0that I may announce the message of God to you“so that I can tell you Gods message for you”
3641SA10introabca0# 1 Samuel 10 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This is the first chapter about King Saul.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Saul as the New King<br>Samuel told Saul that God had chosen him to be king, and on the way home he would meet some prophets. Saul would then begin prophesying and God would give him the Holy Spirit to help him to know what to do. Samuel told everyone to come to Mizpah where he announced that God had chosen Saul to be their king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br><br>This chapter uses rhetorical questions to express different ideas: to state a fact (“Has not Yahweh anointed you to be a ruler over his inheritance?”), to express surprise (“And who is their father?”), to say he is someone very special (“Do you see the man that Yahweh has chosen?”), and to express contempt (“How can this man save us?”). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>### Idioms<br><br>Samuel frequently uses idioms when prophesying: “going to God” means “going to worship God”; “take it from their hands” means “accept their gift”; “rush upon you” means “control you”; “hand finds to do” means “what you think you should do”; “God is with you” means “God is directing you”; “another heart” means “a different way of thinking”; “came to pass” means “happened”; “before Yahweh” means “to do work for Yahweh”; and “hearts God had touched” means “God had made them want to help Saul.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3651SA101y1dk0took a flask of oil, poured it on Sauls headIn Israelite culture, when a prophet poured oil on someones head, that person received a blessing from Yahweh.
3661SA101df9v0flaska small container made from baked clay
3671SA101m8gxfigs-rquestion0Has not Yahweh anointed you to be a ruler over his inheritance?Samuel knows the answer to his question. He is reminding Saul that Yahweh has chosen him to be king of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has certainly anointed you to be a ruler over his inheritance.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3681SA102ndv7translate-names0ZelzahThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3691SA102f21q0What should I do about my son?Sauls father is now concerned about Saul and wants to find him.
3701SA103nc4ktranslate-names0TaborThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3711SA104my71figs-synecdoche0take from their handsThe hands are a synecdoche for the person. “take from them” or “accept” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3721SA105ha8htranslate-unknown0tambourineThis is a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
3731SA106q8hjfigs-idiom0The Spirit of Yahweh will rush upon youThe phrase “rush upon” means that Yahwehs Spirit will influence Saul. In this case it means it means he will make Saul prophesy and act like a different person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3741SA107drt6figs-personification0do whatever your hand finds to doHere Samuel speaks of Sauls hand as if it were a person trying to find things. Alternate translation: “do whatever you think is right to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3751SA109ifw6figs-idiom0God gave him another heartGod enabled Samuel to think differently from the way he had thought before. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3761SA1010lyd4figs-personification0the Spirit of God rushed upon himSamuel speaks as if the Spirit of Yahweh were a person running up to Saul and taking complete control of him. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 10:6](../10/06.md). Alternate translation: “the Spirit of Yahweh took complete control of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3771SA1011myw8figs-rquestion0What has happened to the son of Kish?Possible meanings are (1) the people are asking for information or (2) this is a rhetorical question that means Saul is not important. Alternate translation: “Kish is not an important person, so it cannot be true that his son has become a prophet!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3781SA1011us3j0the son of Kish“Saul, the son of Kish”
3791SA1012g5ttfigs-rquestion0Then who is their father?This man uses a rhetorical question to remind people that being a prophet has nothing to do with who ones parents are. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It does not matter who the parents of these other prophets are. What matters is that, amazingly, Saul is speaking messages from God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3801SA1012v7kpwriting-proverbs0Because of this, it became a saying, “Is Saul also one of the prophets?”This became a proverb among the Israelites. Apparently people said this to express surprise when a person unexpectedly did something that he had not done before. The implied meaning of the question can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “And that is why, when people cannot believe some report, they think about what happened to Saul and say, Is Saul really one of the prophets?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3811SA1014kwk60Then Sauls uncle said to him“Then the brother of Sauls father said to Saul”
3821SA1016t8y50he did not tell him about the matter of the kingdom“Saul did not tell his uncle that God had appointed him to be the king of Israel”
3831SA1018j92afigs-metonymy0I brought up Israel out of EgyptThe name “Israel” is a metonym for the people of Israel. “I brought the people of Israel out of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3841SA1018yy7rfigs-metonymy0the hand of the Egyptians…the hand of all the kingdomsThe word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “the power of the Egyptians…the power of all the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3851SA1019x7u70todaySamuel is speaking of the time since Israel had begun to reject God, not only the time since the sun had last set.
3861SA1019r9bd0Set a king over us“Give us a king to rule us”
3871SA1019ut8y0present yourselves before Yahweh by your tribes and by your clans“gather together by tribes and clans and come to stand before Yahweh”
3881SA1020qbp1figs-activepassive0the tribe of Benjamin was chosenThis can be translated in active form. It is probably best not to say how the people knew whom Yahweh had chosen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh chose the tribe of Benjamin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3891SA1021f8p3figs-activepassive0the clan of the Matrites was chosen…Saul son of Kish was chosenThis can be translated in active form. It is probably best not to say how the people knew whom Yahweh had chosen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh chose the clan of the Matrites…Yahweh chose Saul son of Kish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3901SA1023ab3b0he was taller than any of the people from his shoulders upwardThe other tall people in Israel did not even come up to his shoulders. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 9:2](../09/02.md).
3911SA1025v52kfigs-abstractnouns0the customs and rules of kingshipThe abstract noun “kingship” can be translated with a noun clause. Alternate translation: “the customs and rules that a king would be required to follow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3921SA1026re4yfigs-idiom0whose hearts God had touchedGod touching a persons heart is an idiom that means God put something in their mind or moved them to do something. Alternate translation: “who wanted to go with Saul because God had changed their thinking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3931SA1027u77ffigs-rquestion0How can this man save us?This is a rhetorical question that is used to express sarcasm. Alternate translation: “This man has no power to save us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3941SA1027qwt60despisedstrongly disliked or hated
3951SA11introabcb0# 1 Samuel 11 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues the story of King Saul by telling of his first victory in war.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Saul rescues the people of Jabesh Gilead<br><br>Nahash, king of the Ammonites, and his army surrounded the Israeli town of Jabesh Gilead. When the citys leaders asked for peace terms, Nahash demanded the right to poke out one eye of every man in order to show Israel their weakness. When Saul heard this, he called for all of Israel to help save this city. Many people came to help Sauls army. Israel was victorious and everyone wanted Saul as their king. At this time, Israel was not a truly unified country, even though it is often spoken of as one country. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Idioms<br><br>The idioms in this chapter explain the effect God has on his people: “rushed upon him” means “empowered him”; “terror…fell” means “they became afraid”; “as one man” means “they all agreed”; and “put to death” means “kill.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3961SA111q5a1translate-names0NahashThis is a man from Ammon, a descendent of Lot, Abrahams nephew. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3971SA111y34wtranslate-names0Jabesh GileadThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3981SA112ztl30I gouge out“I cut out” or “I pluck out”
3991SA112pi9x0bring disgrace on“bring shame on” or “bring a bad reputation to”
4001SA113hcg1translate-numbers0seven days“7 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
4011SA114xw6vtranslate-names0GibeahThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
4021SA116xw9g0the Spirit of God rushed upon himThe phrase “rushed upon” means Yahwehs Spirit influenced Saul. In this case he enabled Saul to cause the people to fearfully respect him as their king and to join his army. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Samuel 10:6](../10/06.md).
4031SA117j26n0does not come out afterSaul was calling all the men of Israel to come fight against Nahash and the Ammonites.
4041SA117wi7p0Then the terror of Yahweh fell on the peopleYahweh enabled people to fearfully respect Saul as their king. The result was that the men rallied together with Saul at Bezek.
4051SA118r5l1translate-names0BezekThis is the name of a town near Jabesh Gilead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
4061SA118zr4ftranslate-numbers0the people of Israel were three hundred thousand, and the men of Judah thirty thousand“the people of Israel were 300,000, and the men of Judah were 30,000” ( See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
4071SA119gxn10They said to the messengers“They” refers to Samuel and Saul.
4081SA119li2q0by the time the sun is hot“before the hottest part of the day” or “before noon”
4091SA119lst90Jabesh Gilead…JabeshThese are the names of places. See how you translated them in [1 Samuel 11:1](../11/01.md).
4101SA1110h3ne0NahashThis is the name of a king. See how you translated this name in [1 Samuel 11:1](../11/01.md).
4111SA1111d6lh0the morning watchThis was before dawn when most people in the camp were still asleep.
4121SA1115anj50made Saul king before Yahweh“made Saul king while Yahweh watched”
4131SA1115y7hb0There they sacrificed peace offerings before YahwehPart of Samuels service to Yahweh is to offer sacrifices even though he is not from the line of Aaron or Levi.
4141SA12introabcc0# 1 Samuel 12 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Samuels farewell address<br>This chapter serves as a type of farewell address. This is a way for leaders to give instructions to their followers before they leave or die. Samuel first established his holiness before calling on the people to repent of their desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>It is common in Scripture to use Israels history to show how faithful God has been. This gives the readers evidence to trust in Yahweh in their current situation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
4151SA122jw1vfigs-idiom0the king walking before you…I have walked before youThese expressions mean that people can actually see the kind of lives Saul and Samuel are living. Alternate translation: “the kings life was seen…My life was seen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4161SA123y8sufigs-explicit0Here I am; testify against me before Yahweh and before his anointed oneBy this statement, Samuel is challenging the people to speak up if he has done anything wrong to anyone. Alternate translation: “I stand in front of you now. I ask you to speak in front of Yahweh and his anointed king if I have done you any wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4171SA123zf3nfigs-rquestion0Whose ox have I taken? Whose donkey have I taken?Samuel uses rhetorical questions to remind the people that he has never stolen their animals. Alternate translation: “I have never stolen a prized animal from anyone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4181SA123ui7wfigs-rquestion0Whom have I defrauded?Samuel uses another rhetorical question to say he has always been honest. Alternate translation: “I have never cheated or bribed any man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4191SA123xi9r0Testify against me, and I will restore it to you“If I have done any of these evil things, speak now, and I will pay back what I owe. I will make right any wrong”
4201SA124w6u5figs-euphemism0from any mans handThis phrase means what a person possesses or what they have done to obtain favor from others. This is a polite way of saying he has not stolen, nor has he given or taken bribes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
4211SA125s4uvfigs-euphemism0in my handThis phrase means what a person possesses or what they have done to obtain favor from others. This is a polite way of saying he has not stolen, nor has he given or taken bribes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
4221SA127p1jp0all of the righteous deeds of YahwehSamuel is calling their attention to the history of Yahwehs dealing with Israel, which has been filled with goodness and purpose.
4231SA128hds1translate-names0Jacob…Moses…AaronThese are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
4241SA129s9g10into the hand of Sisera…Philistines…king of Moab“into the power of Sisera…Philistines…king of Moab”
4251SA129yb45translate-names0SiseraThis is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
4261SA129db38translate-names0HazorThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
4271SA129tqv10he sold themThis is an expression for God giving them over to their enemies to be their slaves.
4281SA1210s6ua0They cried out to Yahweh“They” refers to the nation of Israel.
4291SA1210k54ufigs-metonymy0have served the Baals and the AshtorethsServing here is referring to acting worshipful towards the false gods. Alternate translation: “have worshiped false gods and goddesses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4301SA1210rl36figs-metonymy0the hand of our enemiesThis statement is using “hand” to refer to power. Alternate translation: “the power or control of our enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4311SA1211frh40Jerub BaalThis is sometimes translated Jerubbaal. This is a name of godly honor and strength to fight the false god.
4321SA1211zc87figs-explicit0Yahweh sent…and gave you victorySamuel is telling the story of what God did after the peoples confession of sin and plea for help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4331SA1211uy4ltranslate-names0Jerub Baal, Bedan, Jephthah, and SamuelThese are the names of some judges that God raised up. Samuel included himself in this list. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
4341SA1213b1z6figs-parallelism0whom you have chosen, whom you have asked forThese two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize that this is the king whom the people wanted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
4351SA1214qrk5figs-parallelism0fear…serve…obey…not rebelThese similar words are used to emphasize how important this is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
4361SA1215qw1kfigs-metonymy0Yahwehs hand will be against you, as it was against your ancestorsThis speaks of Yahweh punishing the people as his “hand” being against them. The word “hand” here represents Yahwehs power and control. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish you, just as he punished your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4371SA1216p8gufigs-synecdoche0before your eyesThe word “eyes” here represents the people of the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “out in the open where all of the nation of Israel may see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
4381SA1217y9zafigs-rquestion0Is it not the wheat harvest today?Samuel knows it is harvest time. He is using a rhetorical question to emphasize that it does not usually rain at this time so the people will know that the rain that will ruin their harvest is a judgment from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “It is harvest time and does not usually rain at this time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4391SA1217kyk20he may send thunder and rainSamuel is asking Yahweh to punish Israel for asking for a king by sending a rainstorm during the harvest which will ruin the grain.
4401SA1219ec4y0so that we do not dieThe ultimate punishment for sin is death. The nation of Israel had seen Yahweh destroy the nations that had oppressed them. They were concerned that they had become “dedicated for destruction” like those nations.
4411SA1220fej7figs-explicit0Do not be afraidThe people did evil and were afraid of God destroying them. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid that God will be angry and destroy you because of this sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4421SA1221ek550turn away after empty things“pursue worship of false gods”
4431SA1222shb6figs-metonymy0For the sake of his great nameHere “name” refers to the reputation of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “So that people will continue to honor and respect Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4441SA1223jh36figs-explicit0far be it from me that I should sin against Yahweh by ceasing to pray for youThe people are filled with fear because of the rain and thunder that Yahweh sent when Samuel prayed. Some people may believe Samuel would use his prayers to harm them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4451SA13introabcd0# 1 Samuel 13 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is the beginning of a story about Jonathans victory over the Philistines.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Preparation for the battle<br><br>Saul sent most of his army home before Jonathan attacked and defeated a Philistine garrison. This attack made the Philistines very angry, and they brought a huge army into Israel and camped at the top of a hill. Most of Sauls army ran away in fear and hid from the Philistines. There are many aspects of this story that give the reader the impression that Israel was unprepared for battle.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Hyperbole<br><br>Wanting to express the vast number of enemy soldiers, the author uses a hyperbole: “as numerous as the sand on the seashore,” meaning “too many to count.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
4461SA131xn4d0General Information:Samuel has renewed Sauls kingdom at Gilgal and Samuel has reminded the people to follow the Lord.
4471SA131cyx80Saul was thirty years old…over IsraelThe text of this verse in ancient copies seems to have been mutilated, so modern versions have many different translations. They are all attempts to represent the most probable meaning of the original text.
4481SA132gep7translate-numbers0chose three thousand men“chose 3,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
4491SA132z3qftranslate-numbers0Two thousand were with him“2,000 men were with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
4501SA132gq8stranslate-names0MichmashThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
4511SA132p5jv0Gibeah of BenjaminGibeah is a town. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 10:26](../10/26.md).
4521SA132esc40The rest of the soldiers he sent home“He sent the rest of the soldiers home”
4531SA133j52z0garrison of the Philistines“military base of the Philistines” or “military camp of the Philistines”
4541SA133ia2vtranslate-names0GebaThis is the name of the town that the Philistine garrison was stationed in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
4551SA134m9rj0All Israel heard that Saul had defeatedPossible meanings are that (1) Saul was taking responsibility for Jonathans actions or (2) Saul was taking credit for Jonathans actions.
4561SA134mef1figs-metaphor0Israel had become a rotten smell to the PhilistinesThe Philistines hating the Israelites is spoken of as if the Israelites had become a bad smell that offended the Philistines. Alternate translation: “the Philistines hated the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4571SA134en9qfigs-activepassive0the soldiers were summoned together to join Saul at GilgalThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Saul called the soldiers together to join him at Gilgal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4581SA135ez1ftranslate-numbers0three thousand…six thousand“3,000…6,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
4591SA135ilg1figs-hyperbole0troops as numerous as the sand on the seashoreThis is an exaggeration that means a group of soldiers so large that it was difficult to count them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
4601SA135xgl1translate-names0MichmashThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
4611SA135m7kgtranslate-names0Beth AvenThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
4621SA136a5jv0General Information:The Philistines had gathered together to fight against Israel.
4631SA136p7120the peopleThis phrase refers to the nation of Israel.
4641SA136u7b90the people were distressed“the people worried greatly”
4651SA137q9n60followed him tremblingThe people were greatly afraid.
4661SA138r3fs0the time Samuel had set“according to the time Samuel had told them he would come”
4671SA138i6u1figs-activepassive0the people were scattering from SaulThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people had started to leave Saul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4681SA139p5s80Then he offered the burnt offeringOnly the line of Aaron was permitted to perform the burnt offering sacrifice to God.
4691SA1311r1c1figs-rquestion0What have you doneSamuel was not really asking a question, but giving a rebuke to Saul. Saul sought to defend his actions even though they were wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4701SA1311r1ii0MichmashMichmash is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 13:2](../13/02.md).
4711SA1313wtr20You have not kept the command of YahwehSaul was to wait for Samuel to come and sacrifice the burnt offering to God. He was not to perform the sacrifice himself.
4721SA1313cmq50established your rule“set up your rule” or “authorized your rule” or “appointed your rule”
4731SA1314v5qbfigs-litotes0your rule will not continueThis is a litotes that can be stated in the positive form. Alternate translation: “your rule will end soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
4741SA1314qa5wfigs-metonymy0a man after his own heartHere “heart” represents Yahwehs desire or will. The phrase “man after his own heart” is an idiom that means to be a person who does what Yahweh desires. Alternate translation: “a man who is the kind of person he wants” or “a man who will obey him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4751SA1315rlp2figs-idiom0Samuel arose and went upThis is an idiom for “Samuel left and went up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
4761SA1315t3ur0went up from GilgalGilgal is a city. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 7:15](../07/15.md).
4771SA1315by5i0Gibeah of BenjaminGibeah is a town. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 10:26](../10/26.md).
4781SA1315mg2etranslate-numbers0six hundred men“600 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
4791SA1316yzn90Geba of BenjaminGeba is a town. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 13:3](../13/03.md).
4801SA1316gre70Philistines camped at MichmashMichmash is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 13:2](../13/02.md).
4811SA1317h5tq0Raiders cameRaiders are normally military people who attack enemy villages for their food and other supplies.
4821SA1317plh5translate-names0Ophrah, to the land of ShualThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
4831SA1318jd1rtranslate-names0Beth Horon…Valley of ZeboyimThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
4841SA1319nlg30General Information:The narrative shifts to background information regarding blacksmiths in Israel.
4851SA1319fqi8figs-activepassive0No blacksmith could be foundThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one could find a blacksmith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4861SA1319v3wd0blacksmithHere “blacksmith” refers to someone who made or sharpened metal tools and weapons.
4871SA1320u2vp0sharpen his plow pointsThe words “plow points” refer to the point of a metal tool used for digging up the ground for planting crops.
4881SA1320gyk20mattock…ax…sickleThese are common garden tools.
4891SA1320rk530mattockA “mattock” is a broad-bladed axe, with a horizontal blade that is used for breaking up hard soil.
4901SA1320rc730sicklea curved blade for cutting grasses and grain stalks
4911SA1321wv2ttranslate-bmoney0two-thirds of a shekelThe shekel is divided into 3 parts, 2 of 3 parts are given. “2/3 of a shekel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
4921SA1321e1et0straightening the goads“taking out the bend and making the ox goad straight again so it could be used”
4931SA1322mpy20General Information:The narrative continues.
4941SA1322lcm60there were no swords or spearsThis explains in part why Sauls army was afraid. They did not have any weapons to fight.
4951SA14introabce0# 1 Samuel 14 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter completes the story of Jonathans victory over the Philistines.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The battle against the Philistines<br><br>Jonathan took his armor bearer to where the Philistines were on the top of the hill. He said God could use a few people just as easily as he could use many people to win his battles. He and his armor bearer started killing the Philistines, and suddenly the Philistines began fighting each other or running away. The rest of Israel, who had hidden, came and chased the Philistines. Even though Israel had a king, God was still in control of the nation of Israel.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Special reference<br><br>The people of Israel often used the term “uncircumcised” to refer to Gentiles. Here it is used to mean the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])
4961SA141m1uz0General Information:Jonathan begins his second raid on the Philistines army.
4971SA141kea80his young armor bearera teenage boy who is responsible for caring for his masters weapons of war
4981SA141s7kb0Philistines garrisonThis is an outpost staffed by the Philistine army.
4991SA142r25gtranslate-names0GibeahThis is the name of a hill north of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5001SA142z13e0under the pomegranate treea tree whose fruit is thick skinned, round, red and has many seeds to eat
5011SA142j9pitranslate-names0that is in Migron“Migron” is the name of a place north of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5021SA142l18htranslate-numbers0six hundred men were with him“600 men were with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
5031SA143ms8ftranslate-names0son of Ahitub (Ichabods brother)“Ahitub” and “Ichabod” are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5041SA143ihr70Phinehas son of EliPhinehas was one of the priests. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 1:3](../01/03.md).
5051SA144r7intranslate-names0One rocky cliff was called BozezA “cliff” is a rocky height with a steep drop. The cliff was well-known and given the name “Bozez.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5061SA144g7r2translate-names0the other rocky cliff was called SenehThis was the name of the other cliff. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5071SA145t2qrtranslate-names0Michmash…Gebatowns north of Jerusalem (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5081SA146zb4m0his young armor bearerThis was a teenage boy who was responsible for caring for his masters weapons of war. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 14:1](../14/01.md).
5091SA146v7vs0uncircumcised fellowsa derogatory term used for non-Jewish men
5101SA146i4mm0work on our behalf“work for our support” or “help us”
5111SA146zt56figs-doublenegatives0nothing can stop Yahweh from savingThis double negative can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh can save” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
5121SA146s2bpfigs-merism0by many or by few peopleThese extremes also include everything in between. Alternate translation: “by any number of people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
5131SA147k14hfigs-metonymy0everything that is in your heartHere “heart” refers to Jonathans desires. Alternate translation: “everything that you desire to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5141SA149np7k0will not cross over to them“will not go over to the other side of the valley where the Philistines are”
5151SA1410d8qxfigs-metonymy0has given them into our handHere “hand” refers to the power to defeat them. Alternate translation: “will enable us to defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5161SA1410le8f0This will be the sign to us“This will confirm that the Lord will be with us”
5171SA1411gw4e0revealed themselves to the garrison of the Philistines“allowed the Philistine soldiers to see them”
5181SA1411nz3b0the garrisonthe army camp
5191SA1411mw3efigs-metaphor0coming out of the holes where they have hidden themselvesThe Philistines implied that the Hebrews had been hiding in holes in the ground like animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5201SA1412d753figs-idiom0we will show you somethingThis is an idiom that means “we will teach you a lesson.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
5211SA1412ead2figs-metonymy0has given them into the hand of IsraelHere “hand” refers to power to defeat the Philistines. Alternate translation: “will enable Israel to defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5221SA1413wcb3figs-explicit0Jonathan climbed up on his hands and feetHe did this because it was very steep. This could be made explicit. Alternate translation: “So Jonathan climbed up, using his hands and his feet because it was very steep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5231SA1413hb6afigs-activepassive0The Philistines were put to death before JonathanThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Jonathan killed the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5241SA1413h93x0his armor bearer put some to death behind him“Jonathans armor bearer followed him and also killed Philistine soldiers”
5251SA1415r2cifigs-abstractnouns0There was a panic in the camp, in the field, and among the peopleThe abstract noun “panic” can be translated as a verb or as an adjective. Alternate translation: “The Philistine soldiers in the camp and in the field, and all the people with them, panicked” or “The Philistine soldiers in the camp and in the field, and all the people with them, became very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5261SA1415lmj60the raidersthe Philistines who were raiding Israelite cities
5271SA1415ety8figs-explicit0The earth quakedIt may be helpful to state the cause. Alternate translation: “God caused the ground to shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5281SA1416y56ntranslate-names0GibeahThis was the town where Saul was born. Translated “Gibeah” as in [1 Samuel 10:26](../10/26.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5291SA1416fxf9figs-parallelism0was dispersing…going here and thereThese two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that the soldiers were running away in every direction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
5301SA1418b8k3translate-textvariants0Bring the ark of God hereA few versions have “ephod” here instead of “ark of God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
5311SA1419f1gk0commotiongreat noise and confusion
5321SA1419db4ufigs-idiom0Withdraw your handThis seems to be an idiom the means “Stop what you are doing.” Saul did not want Ahijah to continue to use the ark to ask God for direction. Alternate translation: “Do not bring the sacred chest at this time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
5331SA1420v4kx0the people who were with himthe remnant of the Israelite army that remained with Saul
5341SA1420j27wfigs-personification0Every Philistines sword was against his fellow countrymenThe swords are spoken of as if they were living people. Alternate translation: “The Philistine soldiers were striking each other with their swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
5351SA1422pz4lfigs-explicit0the men of Israel who had hidden themselves in the hillsThis does not refer to an ambush. These soldiers were hiding because they were afraid of the Philistines. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Israelite soldiers who were afraid and had hidden themselves in the hills” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5361SA1423y4b7translate-names0Beth AvenThis is a place in Israel. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 13:5](../13/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5371SA1424h5cu0So none of the troops tasted foodIt was understood by the troops that no refreshment was permitted under Sauls oath.
5381SA1425k9ql0the people entered the forestThe Philistine soldiers fled through the forests and the Israelite soldiers followed them there.
5391SA1426y6qufigs-hyperbole0the honey flowedThis is an exaggeration to emphasize how much honey there was in the forest. Alternate translation: “there was a lot of honey everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
5401SA1426u6ddfigs-metonymy0no one put his hand to his mouthHere putting ones “hand to his mouth” is a metonym that means to eat. Alternate translation: “no one ate any” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5411SA1426ll4lfigs-metonymy0the people feared the oathThe people were not afraid of the oath, but of the punishment that was associated with breaking the oath. Alternate translation: “the people were afraid of what Saul would do to them if they broke his oath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5421SA1427jdr10General Information:Jonathan learns of his fathers oath.
5431SA1427tpk8figs-metaphor0bound the people with an oathHere the obligation to obey an oath is spoken of as if the people were bound with ropes. Alternate translation: “commanded that the people obey his oath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5441SA1427bpc5figs-metonymy0He raised his hand to his mouthHere “hand to his mouth” is a metonym that means to eat. Alternate translation: “He ate some honey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5451SA1427m3rqfigs-idiom0his eyes brightenedThis idiom means that he was strengthened. Alternate translation: “he regained his strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
5461SA1429cip2figs-metonymy0for the landThis is a metonym that represents the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “for Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5471SA1429z3xafigs-idiom0my eyes have become brightenedThis idiom means that he was strengthened. Alternate translation: “I regained my strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
5481SA1430v75ufigs-rquestion0How much better if the people…that they found?Jonathan uses this hypothetical question to state that the people should have been allowed to eat. This can be a statement. Alternate translation: “Our victory would have been better if the people had eaten freely today of the plunder that they took from their enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
5491SA1430m8aj0plunderThis word refers to the things the people had taken from the battle with their enemy.
5501SA1430v7170Because now the slaughter has not been greatBecause the troops were not able to eat during the battle, as the day progressed, they became weaker. Because of this, they were not able to kill as many of the Philistines.
5511SA1431f2fj0General Information:Jonathans words lead the army to sin against God in their great hunger.
5521SA1431z8g40MichmashThis is the name of a town. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 13:2](../13/02.md).
5531SA1431w4i2translate-names0Aijalona place in Zebulun in Israel (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5541SA1431lb940The peopleThis refers to the Israelites.
5551SA1432g2urfigs-explicit0ate them with the bloodThe were so hungry they did not drain the blood first before eating. This was a violation of the Law which was given to Moses for the nation of Israel. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “ate them without draining the blood first as required by the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5561SA1433pqy9figs-explicit0by eating with the bloodThis was a violation of the Law which was given to Moses for the nation of Israel. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “by eating meat without draining the blood first as required by the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5571SA1433ing6figs-hyperbole0You have acted unfaithfullySaul is accusing his whole army of acting unfaithfully though this is a generalization because not every soldier acted unfaithfully. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
5581SA1433d9xafigs-explicit0Now, roll a big stone here to meThe stone would hold the animals up and make it easier to drain the blood from them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5591SA1434v1tn0kill them here, and eatThis would allow Saul to observe if the blood was properly drained from the animals.
5601SA1435l5620General Information:Saul had told the people to bring their animals to a big stone to kill and eat.
5611SA1435y6xn0Saul built an altar to YahwehIt is unclear if Saul built this altar with the large stone that the people brought to him in [1 Samuel 14:33](../14/33.md).
5621SA1436vwb80General Information:Saul seeks to continue the fight against the Philistines.
5631SA1436qd4efigs-litotes0let us not leave one of them aliveThis is stated in a negative way to emphasize the slaughter. It can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “let us kill every one of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
5641SA1436j8bk0Do whatever seems good to youSaul had the support of his army to continue the fight.
5651SA1436eu41figs-metonymy0Let us approach God hereHere “approaching God” is associated with asking him counsel. Alternate translation: “Let us ask God what we should do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5661SA1437e4l1figs-metonymy0give them into the hand of IsraelHere “hand” refers to the power to defeat them. Alternate translation: “enable us to defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5671SA1437tdl40But God did not answer him that dayThis implies that God was not willing to help Saul.
5681SA1438vy5y0the peopleThis refers to the Israelites.
5691SA1438wp750learn and see how this sin has happened“find who sinned”
5701SA1439t91sfigs-hypo0even if it is in Jonathan my son, he will surely dieSaul stated this as a hypothetical situation because he did not believe that Jonathan was guilty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
5711SA1439dce3figs-explicit0But none of the men among all the people answered himThe people remained silent because most of them knew that Jonathan had broken Sauls oath. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “His men knew who was guilty, but none of them said anything to Saul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5721SA1440vud3figs-hyperbole0Then he said to all IsraelThis was a generalization since only the Israelite soldiers were present. Alternate translation: “Then he said to the Israelite soldiers who were there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
5731SA1441f92vfigs-explicit0give the ThummimThe Israelites at that time used special stones called the Urim and the Thummim to receive direction from God. Alternate translation: “Show us by means of the Thummim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
5741SA1441rk8vtranslate-transliterate0ThummimThis is a borrowed word from the original language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
5751SA1441as11figs-activepassive0Jonathan and Saul were taken by lot, but the army was exoneratedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The lots indicated that either Jonathan or Saul was guilty, but the army was not guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5761SA1442rw4afigs-activepassive0Then Jonathan was taken by lotThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then the lot indicated that Jonathan was guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5771SA1443am450General Information:The lots had just showed that Jonathan had sinned.
5781SA1443h3ee0Tell me what you have done“Tell me how you have sinned” or “Tell me what you have done that was wrong”
5791SA1443yi960I will diePossible meanings are (1) “I am willing to die” or (2) “do I deserve to be executed because of doing that?”
5801SA1444bhu10God do so and more also to me, if you do not die, JonathanSaul makes a second foolish oath in less than one day. Alternate translation: “May God kill me if I do not kill you, Jonathan”
5811SA1445sym50General Information:The Army defends and protects Jonathan from Saul.
5821SA1445q95lfigs-rquestion0Should Jonathan die, who has accomplished this great victory for Israel? Far from it!The people scold Saul. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Jonathan has just accomplished this great victory for Israel. He should surely not die.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
5831SA1445et5x0As Yahweh livesThe people were expressing their certainty that they would not let anything happen to Jonathan.
5841SA1445cdg3figs-hyperbole0not one hair of his head will fall to the groundThis exaggeration shows how the people of Israel would protect Jonathan and keep him safe. This litotes can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: “we will protect him from any harm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
5851SA1447at510General Information:For a brief period Saul served with great courage in defeating Israels enemies.
5861SA1447q2xhfigs-metonymy0IsraelThis is a metonym that represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5871SA1447vkj9figs-metonymy0MoabThis refers to the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “the Moabites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5881SA1447lm9lfigs-metonymy0EdomThis refers to the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “the Edomites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5891SA1447wyv40Wherever he turned“Wherever he sent his army”
5901SA1448kxf5figs-metonymy0out of the handsThe word “hand” represents control. Alternate translation: “out of the control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
5911SA1449t5820General Information:This is background information on Sauls family.
5921SA1449tt1btranslate-names0Ishvi…Malki-ShuaThese are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5931SA1449f4ritranslate-names0Merab…MichalThese are names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5941SA1450qv1qtranslate-names0AhinoamThis is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5951SA1450rvk7translate-names0Ahimaaz…Abner…NerThese are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5961SA1451eci8translate-names0Kish…Ner…Abner…AbielThese are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5971SA1452e8ef0all the days of Saul“all of Sauls life”
5981SA1452ezp30he attached him to himself“he forced him to join his army”
5991SA15introabcf0# 1 Samuel 15 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This is the end of the section on Saul and Samuel (8-15).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God wants total obedience<br>Samuel told Saul that God wanted him to completely destroy the Amalekite people and animals. Saul fought the Amalekites and killed all the people except the king. He destroyed the animals that were not very good but saved the best animals. Saul told Samuel he had obeyed Gods command. Samuel asked him about the animals Saul had. Saul said he had saved them for a sacrifice to God. God said that obedience was better than sacrifice. Because Saul had disobeyed him, God had chosen someone else to become king.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Idiom<br>“He has turned back from following me” is an idiom meaning “he has stopped obeying me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br>When Saul insisted that he had obeyed God, Samuel rebuked him with these rhetorical questions: “What then is this bleating of sheep in my ears, and the lowing of the oxen that I hear?”; “Though you are little in your own sight, were you not made the head of the tribes of Israel?”; “Why then did you not obey the voice of Yahweh, but instead you seized the booty and did what was evil in the sight of Yahweh?”; and “Has Yahweh as much delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as in obeying the voice of Yahweh?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6001SA151t4nn0the words of Yahweh“the message of Yahweh”
6011SA153q1vzfigs-parallelism0completely destroy all that they have…kill both man and woman, child and infant, ox and sheep, camel and donkeyThese two phrases mean the same thing. The second phrase gives specific details about what they are to destroy completely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
6021SA153ik1kfigs-litotes0Do not spare themThis negative statement emphasizes the completeness of the destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
6031SA154m8560the people“the army”
6041SA154sp3s0numbered them“counted them”
6051SA154ppw8translate-numbers0two hundred thousand men on foot, and ten thousand men of Judah“200,000 men on foot, and 10,000 men of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
6061SA156stl7translate-names0Kenitesa nomad people group that had always been friendly to the nation of Israel (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6071SA157t6tltranslate-names0Havilah…ShurThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6081SA158n8xb0General Information:Yahweh had told Saul to destroy everything, but here Saul disobeys Yahwehs command.
6091SA158ey6yfigs-synecdoche0he took AgagHere Saul represents himself accompanied by his army. Alternate translation: “Saul and his army took Agag” or “Saul and his army captured Agag” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
6101SA158kfl9figs-synecdoche0he completely destroyed all the people with the edge of the swordThe “edge of the sword” represents the swords and other weapons that soldiers used in battle. Here Saul represents himself accompanied by his army. Alternate translation: “they completely destroyed all of the people with their swords” or “they killed all of the people with their swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
6111SA159ln2i0Saul…spared AgagSaul disobeyed God by letting Agag live.
6121SA159nh2u0as well as the best of the sheepSaul disobeyed God by keeping the best of the livestock.
6131SA1510w6bpfigs-idiom0the word of Yahweh came to Samuel, saying,The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Samuel. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Samuel:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6141SA1511u8i30It grieves me“I am sorry”
6151SA1511fu9hfigs-metaphor0he has turned back from following meSaul not obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if Saul had physically turned away from walking behind God. Alternate translation: “he has stopped following me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6161SA1511zml20has not performed my commandments“has not obeyed what I commanded him to do.” Saul was to completely destroy everything and everyone. God had placed a ban on the Amalekites. But Saul permitted some livestock to live.
6171SA1511uwz40Samuel was angryPossible meanings are (1) Samuel was angry with Saul for his disobedience or (2) Samuel was disturbed.
6181SA1512g77w0Samuel was told“Someone told Samuel”
6191SA1512hh8y0he set up a monument to himselfSaul was full of pride.
6201SA1512fp2t0down to GilgalGilgal was lower in elevation than Carmel.
6211SA1513wpf40I have fulfilled the command of YahwehIt is not clear if Saul understood that he had not fully obeyed Gods command to completely destroy the Amalekites.
6221SA1514g3x70General Information:Samuel questions why Saul did not utterly destroyed the Amalekites.
6231SA1514kf8w0bleating of sheep…lowing of the oxenThese are the sounds that these animals make. Your language may have different terms for these.
6241SA1514cme2figs-parallelism0in my ears…that I hearThese two phrases mean the same thing. Here “in my ears” refers to hearing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6251SA1515ks4s0They have brought…the people sparedThe word “they” and the phrase “the people” here both represent Sauls army. Saul is blaming the people rather than himself.
6261SA1515vin90to sacrifice to Yahweh your GodSaul is arguing that animals for sacrifice were an exception to Yahwehs command to destroy everything.
6271SA1515a6ie0Yahweh your GodSaul here does not describe Samuels God as his own God.
6281SA1517a18mfigs-metaphor0in your own sightHere sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in your own opinion” or “in your judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6291SA1517a7jifigs-rquestion0were you not made the head of the tribes of Israel?Samuel uses this question to remind Saul of now much God had given him. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh made you the ruler of the tribes of Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6301SA1519yu1zfigs-rquestion0Why did you not obey…Yahweh?Samuel asks this question to rebuke Saul for disobeying Yahweh. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have obeyed…Yahweh!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6311SA1519w3n7figs-metonymy0the voice of YahwehHere “voice” refers to the commands that Yahweh spoke. Alternate translation: “the things that Yahweh commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6321SA1519x74v0but instead you seized the bootySamuel is accusing Saul of direct disobedience. Yahweh commanded Saul to completely destroy everything belonging to the Amalekites, and not to bring anything back to camp.
6331SA1519b9eg0the booty“the plunder” or “the possessions you took from the enemy”
6341SA1519qxl6figs-metaphor0what was evil in the sight of YahwehHere “sight” refers to Yahwehs thoughts or opinion. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh considers to be evil” or “what is evil in Yahwehs judgement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6351SA1520k3f40I have indeed obeyed the voice of YahwehThis is an emphatic statement. It is unclear if Saul thought this was true, or if he was simply making excuses for his sin.
6361SA1520j3h2figs-metonymy0the voice of YahwehHere “voice” refers to the commands that Yahweh spoke. Alternate translation: “the things that Yahweh commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6371SA1520w1jdtranslate-names0AgagThis is the name of the king of the Amalekites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6381SA1521v64h0But the people tookThis appears to be shifting the blame to the people.
6391SA1521kvf40things devoted to destruction“animals that Yahweh commanded them to destroy”
6401SA1521li5gtranslate-names0GilgalThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6411SA1522dp67figs-rquestion0Has Yahweh as much delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as in obeying the voice of Yahweh?Samuel asks this question to emphasize that obedience is much more important than sacrifice. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does not delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices as much as in obeying his voice!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6421SA1522f8kcfigs-metonymy0the voice of YahwehHere “voice” refers to the commands that Yahweh spoke. Alternate translation: “the things that Yahweh commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6431SA1522wen90Obedience is better than sacrificeGod wanted Sauls complete obedience in the destruction of the Amalekites. Nothing in the land was fit for sacrifice.
6441SA1522u1dg0better than the fat of rams“better than to sacrifice the fat of rams as a burnt offering”
6451SA1523m9cefigs-abstractnouns0rebellion is like the sin of divinationThe abstract noun “rebellion” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “to rebel is as sinful as practicing divination” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6461SA1523xz9bfigs-abstractnouns0stubbornness is like wickedness and iniquityThe abstract noun “stubbornness” can be translated with a verb and the abstract noun “wickedness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “being stubborn is as bad as doing wicked things and practicing iniquity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6471SA1523cx9p0the word of Yahweh“Yahwehs message” or “Yahwehs command”
6481SA1523n8ey0rejected you from being king“decided that you will no longer be king”
6491SA1524g1flfigs-idiom0I have broken Yahwehs commandmentThis is an idiom that means he had disobeyed the commandment. Alternate translation: “I have disobeyed what Yahweh commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6501SA1524t7ez0because I was afraid of the peopleThis is the reason Saul gives for not obeying God. Alternate translation: “because I was afraid of the soldiers”
6511SA1524f7vnfigs-metonymy0obeyed their voiceHere “voice” refers to what the soldiers asked Saul to do. Alternate translation: “did what they asked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6521SA1525bb4i0return with meSaul and Samuel were apparently talking in private away from the other people.
6531SA1526qdh90for you have rejected the word of YahwehSamuel made it clear that Saul understood that he was disobeying God at the time when he spared the best animals and did not kill Agag.
6541SA1526h622figs-explicit0rejected the word of Yahweh“rejected Yahwehs command” or “rejected Yahwehs message.” This means that he refused to obey Yahwehs command. Alternate translation: “refused to obey Yahwehs command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6551SA1527jy4wfigs-explicit0Saul took hold of the hem of his robeSaul did this to try to stop Samuel from leaving. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Saul tried to stop him by grabbing the edge of Samuels robe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6561SA1527p8lr0the hem of his robe“the edge of his robe” or “the fringe of his robe”
6571SA1528m2mhfigs-explicit0Yahweh has torn the kingdom of IsraelThis refers back to when Saul tore Samuels robe in [1 Samuel 15:27](../15/27.md). This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Just as you tore my robe, Yahweh has torn the kingdom of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6581SA1528h7h80has given it to a neighbor of yours, one who is better than youGod had already decided who would be the next king after Saul.
6591SA1529el2nfigs-idiom0the Strength of IsraelHere Yahweh is referred to as “the Strength of Israel” because he gives strength to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who is the strength of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6601SA1529f3cafigs-litotes0will not lie nor change his mindThis is stated as a negative to emphasize that God tells the truth. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will always tell the truth and do what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
6611SA1529lt8wfigs-metonymy0his mindThis refers to his thoughts and decisions. Alternate translation: “what he has decided to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6621SA1529cud6figs-litotes0he is not a man, that he should change his mindThis is stated as a negative to emphasize that God is trustworthy. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “he is God, and will do what he says he will do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
6631SA1530x7z10But please honor me now before the eldersSaul may have been more interested in being honored by the people than in actually worshipping God.
6641SA1530ruq1figs-metonymy0before the elders of my people and before IsraelHere “Israel” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “before the people of Israel and the elders who lead them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6651SA1530au2s0Turn again with me“Come back with me” or “Return with me”
6661SA1531evb60So Samuel turned again after SaulThis implies that Samuel changed his mind, and that they went together to where the people were. Alternate translation: “So Samuel finally agreed to do that, and they went together back to where the people were”
6671SA1532n2tg0Agag came to him confined with chains and said“They brought Agag to him bound by chains and Agag said”
6681SA1532u9hsfigs-idiom0Surely the bitterness of death has pastThis idiom appears to mean that Agag no longer thought he would be killed. Alternate translation: “Surely I am no longer in danger or dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6691SA1533dqu4figs-parallelism0As your sword has made women childless, so shall your mother be childless among womenBoth of these phrases have similar meaning and may be intended to be in poetic form. Alternate translation: “Since you have killed people, you will also be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
6701SA1533z9kffigs-euphemism0made women childless, so shall your mother be childlessThis is a polite way of referring to killing people. Alternate translation: “killed the sons of other women, so shall I kill your mothers son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
6711SA1533lwq90Then Samuel chopped Agag to piecesSamuel is the one who completed this task that Yahweh commanded Saul to do. Alternate translation: “Then Samuel cut Agag into pieces with his sword”
6721SA1534p6j7translate-names0Ramah…GibeahThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6731SA1534wed20went up to his house at GibeahGibeah was higher in elevation than Gilgal where Saul and Samuel had been talking.
6741SA1535hha60Samuel did not see Saul until the day of his death“Samuel did not see Saul again for as long as he lived”
6751SA16introabcg0# 1 Samuel 16 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### 1 Samuel 16-31 Saul and David<br>Chapter 16 establishes Gods choice of David to be the next king. David receives the Holy Spirit to empower and guide him as the king. This chapter also records the Holy Spirit leaving Saul because of his disobedience. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### David chosen to be the next king<br>Humans judge others by what they look like, but God judges people by their true inner character. God rejected Davids older brothers in favor of David, who truly loved and obeyed him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>==Rhetorical Question ==<br>God scolds Samuel with this rhetorical question for his unwillingness to accept Gods decision: “How long will you mourn for Saul, since I have rejected him from being king over Israel?” It was wrong to mourn because it was Gods punishment of Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6761SA161ib7tfigs-rquestion0How long will you mourn for Saul, since I have rejected him from being king over Israel?This rhetorical question is a rebuke from God and can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Stop mourning that I rejected Saul from being king over Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6771SA161aav10Fill your horn with oilThe term “horn” was sometimes used to refer to a “flask” that was shaped like a horn and was used for holding water or oil. A flask of oil was used for anointing a king.
6781SA162msu1figs-rquestion0How can I go?Samuel uses a question to emphasize that he is worried about going to Bethlehem. Alternate translation: “I cannot go!” or “I am afraid to go.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
6791SA162a4glfigs-ellipsis0with you and sayYou can state the understood information. Alternate translation: “with you to Bethlehem and say to the people there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
6801SA162t5ycfigs-quotesinquotes0say, I have come to sacrifice to Yahweh.This has a quotation within a quotation. The direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “say to the people there that you have come to sacrifice to Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
6811SA164ead8figs-explicit0The elders of the city were trembling as they came to meet himIt seems the elders were trembling because they were worried that Samuel came to rebuke them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6821SA165tt5tfigs-ellipsis0In peaceThis can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “Yes, I have come in peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
6831SA165a67l0to set…apartTo set someone apart means to get that person ready for Yahwehs purposes by making sure that person is ritually clean according to the law of Moses.
6841SA166jj6a0When they cameHere “they” refers to Jesse and his sons.
6851SA166tns50he looked at EliabHere “he” refers to Samuel.
6861SA166ug8ftranslate-names0EliabThis is the name of Jesses oldest son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6871SA166lj9m0standing before himHere “him” refers to Yahweh.
6881SA167hbc3figs-metaphor0Yahweh does not see as man seesHere “see” means to evaluate something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
6891SA167v16lfigs-123person0For Yahweh does not see…Yahweh looksYahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “For I, Yahweh, do not see…I, Yahweh, look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
6901SA167s3tvfigs-metonymy0on the heartHere “heart” represents a persons inner being. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6911SA168k8wqtranslate-names0AbinadabThis is the name of one of Jesses sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6921SA168qht80made him pass before Samuel“told him to go to Samuel”
6931SA169ex3xfigs-ellipsis0Jesse then made Shammah pass byIt is understood that Shammah passed by Samuel. Alternate translation: “Jesse then made Shammah pass before Samuel” or “Jesse then told Shammah to go to Samuel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
6941SA169xzq5translate-names0ShammahThis is the name of one of Jesses sons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6951SA1611j3g30There remains yet the youngest“There is still my youngest son”
6961SA1611r1tlfigs-ellipsis0we will not sit downIt is understood that they were waiting to sit down and eat. Alternate translation: “we will not sit down to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
6971SA1612ie4h0Now…appearanceThe word “Now” is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator tells about a new person in the story.
6981SA1612ev690this son was ruddyThe word “ruddy” means David was healthy looking.
6991SA1613gsz80the horn of oilThe term “horn” was sometimes used to refer to a “flask” that was shaped like a horn and was used for holding water or oil. A flask of oil was used for anointing a king. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Samuel 16:1](../16/01.md).
7001SA1613r2qgfigs-explicit0Samuel rose up and wentIt is implied that he rose up after they sat down to eat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7011SA1613e73i0The Spirit of Yahweh rushed on DavidThe phrase “rushed on” means Yahwehs Spirit influenced David. In this case it means he enabled David to fulfill whatever Yahweh wanted him to do. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Samuel 10:6](../10/06.md).
7021SA1614a48s0NowThis word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator starts to tell a new part of the story.
7031SA1614thd30harmful spiritThis may refer to either a “spirit that causes trouble” or an “evil spirit.”
7041SA1616y7wpfigs-123person0Let our master now commandThe servants refer to Saul in the third person as “our master.” Alternate translation: “We ask that you, our master, command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
7051SA1616qwf8figs-123person0command your servants who are before you to lookThe servants refer to themselves in the third person as “your servants.” Alternate translation: “command us, your servants who attend to you, to look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
7061SA1616u14z0is on you“troubles you”
7071SA1618jui10a strong, courageous manPossible meanings are (1) “a great warrior” or (2) “a very brave man.”
7081SA1618bp1w0one prudent in speech“one wise in speech” or “one who speaks wisely”
7091SA1618l27kfigs-idiom0Yahweh is with himHere “with him” means Yahweh helps and blesses David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7101SA1621g496figs-go0David came to SaulHere “came” can be translated as “went.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
7111SA1621i2ajfigs-abstractnouns0entered his serviceThe abstract noun “service” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “began to serve him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7121SA1621pq6t0he became his armor bearer“David became Sauls armor bearer”
7131SA1622mk1afigs-idiom0Let David stand before meHere “stand before me” is an idiom that means to continue in Sauls service. Alternate translation: “Let David stay in my service” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7141SA1622b5l4figs-metonymy0he has found favor in my eyesHere “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and “my sight” represents how Saul judges or evaluates David. Alternate translation: “he has found favor in my judgment” or “I am pleased with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7151SA1623c6ip0harmful spiritHere “harmful spirit” may refer to either a “spirit that causes trouble” or an “evil spirit.” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 16:14](../16/14.md).
7161SA1623hnb50was upon Saul“troubled Saul”
7171SA1623pxe5figs-activepassive0Saul would be refreshed and wellThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the music would refresh Saul and make him well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7181SA17introabch0# 1 Samuel 17 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter introduced David as a soldier, a skill that will be important for the rest of his life.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### David kills Goliath<br>Trust in God is more powerful than physical might or military training and equipment. David, trusting in the Lord and armed only with a sling, defeats Goliath who is well-armed and physically strong but who did not believe in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])<br><br>### Uncircumcised<br><br>The people of Israel often used the term “uncircumcised” to refer to Gentiles. Here it is used to describe the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br>David uses rhetorical questions to state his desire to fight the giant: “What will be done for the man who kills this Philistine and takes away the disgrace from Israel? Who is this uncircumcised Philistine that he should defy the armies of the living God?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>His brother uses rhetorical questions to show his disdain for his younger brother, whom he thinks is pretending to be bigger than he really is: “Why did you come down here? With whom have you left those few sheep in the wilderness?” David defends himself with some questions: “What have I done now? Was it not just a question?”<br><br>Goliath also uses a rhetorical question to show his contempt for young David: “Am I a dog, that you come to me with sticks?”
7191SA172z3hptranslate-names0the Valley of ElahThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
7201SA174q4bxtranslate-bdistance0six cubits and a spanA cubit is a unit of measurement equal to about 46 centimeters. A span is a unit of measurement equal to about 23 centimeters. Alternate translation: “about 3 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
7211SA175n5rlfigs-activepassive0he was armed with a coat of chainmailA “coat of chainmail” is a flexible piece of body armor covered with protective scales or small plates. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he protected himself by wearing a coat of chainmail” or “he wore a coat of chainmail” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7221SA175c1zetranslate-bweight0five thousand shekelsA shekel is a unit of weight equal to about 11 grams. Alternate translation: “about 55 kilograms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
7231SA176g2bi0a javelin of bronzeA “javelin” is a small spear that is meant to be thrown.
7241SA177mlr90staff of his spear“the handle of his spear”
7251SA177ddd90loop of cord“rope rolled up into a circle”
7261SA177yeq50His spears head“The point of his spear”
7271SA177ww8ctranslate-bweight0six hundred shekels of ironA shekel is a unit of weight equal to about 11 grams. Alternate translation: “about 7 kilograms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
7281SA178xz35figs-rquestion0Why have you come out to draw up for battle?“Why have you come to fight in battle against us?” Goliath uses this question to mock the Israelites. Alternate translation: “You are fools if you think you can fight in battle against us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
7291SA178sj9bfigs-rquestion0Am not I a Philistine, and are you not servants of Saul?Goliath uses this question to mock the Israelites. When he says that he is a Philistine, he is implying that he is strong. Alternate translation: “I am a great Philistine, and you are merely servants of Saul.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
7301SA1710na9z0I challenge the ranks of Israel“I challenge the army of Israel”
7311SA1711p19l0all IsraelThis refers to the Israelite soldiers who were there.
7321SA1711su45figs-doublet0they were discouraged and greatly afraidThe words “discouraged” and “greatly afraid” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of their fear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
7331SA1712pz4w0He had eight sons“He” refers to Jesse.
7341SA1712apl3figs-parallelism0Jesse was an old man…very old among menThe two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
7351SA1713a3gr0second to him Abinadab, and the third Shammah“Abinadab the second born, and Shammah the third born.” This phrase shows birth order.
7361SA1714kp25figs-explicit0The three oldestThe implied information is that these are the sons of Jesse. Alternate translation: “The three oldest sons of Jesse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7371SA1716wi92translate-numbers0For forty days“For 40 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
7381SA1716vf870to present himself for battle“to show that he was ready to fight”
7391SA1717t66stranslate-bvolume0ephahAn ephah is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
7401SA1718n9trtranslate-numbers0the captain of their thousand“the captain of your brothers thousand.” Possible meanings are (1) the word “thousand” represents the exact amount of soldiers that this captain led. Alternate translation: “the captain of your brothers unit of 1,000 soldiers” or (2) the word translated as “thousand” does not represent exact number, but is the name of a large military division. Alternate translation: “the captain of your brothers military division” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
7411SA1718ms2j0See how your brothers are doing“Check and find out how your brothers are doing”
7421SA1719i8wt0all the men of Israel“all the soldiers of Israel”
7431SA1719fa7etranslate-names0the Valley of ElahThis is the name of a place. See how you translated it in [1 Samuel 17:2](../17/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
7441SA1723xd5y0Goliath by name“whose name was Goliath”
7451SA1723e3lh0came out of the ranks of the Philistines“stepped forward from the Philistines battle line”
7461SA1725nx3gfigs-rquestion0Have you seen this man who has come up?The soldiers were saying this to draw one anothers attention to the man Goliath. Alternate translation: “Look at this man who has come up!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
7471SA1725i1j1figs-explicit0The kingThis refers to the king of Israel. Alternate translation: “Our king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7481SA1725h9r90his daughterThis refers to the kings daughter.
7491SA1725nt1f0to him…his fathers houseThe words “him” and “his” refer to the man who kills Goliath.
7501SA1725d62yfigs-metonymy0will make his fathers house free from taxation in IsraelThe word “house” refers to the household or family. Alternate translation: “will no longer require his family to pay taxes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7511SA1726ys91figs-abstractnouns0takes away the disgrace from IsraelThis can be expressed with the verb “disgrace.” Alternate translation: “stops Israel from being disgraced” or “stops him from disgracing Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7521SA1726vrc8figs-rquestion0Who is this uncircumcised Philistine that he should defy the armies of the living God?David said this to show his anger that this Philistine was defying Gods army. Alternate translation: “This uncircumcised Philistine certainly has no power that he should defy the armies of the living God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
7531SA1726uay20this uncircumcised PhilistineThis phrase is an insult and indicates that Goliath does not belong to the living God.
7541SA1728tmc9figs-metaphor0Eliabs anger was kindled against DavidHere anger is spoken of as if it were a fire that could be kindled. Alternate translation: “Eliab became angry with David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7551SA1728f8iyfigs-rquestion0Why did you come down here?Eliab uses this question to show that he is angry that David came down. He was probably implying that David did not have a good reason for coming. Alternate translation: “You had no good reason to come here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
7561SA1728k8hgfigs-rquestion0With whom have you left those few sheep in the wilderness?Eliab uses this question to insult David by making his work seem unimportant and by accusing him of not taking care of his fathers sheep. Alternate translation: “You simply had the responsibility of watching over a few sheep in the wilderness. You could not even carry out that simple responsibility!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
7571SA1728aj1wfigs-parallelism0your pride, and the mischief in your heartThese two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
7581SA1729m8dzfigs-rquestion0What have I done now? Was it not just a question?David used these questions to express his frustration and to justify himself. Alternate translation: “I have done nothing wrong. I was only asking a question!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
7591SA1730yyw80He turned away from him“He” refers to David and the word “him” refers to Eliab.
7601SA1731q448figs-activepassive0When the words that David said were heardThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When the soldiers heard what David said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7611SA1732h5difigs-metonymy0Let no mans heart failThe heart failing represents being terrified and losing confidence. Alternate translation: “Do not let anyone be terrified” or “Do not let anyone lose their confidence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7621SA1732h1gzfigs-123person0your servant will goDavid spoke of himself as “your servant” to show respect to Saul. Alternate translation: “I, your servant, will go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
7631SA1734ing5figs-123person0Your servant used to keep his fathers sheepDavid spoke of himself as “your servant” to show respect to Saul. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 17:32](../17/32.md). Alternate translation: “I, your servant, used to keep my fathers sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
7641SA1734vkk80used to keep his fathers sheep“used to take care of his fathers sheep”
7651SA1734nm8r0a bearA bear is a large animal with thick fur and long claws and that walks on four legs but can stand on two legs as a person does.
7661SA1735n7yn0chased after him and attacked himHere “him” refers to the lion or bear. Some languages would use the word “it” instead of “him.”
7671SA1735nu940rescued it out of his mouthHere “it” refers to the lamb.
7681SA1735tq7yfigs-idiom0he rose up against meHere “rose up against” is an idiom that refers to attacking. Alternate translation: “it attacked me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7691SA1735n1vn0caught him by his beardThe “beard” refers to the lions mane or the hair on the bears face.
7701SA1736r5kx0Connecting Statement:David continues speaking to King Saul.
7711SA1736q3g30This uncircumcised PhilistineThis phrase is an insult and indicates that Goliath does not belong to the living God. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 17:26](../17/26.md).
7721SA1736dhp40will be like one of themDavid is saying that he will be able to kill the Philistine just as he was able to kill the lion and bear.
7731SA1737hb63figs-metonymy0from the paw of the lion and from the paw of the bearBears and lions use their paws when they attack, so the word “paw” represents the attack. Alternate translation: “from the attack of the lion and from the attack of the bear” or “from the lion and the bear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7741SA1737p2u2figs-metonymy0the hand of this PhilistineThe Philistines hand represents his power in fighting. Alternate translation: “the power of this Philistine” or “the Philistine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7751SA1738zp210coat of chainmaila flexible piece of body armor covered with protective scales or small plates
7761SA1739vaf60his sword on his armor“Sauls sword on the armor”
7771SA1740lb740his staff in his handHere “his” refers to David.
7781SA1740hp450His sling was in his handA sling is a weapon for throwing stones.
7791SA1741n9t40with his shield bearer in front of him“and his shield bearer walked in front of him”
7801SA1742u9pv0he despised him“he hated him”
7811SA1742mb550and ruddy“and healthy looking”
7821SA1743tz3rfigs-metaphor0Am I a dog, that you come to me with sticks?Here a dog represents a small animal that a person can easily kill. The word “sticks” refers to Davids staff and shows Goliaths opinion that it is not a good weapon. Goliath uses this question to accuse David of insulting him. Alternate translation: “You insult me by coming at me with mere sticks as if I were just a dog!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
7831SA1744cc8ifigs-metaphor0I will give your flesh to the birds of the heavens and to the beasts of the fieldGoliath speaks of killing David and leaving his body on the ground for the animals to eat it as if he were to give Davids body to the animals. Alternate translation: “I will kill you, and the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the field will eat your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7841SA1744gkd10birds of the heavens“birds of the sky” or “birds”
7851SA1744np2h0beasts of the field“wild animals”
7861SA1745aq63figs-metonymy0in the name of YahwehHere “name” represents Gods power or authority. Alternate translation: “with the power of Yahweh” or “with the authority of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7871SA1745pku50whom you have defied“whom you have provoked” or “whom you have insulted”
7881SA1746a7g60Connecting Statement:David continues speaking to Goliath.
7891SA1746mcz7figs-metaphor0I will give the dead bodies…to the birds…and to the wild beasts of the earthDavid speaks of leading the Israelites in killing the Philistines and leaving their bodies on the ground for the animals to eat them as if he were to give their bodies to the animals. Alternate translation: “We Israelites will kill the Philistine army, and the birds of the heavens and the wild beasts of the earth will eat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7901SA1746h6s8figs-metonymy0all the earth may knowThe word “earth” refers to the people on earth. Alternate translation: “all the people of the earth may know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7911SA1747mfy6figs-metonymy0Yahweh does not give victory with sword or spearSwords and spears are examples of battle weapons. They represent human ways of fighting. Alternate translation: “The victory that Yahweh gives does not depend on sword and spear” or “when Yahweh gives us victory, he does not depend on how we fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7921SA1747duh1figs-metonymy0the battle is YahwehsWinning the battle is spoken of as owning the battle. Alternate translation: “Yahweh always wins the battle” or “the victory belongs to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7931SA1747n39pfigs-metonymy0he will give you into our handGiving the Philistines into Israels hand represents helping Israel to defeat the Philistines in battle. Alternate translation: “he will help us defeat you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7941SA1750kd4h0David defeated…He hit…killed…There was no sword in Davids handVerse 50 is a summary of Davids amazing victory over Goliath. The details about how he hit and killed Goliath are in [1 Samuel 17:49](../17/49.md) and 17:51. Some languages do not use summary statements like this. In those situations, translators may restructure the verses as they are in the UST.
7951SA1751ifn90Then David ran and stood over the PhilistineDavid did this after Goliath fell to the ground in [1 Samuel 17:49](../17/49.md).
7961SA1751k64x0took his sword“took the Philistines sword.” Here the word “his” refers to Goliath.
7971SA1752c1adfigs-explicit0The dead Philistines lay along the way to ShaaraimIt can be stated clearly that the Israelites were killing the Philistines as they chased them. Alternate translation: “And they killed the Philistines as they chased them, and the bodies of the dead Philistines were on the ground along the way to Shaaraim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7981SA1753sb830they plundered their camp“the Israelites plundered the Philistines camp”
7991SA1754gxy40he put his armor in his tent“he put Goliaths armor in his own tent”
8001SA1755wk2vfigs-events0When Saul saw DavidThe conversation in 17:55-56 happened before David killed Goliath. Alternate translation: “When Saul had seen David” or “Earlier when Saul saw David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
8011SA1755y16z0go out against the Philistine“go to fight against the Philistine”
8021SA1755ynx50whose son is this youth“who is this youths father”
8031SA1755y7mj0As you liveThis was a way of swearing that what he was about to say was true.
8041SA1756nt660whose son the boy is“who the boys father is”
8051SA1757xp4u0in his handHere “his” refers to David.
8061SA1758k63k0Whose son are you“Who is your father”
8071SA1758k6340I am the son of your servant Jesse the Bethlehemite“My father is your servant Jesse, the Bethlehemite”
8081SA1758g6vb0your servant JesseDavid referred to his father as “your servant” to show that his father was faithful to King Saul.
8091SA18introabci0# 1 Samuel 18 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This is the first chapter of a section explaining why Saul wants to kill David.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 18:7.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Saul is jealous of Davids popularity<br>Sauls son, Jonathan, loves David. David is successful in battling the Philistines, and Saul is happy until the women give David more attention than they give him. He fears that David will replace him as king. This is potentially confusing because the author has already established that David will be the next king. It is probably that Saul feared David would kill him in order to be the next king sooner, or that he did not really believe David would be the next king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])<br><br>### Jonathans love of David<br>Some scholars believe Jonathan loved David as a man loves his wife. There is no reason to translate this as if Jonathan were a homosexual. Instead, treat this as a brotherly type of love.
8101SA181w8c4figs-metaphor0the soul of Jonathan was bound to the soul of DavidVery close friendship is spoken of as if it were binding together the souls of two people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Jonathan felt a strong affection towards David” or “Jonathan committed himself to David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8111SA181k383figs-synecdoche0Jonathan loved him as his own soulHere “loved” refers to the love between friends, not romantic love. The word “soul” represents the person or the persons life. Alternate translation: “Jonathan loved David as much as he loved himself” or “Jonathan loved David as he loved his own life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
8121SA183l8pdfigs-synecdoche0Jonathan loved him as his own soulHere “loved” refers to the love between friends, not romantic love. The word “soul” represents the person or the persons life. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 18:1](../18/01.md). Alternate translation: “Jonathan loved David as much as he loved himself” or “Jonathan loved David as he loved his own life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
8131SA185vcr90he succeeded“he prospered”
8141SA185w4mvfigs-metaphor0This was pleasing in the eyes of all the people and also in the sight of Sauls servantsThe phrases “in the eyes of” and “in the sight of” mean the same thing. The opinion of the people is spoken of as something that they view as either good or bad. Alternate translation: “This was pleasing in the opinions of all the people and of Sauls servants” or “This pleased all the people and Sauls servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8151SA186v9fvfigs-hyperbole0from all the cities of IsraelThis is generalization that emphasizes the great number of women who came from many cities. Alternate translation: “from many of the cities throughout Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
8161SA186k1rh0with tambourines, with joy, and with musical instruments“joyfully playing tambourines and other musical instruments”
8171SA186qct50with tambourinesA “tambourine” is a small handheld drum.
8181SA187ii5afigs-ellipsis0David his ten thousandsThe verb may be supplied from the previous line. Alternate translation: “David has killed his ten thousands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
8191SA188lp8i0They have ascribed“They have credited”
8201SA188xi13figs-rquestion0What more can he have but the monarchy?This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The only thing left for him to have is the kingship.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
8211SA1810iyh10a harmful spirit from GodHere “harmful spirit” may refer to either “a spirit that causes trouble” or “an evil spirit.” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 16:15](../16/15.md).
8221SA1810c8qe0a harmful spirit from God rushed upon SaulThe phrase “rushed upon” means the harmful spirit influenced Saul. In this case it means it caused Saul to be troubled and act crazy. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Samuel 10:6](../10/06.md).
8231SA1810me9n0he raved“he acted crazy”
8241SA1812d2h60Yahweh was with him“Yahweh was with David”
8251SA1813a3540So Saul removed him from his presence“So Saul removed David from his presence”
8261SA1813uwr1translate-numbers0a commander of a thousandPossible meanings are (1) the word “thousand” represents the exact amount of soldiers that he would lead. Alternate translation: “a commander of 1,000 soldiers” or (2) the word translated as “thousand” does not represent exact number, but is the name of a large military division. Alternate translation: “a commander of a large military division” See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Samuel 17:18](../17/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
8271SA1813zlq6figs-idiom0David went out and came in before the peopleHere “the people” refers to the soldiers under Davids command. The phrases “went out” and “came in” are idioms that refer to leading the people into battle and leading them home from battle. Alternate translation: “David led his soldiers into battle and led them home from battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8281SA1815cml9figs-idiom0he stood in awe of himHere “stood in awe” is an idiom that means to fear. Alternate translation: “he feared David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8291SA1816bgb3figs-metonymy0all Israel and Judah loved DavidHere “Israel and Judah” represent the people of all of the tribes. Alternate translation: “all the people in Israel and Judah loved David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
8301SA1816c9cefigs-idiom0went out and came in before themThe phrases “went out” and “came in” are idioms that refer to leading the people into battle and leading them home from battle. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 18:13](../18/13.md). Alternate translation: “led his soldiers into battle and led them home from battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8311SA1817ptz6figs-metaphor0Let not my hand be on him, but let the hand of the Philistines be on himHarming someone is spoken of as if it were placing ones hand on that person. Here, Saul is referring to killing David. Alternate translation: “I will not be the one to kill him; I will let the Philistines kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
8321SA1818ij43figs-rquestion0Who am I, and who are my relatives, or my fathers clan in Israel…to the king?David uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that he is not worthy of being Sauls son-in-law. Alternate translation: “I am nobody and neither my relatives nor my fathers family are important enough in Israel…to the king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
8331SA1818hga50son-in-law to the king“husband of the kings daughter”
8341SA1819imc2figs-activepassive0when Merab, Sauls daughter, should have been given to DavidThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when Saul should have given his daughter Merab to David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8351SA1819vdc5figs-activepassive0she was given to AdrielThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Saul gave her to Adriel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8361SA1820hv3f0Michal…loved DavidHere “loved” means she had romantic feelings for David.
8371SA1820vz4x0They told SaulHere “they” refers to people who found out about Michals feelings, not to David and Michal.
8381SA1821dd2efigs-metaphor0that the hand of the Philistines may be against himHarming someone is spoken of as if it were placing ones hand on that person. Here, Saul is referring to killing David. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Samuel 18:17](../18/17.md). Alternate translation: “so that the Philistines may kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
8391SA1821q35l0You will be my son-in-law“You will be the husband of my daughter”
8401SA1822q87c0all his servants love you“all of his servants admire you”
8411SA1822vvh80Now then“For these reasons you should”
8421SA1823eps5figs-rquestion0Is it a small matter to you to be the kings son-in-law, since I am a poor man, and lightly esteemed?David asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that he is not worthy to be the kings son-in-law. Alternate translation: “It is a great matter to be the kings son-in-law, and I am too poor and unimportant for that.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
8431SA1825a18afigs-ellipsis0The king does not desire any price for the bride except a hundred foreskinsThe verb for the second phrase may be supplied from the first. Alternate translation: “The king does not desire any price for the bride; he desires only that you bring to him 100 foreskins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
8441SA1825x1iw0foreskinsThe foreskin is a fold of skin on a mans private part that is removed during circumcision.
8451SA1825wjv8figs-activepassive0to be avenged from the kings enemiesThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to get revenge on the kings enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8461SA1825a2usfigs-euphemism0to make David fall by the hand of the PhilistinesHere “fall” means to die. The phrase “by the hand” is an idiom that tells us the means by which something will happen, in this case, David will be killed by the Philistines. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to have the Philistines kill David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8471SA1827f14utranslate-numbers0two hundred PhilistinesThis can be rendered numerically. Alternate translation: “200 Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
8481SA1827pz310they gave them in full number to the king“David and his men gave all of them to the king”
8491SA1828rjc2figs-doublet0Saul saw, and he knewHere the words “saw” and “knew” share similar meanings and emphasize that Saul knew with certainty. Alternate translation: “Saul recognized” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
8501SA1828ct4a0Michal, Sauls daughter, loved himHere “loved” means she had romantic feelings for David.
8511SA1830z7defigs-metonymy0so that his name was highly regardedHere “name” is a metonym for David. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that people greatly respected David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8521SA19introabcj0# 1 Samuel 19 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God protects David<br>Jonathan persuades Saul not to kill David, but Saul again becomes jealous and orders his servants to bring David to him to be killed. God uses Michal to save David. David flees to Samuel and they begin prophesying. When Saul sends servants to capture David, they begin prophesying. This causes Saul to go himself and he begins to prophesy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
8531SA191zd9j0to all his servantsHere “his” refers to Saul.
8541SA191u5h50took great pleasure in DavidJonathan greatly enjoyed being with David.
8551SA194rf2ufigs-pronouns0Do not let the king sin against his servantJonathan speaks as if Saul is another person to show Saul that Jonathan respects Saul. Alternate translation: “Do not sin against your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
8561SA195z29dfigs-idiom0he took his life in his handHere “life in his hand” is an idiom that refers to risking his life. Alternate translation: “he risked his life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8571SA195q7yafigs-rquestion0Why would you sin against innocent blood by killing David for no reason?Jonathan asks this question to rebuke Saul. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not sin against innocent blood and kill David without cause.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
8581SA195ep2kfigs-metonymy0sin against innocent bloodHere “blood” is a metonym for the life of an innocent person. Alternate translation: “commit the sin of murder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
8591SA196mg7bfigs-activepassive0he will not be put to deathThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not put him to death” or “I will not kill him” or “I will certainly keep him alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8601SA197zv180he was in his presenceDavid was in Sauls presence.
8611SA199bfj90A harmful spirit from YahwehHere “harmful spirit” may refer to either “a spirit that causes trouble” or “an evil spirit.” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 16:14](../16/14.md).
8621SA1910gmw10pin David to the wall with the spearthrow his spear so it would go through David and into the wall
8631SA1911di9d0he might kill him“Saul might kill David”
8641SA1911gt2f0Michal…told himMichal told David
8651SA1911zcu4figs-idiom0If you do not save your lifeHere “save your life” is an idiom that refers to escape. Alternate translation: “If you do not escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8661SA1911www7figs-activepassive0you will be killedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone will kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8671SA1912rx5e0General Information:Michal helps David escape King Saul. She uses a household idol to make Davids bed look like he is sleeping in it.
8681SA1913pt3r0she put a pillow of goats hair at its head, and covered it with the clothesPossible meanings are (1) the head of the idol was lying on the goats hair pillow and Michal dressed the idol in Davids clothes or (2) Michal used Davids clothes as a blanket to completely cover the idol and made the “pillow” of goats hair look like Davids hair sticking out from under the blanket of clothes.
8691SA1914bsi60General Information:Saul acts out his desire to kill David.
8701SA1914ar160take David“take David back to Saul”
8711SA1914er9p0she saidHere “she” refers to Michal.
8721SA1915uu8kfigs-explicit0Bring him up to me in the bedThe reason why the men thought David was in bed can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “If he really is too sick to come to me, bring me the bed with him in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8731SA1916gw7d0pillow of goats hairSee how you translated this in [1 Samuel 19:13](../19/13.md).
8741SA1916mmv50beholdThe word “behold” here shows that the messengers were surprised by what they saw.
8751SA1917gw6jfigs-rquestion0Why have you deceived me and let my enemy go, so that he has escaped?Possible meanings are (1) Saul really wants to know why Michal did what she did or (2) Saul uses this question to rebuke Michal. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not have deceived me and let my enemy go, so that he has escaped.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
8761SA1917g47nfigs-rquestion0Let me go. Why should I kill you?Although David did not actually say this, Michal tells Saul that David threatened her with this question. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will kill you if you do not help me to escape.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
8771SA1918e48b0General Information:David flees to Samuel.
8781SA1918hj2z0NowThis word is used here to show that the writer has started to tell a new part of the story.
8791SA1919v5b7figs-activepassive0It was told to SaulThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told Saul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8801SA1919tg6x0See“Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
8811SA1920a8ajfigs-metonymy0standing as head over themHere “head” refers to a position of authority. Alternate translation: “acting as their leader” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
8821SA1921nrq8figs-activepassive0When Saul was told thisThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When someone told Saul this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8831SA1922l3p8translate-names0Ramah…Seku…NaiothThese are place names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
8841SA1924tj4iwriting-proverbs0This is why they ask, “Is Saul also among the prophets?”This became a proverb among the Israelites. Apparently people said this to express surprise when a person unexpectedly did something that he had not done before. The implied meaning of the question can be stated explicitly. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 10:12](../10/12.md). Alternate translation: “That is the reason that when people see someone doing something that is very unexpected, they say, Is Saul also a prophet?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8851SA1924knd80they askHere “they” refers to people in general. The question became a proverb among the people.
8861SA20introabck0# 1 Samuel 20 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Jonathan warns David<br>David tells Jonathan that Saul is still trying to kill him. Jonathan promises to find out if this is true. When David misses dinner two consecutive days, Saul asks about him. Jonathan says that David went home for an annual sacrifice. Saul gets angry at Jonathan, telling him he will never be king unless they kill David. Saul throws his spear at Jonathan. Jonathan warns David to run away, but first they both promise to always be friends. It was usually a kings son who became king after his death in the ancient Near East. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br>David uses a powerful metaphor and an oath to impress Jonathan with the danger he is in: “But as truly as Yahweh lives, and as you live, there is but a step between me and death.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8871SA201tia6figs-parallelism0What have I done? What is my iniquity? What is my sin before your father, that he seeks to take my life?These three questions mean basically the same thing. David uses them to emphasize that he has done nothing wrong to Saul. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have done nothing wrong. I have not committed any iniquity. I have not sinned against your father. He has no reason to take my life.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
8881SA201g2ibfigs-idiom0that he seeks to take my life?Here “take my life” is an idiom for “kill me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8891SA202e1jefigs-idiom0Far from itHere “far from it” is an idiom that refers to that it is not true. Alternate translation: “This is certainly not true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8901SA202jbn3figs-merism0nothing either great or smallThe words “great or small” include everything in between. Alternate translation: “nothing at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
8911SA202w2w8figs-rquestion0Why should my father hide this thing from me?Jonathan uses this question to emphasize that Saul would have told him if he planned to kill David. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “My father has no reason to hide this thing from me!” or “If this thing were true, my father would certainly let me know!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
8921SA202rpv20It is not so“It is not true”
8931SA203kn7zfigs-metaphor0I have found favor in your eyesHere the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “I have pleased you” or “you consider me favorably” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8941SA203t6czfigs-activepassive0he will be grievedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “this will grieve him” or “he will be very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8951SA203thq7figs-idiom0there is but a step between me and deathHere “step between me and death” is an idiom that refers to being very close to death. Alternate translation: “I am very close to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
8961SA204npf40General Information:David proposes a test against King Saul to Jonathan.
8971SA205pnc80Tomorrow is the new moonOn the first of every month the people would celebrate and offer sacrifices to God.
8981SA205unn40until the third day at evening“until the evening of the day after tomorrow”
8991SA206f9fa0Connecting Statement:Davids continues to describe the test he proposes.
9001SA206a9bs0asked leave of me“asked me if I would allow him to leave”
9011SA207t7n50he says…he is…he has decidedThe word “he” refers to Saul.
9021SA207x3iwfigs-pronouns0your servant will have peaceDavid speaks of himself as if he were another person to show that he respects Jonathan. Alternate translation: “I, your servant, will have peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
9031SA208v33p0Connecting Statement:David continues speaking to Jonathan.
9041SA208avp9figs-pronouns0with your servant…have brought your servantDavid speak of himself in the third person as a form of humility. Alternate translation: “with me, your servant…have brought me, your servant” or “with me…have brought me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
9051SA208ap89figs-explicit0you have brought your servant into a covenant of Yahweh with youWhat it was that the two men agreed on can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh heard you when you made a solemn agreement with me that you and I will always be good friends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9061SA208hbz6figs-rquestion0for why then should you bring me to your father?This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “then there would be no reason for you to bring me to your father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9071SA209ge5bfigs-idiom0Far be it from you!This is an idiom that means it will never happen to you. Alternate translation: “This will never happen to you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
9081SA209lt9vfigs-rquestion0would I not tell you?This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I would certainly tell you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9091SA2012vx7n0see“look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
9101SA2012ld4i0if there is good will“if my father wants to do good things for you”
9111SA2012y3r1figs-rquestion0will I not then send to you and make it known to you?Jonathan uses this question to emphasize that he will tell David if Saul intends to harm him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “then I will certainly send to you and make it known to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9121SA2013yn8nfigs-idiom0may Yahweh do to Jonathan and more alsoThis is an idiom. Jonathan uses this oath for emphasis and speaks of himself as if he were another person. Alternate translation: “may Yahweh do to me whatever harm my father intends to do to you, and even more than that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
9131SA2014q3ac0General Information:Jonathan asks David not to completely kill all his offspring so that a remnant will remain.
9141SA2014az7yfigs-rquestion0will you not show me the covenant faithfulness of Yahweh, that I may not die?Jonathan asks this question to confirm that David will do this. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “please show me the covenant faithfulness of Yahweh, that I may not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9151SA2014q324figs-abstractnouns0show me the covenant faithfulness of YahwehThe abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” Possible meanings for “of Yahweh” are (1) “be faithful to me as Yahweh is faithful” or (2) “be faithful to me as Yahweh requires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
9161SA2016n5b7figs-metonymy0house of DavidThe word “house” is a metonym for the people who live in the house. Alternate translation: “Davids family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9171SA2016wvm6figs-synecdoche0May Yahweh require an accounting from the hand of the enemies of DavidThe hand is a synecdoche for the person. Possible meanings are (1) “May Yahweh use Davids enemies to punish David if David breaks this promise” or (2) “May Yahweh destroy the enemies of David.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
9181SA2017l3ujfigs-synecdoche0he loved him as he loved his own soulHere “his own soul” refers to himself. Alternate translation: “Jonathan loved David as much as he loved himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
9191SA2018f5bifigs-activepassive0You will be missedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “My father will miss you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9201SA2019ki6mfigs-idiom0when the business was in handHere “business was in hand” is an idiom that refers to when everything happened. Alternate translation: “when everything happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
9211SA2019h78ltranslate-names0the stone Ezel“Ezel” was the name of the stone. Alternate translation: “the stone that people call Ezel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9221SA2020dvu10Connecting Statement:Jonathan continues to speak to David.
9231SA2020q6e90to the side of itHere the word “it” refers to the stone by which David was to hide.
9241SA2021z7dp0my young man…the young boyThese refer to the same person.
9251SA2021qr7r0Look“Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
9261SA2021qbg10then come“then you, David, come”
9271SA2022ch370Connecting Statement:Jonathan continues to speak to David.
9281SA2023r1jg0see, YahwehPossible meanings are (1) “we know that Yahweh” or (2) “pay attention because this is important: Yahweh.”
9291SA2023hmt60Yahweh is between you and mePossible meanings are (1) “Yahweh is a witness between you and me” or “Yahweh will be watching how we treat each other” or (2) “May Yahweh be a witness between you and me” or “May Yahweh watch how we treat each other”
9301SA2025upz8translate-manuscripts0Jonathan stood upSome ancient copies have “Jonathan sat across from him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-manuscripts]])
9311SA2026j8dr0He is not clean; surely he is not cleanAccording to the law of Moses, a person who is ceremonially unclean is not to participate in the feast until the priest declares that he is clean. Saul repeats this phrase as if he is trying to convince himself.
9321SA2028e5rh0asked permission from me to go“asked me to allow him to go”
9331SA2029h84jfigs-metaphor0if I have found favor in your eyesHere the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 20:3](../20/03.md). Alternate translation: “I have pleased you” or “you consider me favorably” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9341SA2029j146figs-pronouns0the kings tableJonathan speaks of Saul as if he is another person to show that he respects Saul. Alternate translation: “your table” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
9351SA2030yn6qfigs-metonymy0Sauls anger burned against JonathanHere “anger burned” is a metonym that refers to becoming very angry. Alternate translation: “Saul became very angry with Jonathan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9361SA2030vv24figs-idiom0You son of a perverse, rebellious woman!This is an idiom. Saul uses this phrase as a harsh rebuke to Jonathan and his concern for David. Alternate translation: “You stupid son of a prostitute” or “You stupid traitor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
9371SA2030yr6nfigs-rquestion0Do I not know that you have chosen the son of Jesse…mothers nakedness?Saul uses this question to emphasize that he knows that Jonathan and David are friends. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know that you have chosen the son of Jesse…mothers nakedness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9381SA2030g94gfigs-idiom0to the shame of your mothers nakednessHere “mothers nakedness” is an idiom that refers to the mother who gave birth to you. Alternate translation: “to the shame of your mother who gave birth to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
9391SA2031zl6bfigs-activepassive0neither you nor your kingdom will be establishedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not become king and will not establish your kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9401SA2032ux46figs-rquestion0For what reason should he be put to death? What has he done?Jonathan is trying to get Saul to think carefully about what he is doing. This can be translated as a statement, and the words “should he be put to death” can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have no good reason to put him to death. He has done nothing wrong.” or “You have no good reason to kill him. He has done nothing wrong.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9411SA2034uth1translate-ordinal0the second day of the monthThis “second” is an ordinal number which refers to two. Alternate translation: “the second day of the new moon festival” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
9421SA2034brk4figs-activepassive0he was grieved over DavidThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he was grieving over David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9431SA2034c5bw0had dishonored himHere “him” refers to David.
9441SA2035nwk20a young man was with himHere “him” refers to Jonathan.
9451SA2036l8ci0he shot an arrow beyond him“Jonathan shot an arrow beyond the young man”
9461SA2037d85zfigs-rquestion0Is not the arrow beyond you?Jonathan uses this question to emphasize that the arrow is farther ahead of the young man. The uses of litotes also emphasizes this. The rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should know that the arrow is beyond you.” or “The arrow is far beyond you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
9471SA2038s42f0called after the young man, “Hurry“called out to the young man, who was running away from him, Hurry”
9481SA2041b73c0the moundIt seems that David had hidden behind a pile of earth or stones.
9491SA2041pg9k0lay facedown on the ground, and bowed himself three times.David bowed before Jonathan, who was still the Kings son, worthy of such respect. Also, this was the last time David met with Jonathan.
9501SA2042t28c0May Yahweh be between you and mePossible meanings are (1) “Yahweh is a witness between you and me” or “Yahweh will be watching how we treat each other” or (2) “May Yahweh be a witness between you and me” or “May Yahweh watch how we treat each other.” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 20:23](../20/23.md).
9511SA21introabcl0# 1 Samuel 21 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 21:11.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### David and the chief priest<br>David visits the chief priest and lies to him about being on a special mission for the king. He asks for food, weapons, and prayer. The chief priest gives him some sacred bread and Goliaths sword and prays for him.<br><br>### David and the king of Gath<br>David flees to Gath. The advisers to the king tell him that David is almost the king of Israel. David becomes afraid of the king and pretends to be insane.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br>The king of Gaths advisers use two rhetorical questions to warn him about how dangerous David could be: “Is not this David the king of the land? Did they not sing to one another about him in dances, Saul has killed his thousands, and David his ten thousands?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9521SA211sxr5translate-names0NobThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9531SA211lxn7translate-names0AhimelechThis is a mans name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9541SA211xz590tremblingshaking in fear
9551SA212lr5b0on a mission“to do work for him”
9561SA212hbb30I have directed the young men to a certain place“I have told the young men to go to another place, and I will meet them there later”
9571SA213y8wx0Now thenDavid is starting a new part of the conversation.
9581SA213q67hfigs-metonymy0what do you have on hand?Here “on hand” is a metonym meaning “available.” Alternate translation: “What food do you have that you can give me?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9591SA213r1wi0Give me five loaves of breadThis is a polite request.
9601SA214v42j0ordinary breadbread that the priests have not used in worship
9611SA214a4hhfigs-ellipsis0if the young men have kept themselves from womenThis can be translated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “Your men may eat it if they have not slept with women recently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
9621SA215u5gtfigs-activepassive0women have been kept from usThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “we have kept ourselves from women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9631SA215n9cftranslate-numbers0three days“3 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
9641SA215bl9z0when I set out“when I begin a journey”
9651SA215xaa6figs-activepassive0The things belonging to the men have been set apartThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “The men have set what belongs to them apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9661SA215hx9afigs-activepassive0How much more today will what they have be set apartThis is a statement, not a question. It can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “It is especially true today that they will set apart what they have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9671SA216u4vnfigs-activepassive0the bread that was set apartThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the bread that the priests had set apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9681SA216vbr7figs-activepassive0which was removed from before Yahweh, in order to putThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “which the priests had removed from before Yahweh so that they could put” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9691SA217tmz8figs-activepassive0detained before YahwehPossible meanings are that (1) Doeg had some religious work regarding Yahweh to do there. Alternate translation: “for some work before Yahweh” or (2) Yahweh detained Doeg there. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh had detained him there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9701SA217z642figs-explicit0Doeg…herdsmenYou may need to say clearly that Doeg saw what David did. Alternate translation: “Doeg…herdsmen, and he saw what Ahimelech did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9711SA217zg8gtranslate-names0Doeg the EdomiteThis is the name of a man from the land of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9721SA217ye4p0herdsmenthe keepers and protectors of a herd, especially of cattle or sheep
9731SA218xr45figs-metonymy0Now is there not here on hand any spear or sword?Here “on hand” is a metonym meaning “available.” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 21:3](../21/03.md). Alternate translation: “Do you have a spear or sword that you can give me?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9741SA218wb130weaponsa general name for such things as swords, knives, bows and arrows, and spears
9751SA219rpf7translate-names0Valley of ElahThis is the name of a place in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9761SA2111zg9dfigs-hyperbole0Is not this David, the king of the land?They were probably exaggerating when they said that David was king of the land. They used this question to imply that David was a powerful enemy and Achish should not let him stay there. Alternate translation: “You know that this is David, who is as dangerous as the king of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9771SA2111sc99figs-rquestion0Did they not sing to one another about him in dances, Saul…thousands?This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that when the people of the land were dancing, they sang to each other about him, Saul…thousands.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9781SA2112rqg7figs-metonymy0David took these words to heartHere “took…to heart” is a metonym to think seriously about what was said. Alternate translation: “David thought seriously about what the servants said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9791SA2113ai6nfigs-synecdoche0in their handsHere “hands” are a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “in their presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
9801SA2114w6kdfigs-rquestion0Why have you brought him to me?Possible meanings are (1) Achish demands that his servants explain why they have brought David to him or (2) Achish is scolding them with a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “You should have known not to bring him to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9811SA2115kl34figs-rquestion0Do I lack madmen, so that you have brought this fellow to behave like one in my presence?This rhetorical question is a rebuke. Alternate translation: “There are enough madmen here who waste my time. You should not have brought this fellow to behave like one in my presence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9821SA2115k152figs-rquestion0Will this fellow really come into my house?This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Do not allow this fellow to enter my house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9831SA22introabcm0# 1 Samuel 22 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>There are two stories in this chapter: David gathering a group of followers and Saul having all the priests and their families killed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### David assembles a force of unhappy people<br>David hides in the wilderness, and people in trouble come to him. Soon he has a force of 500 men. The prophet then tells him to leave the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>### Saul and the chief priests family<br>Doeg tells Saul that Ahimelech the priest gave David food and a sword and prayed for him. Saul accuses the priests of encouraging David to rebel. This is a serious accusation because the priests are Gods representatives and are rebelling against Gods king if the accusation is true. Saul has the priests and all their families killed except those who escape to David. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]])
9841SA221wbc20cavea hollow space under the ground, generally opening into the side of a hill, large enough for people to enter
9851SA221h42ftranslate-names0AdullamThis is the name of a town near the city of Gath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9861SA221mjh90heard itheard that David had gone to hide in the cave
9871SA222x1s9figs-hyperbole0Everyone who was in distress…everyone who was discontentedThis is a generalization. Alternate translation: “Many people who were distressed…many people who were unhappy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
9881SA222w6kr0captainmilitary officer who leads soldiers
9891SA222nik2translate-numbers0four hundred“400” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
9901SA223n6gm0Then David went from there“Then David went from the cave at Adullam”
9911SA223tgn5translate-names0MizpahThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9921SA223p6t80go out with youDavid wanted his parents to live with the king of Moab so that King Saul would not be able to harm them. Translators can express his basic meaning by using the ideas of “come to stay with you,” “stay with you,” or “live here with you,” as in the UST.
9931SA225ir3x0go into the land of Judah“go to your home land of Judah”
9941SA225xg56translate-names0HerethThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
9951SA226jvw8figs-activepassive0David had been discovered, along with the men who were with himSaul was most interested in David, so the writer mentions the other men separately. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had discovered where David and all the men who were with him were hiding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9961SA226yk86translate-unknown0the tamarisk treeThis is a type of tree. Alternate translation: “a large shade tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
9971SA226bpn20in RamahRamah is the name of a place in Gibeah. The name means “high place.” Possible meanings are (1) it refers here to the place called Ramah, or (2) it refers to any high place. Alternate translation: “on a hill”
9981SA227h9svfigs-rquestion0Will the son of Jesse give every one of you fields and vineyards?Saul uses a question to emphasize that David, who is from the tribe of Judah, does not desire to do this for the people of the tribe of Benjamin. Alternate translation: “The son of Jesse will not give you fields or vineyards.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
9991SA227ft1bfigs-explicit0Will the son of Jesse giveThe time when he will give can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “When the son of Jesse becomes king, will he give” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10001SA227fhn50the son of Jesse“David”
10011SA227p8rrfigs-rquestion0Will he make you all captains of thousands and captains of hundredsSaul uses a question to emphasize that David, who is from the tribe of Judah, does not desire to do this for the people of the tribe of Benjamin. Alternate translation: “He will not make you captains of thousands and captains of hundreds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10021SA227hy7ffigs-explicit0Will he make you all captainsYou may need to make explicit when he will make them captains. Alternate translation: “When he becomes king, will he make you all captains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10031SA227ktw6translate-numbers0captains of thousands and captains of hundredsPossible meanings are (1) these numbers represent the exact amount of soldiers that these captains led. Alternate translation: “captains of 1,000 soldiers and captains of 100 soldiers” or (2) the words translated as “thousands” and “hundreds” do not represent exact numbers, but are the names of larger and smaller military divisions. Alternate translation: “captains of large military divisions and captains of smaller military divisions” See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Samuel 17:18](../17/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
10041SA228r9wd0Connecting Statement:This continues what Saul said to his servants.
10051SA229e96ptranslate-names0Doeg the EdomiteThis is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 21:7](../21/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10061SA229mj61translate-names0Nob…AhimelechThis is a place name and the name of a man. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 21:1](../21/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10071SA229kcg3translate-names0AhitubThis is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10081SA2210p71d0He prayed to Yahweh that he might help him, and he gave himAhitub prayed to Yahweh that Yahweh might help David, and Ahitub gave David
10091SA2213vs5z0in that you have given“by giving”
10101SA2213rp7f0rise up“rebel” or “fight”
10111SA2214mme1figs-rquestion0Who among all your servants is so faithful as David…house?This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of your servants is as faithful as David…house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10121SA2214iy7u0bodyguarda person or group of people who protect someone
10131SA2214aui9figs-metonymy0is honored in your houseThe word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom your family honors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10141SA2215sq72figs-rquestion0Is today the first time I have prayed to God to help him?Ahimelech asks himself this question before Saul can ask it, then immediately answers it. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is not the first time I have prayed to God to help David.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10151SA2215aw6lfigs-idiom0Far be it from me!This idiom means “Absolutely not!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10161SA2215zpx3figs-123person0Do not let the king impute anything to his servant or to all the house of my father. For your servant knows nothingAhimelech speaks of himself in the third person as the “servant.” Ahimelech also refers to Saul in the third person as “the king.” Ahimelech speaks this way to show respect to Saul. Alternate translation: “Please, King Saul, do not consider me, your servant, or anyone in the house of my father to be guilty. For I know nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
10171SA2215a2490imputeto consider someone guilty
10181SA2215qbw3figs-metonymy0to all the house of my fatherHere “house” represents “family.” Alternate translation: “to all my fathers family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10191SA2216kbw6figs-metonymy0your fathers houseThe word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. Alternate translation: “your fathers family” or “your fathers descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10201SA2217g1gd0the guard that stood around him“the soldiers standing nearby to protect him”
10211SA2217dgp5figs-idiom0Turn and killHere “Turn” means to turn around or turn away from the king. Alternate translation: “Go and kill” or “Kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10221SA2217nr49figs-synecdoche0their hand also is with DavidThe word “hand” is a metonym for the work done with the hand. Alternate translation: “they also help David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
10231SA2217gd4ufigs-metonymy0would not put out their hand to killThe word “hand” is a metonym for the work done with the hand. Alternate translation: “did not do anything to kill” or “refused to kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10241SA2218kxa2figs-idiom0Turn and kill the priests…turned and attacked the priestsHere “Turn” means to turn around or turn away from the king. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 22:17](../22/17.md). Alternate translation: “Go and kill the priests…went and attacked” or “Kill the priest…attacked the priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10251SA2218g41efigs-explicit0Doeg the Edomite turned and attacked…he killedPossible meanings are (1) Doeg killed all the priests himself or (2) the word “Doeg” is a synecdoche for Doeg and the men who went with him. Alternate translation: “Doeg the Edomite and his men turned and attacked…they killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
10261SA2218lsc1translate-names0Doeg the EdomiteThis is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 21:7](../21/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10271SA2218c5xvtranslate-numbers0eighty-five persons“85 men” or “85 priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
10281SA2219qi5dfigs-explicit0He also put to the sword…he put to the swordPossible meanings are (1) Doeg killed all the priests himself or (2) the word “Doeg” is a synecdoche for Doeg and the men who went with him. Alternate translation: “They also put to the sword…they put to the sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
10291SA2219eh6l0put to the sword“killed with the sword”
10301SA2219ru75translate-names0NobNob is the name of a city. Here the name “Nob” represents the people of that city. Alternate translation: “the people in the city of Nob” or “the people of Nob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10311SA2220g9pstranslate-names0AbiatharThis is a mans name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10321SA23introabcn0# 1 Samuel 23 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Saul chases David<br>Saul wants to kill David, but David trusts in God who keeps rescuing him. David rescues the town of Keilah from the Philistines who are stealing their harvest. Saul goes to Keilah to capture David, but David flees to the wilderness near Ziph. When David goes deeper into the wilderness, Saul follows but he has to leave to fight the Philistines who have invaded the land. Sauls pursuit of David shows that Saul cares more about killing his enemies than pleasing God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Synecdoche<br>Jonathan strengthens David with a synecdoche: “For the hand of Saul my father will not find you.” This helps to strengthen Davids faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
10331SA231by75translate-names0fighting against Keilah“Keilah” is the name of a town. Here “Keilah” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “fighting against the people of Keilah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10341SA231g4uk0threshingseparating the grain or seeds, generally from a cereal plant or wheat by some mechanical means
10351SA233e1kxfigs-rquestion0How much more then if we go to Keilah against the armies of the Philistines?This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We will be even more fearful if we go to Keilah to fight the armies of the Philistines.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10361SA235ij1xfigs-synecdoche0went…fought…led…struck…savedThe writer pays the most attention to David, so these words are all singular, though Davids men helped him do all these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
10371SA236jj3stranslate-names0AhimelechThis is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 21:1](../21/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10381SA237fhu9figs-activepassive0Saul was toldThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told Saul” or “They told Saul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10391SA238rz5t0summonedofficially called. The reader should understand that Saul probably told his officials to gather the soldiers. He did not call with a loud voice to get them to come.
10401SA238wdl80all his forces“all his soldiers”
10411SA2310f6990David said“David asked” or “David prayed”
10421SA2310g8imfigs-pronouns0your servant has indeed heardDavid speaks as if he were someone else to show his respect for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I have indeed heard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
10431SA2310cg3l0destroy the citymake the city so no one could live in it and kill all the people who live there
10441SA2311m2bifigs-pronouns0as your servant has heard…tell your servantDavid speaks as if he were someone else to show his respect for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “as I have heard…tell me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
10451SA2311dwu8figs-metonymy0surrender me into his handHere “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “give me over to Saul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10461SA2312p7uu0David saidor “David asked” or “David prayed”
10471SA2312w6q4figs-metonymy0surrender me and my men into the hand of SaulHere “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “give me and my men over to Saul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10481SA2313e3rttranslate-numbers0six hundred“600” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
10491SA2313wu5tfigs-activepassive0It was told SaulThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told Saul” or “They told Saul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10501SA2313zwp40had escaped“had run away from”
10511SA2314xlb4translate-names0wilderness of ZiphThis is the name of a deserted area near the city of Ziph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10521SA2314h9ghfigs-metonymy0did not give him into his handThe word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “did not allow Saul to have power over David” or “did not allow Saul to do as he desired with David” or “did not allow Saul to capture David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10531SA2315mvb2figs-idiom0seek his lifeThis is an idiom. Alternate translation: “try to kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10541SA2315gv8ptranslate-names0HoreshThis is the name of city near Ziph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10551SA2316c2idfigs-idiom0strengthened his hand in GodThis is an idiom. AT “encouraged him to trust in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10561SA2317lm7kfigs-metonymy0For the hand of Saul my father will not find youHere “hand” is a metonym for Saul and his power. Alternate translation: “For Saul my father will not find you” or “For Saul my father will never be able to have power over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10571SA2319zz5ktranslate-names0ZiphitesThis is the name of the people group from Ziph. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10581SA2319t8kpfigs-rquestion0Is not David hiding among us in…Jeshimon?This rhetorical question can be translated as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “David is hiding among us in…Jeshimon!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10591SA2319f1lttranslate-names0the hill of HakilahThis is the name of a hill in the wilderness of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10601SA2319n8vjtranslate-names0JeshimonThis is the name of a desert area near the Dead Sea. It can also be translated as “the Judean Wilderness” or “the wasteland.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10611SA2320tx3qfigs-pronouns0surrender him into the kings handThe word “hand” is a metonym for power. The Ziphites speak to Saul as if he were another man to show him that they respect him. Alternate translation: “give David to you so you can do whatever you desire with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10621SA2321udu8figs-activepassive0May you be blessed by YahwehThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I hope that Yahweh blesses you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10631SA2321yr45figs-abstractnouns0you have had compassion on meThe abstract noun “compassion” can be translated with the adjective “kind.” Saul says this because they had told him about David and they were willing to help Saul capture David. Alternate translation: “you have been kind to me” or “you have kindly told this to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
10641SA2322vg7rfigs-doublet0Learn and find outThese two words mean almost the same thing and can be translated as one phrase. Alternate translation: “Know for sure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
10651SA2322ln650who has seen him“who saw him”
10661SA2322i9bifigs-activepassive0It is told to meThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People tell me” or “I have heard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10671SA2323iy51figs-idiom0among all the thousands of JudahThis is an idiom. Alternate translation: “even if I have to arrest every man in Judah” or “among all the clans of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10681SA2324jfx80Then they rose upThey stopped what they had been doing. The reader should not believe that they were sitting or lying.
10691SA2324dx6t0Then they“Then the Ziphites”
10701SA2324lp4y0ZiphThis is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 23:14](../23/14.md).
10711SA2324q42atranslate-names0JeshimonThis is the name of a desert area near the Dead Sea. It can also be translated as “the Judean Wilderness” or “the wasteland.” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 23:19](../23/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10721SA2324ij6rtranslate-names0the wilderness of MaonThis is the name of the deserted area around the city of Maon in southern Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
10731SA2325wnj2figs-activepassive0David was told of itThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told David that they were coming” or “David learned that they were coming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10741SA2325r4x50rocky hilla hill covered with many rocks or boulders
10751SA2327j8yvfigs-hendiadys0Hurry and comeThe words “hurry” and “come” can be combined into one idea. Alternate translation: “Come quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
10761SA2328fy6k0pursuing David“chasing David, trying to catch him”
10771SA2328qaa20Rock of Escapea memorial or marker of Davids escape from Saul
10781SA24introabco0# 1 Samuel 24 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>Even though Saul tries again and again to kill David, David does not avenge himself on Saul because God had chosen Saul as king. This is meant to contrast with Sauls treatment of David, the future king. Saul represents the king the people wanted, a selfish man. David is the king God wanted, a godly man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])
10791SA241li61figs-activepassive0he was toldThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone told him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10801SA241b3630wilderness of EngediEngedi is a place in Israel west of the Dead Sea where there is water with dry land all around it.
10811SA242fgt3translate-numbers0three thousand3,000 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
10821SA242wu590chosen menmen whom he had chosen because of their superior military abilities
10831SA243i1mn0sheep pens“sheep corrals” or “sheep enclosures”
10841SA243n5xbfigs-euphemism0cover his feetThis is a euphemism for “relieve himself” or “defecate” or “empty his intestines.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
10851SA243d5rh0cavegenerally a natural hole under the ground, often with an opening in the side of a hill or cliff
10861SA244g5syfigs-idiom0David arose and quietly creptThe word “arose” is an idiom for taking action. Alternate translation: “David took action; he quietly crept” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10871SA244q3ls0creptapproached slowly, carefully or quietly
10881SA245c41tfigs-idiom0Davids heart afflicted himThis is an idiom. Alternate translation: “David was sad because he had done something wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10891SA246w1fa0Yahwehs anointed“the one whom Yahweh has chosen to lead his people” or “the one Yahweh has made king”
10901SA246p9l3figs-metonymy0to put out my hand against himThe hand is a metonym for the ability to cause harm. Alternate translation: “to harm him in any way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10911SA249n22dfigs-rquestion0Why do you listen to the men who say, See, David is seeking your harm?This is a rhetorical question. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not listen to the men who say, See, David is seeking to harm you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10921SA2410v731figs-synecdoche0your eyes have seenHere “your eyes” represent King Saul. Alternate translation: “you have seen with your own eyes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
10931SA2410xib3figs-metonymy0put you into my handThe word “hand” is a metonym for control. Alternate translation: “put you where I could kill you or allow you to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10941SA2411t3q90my fatherSaul was not Davids real father. David calls him “father” to show that he respects Saul.
10951SA2411dhu3figs-metaphor0there is no evil or treason in my handDavid speaks as if evil and treason were physical objects he could hold in his hand. Here “hand” represents a person acting or doing something. Alternate translation: “I have done no evil deed against you, nor have I rebelled against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10961SA2412f9tqfigs-metonymy0my hand shall not be against youThe hand is a metonym for the ability to cause harm. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Samuel 24:6](../24/06.md). Alternate translation: “I will not harm you in any way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10971SA2413wss6figs-nominaladj0ancientsThis nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “people who lived long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
10981SA2414ng1tfigs-rquestion0After whom has the king of Israel come out? After whom do you pursue?These rhetorical questions can be translated as statements. When David asks the questions, he knows that he will answer the questions himself. Alternate translation: “Let me tell you who the king of Israel has come out after. Let me tell you who it is that you are pursuing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
10991SA2414jfp1figs-metaphor0After a dead dogThe words “dead dog” are a metaphor for a powerless person. This sentence can be made complete. Alternate translation: “You are pursuing a person who is as powerless as a dead dog” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
11001SA2414u7shfigs-metaphor0After a fleaThe word “flea” is a metaphor for a person whom others do not consider important. Alternate translation: “You are pursuing a person who is as unimportant as a flea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
11011SA2415cbv20see to it, and plead my causePossible meanings are (1) “do what is right, and plead my cause” or (2) “see that my cause is right and fight for me.”
11021SA2415g89cfigs-metonymy0from your handThe word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “so that you have no power over me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11031SA2416wzm1figs-metaphor0my son DavidSaul speaks as if David were his son to show David that he loves him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11041SA2416jg3pfigs-metaphor0lifted up his voice and weptThe writer writes as if a voice were something a person could lift up with his hands. Alternate translation: “wept loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11051SA2418vh220you have done good to meSaul acknowledges that David did show that he supported King Saul and was loyal to him by not killing him.
11061SA2418p9310for you did not kill me when Yahweh had put me at your mercySaul acknowledges that David chose to show mercy and demonstrated his loyalty to King Saul as Yahwehs anointed.
11071SA2419s8iefigs-rquestion0For if a man finds his enemy, will he let him go safely?A rhetorical question with the answer included in the question. Alternate translation: “For if a man finds his enemy, he will not let him go safely.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
11081SA2419p5v50For if a man finds his enemy, will he let him go safely?Where Saul had believed David was his enemy, he learns that even though David will be king, David will not take over the throne from Saul by force, but will wait for Yahwehs appointed time.
11091SA2420j61ifigs-activepassive0the kingdom of Israel will be established in your handThis can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are (1) David will cause the kingdom of Israel to prosper through his power as king. Alternate translation: “the kingdom of Israel will prosper as you rule the Israelite people” or (2) Yahweh will cause David to have complete control over the kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “you will have complete rule over the kingdom of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11101SA2420ge3ufigs-metonymy0in your handThe word “hand” is a metonym that represents power or control. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11111SA2421lj2i0you will not cut off my descendants after me“you will not kill my sons and their families.” It was common for a new king who was not from the previous family line to kill off all the children of the former king to prevent any of them from challenging him for the throne.
11121SA2421hr5ufigs-metonymy0you will not destroy my name out of my fathers houseIt is important for each family in Israel to have descendants from generation to generation carrying on the family name and land inheritance. Alternate translation: “you will not destroy my family and descendants” or “you will allow my family to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11131SA2422yhv60David and his men“David and his army”
11141SA25introabcp0# 1 Samuel 25 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Revenge<br>When David decides to kill all of the men in Nabals household, Abigail convinces David not to avenge himself but to leave revenge to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])
11151SA251nvn1figs-hyperbole0All Israel gathered together and mourned for himThis is likely a generalization. A large number of the people of Israel were probably there, but some were probably unable to attend. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
11161SA251xdb30gathered together“met together”
11171SA251n1il0buried him in his house at RamahPossible meanings are that they buried Samuel (1) in his home town of Ramah or (2) on his familys land in Ramah but not physically in the house or (3) in his house in Ramah.
11181SA251l3mw0David rose and went down“David and his men moved on and they went down”
11191SA252na8t0There was a man in Maon, whose possessions were in Carmel. The man was very wealthy.Some translators may need to put the ideas in these verses in a different order. Alternate translation: “There was a very wealthy man in Maon whose possessions were in Carmel.”
11201SA252alm4translate-names0MaonThis is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11211SA252l859translate-names0CarmelThis is the name of a town. This is different from Mount Carmel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11221SA252v9dytranslate-numbers0three thousand3,000 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
11231SA252h7hvtranslate-numbers0one thousand1,000 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
11241SA252e5y90shearing his sheep“shaving the wool off his sheep”
11251SA253b2de0The mans name was Nabal, and the name of his wife was Abigail. The woman was intelligent and beautiful in appearance. But the man was harsh and evil in his dealings. He was a descendant of the house of Caleb.This verse give some background information about the man Nabal and his character. Some translators may need to put the ideas in this verse in a different order. Alternate translation: “Now the man was a descendant of the house of Caleb. His name was Nabal, and the name of his wife was Abigail. She was intelligent and beautiful in appearance. But the man was harsh and evil in his dealings.”
11261SA253h65ttranslate-names0NabalThis is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11271SA253s9jatranslate-names0AbigailThis is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11281SA253r2tpfigs-metonymy0He was a descendant of the house of CalebHere “house” represents family. Alternate translation: “He was a descendant of the family of Caleb” or “He was a descendant of Caleb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11291SA254j27u0shearing his sheep“shaving the wool off his sheep”
11301SA255lq450greet him in my name“greet him as I would greet him if I were there”
11311SA256n38gfigs-abstractnouns0Live in prosperity“I desire that you may live in prosperity.” The abstract noun “prosperity” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I desire that you possess many good things as long as you live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11321SA256x8p80Peace to you and peace to your house, and peace be to all that you have“I desire that peace may come to you, your household and your possessions”
11331SA257u29d0you have shearers“your shearers are working” or “your shearers have sheep to shear.” David wants his men to speak so that Nabal understands that his sheep were well because Davids men helped guard them.
11341SA257d9sifigs-litotes0we did them no harm, and they missed nothingDavid is pointing out how he and his men offered protection to Nabals servants and flocks. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “we kept them and all their property from harm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
11351SA258yvj1figs-metaphor0let my young men find favor in your eyesHere the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “may you be pleased with my young men” or “may you consider my young men favorably” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11361SA258kzp80to your servantsDavid was expressing respect toward Nabal by calling his men Nabals servants.
11371SA258z6jm0your son DavidDavid spoke as if he were Nabals son to show that he respected Nabal, who was an older man.
11381SA259k52k0Davids young men“Davids army”
11391SA259am5l0said all of this to Nabal on Davids behalf“gave Nabal Davids complete message”
11401SA2510zp6rfigs-rquestion0Who is David, and who is the son of Jesse?Nabal used questions to emphasize that he had no reason to help Daved. These two rhetorical questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “This David son of Jesse you speak of—I do not know him.” or “I do not know who this David is, so I will not do as he says. I do not know who Jesse is, so I do not care what happens to his son.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
11411SA2510aj230breaking away from“running away from” or “rebelling against”
11421SA2511c5xdfigs-idiom0my breadHere “bread” is an idiom for any kind of food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11431SA2511f6310men who come from I do not know where“men when I do not know where they have come from” or “men whom I do not know”
11441SA2512b8irfigs-activepassive0that was saidThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that Nabal had said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11451SA2513lxp60said to his men“said to his army”
11461SA2513pbs3figs-metonymy0“Every man strap on his sword.” So every man strapped on his sword. David also strapped on his swordIf swords are not known in your language, you can treat “strap on his sword” as a metonym meaning to prepare for war. Alternate translation: “Every man, prepare for war. And every man prepared for war. David also prepared for war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11471SA2513gl14translate-numbers0four hundred400 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
11481SA2513j4qdtranslate-numbers0two hundred200 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
11491SA2513h5qa0stayed by the baggageThey remained at their base camp to prevent other raiders from stealing their possessions.
11501SA2514y9qifigs-explicit0But one of the young men told Abigail, Nabals wifeYou may need to make explicit what the young man did before he spoke with Abigail. Alternate translation: “One of Nabals servants found out what David and his men were planning to do, so he went to Nabals wife Abigail” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11511SA2515pr5ifigs-activepassive0We were not harmedThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Nobody harmed us” or “We were safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11521SA2515p6bs0did not miss anything as long as we went with them“we did not lose anything when we were with them.” Davids men kept wild animals and other people from stealing Nabals flocks.
11531SA2516ibg5figs-metaphor0They were a wallDavids men were like a wall around a city that protects the people in the city from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11541SA2517r8ecfigs-activepassive0evil is plotted against our masterThe speaker is careful not to name the one plotting the evil. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone is plotting to do evil things to our master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11551SA2517gu63figs-pronouns0our masterThe speaker speaks of David as if David were another person to show that he respects David. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
11561SA2518y9citranslate-numbers0two hundred200 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
11571SA2518av2lfigs-explicit0loavesA loaf is like a cake. You may need to make explicit what the loaves consisted of. Alternate translation: “loaves of bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11581SA2518b23p0already prepared“that someone had already cooked” or “ready for someone to cook”
11591SA2518pl3ftranslate-bvolume0measuresThis is a generic term as none is given. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
11601SA2518e7nf0parched grain“grain that someone had cooked”
11611SA2518twx70clusters of raisins“cakes of raisins” or “masses of raisins”
11621SA2520d3l80David and his men“David and his army”
11631SA2520wcs50by the cover of the mountainPossible meanings are (1) into a low, narrow stream bed or (2) to where the men were hiding.
11641SA2521h5uvwriting-background0The writer gives background information before he continues with the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
11651SA2521nzw10Now David had said, “Surely…for good.The reader needs to understand that David had said these things before he said, “Every man strap on his sword” in [1 Samuel 25:13](../25/13.md).
11661SA2521vv7p0Now DavidThe word “Now” shows that the writer has stopped writing about Abigail and started writing about David.
11671SA2521n566figs-litotes0nothing was missed of all that belonged to himThis can be stated positively and in active form. Alternate translation: “he still has everything that was his” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11681SA2522zn6m0May God do so to me…belong to himThe reader needs to understand that David had said these things before he said, “Every man strap on his sword” in [1 Samuel 25:13](../25/13.md).
11691SA2522cg4h0May God do so to me, DavidThe Hebrew text has “May God strike the enemies of David,” and some versions follow this. However, the reading of the ULT follows the main Greek tradition of the Old Testament, as some other modern versions do.
11701SA2522l2bk0all who belong“all the people who belong to him” or “those in his family”
11711SA2523l6e2writing-background0The writer has finished giving background information, so he continues the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
11721SA2523l5ga0lay before David facedown and bowed herself to the groundAbigail was being humble and showing that she would obey David because he was a powerful leader.
11731SA2524c4nh0listen to“hear”
11741SA2524ljp8figs-pronouns0my master…your servant…words of your servant“David…me…my words.” Abigail speaks of herself and David as if they are two other people, to show that she respects David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
11751SA2525zt8e0Connecting Statement:Abigail continues to advise David not to take revenge.
11761SA2525q94vfigs-pronouns0Let not my master regard…I your servant…the young men of my masterAbigail speaks of herself and David as if they are other people to show that she respects David. Alternate translation: “Do not regard…I…your young men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
11771SA2525zwq8figs-explicit0But I…did not see…whom you sentYou may need to make explicit what Abigail would have done. Alternate translation: “But if I…had seen…whom you sent, I would have given them food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11781SA2526b9lx0Connecting Statement:Abigail continues to advise David not to take revenge.
11791SA2526tc8rfigs-pronouns0my master…my masterAbigail speaks of David as if he is another person to show that she respects David. Alternate translation: “David…you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
11801SA2526j7ne0bloodshedmurder
11811SA2526j55qfigs-metonymy0avenging yourself with your own handThe hand is a metonym for what a person does with the hand. Abigail assumes that David should allow Yahweh to take vengeance for him. Alternate translation: “taking vengeance yourself instead of letting Yahweh do it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11821SA2526p12kfigs-explicit0let your enemies…be like NabalAbigail speaks as if Yahweh has already punished Nabal. Alternate translation: “I hope that Yahweh will punish your enemies…as he will punish Nabal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
11831SA2527s1mh0Connecting Statement:Abigail continues to tell David not to be angry.
11841SA2527lh33figs-activepassive0let this present that your servant has brought to my master be given to the young menAbigail uses the passive to show her respect for David. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “please give this present, which your servant has brought to my master, to the young men” or “please let my master give this present, which your servant has brought to my master, to the young men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11851SA2527ew7h0this present“these gifts.” The “present” was actually many different things.
11861SA2527yj2zfigs-pronouns0your servant has…my master…my masterAbigail speaks of herself and David as if they are two other people to show that she respects David. Alternate translation: “I have…you…you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
11871SA2528lg880Connecting Statement:Abigail continues to reason with David.
11881SA2528m9shfigs-pronouns0the trespass of your servant…my master…my master isAbigail speaks of herself and David as if they are two other people, to show that she respects David. Alternate translation: “my trespass…you…you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
11891SA2528iqt4figs-idiom0Yahweh will certainly make my master a sure houseHere “house” is an idiom used for “descendants.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh will ensure that my master always has a descendant who serves as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11901SA2528qq1m0fighting the battles of Yahweh“fighting against Yahwehs enemies”
11911SA2528cd6hfigs-activepassive0evil will not be found in youThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever see you do any evil thing” or “you will never do anything evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11921SA2529k6qw0Connecting Statement:Abigail continues to reason with David.
11931SA2529aql50pursuechase and try to catch
11941SA2529pf24figs-metaphor0the life of my master will be bound in the bundle of the living by Yahweh your GodAbigail speaks of Davids life as if it were a long and thin object that a person could put with other long and thin objects and then tie together into a bundle with a rope. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God will bind the life of my master in the bundle of the living” or “Yahweh your God will keep you alive with those who are alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11951SA2529tyz3figs-pronouns0the life of my masterAbigail speaks of herself and David as if they are two different people to show that she respects David. Alternate translation: “your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
11961SA2529m3ubfigs-metaphor0he will sling away the lives of your enemies, as from the pocket of a slingAbigail speaks of Davids enemies lives as if they were small objects like a stone that could be put in a sling and shot a long distance. Alternate translation: “he will kill your enemies as easily as a man slings a stone a long distance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11971SA2529mm760a slinga piece of animal skin with long cords at both ends in which a person can put a stone or other small, hard object and throw it a long distance
11981SA2530u6qu0Connecting Statement:Abigail continues to reason with David.
11991SA2530m21ufigs-pronouns0my masterAbigail speaks of David as if he is another person, to show that she respects David. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
12001SA2531lm3s0Connecting Statement:Abigail finishes reasoning with David.
12011SA2531wg25figs-litotes0This will not be a staggering burden for you—that you have poured out innocent blood, or because my master attempted to rescue himselfAbigail is stating that if David chooses not to take revenge he will have a clear conscience when Yahweh makes him king of Israel. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “You will always be glad you acted as you did-that you have not poured out innocent blood, or because my master did not attempt to rescue himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
12021SA2531bql2figs-pronouns0my master…himself…my master…your servantAbigail speaks of herself and David as if they are two other people, to show that she respects David. “you…yourself…you…me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
12031SA2531m9fd0when Yahweh will do good for my masterThat is, when Yahweh actually makes him king after Sauls reign is over.
12041SA2532i5t40General Information:David accepts Abigails counsel and gifts.
12051SA2532ze7afigs-activepassive0May Yahweh…be blessed, he whoThis can be translated in active form. Possible meanings are (1) “I praise Yahweh…who” or (2) “May all people praise Yahweh…who.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12061SA2533xel2figs-activepassive0Your wisdom is blessed and you are blessed, becauseThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I thank Yahweh because he has blessed you by making you wise and because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12071SA2533m4g60bloodshedmurder. The same word appears in [1 Samuel 25:26](../25/26.md).
12081SA2533er78figs-metonymy0with my own handThe word “hand” here is a metonym for the action taken by the hand. Alternate translation: “by my own actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
12091SA2534hb7b0General Information:David accepts Abigails gifts and agrees to do as she has advised him.
12101SA2534wl4xfigs-activepassive0there would certainly have not been left to Nabal so much as one male babyThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would not have left to Nabal even one male baby” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12111SA2535d94hfigs-idiom0received from her handThis is an idiom. Abigail did not unload all gifts from the donkeys herself. Alternate translation: “accepted all the gifts that she had brought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
12121SA2535uy5nfigs-metonymy0have listened to your voiceThe word “voice” is a metonym for the message the person speaks and a synecdoche for the person who speaks. Alternate translation: “have listened to what you have told me” or “will do as you have advised me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
12131SA2536n4cq0morning lightdawn
12141SA2536l1ya0Nabals heart was merry within himNabal was very happy
12151SA2537l6bf0General Information:Yahwehs judgment on Nabal
12161SA2537u2tf0the wine had gone out of NabalNabal was no longer drunk and so was no longer feeling happy.
12171SA2537g4h60his heart died within himNabal was unable to move because was so afraid that he was no longer physically healthy, probably because he had suffered a stroke.
12181SA2539y8vj0General Information:David offers to protect Abigail by marrying her.
12191SA2539ir6zfigs-activepassive0May Yahweh be blessedThis can be translated in active form. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 25:32](../25/32.md). Possible meanings are (1) Alternate translation: “I praise Yahweh” or (2) Alternate translation: “May all people praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12201SA2539j9hlfigs-idiom0has taken up the cause of my insult from the hand of NabalThis is an idiom. Alternate translation: “has defended me after Nabal insulted me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
12211SA2539n5tdfigs-activepassive0has taken up the cause of my insultThe abstract nouns “cause” and “insult” can be translated as verbs. Possible meanings are (1) Alternate translation: “has shown that what I was doing was right by punishing Nabal for insulting me” or (2) Alternate translation: “has acted, when Nabal insulted me, as if Nabal had insulted him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12221SA2539w9kjfigs-pronouns0has kept back his servant from evilDavid speaks as if he were another person to show his respect for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “has kept me back from doing evil deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
12231SA2539cq6pfigs-abstractnouns0has turned Nabals evil action back on his own headThe abstract noun “action” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “has done to Nabal what Nabal planned to do to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12241SA2539lb46figs-synecdoche0on his own headThe head is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “on him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
12251SA2539ci9pfigs-ellipsis0sent and spoke to Abigail, to take her to himself as wifeYou may make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “sent men to speak to Abigail and tell her that David wanted to take her to be his wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
12261SA2541nmv3figs-metonymy0She arose, bowed herselfAbigail responded by bowing. The reader should understand that she was probably already standing when the men were talking to her in [1 Samuel 25:40](../25/40.md), and so the word “arose” is a metonym for deciding to bow down. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
12271SA2541iqu6figs-pronouns0See, your female servant is a servant to wash the feet of the servants of my masterAbigail speaks as if she were another person to show that she is humble. She shows that she desires to be Davids new wife by offering to wash the feet of Davids servants. Alternate translation: “See, I will serve you, the servants of my master David, by washing your feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
12281SA2542ays4figs-explicit0hurried and arose, and rodeYou may need to make explicit what Abigail did after she arose and before she rode. Alternate translation: “quickly did what she needed to do to prepare for the journey, and then she rode” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12291SA2542hv4c0five servant girls of hers who followed herAbigail was riding a donkey, but the servant girls were walking.
12301SA2543qn8twriting-background0Now David had also taken AhinoamThis event took place before David married Abigail. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
12311SA2543fx9vtranslate-names0AhinoamThis is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12321SA2544t45uwriting-background0Saul had given MichalThis event took place before David married Abigail. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
12331SA2544eld8translate-names0MichalThis is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12341SA2544rm51translate-names0Paltiel…LaishThese are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12351SA2544qbi9translate-names0GallimThis is a town north of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12361SA26introabcq0# 1 Samuel 26 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Vengeance<br>David has another opportunity to kill Saul but he refuses to kill the one God had chosen as king. This contrasts with Saul, who tried to find David and kill him. Saul came to admit that David was more righteous than he was because he did not kill his enemy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical question<br>David put his reason for not killing Saul in a rhetorical question: “Do not destroy him; for who can extend his hand against Yahwehs anointed one and be guiltless?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12371SA261xrk7figs-rquestion0Is not David hiding…Jeshimon?This rhetorical question can be translated as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “David is hiding…Jeshimon!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12381SA261u73j0before Jeshimon“from which we can see Jeshimon”
12391SA261x3kjtranslate-names0JeshimonThis is the name of a desert area near the Dead Sea. It can also be translated as “the Judean Wilderness” or “the wasteland.” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 23:19](../23/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12401SA262xlu2figs-idiom0Then Saul arose and wentThe word “arose” is an idiom for taking action. Alternate translation: “Then Saul took action and he went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
12411SA262bq6itranslate-numbers0three thousand3,000 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
12421SA262em7t0chosen menmen whom he had chosen because of their superior military abilities
12431SA263bg6j0before Jeshimon“from which they could see Jeshimon”
12441SA263x3katranslate-names0JeshimonThis is the name of a desert area near the Dead Sea. It can also be translated as “the Judean Wilderness” or “the wasteland.” See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 23:19](../23/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12451SA265m1dq0David arose and went“David took action and he went”
12461SA265m7extranslate-names0Abner…NerThese are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12471SA266zm97translate-names0Ahimelech…AbishaiThese are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12481SA266kzq7translate-names0ZeruiahThese are the names of women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12491SA266fp9z0go down…toDavid and his men were probably on higher ground than Saul.
12501SA266n7u20I! I will go down“I want to be the one who goes down”
12511SA268m51qfigs-metonymy0God has put your enemy into your handAbishai speaks as if the enemy were a small object that God had put into Davids hand. The word “hand” is a metonym for the power the hand can wield. Alternate translation: “God has given you complete control over your enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
12521SA268lze4figs-metonymy0pin him to the ground with the spearThis is a metonym that refers to “kill with a spear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
12531SA268n3y80I will not strike him a second time“I will kill him the first time I strike him” or “I will not need to strike him a second time”
12541SA269ph1tfigs-rquestion0who can extend his hand against Yahwehs anointed one and be guiltless?This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. This can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “No one can strike Yahwehs anointed one and be without guilt.” or “Anyone who strikes Yahwehs anointed one will be guilty of murder.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
12551SA2610c39s0As Yahweh lives“as certainly as Yahweh lives” or “as surely as Yahweh lives”
12561SA2610s6yk0his day will come to die“he will die a natural death”
12571SA2611gt6bfigs-metonymy0extend my hand againstThe hand is a metonym for the harm a hand can do. Alternate translation: “do anything to harm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
12581SA2611q6tyfigs-inclusive0let us goDavid includes Abishai, so the word “us” here is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
12591SA2612mj5c0a deep sleep from Yahweh had fallen on themYahweh had caused them to sleep deeply.
12601SA2614qg15figs-rquestion0Do you not answer, Abner?David uses a question to shame Abner into answering. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Answer me, Abner!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12611SA2614i2zz0David shouted“David spoke as loudly as he could” so Saul and his men could hear him
12621SA2615e3xdfigs-rquestion0Are not you a courageous man?David uses a question to rebuke Abner for not guarding Saul. Alternate translation: “You are a very brave man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12631SA2615it27figs-rquestion0Who is like you in Israel?David uses a question to rebuke Abner for not guarding Saul. Alternate translation: “You are the greatest soldier in Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12641SA2615b9q7figs-rquestion0Why then have you not kept watch over your master the king?Possible meanings are (1) this is a real question and David wants Abner to answer him or (2) this is a rhetorical question and David is rebuking Abner. Alternate translation: “Therefore you should have kept watch over your master the king!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12651SA2617d5y6figs-metaphor0my sonSaul was not Davids true father. Saul speaks as if he were Davids father to show David that he wants David to trust and respect him as David would trust and respect his own father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12661SA2618n2yffigs-rquestion0Why does my master pursue his servant?Possible meanings are (1) David really does want Saul to answer the question or (2) this rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “My master has no reason to pursue his servant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12671SA2618ah3mfigs-123person0Why does my master pursue his servant?Here David speaks of Saul in third person calling him “my master,” and he speaks of himself in third person calling himself “his servant.” David speaks this way to show respect to Saul. Alternate translation: “Why are you, my master, pursuing me, your servant?” or “Why are you pursuing me?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
12681SA2618ljv3figs-rquestion0What have I done?Possible meanings are (1) David really does want Saul to answer the question or (2) this rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that I have done nothing to harm you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12691SA2618q2fgfigs-metonymy0What evil is in my hand?This speaks of evil as if it were an object that is held in the hand. Here “hand” represents a person acting or doing something. Possible meanings are (1) David really does want Saul to answer the question. Alternate translation: “What have I done wrong?” or (2) this rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have done nothing wrong!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
12701SA2619xsj9figs-pronouns0you, let my master the king listen to the words of his servantDavid speaks as if he and the king were other people to show respect to Saul. Alternate translation: “you my king, listen to my words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
12711SA2619xi810stirred you up against me“caused you to be angry with me”
12721SA2619sn5dfigs-explicit0let him accept an offeringYou may need to make explicit the reason he will give an offering. Alternate translation: “I will give him an offering so he will no longer cause you to be angry with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
12731SA2619t9dxfigs-activepassive0may they be cursed in the sight of YahwehThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “may Yahweh decide to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12741SA2619fre10for they have today driven me out, that I should not cling to the inheritance of Yahweh; they have said to me, Go worship other gods.“for they have today driven me out. It is as if they want me to stop clinging to the inheritance of Yahweh. It is as if they have said to me, Go worship other gods.’”
12751SA2619h8280that I should not cling to the inheritance of Yahweh“so that I will no longer trust that Yahweh will give me what he has promised me”
12761SA2620r1qcfigs-pronouns0the king of Israel hasDavid speaks as if the king was another person to show respect to Saul. Alternate translation: “you have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
12771SA2620dm6ifigs-euphemism0do not let my blood fall to the earthThis is a polite way of saying “do not kill me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
12781SA2620km1gfigs-metaphor0the one fleaDavid uses the word “flea” as a metaphor for a person, himself, who cannot do any great harm. Alternate translation: “this single flea” or “me, and I cannot harm you any more than one flea can” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12791SA2620ua6efigs-simile0as when one hunts a partridge in the mountainsSaul is chasing David as if he were hunting a valuable wild bird. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
12801SA2621w8jk0ReturnPossible meanings are (1) “Return to serve me in my palace” or (2) “Return to your home.”
12811SA2621l7a6figs-metaphor0my sonSaul was not Davids true father. Saul speaks as if he were Davids father to show David that he wants David to trust and respect him as David would trust and respect his own father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12821SA2621sy9ufigs-metaphor0my life was precious in your eyes todayHere the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “today you have considered my life to be very valuable” or “today you showed me that you really do respect me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12831SA2621zs9x0played the fool“been very foolish”
12841SA2623sdp3figs-metonymy0Yahweh put you into my hand todayThe word “hand” is a metonym for the persons power. “Yahweh gave me an opportunity to attack you today” or “Yahweh placed me where I could easily have killed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
12851SA2623x1fy0pay each man“give what is proper to each man””
12861SA2623h11dfigs-pronouns0his anointedDavid speaks as if Saul were another person to show that he respects Saul because Saul is king. Alternate translation: “the one he has chosen to be king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
12871SA2624wtj8figs-metaphor0your life was precious in my eyes todayHere the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. See how you translated similar words in [1 Samuel 26:21](../26/21.md). Alternate translation: “I have considered your life to be very valuable” or “I showed you today that I really do respect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12881SA2624tf9sfigs-metaphor0so may my life be much valued in the eyes of YahwehHere the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “so may Yahweh consider my life very valuable as well” or “so may Yahweh value my life as much as I have valued your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12891SA2625r7dpfigs-activepassive0May you be blessedThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12901SA2625ct8yfigs-metaphor0my sonSaul was not Davids true father. Saul speaks as if he were Davids father to show David that he wants David to trust and respect him as David would trust and respect his own father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12911SA27introabcr0# 1 Samuel 27 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This begins a section about David living with the Philistines.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Davids move<br>David is afraid Saul will someday catch him and kill him, so he moves to the Philistine city of Gath. This is a type of exile David creates for himself out of fear. It is caused by his lack of trust in God. This is the same reason his descendants would come to be exiled. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
12921SA271vu4lfigs-synecdoche0David said in his heartHere “his heart” is a metonym that means to himself. Alternate translation: “David thought to himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
12931SA271j9tlfigs-synecdoche0escape out of his handThe word “hand” is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “escape from him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
12941SA272cr5x0David arose and passed over“David took action; he passed over”
12951SA272jn4b0passed over“passed over the border between Israel and Philistia”
12961SA272yjn5translate-numbers0six hundred men600 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
12971SA272y8hntranslate-names0AchishThis is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 21:10](../21/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12981SA272ik5ptranslate-names0MaokThis is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
12991SA273q6ibtranslate-names0AhinoamThis is the name of a woman. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 14:50](../14/50.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13001SA273f557translate-names0AbigailThis is the name of a woman. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 25:3](../25/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13011SA273qmd3translate-names0NabalThis is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 25:3](../25/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13021SA274zdd9figs-activepassive0Saul was toldThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told Saul” or “Saul heard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13031SA275zt35figs-metaphor0If I have found favor in your eyesHere the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 20:3](../20/03.md). Alternate translation: “If I have pleased you” or “If you consider me favorably” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13041SA275mj6yfigs-metonymy0let them give me a placeSince Achish was the one who would “give,” this is a metonym for “please give me a place.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
13051SA275ib990one of the cities in the country“one of the outlying towns” or “one of the towns outside the city”
13061SA275as8dfigs-rquestion0Why should your servant live in the royal city with you?This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not need to live in the city with you.” or “I am not important enough to live here with you in the royal city.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
13071SA275qss2figs-pronouns0your servantDavid speaks as if he were another person to show that he respected Achish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
13081SA276d2xdtranslate-names0ZiklagThis is the name of a city in the southwest part of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13091SA278k2mvfigs-idiom0making raids onattacking and taking property many times (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
13101SA278mj2itranslate-names0GirzitesA people group who apparently lived somewhere between Philistia and Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13111SA278c2xzfigs-pronouns0as you go to ShurHere “you” is being used as an indefinite pronoun that refers to anyone. Alternate translation: “on the way most people travel to Shur” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
13121SA278y3iytranslate-names0Shurregion on the northeast border of Egypt (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13131SA279vg2yfigs-pronouns0Achishthe king of Gath (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
13141SA2710ylp3translate-names0Achishthe king of Gath (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13151SA2710l4n3translate-names0Jerahmeelitesa clan from the tribe of Judah (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13161SA2710qt6stranslate-names0Kenitesa people group who lived in the land of Midian (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13171SA2711x7vmtranslate-names0Gathone of five Philistine city-states. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13181SA2712g4e6figs-pronouns0Achishthe king of Gath (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
13191SA28introabcs0# 1 Samuel 28 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Talking to the dead<br><br>Talking to the dead was against the law of Moses. God or the Holy Spirit left Saul because of his sin and would not help him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical question<br>Samuel uses a rhetorical question to say it was useless to ask his advice since there was no way Saul could be successful with God against him: “What then do you ask me, since Yahweh has left you, and he has become your enemy?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
13201SA281u8jp0hostlarge assembly of armies
13211SA282au3ygrammar-connect-words-phrases0So you will know…So I willThe word “so” shows that the speaker agrees with what the other person has just said. Alternate translation: “Yes, I will go with you so that you will know…Very well, I will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
13221SA282a7g30you will know what your servant can doDavid probably wanted Achish to think that David would kill many Israelites, but “what your servant can do” could also mean that David was planning to kill Philistines instead. Try to translate so that the reader can see both of these possible meanings.
13231SA282b6jyfigs-pronouns0your servantDavid speaks as if he is another person so that Achish will think David respects him. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
13241SA282m1jefigs-pronouns0make youThe word “you” refers to David and so is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
13251SA282ltp10bodyguarda person who protects another person
13261SA283v29cwriting-background0Now Samuel…with spiritsThe writer provides background information to prepare the reader for the events that follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
13271SA283k6lf0banned from the landofficially removed from the country or region, or prevented from entering Alternate translation: “expel from Israel”
13281SA283x9280those who talked with the dead or with spiritsThe words “those who talked with the dead” translate as one word in the original language, and the words “those who…talked with spirits” also translate as one word in the original language. If your language has one word for those who talk with the dead and one word for those who talk with spirits, or if your language has only one word for those who talk with the dead and with spirits, you should use those words here.
13291SA284jp420Then the Philistines gatheredafter David and Achish spoke ([1 Samuel 28:2](../28/02.md))
13301SA284gv6k0gathered all Israel together“gathered all his armies in Israel together”
13311SA284nut5translate-names0Shunem…Gilboathese are names of places (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13321SA285bi99figs-synecdoche0he was afraid, and his heart trembled very muchThese two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of his fear. Here Saul is referred to by his “heart.” Alternate translation: “he was terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
13331SA286l97l0UrimThe high priest carried the sacred lots called Urim and Thummin in his breastplate, in a marked pouch, next to his heart.
13341SA287p66e0who talks with the deadThese words translate as one word in the original language. If your language has one word for a person who talks to the dead, you should use it here. See how you translated similar words in [1 Samuel 28:3](../28/03.md).
13351SA287iy9xtranslate-names0EndorThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13361SA288q4zi0Saul disguised himself…and went…to the woman by nightSaul disguised himself because the way from Gilboa ([1 Samuel 28:4](../28/04.md)) to Endor ([1 Samuel 28:7](./07.md)) was through land that the Philistines were living in. He traveled all day and reached the woman after the sun had gone down.
13371SA288by4s0disguisedchanged his usual appearance no one would know who he was
13381SA288mj1t0Divine for me…with a spirit“Talk to the dead for me”
13391SA289qv530those who talk with the dead or with spiritsThe words “those who talk with the dead” translate as one word in the original language, and the words “those who…talk with spirits” also translate as one word in the original language. If your language has one word for those who talk with the dead and one word for those who talk with spirits, or if your language has only one word for those who talk with the dead and with spirits, you should use those words here. See how you translated similar words in [1 Samuel 28:3](../28/03.md).
13401SA289fdu8figs-synecdoche0my lifeThe word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
13411SA2813bz390a godOther possible meanings are (1) “one like God” or (2) “a judge” ([1 Samuel 7:15](../07/15.md)).
13421SA2817wpr2figs-metaphor0torn the kingdom out of your handSamuel speaks as if the kingdom were a physical object that could be held in the hand and grabbed out by another person. Alternate translation: “made you so you are no longer king” or “made another person king in your place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13431SA2819wl9ufigs-metaphor0Yahweh will give Israel along with you into the hand of the PhilistinesSamuel speaks as if the people of Israel were a small object that Yahweh would give to the Philistines, whom he speaks of as if they were one person. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will allow the Philistines to do whatever they want to do to you and the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13441SA2819i48bfigs-euphemism0will be with meThis is a polite way to say that Saul will die. Alternate translation: “will be dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
13451SA2819y24lfigs-metaphor0Yahweh will also give the army of Israel into the hand of the PhilistinesSamuel speaks as if the army of Israel were a small object that Yahweh would give to the Philistines, whom he speaks of as if they were one person. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will allow the Philistines to do whatever they want to do to the army of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13461SA2820gyg80he had eaten no food all that day, neither that whole nightSaul had not eaten during the night before he traveled from Gilboa ([1 Samuel 28:4](../28/04.md)) to Endor ([1 Samuel 28:7](./07.md)), nor during the day as he journeyed, nor during the night on which he visited the woman.
13471SA2821t8lwfigs-idiom0I have put my life in my hand and have listenedThis is an idiom. “I could die because I listened” or “Someone could kill me because I listened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
13481SA2822cf3lfigs-pronouns0the voice of your woman servantThe woman speaks as if she is another person to show that she respects Saul. She refers to herself by her “voice” to emphasize what she says. Alternate translation: “my voice” or “me speak to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
13491SA2823yci70Saul refused“Saul would not do what they asked”
13501SA2823htn70compelled him“forced him”
13511SA2824x7b90fatted calfa calf that has been grown and fed to be available for a special feast
13521SA2824zn9w0she…kneaded itShe mixed flour and oil, working and rolling the mixture thoroughly with her hands to produce dough for baking.
13531SA29introabct0# 1 Samuel 29 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 29:5.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties<br><br>It is unclear whether David wanted to go into battle with the Philistines. He would have been fighting against Saul, but he also would have been fighting against Israels soldiers. It is probably best to see that David is conflicted over this issue, but some scholars believe that David planned on turning against the Philistines in the battle.
13541SA291w2gw0springa small stream of water flowing naturally from the Earth
13551SA292tq6l0passed on by hundreds and by thousands“divided their men into groups; some groups had one hundred soldiers and some groups had one thousand soldiers”
13561SA292j1vstranslate-numbers0hundreds…thousands100s…1,000s (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
13571SA292vft10David and his men passed on in the rear guard with AchishThe groups of hundreds and thousands passed on first, then Achish and his helpers, and then David, his men, and the other Philistine soldiers, who were guarding Achish.
13581SA293s77qfigs-rquestion0What are these Hebrews doing here?Possible ways to translate this rhetorical question as a statement are Alternate translation: (1) “You should not have allowed these Hebrews, our enemies, to be here with us.” or (2) “Tell us who these Hebrews are.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
13591SA293sj73figs-rquestion0Is not this David…these years, and I have found…this day?Another possible translation is “Is not this David,…these years? I have found…this day.” The rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should know that this is David…these years. I have found…this day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
13601SA293ri13figs-litotes0I have found no fault with himThis can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I know of nothing that he has done wrong” or “I am very pleased with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
13611SA294i611figs-synecdoche0He will not go down with us into battleThe person here is a synecdoche for the army he commands. Alternate translation: “Do not let his army join with our army against our enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
13621SA294vr1nfigs-rquestion0For how else could he make himself acceptable to his master than by taking the heads of our own men?This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Here “taking the heads” is a metonym for killing. Alternate translation: “The best way for David to make peace with his master would be by killing our soldiers!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
13631SA295ce4nfigs-rquestion0Is this not David of whom they sang one to another in dances, saying, Saul…ten thousands?This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not trust David—he is the one of whom they sang one to another in dances, saying, Saul…ten thousands!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
13641SA295e1pvtranslate-numbers0thousands…ten thousands“1,000s…10,000s” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
13651SA296pw9sfigs-idiom0As Yahweh livesThis is an idiom. “As certainly as Yahweh lives” or “This is a true statement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
13661SA296tzt20your going out and your coming in with me in the army is good“I am happy to have you go out and come in with me and my army” or “It is good that you go everywhere with me and my army”
13671SA298p5pgfigs-pronouns0my master the kingDavid speaks as if Achish were another person so that Achish will think David respects him. Alternate translation: “you, my master and king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
13681SA299tse50nevertheless, the princes“even though that is true, this is more important: the princes” or “however, the princes”
13691SA2910xd7w0your masterThe reader should understand that Achish is speaking of Saul.
13701SA2910r3uy0have light“can see with the morning sun”
13711SA30introabcu0# 1 Samuel 30 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### David fights the Amalekites<br>When David and his men arrive home, they find the Amalekites have raided Ziklag and taken everything. They catch and destroy them and bring back all of their goods and families. Then David sends gifts to all the cities in Judah through which they had traveled.
13721SA301u6dp0ZiklagZiklag is a city in the southern part of Judah. This was where David and his men kept their families.
13731SA302i8bg0theythe Amalekites
13741SA302l5au0both small and greatPossible meanings are (1) “both unimportant people and important people” or (2) “both physically small and physically large.”
13751SA303tr670their wives…sons…daughtersbelonging to David and his men
13761SA303hh3kfigs-activepassive0it was burned, and their wives…daughters were taken captiveThis can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “they saw that someone had burned it and taken their wives…captive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
13771SA304i5ts0the people that were with himThese were mainly his army of men.
13781SA305nc5k0General Information:David finds strength in Yahweh after the raid.
13791SA305z5m80Ahinoam the Jezreelite woman“Ahinoam from Jezreel”
13801SA305hq7z0Nabal the Carmelite“Nabal the man from Carmel”
13811SA305acw2translate-names0Ahinoam…Abigailwomens names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
13821SA306e6z10distressedsuffering
13831SA306q4ywfigs-synecdoche0all the people were bitter in spiritThe word “bitter” is a metaphor for the desire to rebel. The word “spirit” is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “all the people were ready to rebel against David” or “all the people were very unhappy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
13841SA306plf40David strengthened himself in Yahweh, his GodPossible meanings are (1) “David took courage because he knew Yahweh his God would help him” or (2) “Yahweh his God made David strong.”
13851SA307na360General Information:David seeks Yahwehs direction in dealing with the raid on his people.
13861SA308l4pefigs-abstractnouns0David prayed to Yahweh for directionThe abstract noun “direction” can be translated as a clause. Alternate translation: “David prayed that Yahweh would tell David what David should do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
13871SA308a2ps0pursuechase and try to catch
13881SA309f5cktranslate-numbers0six hundred men600 men (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
13891SA309n8t40brooksmall stream
13901SA3010gxs60kept pursuing“kept chasing them, trying to catch them”
13911SA3010she5translate-numbers0four hundred men400 men (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
13921SA3010c9v7translate-numbers0two hundred200 men (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
13931SA3010jle50who were so weakThey were tired from their own raids and now in pursuit of the Amalekites. They no longer had the strength to continue.
13941SA3011wy3y0an Egyptian in a fieldHe was left there to die from the Amalekite raiding party.
13951SA3012l4q10clusters of raisins“clusters of dried grapes”
13961SA3013a3bt0David said to himDavid questioned the Egyptian slave.
13971SA3013g59g0three days ago“three days in the past”
13981SA3013lrz8translate-numbers0three days3 days (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
13991SA3014z8mp0a raidan attack on a town to take property
14001SA3015rpy70raiding partya group of armed warriors who attack people or places unexpectedly
14011SA3015ln2lfigs-metonymy0you will not…betray me up into the hands of my masterHere “hands” refers to control. Alternate translation: “you will not…violate the trust I have in you by allowing my master to control me again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
14021SA3016tp7i0bootythe goods they had stolen in the raid
14031SA3017ac8n0twilightthe time just after the sun goes down until the sky is dark
14041SA3017uap2translate-numbers0four hundred400 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
14051SA3018gv1e0recovered…rescued“got back…got back.” These two words translate the same Hebrew word. Your language may also have a word for a person getting his own property back from the person who stole it that is different from the word for a person getting his wife back from those who have captured her.
14061SA3018zen40rescued his two wives“got his two wives back” or “saved his two wives from danger”
14071SA3019f95n0Nothing was missing“None of the items the Amalekites had stolen were lost”
14081SA3019h16q0neither small nor greatPossible meanings are (1) “neither unimportant people nor important people” or (2) “neither physically small nor physically large.” See how you translated similar words in [1 Samuel 30:2](../30/02.md).
14091SA3019we470bootygoods that the Amelekites had stolen. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 30:16](../30/16.md).
14101SA3021r2q2translate-numbers0two hundred200 (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
14111SA3021e3fwtranslate-names0the brook Besora small stream or creek named Besor. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 30:9](../30/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
14121SA3021l3p70greeted themspoke to them in a friendly way
14131SA3022jt6r0the bootythe goods they had taken from the enemy in battle. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 30:16](../30/16.md).
14141SA3022n8ra0we have recovered“we have regained” or “we have gotten back”
14151SA3024n8h7figs-rquestion0Who will listen to you in this matter?This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement: Alternate translation: “No one will listen to you in this matter.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
14161SA3024sv97figs-abstractnouns0as the share is for anyone who goesThe abstract noun “share” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “as what belongs to anyone who goes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
14171SA3024xyy40anyone who goes into battlethe warriors who actually fought the enemy in war
14181SA3024ff290will share and share alike“will make sure that all receive the same amount”
14191SA3024jdd30anyone who waits by the baggagethe people who supported the warriors by managing and guarding their supplies
14201SA3024q69h0baggagebelongings that the soldiers left behind when they went into battle
14211SA3026w4a8translate-names0ZiklagThis is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
14221SA3026l1ll0bootygoods that David had taken from the Amalekites after the battle. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 30:16](../30/16.md).
14231SA3026ies70a present“a gift”
14241SA3027j2r90Connecting Statement:The writer begins a list of towns whose elders received gifts from David.
14251SA3027rha5translate-names0Bethel…JattirThese are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
14261SA3028qm9t0Connecting Statement:The writer continues the list that began in [1 Samuel 30:27](../30/27.md) of towns whose elders received gifts from David.
14271SA3028r7zxtranslate-names0Aroer…Siphmoth…EshtemoaThese are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
14281SA3029xiz30Connecting Statement:The writer continues the list that began in [1 Samuel 30:27](../30/27.md) of towns whose elders received gifts from David.
14291SA3029v2kdtranslate-names0RakalThis is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
14301SA3029a93etranslate-names0Jerahmeelites…KenitesThese are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
14311SA3030re7a0Connecting Statement:The writer continues the list that began in [1 Samuel 30:27](../30/27.md) of towns whose elders received gifts from David.
14321SA3030n9nutranslate-names0Hormah…Bor Ashan…AthakThese are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
14331SA3031k11c0Connecting Statement:The writer finishes the list that began in [1 Samuel 30:27](../30/27.md) of towns whose elders received gifts from David.
14341SA31introabcv0# 1 Samuel 31 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This is the end of the section on Saul, but the book continues in 2 Samuel 1.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sauls punishment<br>Saul receives his punishment from God: death for his disobedience and resisting the will of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]])
14351SA311k1fi0Now the Philistines fought against IsraelThis battle was the result of the conflict between David and the Philistines in [1 Samuel 29:11](../29/11.md). The writer has finished telling the story of David that began in [1 Samuel 30:1](../30/01.md), and now he tells about the battle between the Israelites and the Philistines.
14361SA311mg5wfigs-metonymy0against Israel“Israel” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “against the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
14371SA311u5iitranslate-names0Mount GilboaThis is the name of a mountain (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
14381SA312kg9r0closely pursued Saul and his sons“chased Saul and three of his sons”
14391SA312f33rtranslate-names0Abinadab, and Malki-ShuaThese are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
14401SA313g8f6figs-idiom0The battle went heavily against SaulThis is an idiom. “Sauls army began to lose the battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
14411SA314pe6q0armor bearerThe armor bearer carried the large shield of his commanding officer and other weapons. He protected the commanding officer during a battle.
14421SA314nl61figs-nominaladj0these uncircumcisedThe nominal adjective “uncircumcised” can be translated as an adjective. Not being circumcised is a metonym for being foreigners. Alternate translation: “these men who have not been circumcised” or “these non-Israelite men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
14431SA314w39yfigs-ellipsis0would notThe ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “would not do what Saul had told him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
14441SA314u2fu0took his own sword and fell on it“killed himself with his own sword”
14451SA316a6ky0that same day“on that one day”
14461SA317b1z10lived in themlived in the cities the men of Israel had left
14471SA318v9ln0strip the deadtake the armor and weapons off the dead Israelites bodies
14481SA318d9b8translate-names0Mount Gilboaa mountain range overlooking the Valley of Jezreel in northern Israel, south of Nazareth (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
14491SA319w7af0the land of the Philistines throughout“all areas of the land of the Philistines”
14501SA319xcw50to carry the news to their idols temples and to the people“to speak the news inside the temples and to the people”
14511SA319j17p0their idols templesthe buildings where they worshiped their idols
14521SA3110e3nj0Ashtorethsancient false goddesses and idols, also called “Asherah” or “Astarte”
14531SA3110z4230fastenedattached, probably with a large spike or nail
14541SA3110qu6ktranslate-names0Beth Shanthe name of a city (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
14551SA3111e9d6translate-names0JabeshThis is the name of a town. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 11:1](../11/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
14561SA3111e2e50what the Philistines had done to Saul“how the Philistines had dishonored Saul”
14571SA3112myv90all night“throughout the whole night”
14581SA3113enk8translate-unknown0a tamarisk treeThis is a type of tree. See how you translated this in [1 Samuel 22:6](../22/06.md). Alternate translation: “a large shade tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])