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2front:introaq5w0# Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Joel\n\n1. The land ruined; the day of Yahweh is coming (1:12:11)\n * Locusts and drought (1:120)\n * The day of Yahweh (2:111)\n1. Yahweh restores his people (2:12-32)\n * The people should turn to Yahweh, for he will pity them (2:1227)\n * The Spirit of Yahweh, wonders, and salvation (2:2832)\n1. Yahweh will judge the nations (3:1-21)\n * Yahweh judges the nations (3:116)\n * Yahweh dwells in Zion (3:1721)\n\n### What is the Book of Joel about?\n\nThe main idea in the Book of Joel is “the day of Yahweh.” This expression is found five times (1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:21, 3:14).\n\nThe people of Israel looked forward to “the day of Yahweh” as a day that Yahweh would judge the nations around them. But Joel warns that Yahweh would also judge Israel for being unfaithful to him. After judging them, Yahweh will restore his people.\n\nJoels message applies to the people of God in the church age. For Yahweh says, “I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh” and “everyone who calls on Yahweh will be saved” (2:28 and 2:32, quoted by Peter in Acts 2:17 and 2:21).\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe traditional title of this book is “The Book of Joel” or just “Joel.” Translators may also call it the “The Book about Joel” or “The Sayings of Joel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Joel?\n\nThis book contains the prophecies of an Israelite named Joel, son of Pethuel. The book does not tell when Joel prophesied.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is the meaning of the locust attacks in Joel 1 and 2, and of the drought in Joel 2?\n\nLocust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament. In Chapters 1 and 2, Joel described locust attacks using military terms. He may have been speaking of enemy invaders coming and destroying the land its people.\n\nThere are various names for locusts in the original language of the Old Testament. It is uncertain whether these refer to different kinds of locusts or to the same kind of locust in different stages of growth. For this reason, versions of the Bible differ in how they translate these terms.\n\nJoel also described a drought in Chapter 2. It might have been a real lack of rain. Or Joel may have been speaking of either enemy invaders or Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations.\n\nTranslators should simply translate the locust attacks and drought as Joel described them and not worry about the various possible meanings.\n\n### What did Joel prophesy about the future for Gods people?\n\nJoel prophesied that God will defeat Israels enemies, rebuild the city of Jerusalem, and rule as victorious king over the whole world. At the same time, God will give his Spirit to all his people, and they will receive messages from him in dreams and visions. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How should one translate the poetry of the Book of Joel?\n\nAll of the text in the Book of Joel is poetry. The ULT presents it in this way. The UST, however, presents the text as prose. Translators may choose to use prose in their versions. Translators who want to translate the book as poetry should read about poetry and parallelism. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
31:introq2ev0# Joel 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nJoel is written in poetic form and with striking imagery. The ULT is written in poetic form, but the UST has been transferred to a prose form. If possible, use the poetic form to communicate the meaning of this book in order to stay closer to the original meaning of the text.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Locusts\n\nThis book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and they progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of the whole land of Israel.\n\nIt was common for farmers in the ancient Near East to experience large locust swarms that would come and eat all crops in their fields. Joel might be describing such attacks in this first chapter. Because Joel uses military terms and images to describe these locust attacks, his descriptions might represent enemy invaders who would come and destroy the land its people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\nTranslators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nThe author also uses rhetorical questions that communicate surprise and alarm. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
41:1qry6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelismGeneral Information:0# General Information:\n\nGod speaks through Joel to the people of Israel using poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
51:1er8grc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomדְּבַר־יְהוָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיָ֔ה אֶל־יוֹאֵ֖ל1This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Joel. Alternate translation: “the message Yahweh gave to Joel” or “the message Yahweh spoke to Joel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
61:1qwp8יְהוָה֙1This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
71:1m5wrrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesפְּתוּאֵֽל1Joels father (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
81:2t74nrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionהֶ⁠הָ֤יְתָה זֹּאת֙ בִּֽ⁠ימֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠אִ֖ם בִּ⁠ימֵ֥י אֲבֹֽתֵי⁠כֶֽם1Joel is preparing the elders to listen to what he has to say. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Nothing like this has ever happened before either to you or to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
91:3vge5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisוּ⁠בְנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם לְ⁠ד֥וֹר אַחֵֽר1You may need to fill in the words that have been left out. Alternate translation: “let their children tell the generation after them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
101:4m68urc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknownהָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה1large groups of insects like grasshoppers that fly together and eat large areas of food crops (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
111:4ny2zהַ⁠גָּזָם֙ & הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה & הַ⁠יָּ֑לֶק & הֶ⁠חָסִֽיל1These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language.
121:5zk2aGeneral Information:0# General Information:\n\nGod warns the people of Israel about the coming locust army.
131:5l1nqrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelismשִׁכּוֹרִים֙ וּ⁠בְכ֔וּ וְ⁠הֵילִ֖לוּ כָּל־שֹׁ֣תֵי יָ֑יִן1If your language has only one word for “weep” and “wail,” you can combine the lines: “you people who love wine should cry out in sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
141:6qm8jrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorגוֹי֙1The locust swarm is like an invading army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
151:6jn1qשִׁנָּי⁠ו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י1The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
161:6mpz6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelismשִׁנָּי⁠ו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י אַרְיֵ֔ה וּֽ⁠מְתַלְּע֥וֹת לָבִ֖יא לֽ⁠וֹ1These two lines share similar meanings. The reference to the locusts teeth being as sharp as lions teeth emphasize how fierce they are as they eat all of the crops of the land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
171:6aj1zאַרְצִ֔⁠י1Yahwehs land
181:7sxr3שָׂ֤ם & חָשֹׂ֤ף חֲשָׂפָ⁠הּ֙1The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
191:7hi96גַּפְנִ⁠י֙ & וּ⁠תְאֵנָתִ֖⁠י1Yahwehs vineyard and fig tree
201:7k8l9לְ⁠שַׁמָּ֔ה1empty and without life
211:10zn6hrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorאָבְלָ֖ה אֲדָמָ֑ה1Here the land is spoken of as if it were a person. These words could also be seen as a metonym for the people who are mourning or even as hyperbole, that the famine is so bad that even things that are not alive are mourning. Alternate translation: “the farmers are mourning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
221:10j565rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveשֻׁדַּ֣ד דָּגָ֔ן1This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the locusts have destroyed all of the grain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
231:11eeq1rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknownשְׂעֹרָ֑ה1a type of grass, like wheat, whose seeds can be used to make bread (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
241:12pk4bהוֹבִ֔ישָׁה1dried up and died
251:12r11arc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknownוְ⁠הַ⁠תְּאֵנָ֖ה & מּ֞וֹן & וְ⁠תַפּ֗וּחַ1different types of fruit (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
261:13uv6dGeneral Information:0# General Information:\n\nGod speaks to the priests in Israel
271:13w9cvמִנְחָ֥ה וָ⁠נָֽסֶךְ1regular offerings in the temple
281:14z8neבֵּ֖ית יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֑ם1the temple in Jerusalem
291:15q895General Information:0# General Information:\n\nThis is what God is telling the priests to say.
301:15u6hsrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsוּ⁠כְ⁠שֹׁ֖ד מִ⁠שַׁדַּ֥י יָבֽוֹא1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “destroy.” You may need to make explicit what it is the Almighty will destroy. Alternate translation: “On that day the Almighty will destroy his enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
311:16yv6drc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisהֲ⁠ל֛וֹא נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖י⁠נוּ אֹ֣כֶל נִכְרָ֑ת מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל1It is certain that destruction will come from the Almighty because these things have already happened. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “We know this is true because we have already seen the Almighty cut off our supply of food, and he has cut off joy and gladness from the house of our God.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
321:16r8wrrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdocheנֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖י⁠נוּ1“from us.” This refers to all of the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
331:16f1ebrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisמִ⁠בֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל1You may need to fill in the ellipsis. Alternate translation: “joy and gladness have been cut off from the house of our God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
341:16ppt5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doubletשִׂמְחָ֥ה וָ⁠גִֽיל1These two words mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize that there is no kind of joyful activity happening at the temple. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
351:17y7suמֶגְרְפֹ֣תֵי⁠הֶ֔ם1lumps of dirt
361:18ul6jנֶּאֶנְחָ֣ה1make a deep sound because of pain
371:20n9lfאֲפִ֣יקֵי1small streams
382:introj2gp0# Joel 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues in the poetic form with striking imagery of armies and soldiers.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Locusts\n\nThis book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of Israel.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\nThis chapter uses simile to a great extent as Joel tries to describe this army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])\n\n### Metaphor\n\nThe drought, or severe lack of rain, Joel describes is probably a real drought. It might also be a picture of either enemy invaders or of Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations. Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts and drought as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
392:1m7i5תִּקְע֨וּ שׁוֹפָ֜ר & וְ⁠הָרִ֨יעוּ֙1Joel is emphasizing the importance of calling Israel together in preparation for the destruction that is coming.
402:2qmb9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doubletי֧וֹם חֹ֣שֶׁךְ וַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֗ה1The words “darkness” and “gloom” share similar meanings and emphasize that the darkness will be very dark. Both words refer to a time of disaster or divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day that is full of darkness” or “day of terrible judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
412:2st7tוַ⁠אֲפֵלָ֗ה1total or partial darkness
422:2pcr6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doubletי֤וֹם עָנָן֙ וַ⁠עֲרָפֶ֔ל1This phrase means the same thing as, and intensifies the idea of the previous phrase. Like that phrase, both “clouds” and “thick darkness” refer to divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day full of dark storm clouds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
432:2h3d1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simileכְּ⁠שַׁ֖חַר פָּרֻ֣שׂ עַל־הֶֽ⁠הָרִ֑ים עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְ⁠עָצ֔וּם1When direct sunlight shines on a mountain at dawn, it begins at the top and spreads to the bottom. When an army comes over a mountain range, it comes over the top and spreads out as it comes down. Alternate translation: “A large, mighty army comes over the mountains into the land. They spread over the land like the light from the rising sun” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
442:2ekb8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorעַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְ⁠עָצ֔וּם1The words “large” and “mighty” share similar meanings here and emphasize that the army will be very strong. The word **army** could possibly be: (1) a metaphor for a swarm of locusts or (2) referring to a human army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
452:3fly5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorלְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ אָ֣כְלָה אֵ֔שׁ1A fire destroys everything as it moves, and the “army” ([Joel 2:2](../02/02.md)), whether of humans or of locusts, destroys everything as it moves. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
462:3z5iurc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorוְ⁠אַחֲרָ֖י⁠ו תְּלַהֵ֣ט לֶֽהָבָ֑ה1After a wall of flame goes through dry land and burns the dryest and smallest fuel, there will still be flames as the larger and less dry fuel burns. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
472:3yne4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simileכְּ⁠גַן־עֵ֨דֶן הָ⁠אָ֜רֶץ1The garden of Eden was a beautiful place, and the land was beautiful. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
482:4ztn5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simileכְּ⁠מַרְאֵ֥ה סוּסִ֖ים מַרְאֵ֑⁠הוּ1The head of a locust looks like a small horse head. The army is fast, and horses are fast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
492:4fdt4rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknownסוּסִ֖ים1A large, strong, fast animal with four legs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
502:4myc3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simileוּ⁠כְ⁠פָרָשִׁ֖ים כֵּ֥ן יְרוּצֽוּ⁠ן1Men riding horses move quickly, and the army moves quickly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
512:5m6flיְרַקֵּד֔וּ⁠ן1A horse jumps or leaps as it runs quickly.
522:5n75frc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simileכְּ⁠ק֣וֹל מַרְכָּב֗וֹת & כְּ⁠קוֹל֙ לַ֣הַב אֵ֔שׁ & כְּ⁠עַ֣ם עָצ֔וּם עֱר֖וּךְ מִלְחָמָֽה1These sounds would have been very frightening to Joels readers. If your readers will not understand what these sound like, you might be able to use a more general phrase: “a noise that frightens everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
532:7e5gerc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personificationכְּ⁠גִבּוֹרִ֣ים יְרֻצ֔וּ⁠ן כְּ⁠אַנְשֵׁ֥י מִלְחָמָ֖ה יַעֲל֣וּ חוֹמָ֑ה1The army of locusts acts as real soldiers do. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
542:7d4kvחוֹמָ֑ה1walls around the cities
552:8yt67וּ⁠בְעַ֥ד הַ⁠שֶּׁ֛לַח יִפֹּ֖לוּ1they overcome the soldiers defending the city.
562:10iu1hrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personificationלְ⁠פָנָי⁠ו֙ רָ֣גְזָה אֶ֔רֶץ רָעֲשׁ֖וּ שָׁמָ֑יִם1Joel speaks of the earth and heavens as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that the army is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the earth and the heavens are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone on earth and in the heavens is very afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
572:10lm84rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperboleשֶׁ֤מֶשׁ וְ⁠יָרֵ֨חַ֙ קָדָ֔רוּ וְ⁠כוֹכָבִ֖ים אָסְפ֥וּ נָגְהָֽ⁠1This exaggeration claims that there are so many locusts that people cannot see the sun, moon, or stars. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
582:11mi1tוַֽ⁠יהוָ֗ה נָתַ֤ן קוֹל⁠וֹ֙1“Yahweh speaks loudly” to give commands.
592:11tzv4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadysגָד֧וֹל & וְ⁠נוֹרָ֥א מְאֹ֖ד1In this phrase both descriptions mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “greatly terrible” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
602:11vht4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionוּ⁠מִ֥י יְכִילֶֽ⁠נּוּ1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will be strong enough to survive Yahwehs judgment.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
612:12d1i9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyשֻׁ֥בוּ עָדַ֖⁠י בְּ⁠כָל־לְבַבְ⁠כֶ֑ם1The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Alternate translation: “Turn away from your sins and be totally devoted to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
622:13d1sfrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyוְ⁠קִרְע֤וּ לְבַבְ⁠כֶם֙ וְ⁠אַל־בִּגְדֵי⁠כֶ֔ם1The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Tearing ones clothes is an outward act of shame or repentance. Alternate translation: “Change your way of thinking; do not just tear your garments” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
632:13wfp5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsוְ⁠רַב־חֶ֔סֶד1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “always faithful to his covenant” or “always loves faithfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
642:13e3gwוְ⁠נִחָ֖ם עַל1stop
652:14a2avrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionיָשׁ֣וּב וְ⁠נִחָ֑ם וְ⁠הִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָי⁠ו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָ⁠נֶ֔סֶךְ לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶֽם1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Perhaps Yahweh will turn from his anger … God.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
662:14xys3וְ⁠הִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָי⁠ו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָ⁠נֶ֔סֶךְ1“leave behind him a blessing—that is, a grain offering and a drink offering.” The blessing is that plenty of grain and grapes will ripen, and so the people will be able to offer grain and drink offerings.
672:16jzj1מֵ⁠חֻפָּתָֽ⁠הּ1rooms, usually in the parents houses, where brides would wait for their wedding ceremonies
682:17fek9וְ⁠אַל־תִּתֵּ֨ן נַחֲלָתְ⁠ךָ֤ לְ⁠חֶרְפָּה֙1Alternate translation: “do not allow your inheritance to become people whom the other nations regard as worthless”
692:17kqr6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorנַחֲלָתְ⁠ךָ֤1Here the people of Israel are spoken of as Gods inheritance. Alternate translation: “your special people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
702:17ey9src://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionלָ֚⁠מָּה יֹאמְר֣וּ בָֽ⁠עַמִּ֔ים אַיֵּ֖ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠הֶֽם1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “Other nations should not be able to say, Their God does not help them.’” or “Other nations should not be able to say that the God of Israel has abandoned his people.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
712:18xeg7לְ⁠אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ1Alternate translation: “the nation of Israel”
722:18im7lעַמּֽ⁠וֹ1Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
732:19lu18הִנְ⁠נִ֨י1Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I am about to say”
742:19jde5וּ⁠שְׂבַעְתֶּ֖ם אֹת֑⁠1Alternate translation: “You will have all you need of them”
752:19tqc6חֶרְפָּ֖ה1Alternate translation: “unworthy of respect”
762:20khh7הַ⁠צְּפוֹנִ֞י & הַ⁠קַּדְמֹנִ֔י & הָ⁠אַֽחֲר֑וֹן1These directions are from the perspective of people living in the land of Israel.
772:20v9xyהַ⁠יָּם֙ הַ⁠קַּדְמֹנִ֔י1the Dead Sea
782:20ue9yהַ⁠יָּ֣ם הָ⁠אַֽחֲר֑וֹן1the Mediterranean Sea
792:20k6n8הִגְדִּ֖יל לַ⁠עֲשֽׂוֹת1That is, Yahweh has done great things. Another possible meaning is that the writer speaks of the invading army, “it has done very bad things.”
802:21g3z3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostropheאַל־תִּֽירְאִ֖י אֲדָמָ֑ה1Joel speaks to the people of the land as if he were speaking to the land itself. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people of the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
812:22n9lmrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostropheאַל־תִּֽירְאוּ֙ בַּהֲמ֣וֹת שָׂדַ֔י1Joel speaks to people who own livestock as if he were speaking to the animals themselves. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people who own livestock” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
822:22t5tyrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyדָשְׁא֖וּ נְא֣וֹת מִדְבָּ֑ר1The pastures are a metonym for the plants that grow in the pastures. Alternate translation: “plants good for food will sprout in the pastures in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
832:23xlq6נָתַ֥ן & וַ⁠יּ֣וֹרֶד לָ⁠כֶ֗ם גֶּ֛שֶׁם1Alternate translation: “he will … cause much rain to fall so that you will live well”
842:23vnx8מוֹרֶ֥ה וּ⁠מַלְק֖וֹשׁ1the first rains of the rainy season in early December and the last rains in April and May
852:24gw97Connecting Statement:0# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh begins a long speech to the Israelites.
862:24p8u1הַ⁠יְקָבִ֖ים1large containers for liquids
872:25k6bdאֶת־הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֔ים אֲשֶׁר֙ אָכַ֣ל הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה1Alternate translation: “the crops that you took care of for years and that the swarming locusts have eaten”
882:25e81aהָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה הַ⁠יֶּ֖לֶק וְ⁠הֶ⁠חָסִ֣יל וְ⁠הַ⁠גָּזָ֑ם1These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language. See how you translated this in [Joel 1:4](../01/04.md).
892:26jy17rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyוְ⁠הִלַּלְתֶּ֗ם אֶת־שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙1The name is a metonym for the person, specifically his reputation. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh” or “praise Yahweh because everyone knows he is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
902:26x2qrrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123personשֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠כֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֥ה עִמָּ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠הַפְלִ֑יא1Yahweh speaks of himself by name to show that he will certainly do as he has said. Alternate translation: “my name … because I have done wonders” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
912:28p6xwוְ⁠הָיָ֣ה אַֽחֲרֵי־כֵ֗ן אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ1Alternate translation: “This is what I will do after that: I”
922:28mc8brc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorאֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ אֶת־רוּחִ⁠י֙ עַל־כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר1Yahweh speaks of the Spirit as if he were speaking of water. AT” “I will give my Spirit generously to all flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
932:28ny8xrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdocheכָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר1Here “flesh” represents people. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
942:30fxj8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyדָּ֣ם וָ⁠אֵ֔שׁ וְ⁠תִֽימֲר֖וֹת עָשָֽׁן1“blood” is symbolizing the death of people. Alternate translation: “death, fire and pillars of smoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
952:31e1dbהַ⁠שֶּׁ֨מֶשׁ֙ יֵהָפֵ֣ךְ לְ⁠חֹ֔שֶׁךְ1Alternate translation: “The sun will no longer give light”
962:31fc5hrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyוְ⁠הַ⁠יָּרֵ֖חַ לְ⁠דָ֑ם1Here the word “blood” refers to the color red. You can supply the verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the moon will turn red like blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
972:32w6nvוְ⁠הָיָ֗ה כֹּ֧ל1Alternate translation: “This is what will happen: everyone”
982:32t1vgrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyכֹּ֧ל אֲשֶׁר־יִקְרָ֛א בְּ⁠שֵׁ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה יִמָּלֵ֑ט1The name is a metonym for the person. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save everyone who calls on his name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
992:32k5zjrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doubletבְּ⁠הַר־צִיּ֨וֹן וּ⁠בִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֜ם1These refer to the same place. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1002:32j194rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisוּ⁠בַ֨⁠שְּׂרִידִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה קֹרֵֽא1The phrase “there will be” is understood from earlier in the sentence. It can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “among the survivors there will be those whom Yahweh calls” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1012:32e73uוּ⁠בַ֨⁠שְּׂרִידִ֔ים1These **survivors** are people who live through a terrible event like a war or a disaster.
1023:introjcn70# Joel 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThere is a change in focus in this chapter from the people of Israel to her enemies. The events of this chapters also contain many prophecies about the events of the end of this world. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Israel\n\nThe mention of Israel in this chapter is probably a reference to the people of Judah and not the northern kingdom of Israel. It is also possible this is a reference to the people of Israel as a whole.
1033:1nha5כִּ֗י הִנֵּ֛ה1Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention”
1043:1zy3src://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doubletבַּ⁠יָּמִ֥ים הָ⁠הֵ֖מָּה וּ⁠בָ⁠עֵ֣ת הַ⁠הִ֑יא1The phrase “at that time” means the same thing as and intensifies the phrase “in those days.” Alternate translation: “in those very days” or “at that very time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1053:1c3ysאֲשֶׁ֥ר אָשִׁ֛יב אֶת־שְׁב֥וּת יְהוּדָ֖ה וִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִָֽם1Alternate translation: “When I send the exiles back to Judah and Jerusalem”
1063:2xs2uעֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט1Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat.
1073:2idt3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doubletעַמִּ֨⁠י וְ⁠נַחֲלָתִ֤⁠י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙1These two phrases emphasize how Yahweh views Israel as his own precious people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, who are my inheritance” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1083:3z4y6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitוַ⁠יִּתְּנ֤וּ הַ⁠יֶּ֨לֶד֙ בַּ⁠זּוֹנָ֔ה וְ⁠הַ⁠יַּלְדָּ֛ה מָכְר֥וּ בַ⁠יַּ֖יִן וַ⁠יִּשְׁתּֽוּ1These are examples of the kinds of things they did and do not indicate what they did to two particular children. Alternate translation: “and did things like trading a boy for a prostitute and selling a girl for wine, so they could drink” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1093:4qj6vrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionוְ֠⁠גַם מָה־אַתֶּ֥ם לִ⁠י֙ צֹ֣ר וְ⁠צִיד֔וֹן וְ⁠כֹ֖ל גְּלִיל֣וֹת פְּלָ֑שֶׁת1Yahweh is encouraging the people of Judah, who can hear him, by scolding the people of Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia, who cannot hear him, as if they can. The names of the towns are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. These words can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you have no right to be angry at me … Philistia.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1103:4xaa9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestionהַ⁠גְּמ֗וּל אַתֶּם֙ מְשַׁלְּמִ֣ים עָלָ֔⁠י1“Will you get revenge on me?” God uses this question to make the people think about what they are doing. Alternate translation: “You think you can get revenge on me, but you cannot.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1113:4ns7frc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdocheקַ֣ל מְהֵרָ֔ה אָשִׁ֥יב גְּמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם בְּ⁠רֹאשְׁ⁠כֶֽם1Here the word “head” refers to the person. Yahweh will make them suffer the pain they wanted him to suffer. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to suffer the retribution that you tried to put on me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1123:4wdm3גְּמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם1Alternate translation: “revenge” or “payback”
1133:7sum8הִנְ⁠נִ֣י1Alternate translation: “Pay attention” or “Listen”
1143:7dc6drc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitמִן־הַ֨⁠מָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁר־מְכַרְתֶּ֥ם אֹתָ֖⁠ם שָׁ֑מָּ⁠ה1The people of Israel will leave the places where they were slaves and come back to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1153:7uh32וַ⁠הֲשִׁבֹתִ֥י גְמֻלְ⁠כֶ֖ם1Alternate translation: “give back what you deserve”
1163:8pww6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyוּ⁠מָכַרְתִּ֞י אֶת־בְּנֵי⁠כֶ֣ם וְ⁠אֶת־בְּנֽוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם בְּ⁠יַד֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה1The hand can be a metonym for the power the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “I will have the people of Judah sell your sons and your daughters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1173:8t9jcrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesלִ⁠שְׁבָאיִ֖ם1the people of the land of Sabea (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1183:9d6nyהָעִ֨ירוּ֙ הַ⁠גִּבּוֹרִ֔ים1Alternate translation: “make the mighty men ready for action”
1193:10t93crc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelismכֹּ֤תּוּ אִתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ לַֽ⁠חֲרָב֔וֹת וּ⁠מַזְמְרֹֽתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם לִ⁠רְמָחִ֑ים1These two phrases share similar meanings. Both of them instruct the people to turn their farming tools into weapons. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1203:10ze4mאִתֵּי⁠כֶם֙1tools that are used to break up the soil in order to plant crops
1213:10epv7וּ⁠מַזְמְרֹֽתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם1knives that are used to cut off small branches
1223:11rp2arc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ironyע֣וּשׁוּ וָ⁠בֹ֧אוּ כָֽל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֛ם מִ⁠סָּבִ֖יב וְ⁠נִקְבָּ֑צוּ שָׁ֕מָּ⁠ה1These words continue the ironic call to battle that begins in [Joel 3:9](../03/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
1233:11p5mcrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitוְ⁠נִקְבָּ֑צוּ1The purpose of the gathering is for battle. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather yourselves together for battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1243:11e3igהַֽנְחַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה גִּבּוֹרֶֽי⁠ךָ1This could mean: (1) Joel is telling the people of Judah that this is what they are to “proclaim among the nations” ([Joel 3:9](../03/09.md)) or (2) Joel interrupts the words of Yahweh and prays a short prayer.
1253:12b1jwGeneral Information:0# General Information:\n\nYahweh finishes the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
1263:12ul2yהַ⁠גּוֹיִ֔ם & אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֖ם מִ⁠סָּבִֽיב1The words “the nations” and “the surrounding nations” refer to the same nations, those that surround Judah. Yahweh will judge them in the Valley of Jehoshaphat for what they have done to Jerusalem.
1273:12pq55עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט1Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat. See how you translated this in [Joel 3:2](../03/02.md).
1283:13hq7frc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorשִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל & מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת1Possible meanings are that Yahweh speaks of completely destroying the nations as if: (1) he were harvesting all the grapes and all the grain or (2) he were harvesting quickly, while the grain and grapes are ripe. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1293:13iw8drc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorשִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל כִּ֥י בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר1Yahweh speaks of making war against the nations as if he were using a sharp tool to harvest a field of ripe crops. If your readers will not understand the word “sickle,” you may use the word for any sharp tool that your people use for harvesting. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1303:13i8r2rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorשִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל1“Swing the sickle to cut the grain.” This is a metaphor for a soldier using a sword to kill people, but it is best to use the word for a sharp tool used in harvesting. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1313:13zx33מַגָּ֔ל1a long curved knife that people use for cutting grain
1323:13rua7בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר1Alternate translation: “the grain is ready to be harvested”
1333:13tz4arc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorבֹּ֤אֽוּ רְדוּ֙ כִּֽי־מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת1Yahweh speaks of the nations as if they were many grapes in a winepress, ready for people to crush them by stepping on them. Alternate translation: “Come, completely destroy the nations, for they are many, and they are helpless to resist you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1343:13haw5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorהֵשִׁ֨יקוּ֙ הַ⁠יְקָבִ֔ים כִּ֥י רַבָּ֖ה רָעָתָֽ⁠ם1Yahweh speaks of the nations wickedness as if it were the juice that flows from the winepress into storage containers, and more juice flows into the vats than they can contain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1353:14y2geהֲמוֹנִ֣ים הֲמוֹנִ֔ים1A tumult is noise caused by a large crowd. This is repeated to show that it will be very noisy from all the people.
1363:14r3irבְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶֽ⁠חָר֑וּץ & בְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶ⁠חָרֽוּץ1This phrase is repeated to show that the judgment will certainly happen.
1373:14fq2irc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsבְּ⁠עֵ֖מֶק הֶֽ⁠חָר֑וּץ1There is no known place with this name. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “Valley Where Yahweh Judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1383:16fj29General Information:0# General Information:\n\nYahweh begins speaking in verse 17.
1393:16fe1rrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelismוַ⁠יהוָ֞ה מִ⁠צִּיּ֣וֹן יִשְׁאָ֗ג וּ⁠מִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יִתֵּ֣ן קוֹל֔⁠וֹ1Both phrases mean Yahweh will shout with a loud, clear and powerful voice from Jerusalem. If your language only has one word for speaking very loudly, this can be used as one phrase. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will shout from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1403:16yr8urc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorוַ⁠יהוָ֞ה & יִשְׁאָ֗ג1This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will roar like a lion” or (2) “Yahweh will roar like thunder.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1413:16lf34rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperboleוְ⁠רָעֲשׁ֖וּ שָׁמַ֣יִם וָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ1Joel speaks of the heavens and earth as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that Yahwehs roar is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the heavens and earth are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone in the heavens and on the earth is very afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1423:16vd5qוְ⁠רָעֲשׁ֖וּ1This word is the past form of the word translated “tremble” in [Joel 2:10](../02/10.md).
1433:16lr5vrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorוַֽ⁠יהוָה֙ מַֽחֲסֶ֣ה לְ⁠עַמּ֔⁠וֹ וּ⁠מָע֖וֹז לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל1Both of these phrases mean Yahweh will protect his people. A fortress is a strong shelter used to protect people during war. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be a strong fortress for his people, the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1443:17isx1וִֽ⁠ידַעְתֶּ֗ם1Alternate translation: “When I do these things, you will know”
1453:18y22fוְ⁠הָיָה֩ בַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠ה֜וּא & הֶ⁠הָרִ֣ים1“This is what will happen on that day: the mountains” Translate “It will come about” as in [Joel 2:28](../02/28.md).
1463:18m6v9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperboleיִטְּפ֧וּ הֶ⁠הָרִ֣ים עָסִ֗יס1“sweet wine will drip from the mountains.” This is an exaggeration to show that the land is very fertile. Alternate translation: “On the mountains there will be vineyards that produce plenty of sweet wine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
1473:18yj7wrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorוְ⁠הַ⁠גְּבָעוֹת֙ תֵּלַ֣כְנָה חָלָ֔ב1“milk will flow from the hills.” The land being very fertile is spoken of as if the hills would flow with milk. Alternate translation: “on the hills your cattle and goats will produce plenty of milk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1483:18l5yuוְ⁠כָל־אֲפִיקֵ֥י יְהוּדָ֖ה יֵ֣לְכוּ מָ֑יִם1Alternate translation: “water will flow through all the brooks of Judah”
1493:18k6qqוְ⁠הִשְׁקָ֖ה אֶת־נַ֥חַל הַ⁠שִּׁטִּֽים1Alternate translation: “will send water to the Valley of Shittim”
1503:18f69lrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesהַ⁠שִּׁטִּֽים1This is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means “Acacia Trees.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1513:19la92מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לִ⁠שְׁמָמָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה1Alternate translation: “Everyone will leave Egypt and no one will live there”
1523:19au36וֶ⁠אֱד֕וֹם לְ⁠מִדְבַּ֥ר שְׁמָמָ֖ה תִּֽהְיֶ֑ה1Alternate translation: “Everyone will leave Edom and it will look like no people have ever lived there”
1533:19c2r8מֵֽ⁠חֲמַס֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה1Alternate translation: “because of the violent things Egypt and Edom did to the people of Judah”
1543:19t6ayrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyאֲשֶׁר־שָׁפְכ֥וּ דָם־נָקִ֖יא בְּ⁠אַרְצָֽ⁠ם1The word “they” refers to “Edom” and “Egypt” and is a metonym for the people of Egypt and Edom. The words “innocent blood” are a metonym for innocent people whom they have killed. Alternate translation: “because the people of Egypt and the people of Edom killed innocent people in the land of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1553:20gi4zrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveוִ⁠יהוּדָ֖ה לְ⁠עוֹלָ֣ם תֵּשֵׁ֑ב1If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will live in Judah forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1563:20f72trc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveוִ⁠ירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם לְ⁠ד֥וֹר וָ⁠דֽוֹר1If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “generation after generation, people will live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1573:21dj9src://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyוְ⁠נִקֵּ֖יתִי דָּמָ֣⁠ם לֹֽא־נִקֵּ֑יתִי1Blood is a metonym for death. Alternate translation: “I will punish the enemies who killed the people of Israel and still have not been punished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])