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2ZEPfrontintrol57g0# Introduction to Zephaniah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Zephaniah<br><br>1. Zephaniah introduces this book (1:1)<br>1. Yahweh will punish Judah and the nations (1:218)<br>1. Yahweh calls Judah to repent (2:13)<br>1. Yahweh will judge the nations (2:4-15)<br> * Philistia (2:47)<br> * Moab and Ammon (2:811)<br> * Egypt (2:12)<br> * Assyria (2:1315)<br>1. Yahweh will judge Jerusalem (3:18)<br>1. Yahweh will purify, restore, gather, and bless his people (3:920)<br><br>### What is the Book of Zephaniah about?<br><br>Zechariah warned Judah and other nations that Yahweh was about to punish them. He also prophesied about how Yahweh would restore Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]])<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>The traditional name of this book is “The Book of Zephaniah” or just “Zephaniah.” Translators may decide to call it “The Sayings of Zephaniah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Zephaniah?<br><br>Zephaniah wrote this book. But four different Old Testament people have the name Zephaniah. This Zephaniah was probably the great-grandson of King Hezekiah and a cousin to King Josiah. Zephaniah lived in the city of Jerusalem. He began to prophesy about seventy years after the prophets Isaiah and Micah. Zephaniah spoke Yahwehs messages during the reign of King Josiah (about 640621 B.C.), and just before Jeremiah began to prophesy.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Were the people of Judah faithful to Yahweh at the time Zephaniah started to prophesy?<br><br>Manasseh, the grandfather of Josiah, had been one of the worst kings of Judah. He led the people to worship other gods. After his death, his son Amon ruled for only two years before he was killed. Amons son Josiah became king when he was eight years old. Josiah learned to worship and honor Yahweh. Zephaniah likely began his work after Josiah had destroyed most of the idols and shrines of false gods in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br><br>### What country is coming to invade Judah?<br><br>Zephaniah often said a foreign nation would invade the kingdom of Judah. Zephaniah probably meant Babylonia. However, the Book of Zephaniah never names this nation.
3ZEP1introt3tv0# Zephaniah 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 1:2-18.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecy<br>In this chapter, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the fall of Jerusalem, the coming of the Messiah or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]])
4ZEP11w6l80General Information:Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahwehs judgment. Verses 1:2-3 describe Yahwehs final judgment of every sinner in the future.
5ZEP11k2gefigs-idiom0the word of Yahweh that cameThis idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yahweh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
6ZEP11exz80YahwehThis is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
7ZEP11zlc5figs-explicit0son of Gedaliah son of Amariah son of HezekiahThis is a list of Zephaniahs ancestors. These usages of “son of” are the broader sense of “descendant of.” Here “Hezekiah” refers to King Hezekiah. These things can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the grandson of Gedaliah, and the great-grandson of Amariah, whose father was King Hezekiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8ZEP12x2u5figs-hyperbole0I will utterly destroy everything from off the surface of the earthThe words “everything” and “will cut off man” are deliberate exaggerations by Yahweh to express his anger at the peoples sin. Yahweh will destroy neither sinners who repent nor all living things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
9ZEP12atu60destroy everything from off the surface of the earthAlternate translation: “destroy everything that is on the entire earth”
10ZEP12fg27figs-123person0this is Yahwehs declarationYahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
11ZEP13aqr70I will cut off man from the surface of the earth“I will kill all people.” This is a hyperbole, as in [Zephaniah 1:2](./02.md).
12ZEP13zd2p0man and beastAlternate translation: “people and animals”
13ZEP13kw4a0the ruinsThis could mean: (1) the piles of rubble that will remain after the judgment or (2) the idols that Yahweh destroyed.
14ZEP13xxd9figs-metaphor0cut offDestroying is spoken of as if it were cutting something off from what it was a part of. Alternate translation: “destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15ZEP14zb970General Information:Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahwehs judgment. Verses 1:4-16 describe Yahwehs judgment on the people of Judah.
16ZEP14q6djfigs-idiom0I will reach out with my hand over JudahThis is an idiom that means God will punish. Alternate translation: “I will punish Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
17ZEP14wn2wfigs-ellipsis0I will cut off every remnant … the names of the idolatrous people among the priestsThe verb “cut off” applies to each of these phrases, but has been used only once to avoid repetition. Alternate translation: “I will cut off every remnant … I will cut off the names of the idolatrous people among the priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
18ZEP14gdu9figs-metaphor0cut offDestroying is spoken of as if it were cutting something off from what it was a part of. See how you translated this in [Zephaniah 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
19ZEP14h6cvfigs-idiom0cut off … the names of the idolatrous people among the priestsHere “cut off … the names” is an idiom that means to cause people to forget them. Alternate translation: “cause everyone … to forget the priests who are idolatrous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
20ZEP15u98gfigs-ellipsis0the people who on the housetops … the people who worship and swearThe verb “cut off” ([Zechariah 1:4](./04.md)) applies to these phrases, but has been used only once to avoid repetition. Alternate translation: “I will cut off the people who on the housetops … I will cut off the people who worship and swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
21ZEP15w2r80by their kingSee the footnote about the possible rendering of this as “by Milcom.”
22ZEP16ql66figs-metaphor0neither seek Yahweh nor ask for his guidanceSeeking **Yahweh** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “do not think about Yahweh or ask him to guide them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
23ZEP17ztx90General Information:Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahwehs judgment. Verses 1:4-16 describe Yahwehs judgment on the people of Judah.
24ZEP17etv8figs-idiom0Be silentThis is an idiom. Here silence is meant to signal shock and amazement. Alternate translation: “Be shocked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
25ZEP17xb5bfigs-metaphor0Yahweh has prepared the sacrifice and set apart his guestsThe people of Judah are spoken of as Yahwehs sacrifice, and the enemy nations are spoken of as his guests who would eat the sacrifice. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has prepared the people of Judah as a sacrifice, and invited the enemy nations as his guests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
26ZEP17hwp4figs-idiom0set apart his guestsHere “set apart” is an idiom that means he has invited them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
27ZEP18z1ixfigs-123person0General Information:In verses 1:8-13, Yahweh is speaking. He alternates between using first person and speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
28ZEP18w2xl0It will come aboutThis phrase is used to mark the point at which Yahwehs judgment of Judah will begin.
29ZEP18igq2figs-explicit0everyone dressed in foreign clothesThis phrase suggests that the Israelites wore clothes similar to the foreigners to show sympathy to their customs and to the worship of their foreign gods. Alternate translation: “everyone who worships foreign gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
30ZEP19gma80On that dayAlternate translation: “On the day of Yahweh”
31ZEP19fr1s0all those who leap over the thresholdThis could mean: (1) this is a reference to people who did not step on thresholds as part of their worship of a god called Dagan or (2) people who leapt up onto platforms to worship pagan idols or (3) royal officials who climbed the steps to the throne.
32ZEP19u6140fill their masters house with violence and deceitThe abstract nouns “violence” and “deceit” can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “those who do violent things and tell lies in the temples of their gods”
33ZEP110n2difigs-123person0General Information:Zephaniah 1:2-18 refers to Yahwehs judgment. Zephaniah 1:4-16 describes Yahwehs judgment on the people of Judah. In Zephaniah 1:8-13, Yahweh is speaking. He alternates between using first person and speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
34ZEP110mm2c0Fish GateThe Fish Gate was one of the gates in the Jerusalem city wall.
35ZEP110bm2g0wailing from the Second District“Mourn loudly from the Second District.” The Second District was a newer part of Jerusalem.
36ZEP110ysx8figs-explicit0a great crashing soundThis refers to the sound of buildings collapsing. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “a loud sound of buildings collapsing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
37ZEP110ahw80from the hillsThis refers to the hills surrounding Jerusalem.
38ZEP111ne51figs-parallelism0for all the merchants will be ruined; all those who weigh out silver will be cut offThese two phrases refer to the same people and are used to emphasize that business will be destroyed. Alternate translation: “for those who buy and sell goods will be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
39ZEP111fu790those who weigh out silverThis refers to merchants. Before coins were used, people weighed out silver or gold as payment for things they bought.
40ZEP111eyb8figs-metaphor0cut offDestroying is spoken of as if it were cutting something off from what it was a part of. See how you translated this in [Zephaniah 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
41ZEP112vc630General Information:Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahwehs judgment. Verses 1:4-16 describe Yahwehs judgment on the people of Judah.
42ZEP112fb6r0It will come about at that timeThis phrase is used to mark the time when Jerusalem has been destroyed by the enemies.
43ZEP112n4xefigs-metaphor0I will search Jerusalem with lampsYahweh speaks of knowing about all people of Jerusalem as if he had searched for them with lamps. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
44ZEP112sb9cfigs-idiom0settled into their wineThey feel safe from trouble. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
45ZEP112t4ux0say in their heart, Yahweh will not do anything, either good or evil.This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “say in their heart that Yahweh will not do anything, either good or evil.
46ZEP112nu98figs-idiom0say in their heartThis idiom means they think to themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
47ZEP112fhk8figs-merism0Yahweh will not do anything, either good or evilHere “good and evil” is a merism that includes everything in between. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not do anything at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
48ZEP113nu8u0an abandoned devastationAlternate translation: “destroyed and abandoned”
49ZEP114r2si0General Information:Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahwehs judgment. Verses 1:4-16 describe Yahwehs judgment on the people of Judah.
50ZEP114a6kwfigs-doublet0near, near and hurrying quicklyThe repetition of the word “near,” along with the phrase “hurrying quickly,” emphasize that the day when Yahweh judges the people will soon happen. Alternate translation: “close and will be here soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
51ZEP114ky2m0the day of YahwehSee how you translated this phrase in [Zephaniah 1:7](../01/07.md).
52ZEP114nu8q0a warrior crying bitterlyThis could mean: (1) a soldier crying in despair or (2) a soldiers battle cry.
53ZEP115xb570That day … a dayThese phrases refer back to the “day of Yahweh” in [Zephaniah 1:14](../01/14.md).
54ZEP115lw4tfigs-doublet0a day of distress and anguishThe words “distress” and “anguish” mean about the same thing and emphasize the intensity of the peoples distress. Alternate translation: “a day when people feel terrible distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
55ZEP115ud2qfigs-doublet0a day of storm and devastationHere the word “storm” refers to divine judgment. The word “devastation” describes the effects of that judgment. Alternate translation: “a day of devastating storms” or “a day of devastating judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
56ZEP115jub4figs-doublet0a day of darkness and gloomThe words “darkness” and “gloom” share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of darkness. Both words refer to a time of disaster or divine judgment. Alternate translation: “a day that is full of darkness” or “a day of terrible judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
57ZEP115swy2figs-doublet0a day of clouds and thick darknessThis phrase means the same thing as, and intensifies, the idea of the previous phrase. Like that phrase, both “clouds” and “thick darkness” refer to divine judgment. Alternate translation: “a day full of dark storm clouds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
58ZEP116deb6figs-doublet0a day of trumpets and alarmsThe words “trumpets” and “alarms” mean basically the same thing here. Both are means to call soldiers to prepare for battle. Alternate translation: “a day when people sound the alarm for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
59ZEP116da9hfigs-doublet0fortified cities and the high battlementsThese two phrases both refer to military strongholds. Alternate translation: “well fortified cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
60ZEP117w66r0General Information:Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahwehs judgment. Verses 1:17-18 describe Yahwehs final judgment of every sinner in the future.
61ZEP117krq4figs-simile0they will walk about like blind menThe result of Yahwehs judgment is that people will be so confused and dazed when they walk about that people will think they are blind. Alternate translation: “they will walk around as confused and dazed as blind men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
62ZEP117cq1rfigs-simile0Their blood will be poured out like dustTheir blood that is shed will be as worthless as dust. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Their enemies will pour out their blood and consider it to be worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
63ZEP117jrq1figs-simile0their inner parts like dungThe verb “poured out” is understood here. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “their enemies will cut open their bodies and leave them to rot like dung” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
64ZEP118ai7hfigs-metaphor0the fire of his jealousyHere “fire” refers to the intensity of Yahwehs anger. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “his jealousy is as intense as a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
65ZEP118ij81figs-explicit0all the inhabitants of the earthIt is understood that this refers to the wicked people. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “all the wicked people who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
66ZEP2introt1it0# Zephaniah 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 2:1-9, 12-15.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecy<br>In this chapter, because the prophesied destruction is so complete, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the time near the fall of Jerusalem or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]])
67ZEP21w14pfigs-doublet0Rally yourselves together and gatherThese two phrases mean the same thing. Together they intensify the command for the people to gather together in order to repent of their sins. Alternate translation: “Gather yourselves together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
68ZEP22m93yfigs-metonymy0before the decree takes effectThis phrase refers to the punishment that will happen as a result of Yahwehs decree. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh punishes you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
69ZEP22j7xn0that dayThis phrase relates to the “day of Yahweh.” Translate as you did similar phrases in [Zephaniah 1:9](../01/09.md).
70ZEP22m9s2figs-simile0that day passes like the chaffThe chaff is the insignificant part of the plant that the wind blows away. In a similar way, the day of judgment will pass quickly. Alternate translation: “that day passes as quickly as chaff blown by the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
71ZEP22xg13figs-parallelism0before the fierce anger of Yahwehs wrath comes upon you, before the day of the wrath of Yahweh comes upon youThe prophet repeats the same phrase almost exactly in order to emphasize how terrible Yahwehs judgment will be and the urgency with which the people must repent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
72ZEP22c8mpfigs-metonymy0Yahwehs wrathThis stands for Gods intent to punish. Alternate translation: “Yahwehs punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
73ZEP23rm7ufigs-metaphor0Seek YahwehSeeking **Yahweh** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
74ZEP23rg17figs-abstractnouns0Seek righteousness. Seek humilityThe abstract nouns “righteousness” and “humility” can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “Try to do what is right and to be humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
75ZEP23s75gfigs-activepassive0you will be protected in the day of Yahwehs wrathIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will protect you in the day of his wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
76ZEP24r1bq0General Information:In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah.
77ZEP24dth60Gaza … Ashkelon … Ashdod … EkronThese were the four major Philistine cities of that day.
78ZEP24f893figs-parallelism0will be abandoned … will turn into a devastationThese two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the complete destruction of these cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
79ZEP24mi6f0They will drive out Ashdod at noonHere “They” refers to the enemies of the Philistines. Here, **at noon** could mean: (1) the enemies will defeat Ashdod before noon or (2) the enemies will attack Ashdod at noon while the people are resting and unaware.
80ZEP24sb41figs-metaphor0they will uproot EkronThe defeat of Ekron is spoken of as if it was a tree that was pulled from the ground and thrown away. Alternate translation: “they will take the people of Ekron away as if uprooting a tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
81ZEP25p4be0the inhabitants of the seacoast, the nation of the KerethitesThe first phrase explains where the Kerethites lived.
82ZEP25pq8v0Canaan, land of the PhilistinesThe Philistines were one of several people groups who lived in Canaan.
83ZEP25w9gq0until no inhabitant remainsThis can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “until every inhabitant is dead”
84ZEP26s8lg0General Information:In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah.
85ZEP26gm120So the seacoast will become pastures for shepherds and for sheep pensThis probably means that the Philistine cities are gone, and only open fields remain. However, the Hebrew meaning is unclear and is sometimes translated differently by modern versions.
86ZEP26ip1f0sheep pensA sheep pen is a small area surrounded by a fence to keep the sheep together.
87ZEP27h1ww0Their peopleAlternate translation: “The people of Judah”
88ZEP27e8k30lie downAlternate translation: “lie down to sleep”
89ZEP28yb330General Information:In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah.
90ZEP28ep73figs-parallelism0the taunts … the reviling“the taunts … the insults.” These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that both Moab and Ammon have insulted Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
91ZEP28zd770violated their bordersThis refers to crossing over into Judahs territory in order to attack them.
92ZEP29hzr2figs-idiom0as I live“as surely as I am alive.” Yahweh uses this expression to show that what he says next is certainly true. This is a way of making a solemn promise. Alternate translation: “I solemnly swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
93ZEP29pi3wfigs-123person0this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts, God of IsraelYahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts, God of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, God of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
94ZEP29b2lhfigs-explicit0like Sodom … like GomorrahThese two cities were so wicked that God completely destroyed them with fire from heaven. These similes therefore refer to complete destruction. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “completely destroyed like Sodom … like Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
95ZEP29l2f50a place of nettles and a salt pit“a place with thorns and a salt pit.” This describes a barren, useless land.
96ZEP29dr9efigs-parallelism0the remnant of my people … the remainder of my nationThese two phrases mean the same thing and refer to the Israelites that survived Yahwehs punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
97ZEP212ai2t0General Information:In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah.
98ZEP212dr9yfigs-metonymy0You Cushites also will be pierced by my swordHere “pieced by my sword” is a metonym for being killed in battle. Alternate translation: “I will kill you people of Cush in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
99ZEP213rqc2figs-metonymy0Gods handHere “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “Gods power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
100ZEP213vj6jfigs-abstractnouns0an abandoned devastationIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **devastation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “ruined and deserted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
101ZEP213ra14figs-simile0as dry as the desertThis means it will be so dry that nothing will grow there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
102ZEP214fgc10every animal of the nationsAlternate translation: “every kind of animal”
103ZEP214rq3s0the screech owlThis term is uncertain. Some versions translate it as “hedgehog.”
104ZEP214jp3m0in the top of her columnsWhen buildings were destroyed and fell down, the columns used for decoration and support would often remain standing.
105ZEP214u3vb0A call will sing out from the windowsAlternate translation: “A call will be heard from the windows”
106ZEP214e9980beamsBeams are long and thick pieces of wood that are used to keep a building stable.
107ZEP215ev510General Information:In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah.
108ZEP215kl780the exultant city“the city that is proud of itself.” This refers to the city of Nineveh, about whom Yahweh began to speak in [Zephaniah 2:13](../02/13.md).
109ZEP215pvv7figs-idiom0said in her heartThis idiom means “said to herself” or “she thought.” The city is spoken of as if it were a person that could speak. It represents the people who live in that city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
110ZEP215g214figs-explicit0I am, and nothing is my equalIt may be necessary to supply an object for “I am.” Alternate translation: “I am the greatest city, and no other city is equal to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
111ZEP215w3q50a horrorAlternate translation: “a horrible place to see”
112ZEP215n4jw0hiss and shake his fistA hiss is an angry sound. This phrase indicates extreme anger of the people toward Nineveh.
113ZEP3introf3en0# Zephaniah 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 3:1-20.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecy<br>In this chapter, because the prophesied destruction is so complete, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the time near the fall of Jerusalem or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]])
114ZEP31d7qufigs-metonymy0General Information:In verses 3:1-5, Zephaniah speaks Yahwehs message of judgment to the sinful people of Jerusalem. The city represents the people who live within it. To make this clear, it may be helpful to replace the singular “she” and “her” with the plural “they” and “their.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
115ZEP31aew2figs-explicit0the rebellious cityThe nature of their rebellion can be stated. Alternate translation: “the people of the city who have rebelled against God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
116ZEP31fc2a0The violent city is defiledAlternate translation: “The people of the city have committed violence and so I consider them unclean”
117ZEP32lb6hfigs-metonymy0She has not listened to the voice of GodThe voice is a metonym for what the speaker says with the voice, and listening is a metonym for obeying. Alternate translation: “She has not obeyed what God has said to her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
118ZEP33nf4ufigs-metonymy0General Information:In verses 3:1-5, Zephaniah speaks Yahwehs message of judgment to the sinful people of Jerusalem. The city represents the people who live within it. To make this clear, it may be helpful to replace the singular “she” and “her” with the plural “they” and “their.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
119ZEP33ae1ffigs-metaphor0Her princes are roaring lions in her midstLions roar to chase other animals away from the prey they have caught. The princes of Jerusalem are spoken of as if they were roaring lions who were keeping the prey for themselves. Alternate translation: “Jerusalems royalty are as greedy as roaring lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
120ZEP33z5i2figs-metaphor0Her judges are evening wolves who leave nothing to be gnawed upon in the morningWolves are especially hungry before they hunt at night. The judges are spoken of as if they were hungry wolves. Alternate translation: “Her judges are as greedy as hungry wolves that leave nothing for anyone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
121ZEP34u7tc0Her prophets are insolent and treasonous menAlternate translation: “Her prophets do not listen to anyone and cannot be trusted”
122ZEP34q96w0have profaned what is holyAlternate translation: “have treated holy things with disrespect”
123ZEP34xm2b0have done violence to the lawAlternate translation: “have broken the law”
124ZEP35ine10General Information:In verses 3:1-5, Zephaniah speaks Yahwehs message of judgment to the sinful people of Jerusalem.
125ZEP35a3p2figs-parallelism0Yahweh is righteous … He can do no wrongThese two phrases mean the same thing, and emphasize Yahwehs righteousness even among the wicked people in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
126ZEP35z4ht0in her midstAlternate translation: “among them”
127ZEP35fe75figs-idiom0Morning by morningThis idiom means “Every day” or “Day after day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
128ZEP35cvu6figs-metaphor0he will dispense his justiceYahwehs just treatment of every person is spoken of as if he was handing out a commodity. Alternate translation: “he will treat people justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
129ZEP35dm1bfigs-litotes0It will not be hidden in the lightThis uses a negative statement to emphasize the positive truth that Yahwehs justice is always visible. Alternate translation: “His justice is clearly shown to all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
130ZEP35dwk90know no shameAlternate translation: “are not ashamed”
131ZEP36t3emfigs-explicit0General Information:In verses 3:6-7, Yahweh rebukes the people of Jerusalem because they did not learn from how he judged other sinful cities. It may be helpful to add “Yahweh says this:” to the beginning of verse 6 to make this explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
132ZEP36ie5cfigs-parallelism0I have made their streets ruins, so that no one passes over them. Their cities are destroyed so that there is no man inhabiting themThese two sentences express the same idea in two different ways in order to emphasize the complete destruction of the cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
133ZEP36y9qd0no one passes over themAlternate translation: “no one walks on them”
134ZEP36asi40there is no man inhabiting themThis can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “all the people are dead”
135ZEP37mvv5figs-quotations0I said, Surely you will fear me … I have planned to do to you.This can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “I thought they would surely fear me and accept correction so that they would not be cut off from their homes by all that I have planned to do to them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
136ZEP37g15jfigs-idiom0and do not be cut off from your homesHere “cut off” is an idiom that means to be removed. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that I will not remove you from your homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
137ZEP37u1c90by corrupting all their deedsAlternate translation: “by doing deeds that were corrupt”
138ZEP38lfl40General Information:In verse 3:8, Yahweh warns that he will judge all nations.
139ZEP38my260wait for me … until the dayThis phrase implies that they are waiting for judgment.
140ZEP38rhe9figs-123person0this is Yahwehs declarationYahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
141ZEP38izp2figs-metaphor0I rise up to seize the preyYahwehs judgment on the nations is spoken of as if he was an hungry animal that attacked a smaller animal. Alternate translation: “I will rise up and destroy them as an animal seizes its prey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
142ZEP38mvx7figs-doublet0to assemble the nations, to gather the kingdomsThese two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh will judge all of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
143ZEP38q1mlfigs-doublet0my anger—all of my burning wrathThe words “anger” and “burning wrath” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of Yahwehs anger. Alternate translation: “my very fierce wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
144ZEP38ge59figs-activepassive0in the fire of my jealousy all the earth will be consumedThis phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the fire of my jealousy will devour all the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
145ZEP38hc95figs-metaphor0in the fire of my jealousy … consumedYahwehs jealousy is here spoken of as if it were fire that could consume something. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “my jealousy will consume all the earth as a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
146ZEP39cs8h0General Information:In verses 3:9-10, Yahweh says that he will renew the Gentiles after the judgment.
147ZEP39la62figs-metonymy0I will purify the lips of the peoplesHere “lips” refers to the ability to speak. Alternate translation: “I will cause the peoples to speak what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
148ZEP39k8y7figs-idiom0call upon the name of YahwehThis is an idiom that means they worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
149ZEP39f339figs-idiom0serve him shoulder to shoulderHere “shoulder to shoulder” is an idiom that means “side by side.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
150ZEP310zs4q0beyond the river of CushThis may refer to the area where Sudan is located today.
151ZEP311hvk20General Information:In verses 3:11-13, Yahweh encourages the remnant of Israel who survive the judgment.
152ZEP311ryq30In that day … at that time“When that happens … at that time.” These phrases here refer to the time of peace and restoration that immediately follows the day of Yahweh.
153ZEP311xcx2figs-activepassive0will not be put to shame for all your deedsIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will no longer be ashamed of all your deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
154ZEP311y6pj0those who celebrated your prideAlternate translation: “all the people who are very proud”
155ZEP312q74i0General Information:In verses 3:11-13, Yahweh encourages the remnant of Israel who survive the judgment.
156ZEP312c1gcfigs-metaphor0they will find refuge in the name of YahwehYahwehs protection of this remnant is spoke of as if he was a refuge or a fortress. Here “name of Yahweh” refers to his person. Alternate translation: “they will come to Yahweh and he will help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
157ZEP313y1630The remnant of IsraelThis refers to the “lowly and poor people” of [Zephaniah 3:12](../03/12.md).
158ZEP313b2m70commit injusticeAlternate translation: “do unjust things”
159ZEP313ja4ifigs-activepassive0no deceitful tongue will be found in their mouthHere “tongue … in their mouth” represents the things that the tongue enables the mouth to speak. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “none of them will speak deceitful things” or “they will not say deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
160ZEP313pe7kfigs-metaphor0they will graze and lie downYahweh speaks of his provision for the people of Israel as if they are a flock of sheep that grazes and rests in safety. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
161ZEP314d65d0General Information:In verses 3:14-20, Zephaniah tells the remnant of Israel who survived the judgment that they should rejoice.
162ZEP314d6q3figs-idiom0daughter of Zion … daughter of JerusalemHere “daughter” refers to all the people who lived in the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
163ZEP314x7wgfigs-doublet0Be glad and rejoiceThese two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize how happy they should be. Alternate translation: “Be very happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
164ZEP314qj83figs-metonymy0with all your heartHere “heart” refers to the inner being of a person. Alternate translation: “with all your inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
165ZEP315lb51figs-idiom0Yahweh has taken away your punishmentHere to “take away” punishment is an idiom that means to stop doing it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has stopped punishing you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
166ZEP315t4fyfigs-abstractnouns0You will never again fear evilIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **evil**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “You will no longer be afraid that people will harm you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
167ZEP316v9ia0In that day“At that time” or “When this happens.” This phrase here refers to the time of peace and restoration that immediately follows the day of Yahweh.
168ZEP316eh5efigs-metonymy0say to Jerusalem … ZionThe names of these cities here refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “say to the people of Jerusalem … people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
169ZEP316pc5cfigs-metaphor0Do not let your hands falterTo feel weak or helpless is spoken of as if their hands became physically weak. Here “hands” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Do not become weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
170ZEP317w8tr0General Information:In verses 3:14-20, Zephaniah tells the remnant of Israel who survived the judgment that they should rejoice.
171ZEP317g95ffigs-metaphor0a mighty one to save you“he is mighty and will save you.” Yahweh is spoken of as a mighty warrior. Alternate translation: “he is a mighty warrior and will give you victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
172ZEP317gk13figs-parallelism0He will celebrate over you with joy … he will be glad over you with a shout for joyThese two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize Yahwehs joy that the remnant is restored to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
173ZEP317h9ek0he will be silent over you in his loveThis could mean: (1) “he will quiet you by his love for you” or (2) “he will renew you because he loves you.”
174ZEP318i4fffigs-metaphor0no longer bear any shame for itHere shame is spoken of as if it was a heavy thing that a person had to carry. Alternate translation: “no longer be ashamed because of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
175ZEP319ih9r0General Information:In verses 3:19-20, Yahweh speaks directly to the remnant of Israel who survived the judgment and tells them that they should rejoice.
176ZEP319f6zj0BeholdThis tells the reader to pay special attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Look” or “Pay attention”
177ZEP319l1m4figs-explicit0I am about to deal with all your oppressorsIt is understood that “deal with” means to punish the oppressors. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “I will severely punish all those who oppressed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
178ZEP319qc78figs-metaphor0I will rescue the lame and gather up the outcastHere the Israelites who suffered in exile are spoken of as if they were lame and outcast sheep. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “I will rescue and bring together the remnant of Israel who are like lame and outcast sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
179ZEP319kzw30the lameThis refers to people or animals that cannot walk.
180ZEP319ry88figs-simile0I will make them as praiseThe full thought here is, “I will make them to be objects of praise,” that is, “I will make them to be praised by others.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
181ZEP319cxu6figs-abstractnouns0I will change their shame into renownThe abstract nouns “shame” and “renown” can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to no longer be ashamed, but for people to respect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
182ZEP320d2a1figs-parallelism0At that time I will lead you; at that time I will gather you togetherThese two lines mean basically the same thing and imply that Yahweh will bring the exiled people back to their homeland. Alternate translation: “At that time I will gather you together and lead you home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])