unfoldingWord_en_tn/en_tn_61-1PE.tsv

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21PEfrontintroc1uv0# Introduction to 1 Peter\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of 1 Peter\n\n1. Introduction (1:12)\n2. Peter reminds the believers of their identity in Christ (1:32:10)\n\n * Peter praises God for saving the believers (1:312)\n * Command to be holy (1:1321)\n * Command to love each other as a family (1:222:10)\n\n1. Peter tells the believers how they should behave (2:114:11)\n\n * How believers should act toward other people (2:113:12)\n * How believers should endure suffering (3:134:6)\n * The end is near (4:711)\n\n1. Peter encourages the believers to persevere when suffering (4:125:11)\n\n * How believers should respond to trials (4:1219)\n * Instructions for relationships among believers (5:111)\n\n1. Conclusion (5:1214)\n\n### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter?\n\nThe author identified himself as Peter, who was also called Simon Peter. He was an apostle and also wrote the book of 2 Peter. Peter probably wrote this letter in Rome. He wrote the letter to Gentile Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/peter]])\n\n### What is the Book of 1 Peter about?\n\nPeter wrote this letter to encourage Gentile Christians who were being persecuted and to exhort them to stand firm in “the true grace of God” ([5:12](../05/12.md)). Peter told his readers how they should act in the midst of a society that hated them. He encouraged Christians to continue obeying God even when they are suffering. He told them to do this because Jesus will return soon. Peter also instructed Christians about submitting to persons in authority.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title “1 Peter” or “First Peter.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The First Letter from Peter” or “The First Letter Peter Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### How were Christians treated in Rome?\n\nPeter was probably in Rome when he wrote this letter. In [5:13](../05/13.md) Peter referred to Rome symbolically as “Babylon.” It appears that when Peter wrote this letter, Romans were severely persecuting Christians.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Singular and plural “you”\n\nIn this book, the word “I” refers to Peter, except for two places: [1 Peter 1:16](../01/16.md) and [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). The word “you” is always plural and refers to Peters audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])\n\n### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter?\n\n“Having purified your souls by obedience to the truth for sincere brotherly love, love one another earnestly from a pure heart” ([1:22](../01/22.md)). The ULT, UST, and most other modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, “Having purified your souls by obedience to the truth *through the Spirit* for sincere brotherly love, love one another earnestly from the heart.” Translators are advised to follow the modern reading.\n\n(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
31PE1introql4i0# 1 Peter 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Introduction (1:12)<br>2. Peter praises God for saving the believers (1:312)<br>3. Command to be holy (1:1321)<br>4. Command to love each other as a family (1:222:10)<br><br>Peter begins this letter in [1:12](../01/01.md) by giving his name, identifying the people to whom he is writing, and offering a greeting. That was the way people typically began letters at that time.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in [1:2425](../01/24.md).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### What God reveals<br><br>When Jesus comes again, everyone will see how good Gods people were to have faith in Jesus. Then Gods people will see how gracious God has been to them, and all people will praise both God and his people.<br><br>### Holiness<br><br>God wants his people to be holy because God is holy (1:15). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### Eternity<br><br>Peter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Paradox<br><br>A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Peter writes that his readers are glad and sad at the same time ([1 Peter 1:6](../01/06.md)). He can say this because they are sad because they are suffering, but they are also glad because they know that God will save them “in the last time” ([1 Peter 1:5](../01/05.md))
41PE11g6b4figs-123personΠέτρος1In this culture, letter writers would give their own names first, and they would refer to themselves in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the first person. If your language has a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, you could also use that. Alternate translation: “I, Peter, am writing this letter” or “From Peter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
51PE11p0pdtranslate-namesΠέτρος1**Peter** is the name of a man, a disciple of Jesus. See the information about him in Part 1 of the Introduction to 1 Peter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
61PE11h6omfigs-distinguishἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1This phrase gives further information about Simon Peter. He describes himself as being someone given the position and authority of being Christs apostle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
71PE11owrgfigs-123personἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις1In this culture, after giving their own names, letter writers would then say to whom they were writing, naming those people in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the second person. Alternate translation: “to you elect exiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
81PE11g3n3figs-abstractnounsἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς1If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **elect** and **dispersion**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to those whom God has elected and exiled among those whom God has dispersed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
91PE11u3zcfigs-metaphorἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς1to the elect foreigners of the dispersionWhen Peter calls his readers **exiles** he could mean: (1) they are **exiles** because they are far away from their true home in heaven. Alternate translation: “to the elect exiles of the dispersion who are far from their home in heaven” (2) they are **exiles** because they were forced to leave their homes and go far away to Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia. Alternate translation: “to you elect exiles of the dispersion who are far away from your homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
101PE11bg47figs-metaphorδιασπορᾶς1Here, **dispersion** could refer to: (1) groups of Gentile Christians who were spread throughout the world instead of in their true home in heaven. In this case, **dispersion** would have a similar meaning to **exiles** and would add emphasis. Alternate translation: “among those dispersed outside of their true home in heaven” (2) the groups of Jewish people who were spread across the Greek-speaking world that was outside of the land of Israel, which is the common technical meaning for this word. Alternate translation: “among the dispersed Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
111PE11qkl8translate-namesΠόντου, Γαλατίας, Καππαδοκίας, Ἀσίας, καὶ Βιθυνίας1Cappadocia … Bithynia**Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia** are names of Roman provinces that were located in what is now the country of Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
121PE12ba1hfigs-abstractnounsπρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός1the foreknowledge of God the FatherIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **foreknowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “what God the Father foreknew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
131PE12lcpsfigs-explicitπρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός1This phrase could mean: (1) God had determined what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father planned previously” (2) God knew what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father knew beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
141PE12z59tguidelines-sonofgodprinciplesΠατρός1**Father** is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
151PE12huw6figs-abstractnounsἐν ἁγιασμῷ Πνεύματος1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sanctification**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “by the Spirit sanctifying you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
161PE12sfrrfigs-possessionἐν ἁγιασμῷ Πνεύματος1Peter is using the possessive form to describe **sanctification** that is produced by the Holy **Spirit**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by the Spirit causing you to be sanctified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
171PE12ukosfigs-explicitεἰς ὑπακοὴν καὶ ῥαντισμὸν αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1Here, **obedience** could refer to: (1) obeying God. Alternate translation: “for obedience of God and the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ” (2) obeying Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “for obedience of Jesus Christ and the sprinkling of his blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
181PE12oiuzfigs-abstractnounsεἰς ὑπακοὴν1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **obedience**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “for you to obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
191PE12j96ugrammar-connect-logic-goalεἰς ὑπακοὴν1Here, **for** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a purpose for which the Holy Spirit sanctifies believers. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of obedience” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
201PE12rwkkfigs-metaphorῥαντισμὸν αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus ChristPeter uses **sprinkling** figuratively to refer to believers being in a covenant relationship with God. Just as Moses sprinkled blood on the people of Israel in [Exodus 24:111](../../exo/24/01.md) to symbolize them joining in a covenant relationship with God, believers are joined in a covenant relationship with God by means of Jesus death. Moses also sprinkled blood on the priests to set them apart to serve God as priests ([Leviticus 8:30](../../lev/08/30.md)). If your readers would not understand this, you could use a simile or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the covenant between believers and God established by the blood of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
211PE12i9kffigs-metonymyαἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1of the blood of Jesus ChristHere, **blood** refers figuratively to the death of Jesus. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “of the death of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
221PE12k547translate-blessingχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1In this culture, letter writers would offer a good wish for the recipient before introducing the main business of the letter. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing. Alternate translation: “May God increase his kind acts to you and make you more peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
231PE12iam1figs-abstractnounsχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract nouns **grace** and **peace**, you could express the ideas behind them with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “May God multiply his kind acts to you and give you a more peaceful spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
241PE12z7dffigs-metaphorχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1May grace be to you, and may your peace increasePeter speaks of **grace** and **peace** as if they were objects that could increase in size or number. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a different metaphor that means that these things will increase, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “May grace and peace increase in your lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
251PE12gj71figs-activepassiveχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May God multiply grace and peace to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
261PE13y6aq0General Information:Peter begins to talk about the believers salvation and faith. Verses 35 are one sentence, but you may need to divide them into shorter sentences in your language.
271PE13l4vifigs-declarativeεὐλογητὸς1Peter is using a statement to give an exhortation. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for exhortation. Alternate translation: “Let us bless” or “Let us praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
281PE13z6wkguidelines-sonofgodprinciplesΠατὴρ1**Father** is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
291PE13cyf6figs-exclusiveἡμῶν…ἡμᾶς1our … usThe words **our** and **us** are inclusive. They refer to Peter and those believers to whom he is writing. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
301PE13ib1xfigs-possessionτοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν1Peter is using the possessive form to describe Jesus as the **Lord** who rules over those who believe in him. If this is not clear in your language, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the person who is lord over us” or “of the person who rules over us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
311PE13mdvifigs-abstractnounsὁ κατὰ τὸ πολὺ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **mercy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “according to his great merciful character” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
321PE13c92yfigs-metaphorἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς1he has given us new birthThe phrase **born again** is a metaphor that refers to spiritual rebirth. Since this is an important metaphor in the Bible, you should keep it in your translation and include an explanation if necessary. Alternate translation: “has caused us to be spiritually reborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
331PE13cbxbfigs-infostructureἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς εἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν, δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐκ νεκρῶν1The clause **into a living hope** is parallel to “into an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritance” in the next verse. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of the phrases in this verse in order to show that parallel structure. Alternate translation: “who has caused us to be born again through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from dead ones into a living hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
341PE13qe1cgrammar-connect-logic-goalεἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν1Here, **into** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a purpose for which God causes believers to be born again. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving us a living hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
351PE13kngtfigs-metaphorεἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν1Peter uses **living** figuratively to describe **hope** that is certain and will not lead to disappointment. If this use of living might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into a hope that will not disappoint you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
361PE13lh0rfigs-abstractnounsδι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐκ νεκρῶν1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **resurrection**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “through Jesus Christ being resurrected from among dead ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
371PE14v9jqgrammar-connect-logic-goalεἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον1Here, **into** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a second purpose for which God causes believers to be born again. This clause states what the “living hope” in the previous verse is. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving us an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
381PE14b2zyfigs-abstractnounsεἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον1for an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritanceIf it would be clearer in your language, you can translate **inheritance** using a verb. Alternate translation: “into what we will inherit that is imperishable and undefiled and unfading” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
391PE14cy1gfigs-metaphorκληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον1an … inheritancePeter uses **inheritance** figuratively to refer to what we will receive in heaven. This could refer to: (1) salvation after this life. Alternate translation: “an imperishable and undefiled and unfading salvation” (2) future blessings in heaven after this life. Alternate translation: “imperishable and undefiled and unfading blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
401PE14z6w4figs-activepassiveτετηρημένην ἐν οὐρανοῖς εἰς ὑμᾶς1reserved in heaven for youIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which God has kept in heaven for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
411PE15r4esfigs-activepassiveτοὺς ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ φρουρουμένους1who are protected by the power of GodIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones whom God is protecting with his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
421PE15a4abfigs-abstractnounsδιὰ πίστεως1through faithIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by believing in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
431PE15ymh2grammar-connect-logic-goalεἰς σωτηρίαν1Here, **for** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a purpose for which God is protecting believers. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving us a salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
441PE15gj5sfigs-abstractnounsεἰς σωτηρίαν ἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for the time when God saves you, which is ready to be revealed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
451PE15g4rbfigs-activepassiveἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι1that is ready to be revealedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God is ready to reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
461PE15xsp2figs-explicitἐν καιρῷ ἐσχάτῳ1Here, **the last time** refers to “the day of the Lord,” which is the time when Jesus returns to the world to judge everyone and vindicate those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the last time when Jesus returns and judges everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
471PE16p1tawriting-pronounsἐν ᾧ1Here, **this** could refer to: (1) the “last time” referred to at the end of the last verse. Alternate translation: “in this last time” (2) everything described in [verses 35](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “in all of this that I have said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
481PE16hy8dgrammar-connect-logic-resultἐν ᾧ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε1In this you greatly rejoice**In** here introduces the reason why Peters readers rejoice. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “On account of this you greatly rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
491PE16dtvbgrammar-connect-condition-factἄρτι, εἰ δέον λυπηθέντες1Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “if now it is necessary to have been distressed, and it is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
501PE16a2bqfigs-activepassiveὀλίγον ἄρτι, εἰ δέον λυπηθέντες ἐν ποικίλοις πειρασμοῖς1If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if now it is necessary for various trials to distress you a little while” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
511PE17vvp1figs-metaphorἵνα τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως1so that the proof of your faithIn the same way in which fire refines gold, hardships test how well believers trust in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
521PE17ct3nfigs-abstractnounsτὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως1the proof of your faithIf your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **genuineness** and **faith**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the fact that you genuinely believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
531PE17g1oefigs-infostructureἵνα τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, διὰ πυρὸς δὲ δοκιμαζομένου, εὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ τιμὴν, ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “so that the genuineness of your faith might be found to result in praise and glory and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ; that faith is more precious than the perishing gold, but being tested by fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
541PE17u63mfigs-explicitὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, διὰ πυρὸς δὲ δοκιμαζομένου1of your faith, which is more precious than gold that perishes. But, being tested by fireIn this clause Peter means that **faith** is more valuable than **gold** because faith lasts forever but gold does not, even if it is refined by someone passing it through **fire**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. It may be helpful to make this a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “of your faith, which is more precious than gold because even gold that is tested by fire can perish, but your faith will not perish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
551PE17a6q4figs-activepassiveεὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ τιμὴν1it might be found to result in praise, and glory, and honorIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it might result in praise and glory and honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
561PE17lewtfigs-explicitἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1Peter assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to the future **revelation of Jesus Christ** when Jesus returns to earth. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the future revelation of Jesus Christ” or “when Jesus Christ reveals himself again in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
571PE17bkr9figs-abstractnounsἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1at the revealing of Jesus ChristIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **revelation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “at the time when Jesus Christ is revealed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
581PE18eka3figs-doubletχαρᾷ ἀνεκλαλήτῳ καὶ δεδοξασμένῃ1with joy that is inexpressible and filled with gloryHere, **inexpressible** and **filled with glory** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that how great the joy is If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “with joy so great that words cannot describe it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
591PE19hw6yfigs-metaphorκομιζόμενοι…σωτηρίαν1the salvationHere Peter speaks figuratively of **salvation** as if it were an object that someone could receive. If this would confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experiencing … the salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
601PE19jkcbfigs-abstractnounsτῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “of you believing in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
611PE19j2qefigs-abstractnounsσωτηρίαν ψυχῶν1the salvation of your soulsIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God saving your souls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
621PE19uk4afigs-synecdocheσωτηρίαν ψυχῶν1the salvation of your soulsHere, **souls** refers to the individual Christians to whom Peter is writing this letter. If this might confuse your readers, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “your salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
631PE110yyz4figs-doubletἐξεζήτησαν καὶ ἐξηραύνησαν1searched and inquired carefullyThe phrases **searched** and **inquired carefully** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize how hard the prophets tried to understand this salvation. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “examined very carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
641PE110gmcyfigs-abstractnounsἧς σωτηρίας1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God saving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
651PE110wx95figs-abstractnounsεἰς ὑμᾶς χάριτος1Here, **this grace** refers to **this salvation** mentioned earlier in this verse. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God being gracious to you by saving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
661PE111j917figs-explicitεἰς τίνα ἢ ποῖον καιρὸν1The word translated **whom** could also be translated “what.” In that case, “what” would refer to the time when salvation would take place and **what time** would then refer to the specific circumstances. However, most translations agree with the ULTs use of **whom**. Alternate translation: “into what time or what circumstances” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
671PE111w3n8figs-possessionτὸ…Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ1the Spirit of ChristPeter is using the possessive form to describe the Holy Spirit as being **the Spirit* that is associated with **Christ**. If this is not clear in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit associated with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
681PE111hjq5προμαρτυρόμενον1This could indicate: (1) the time when **the Spirit of Christ was revealing** information to the prophets. Alternate translation: “when testifying beforehand” (2) the means by which **the Spirit of Christ was revealing** information to the prophets. Alternate translation: “by means of testifying beforehand”
691PE111x5x8figs-abstractnounsτὰ εἰς Χριστὸν παθήματα, καὶ τὰς μετὰ ταῦτα δόξας1If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **sufferings** and **glories**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “about how Christ would suffer and glorious things would happen afterwards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
701PE112x4b1figs-activepassiveοἷς ἀπεκαλύφθη1It was revealed to themIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God revealed to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
711PE112hi9ufigs-activepassiveἃ νῦν ἀνηγγέλη ὑμῖν, διὰ τῶν εὐαγγελισαμένων ὑμᾶς1If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which those who proclaimed the gospel to you have now declared to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
721PE112c7jzfigs-explicitΠνεύματι Ἁγίῳ ἀποσταλέντι ἀπ’ οὐρανοῦ1This phrase indicates the means by which the evangelists proclaimed the gospel to Peters readers. Peter uses **the Holy Spirit** here to refer specifically to the Holy Spirits work of giving those evangelists the ability or power to proclaim the gospel effectively. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of the Holy Spirit sent from heaven enabling them to do so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
731PE112yzqkfigs-activepassiveἀποσταλέντι ἀπ’ οὐρανοῦ1If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
741PE112lyzlfigs-explicitεἰς ἃ1Here, **things** refers to what God had revealed to the prophets and some evangelists had proclaimed to Peters readers. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “into which things God revealed to the prophets and which were declared to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
751PE112xi4dfigs-metaphorεἰς ἃ ἐπιθυμοῦσιν ἄγγελοι παρακύψαι1into which things angels long to lookPeter uses **look** figuratively to refer to getting a clearer understanding of what God has revealed about salvation. This does not mean that the angels do not understand salvation at all. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “things which angels desire to understand more clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
761PE113bjg9grammar-connect-words-phrasesδιὸ1So**Therefore** here refers back to everything that Peter has written in [verses 112](../01/01.md). If it might be helpful to your readers, you could say this concisely. Alternate translation: “Since all these things I have just written are true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
771PE113zvghfigs-declarativeἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς διανοίας ὑμῶν, νήφοντες, τελείως ἐλπίσατε1The clauses **having girded up the loins of your mind** and **being sober** could indicate: (1) two commands in addition to the command to **hope fully** that occurs next in the sentence. Alternate translation: “gird up the loins of your mind, be sober, hope fully” (2) two actions that are means by which Peter wants his readers to obey the command to **hope fully**. Alternate translation: “hope fully, by having girded up the loins of your mind and by being sober” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
781PE113u87yfigs-idiomἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς διανοίας ὑμῶν1having girded the loins of your mindGirding up **the loins** is an idiom that means to prepare to work hard. It comes from the custom of tucking the bottom of ones robe into a belt around the waist in order to move with ease. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having prepared your minds for action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
791PE113i56ffigs-metaphorνήφοντες1Here Peter uses **sober** figuratively to refer to mental clarity and alertness. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “thinking clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
801PE113y771figs-activepassiveτὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν1the grace that is being brought to youIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the grace God is bringing to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
811PE113ut69figs-metaphorτὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν1the grace that is being brought to youHere Peter speaks of **grace** as if it were an object that could be brought to people. If this might confuse you readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the grace God is giving to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
821PE113qk5sfigs-metonymyτὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν1Here, **the grace** refers to salvation, as it also does in [verse 10](../01/10.md). If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the gracious salvation being brought to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
831PE113l45dfigs-possessionἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1in the revelation of Jesus ChristSee how you translated this phrase in [verse 7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
841PE114opvhfigs-metaphorτέκνα ὑπακοῆς1Here Peter uses **children** figuratively to refer to people who love and obey God. The relationship between God and those who love him is like the relationship between a father and his children. Because this is an important concept in the Bible, you should not say the meaning plainly here, but you may use a simile. Alternate translation: “like children of obedience” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
851PE114n5wgfigs-possessionτέκνα ὑπακοῆς1Peter is using the possessive form to describe **children** who are characterized by **obedience**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the adjective “obedient” instead of the noun “obedience.” Alternate translation: “obedient children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
861PE114e4tbfigs-idiomμὴ συνσχηματιζόμενοι ταῖς πρότερον…ἐπιθυμίαις1not being conformed to your former desiresHere, **not being conformed to** is an idiom meaning “not letting ones life be controlled by.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “not being controlled by your former desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
871PE114nepqfigs-declarativeμὴ συνσχηματιζόμενοι ταῖς πρότερον…ἐπιθυμίαις1Peter is using a statement to give a command. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for a command. Alternate translation: “do not be conformed to your former desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
881PE114j2wofigs-abstractnounsἐν τῇ ἀγνοίᾳ ὑμῶν1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **ignorance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when you were ignorant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
891PE115edvwfigs-explicitτὸν καλέσαντα ὑμᾶς1This phrase refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who called you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
901PE115mrbqfigs-abstractnounsἐν πάσῃ ἀναστροφῇ1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **behavior**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in how you conduct yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
911PE116m1q7figs-activepassiveγέγραπται1For it is writtenIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Moses was the author of the quotation that follows. Alternate translation: “Moses had written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
921PE116e6elwriting-quotationsγέγραπται1Here Peter uses **it is written** to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Leviticus 11:44](../../lev/11/44.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “it had been written in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
931PE116tt52figs-declarativeἅγιοι ἔσεσθε1Peter quotes God using a future statement to give a command. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for a command, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
941PE116s8kzfigs-123personὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιος1You will be holy, because I am holyIn this quotation from the Old Testament **I** refers to God. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “because I, God, am holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
951PE117x0xlgrammar-connect-condition-factεἰ…ἐπικαλεῖσθε1Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “because you call” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
961PE117c53bfigs-explicitτὸν ἀπροσωπολήμπτως κρίνοντα1This phrase refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who judges impartially” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
971PE117s6gvfigs-metaphorτὸν τῆς παροικίας ὑμῶν χρόνον1conduct yourselves in fear during the time of your journeyHere Peter speaks of his readers as if they were people living in a foreign land far away from their home. Like people living away from home, so are Christians living away from their home in heaven. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “during the time that you are living away from your true home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
981PE118pcm5figs-infostructureοὐ φθαρτοῖς, ἀργυρίῳ ἢ χρυσίῳ, ἐλυτρώθητε ἐκ τῆς ματαίας ὑμῶν ἀναστροφῆς πατροπαραδότου1If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “you have been redeemed from your futile behavior handed down from your fathers, not with perishable things, with silver or with gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
991PE118q4pcfigs-activepassiveἐλυτρώθητε1you have been redeemedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has redeemed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1001PE118git3figs-metaphorἐκ τῆς ματαίας ὑμῶν ἀναστροφῆς πατροπαραδότου1Here, **handed down** figuratively refers to one generation teaching **futile behavior** to another generation, as if that behavior was an object that could be passed by hand from one person to another. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from your futile behavior taught to you by your fathers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1011PE118ctgmfigs-abstractnounsἐκ τῆς ματαίας ὑμῶν ἀναστροφῆς1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **behavior**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “from behaving in futile ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1021PE118b5qafigs-activepassiveπατροπαραδότου1If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that your fathers handed down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1031PE119s4jdfigs-metonymyτιμίῳ αἵματι…Χριστοῦ1with the precious blood of ChristPeter uses **the blood of Christ** figuratively to refer to Jesus death. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with Christs precious death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1041PE119gk6afigs-simileὡς ἀμνοῦ ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου1as an unblemished and spotless lambPeter compares Jesus blood to the blood of the lambs that the Jewish priests sacrificed to God because of the peoples sins. The point of this comparison is that Jesus died as a sacrifice so that God would forgive peoples sins. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “like that of the unblemished and spotless lambs that the Jewish priests sacrificed to God for sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1051PE119smu8figs-doubletἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου1unblemished and spotlessThe words **unblemished** and **spotless** basically the same thing. Peter uses this repetition to emphasize that Christ was completely perfect. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “completely perfect” or “with no imperfections at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1061PE120msw5figs-activepassiveπροεγνωσμένου1He has been chosenIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God having foreknown him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1071PE120tnrvfigs-explicitπροεγνωσμένου1This phrase could mean: (1) God had determined what Christ would do. Alternate translation: “having been planned previously” (2) God knew what what Christ would do ahead of time. Alternate translation: “having been known beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1081PE120ky7afigs-abstractnounsπρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου1before the foundation of the worldIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **foundation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “before God founded the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1091PE120dkk2figs-activepassiveφανερωθέντος1he has been revealed … for your sakeIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God having revealed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1101PE120pmf2figs-explicitφανερωθέντος1Here, **revealing** refers to the first time Jesus came to the earth. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “having been revealed when he came to earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1111PE120kzi0figs-explicitἐπ’ ἐσχάτου τῶν χρόνων1Here, **the last of the times** refers to the final period of history which began when Jesus came to the earth for the first time. This period will end when Jesus returns. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “in this final time period of history” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1121PE121lt5ufigs-idiomτὸν ἐγείραντα αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν1who has raised him from the deadHere, to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who caused him to live again so that he was no longer among the dead people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1131PE121f7mnfigs-abstractnounsδόξαν αὐτῷ δόντα1has given him gloryIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “has glorified him” or “has showed that he is glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1141PE121k85rfigs-abstractnounsτὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν καὶ ἐλπίδα, εἶναι εἰς Θεόν1If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **faith** and **hope**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “you would believe and hope in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1151PE122hj14figs-metaphorτὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ἡγνικότες1Having purified**Having purified** here figuratively refers to the being forgiven for sins. Sin in the Bible is often referred to as something that makes people dirty and the forgiveness for sin is referred to as the removal of that dirt. God is the one who forgives sins and **purifies** those who believe in Jesus. However, here Peter is referring to his readers responsibility in their salvation, which is the responsibility to repent and believe that the gospel is true. Alternate translation: “Having made your souls spiritually pure” or Having cleansed your souls from sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1161PE122luj3figs-synecdocheτὰς ψυχὰς1Having purified your soulsSee how you translated **souls** in [verse 9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1171PE122qyt5figs-abstractnounsἐν τῇ ὑπακοῇ τῆς ἀληθείας1by obedience to the truthIf your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **obedience** and **truth**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “by obeying what is true” or “by obeying the true information” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1181PE122iyzefigs-explicitτῆς ἀληθείας1Here, **the truth** refers to the true teaching about Jesus, which includes the command to repent and believe the gospel. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the true message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1191PE122j777figs-gendernotationsφιλαδελφίαν1brotherly loveAlthough **brotherly** is masculine, Peter is using the phrase **brotherly love** in a generic sense to refer to the kind of love that all believers should have for other believers. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “love for fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
1201PE122e9wrfigs-metonymyἐκ καθαρᾶς καρδίας, ἀλλήλους ἀγαπήσατε ἐκτενῶς\r1love one another earnestly from a pure heartPeter uses **heart** here figuratively to refer to a persons thoughts or emotions. The word **from** indicates that the **heart** must be the source of the **love** that Peter is telling his readers to have. Therefore, this phrase has a similar meaning to the word “sincere” in the previous clause. If this would confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “love one another earnestly based on sincere thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1211PE123k79ffigs-metaphorἀναγεγεννημένοι1See how you translated **born again** in [verse 3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1221PE123w4v3figs-metonymyοὐκ ἐκ σπορᾶς φθαρτῆς1having been born again, not from perishable seed, but from imperishableThe word **seed** usually refers to either the seed of a plant or the sperm cell of a man that is used to produce a baby. However, here Peter uses **seed** as a metaphor. It could refer to: (1) the **word of God** mentioned later in the verse. In this case, Peter is saying what the **word of God** is not. Alternate translation: “not by means of a word of God than can perish” (2) physical human birth, in which case the meaning is similar to the idea expressed in [John 1:13](../../jhn/01/13.md). Alternate translation: “not by means of mortal physical birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1231PE123nh9rfigs-ellipsisἀφθάρτου1from imperishablePeter is leaving out a word that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the word from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “from imperishable seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1241PE123tjq9figs-metonymyλόγου ζῶντος Θεοῦ, καὶ μένοντος1through the living and enduring word of GodHere, Peter uses **word** figuratively to describe the gospel message that came from God and was proclaimed to Peters readers by using words. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Gods living and enduring message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1251PE123pkplfigs-doubletζῶντος…καὶ μένοντος1These two words mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that Gods word is permanent. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “perpetually enduring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1261PE124kyc5writing-quotationsδιότι1**For** here introduces a quotation of some phrases from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 40:68](../../isa/40/06.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “It is as Isaiah wrote in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
1271PE124e299figs-quotemarksπᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος, καὶ πᾶσα δόξα αὐτῆς ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου. ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος, καὶ τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν,1In these clauses and the first clause of the next verse, Peter quotes parts of [Isaiah 40:68](../../isa/40/06.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
1281PE124dr75figs-metonymyπᾶσα σὰρξ1All fleshHere Peter quotes Isaiah using the term **flesh** figuratively to refer to human beings in general, which are made of flesh. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “All humankind” or “Everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1291PE124zaa4figs-metaphorπᾶσα δόξα αὐτῆς1Here, **glory** refers to whatever is beautiful or magnificent about humankind. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything that is glorious about humankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1301PE124ysnbfigs-genericnounἄνθος χόρτου. ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος, καὶ τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν1Peter quotes Isaiah speaking of **grass** and flowers in general, not of one particular blade of **grass** or **flower**. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “flowers of grass. Grass dried up, and flowers fell off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
1311PE124w0s8figs-possessionἄνθος χόρτου1Here Peter quotes Isaiah using the possessive form to describe the **flower** that grows in the **grass**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the flowing that grows in the grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1321PE124r0fdfigs-simileἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος1All flesh is like grass … The grass dries upIn this clause the prophet Isaiah continues the comparison between humankind and grass. Just like grass dies quickly, so human beings only live a short time. If this would confuse your readers, you could express this meaning by repeating the simile language from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “Like the grass dries up, so do people die after a short time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1331PE124hd2ffigs-simileτὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν1all its glory is like the flower of the grass … its flower falls offIn this clause the prophet Isaiah continues the comparison between the glory of humankind and flowers. Just like flowers die and fall to the ground, so does the beauty of mankind disappear. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could express this meaning by repeating the simile language from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “like the flower falls off the plant, so does everything that is glorious about humankind come to an end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1341PE125lqjzfigs-quotemarksτὸ δὲ ῥῆμα Κυρίου μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα1This clause completes Peters quotation of [Isaiah 40:68](../../isa/40/06.md) that began in the previous verse. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
1351PE125aba2figs-metonymτὸ…ῥῆμα Κυρίου1the word of the LordPeter quotes Isaiah using **word** figuratively to describe all that God has spoken by using words. This general reference to Gods word would include what God had said about the Messiah. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the message that comes from the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1361PE125pp62figs-metonymτοῦτο δέ ἐστιν τὸ ῥῆμα1Here Peter uses **word** in the same specific sense as in [verse 23](../01/23.md). It is not the general meaning of **word** used earlier in the verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And this is the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1371PE125s11jfigs-activepassiveτὸ ῥῆμα τὸ εὐαγγελισθὲν1the word that has been proclaimedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the word that we have proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1381PE2introa1210# 1 Peter 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Command to love each other as a family (1:222:10)<br>2. How believers should act toward other people (2:113:12)<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:10 and the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:6, 7, 8, and 22.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Stones<br><br>The Bible uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jesus is the cornerstone, which is the most important stone. According to [Ephesians 2:20](../../eph/02/02.md), the apostles and prophets are the foundation, which is the part of the building on which all the other stones rest. In this chapter, Christians are the stones that make up the walls of the building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cornerstone]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/foundation]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Milk and babies<br><br>When Peter tells his readers to “long for pure spiritual milk” in [2:2](../02/02.md), he is using the metaphor of a baby craving his mothers milk. Peter wants Christians to crave Gods word the same way a baby craves milk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>### Sheep and shepherds<br><br>The Bible often speaks metaphorically of people as sheep because sheep do not see well, do not think well, often walk away from those who care for them, and cannot defend themselves when other animals attack them. In [verse 25](../02/25.md), Peter alludes to [Isaiah 53:6](../../isa/53/06.md) to describe unbelievers as sheep that wander aimlessly and don't know where they are going. Gods people are also similar to sheep in that they are weak and do foolish things like rebelling against God. In [verse 25](../02/25.md), Peter also refers to Jesus as a shepherd who takes care believers, which is a similar idea to what Jesus said in [John 10:1118](../../jhn/10/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/sheep]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/shepherd]])
1391PE21n3x5grammar-connect-logic-resultοὖν1Therefore**Therefore** here refers back to everything that Peter has said in the previous paragraph ([1:2225](../01/22.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1401PE21inctfigs-declarativeἀποθέμενοι…πᾶσαν κακίαν, καὶ πάντα δόλον, καὶ ὑποκρίσεις, καὶ φθόνους, καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς1This clause indicates a command in addition to the command to “long for pure spiritual milk” that occurs next in the verse. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for a command. Alternate translation: “put aside all evil and all deceit and hypocrisies and envies and all slanders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
1411PE21g65yfigs-metaphorἀποθέμενοι…πᾶσαν κακίαν, καὶ πάντα δόλον, καὶ ὑποκρίσεις, καὶ φθόνους, καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς1having put aside all evil, and all deceit and hypocrisy and envy, and all slanderPeter speaks of these sinful actions figuratively as if they were objects that people could **put aside** the way people remove dirty clothing. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having stopped being evil, or being deceptive, or being hypocritical, or envying, or slandering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1421PE21r853figs-abstractnounsἀποθέμενοι…πᾶσαν κακίαν, καὶ πάντα δόλον, καὶ ὑποκρίσεις, καὶ φθόνους, καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς1If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **evil**, **deceit**, hypocrisies**, **envies**, or **slanders**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “having put aside all evil acts and all deceitful acts and hypocritical acts and deceptive acts and all slanderous acts” or “having put aside every kind of evil, deceitful, hypocritical, deceptive, and slanderous act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1431PE22y6fvfigs-simileὡς ἀρτιγέννητα βρέφη τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα ἐπιποθήσατε1As newborn infants, long for pure spiritual milkThe point of this comparison is that Peter wanted his readers to desire knowledge of Gods word just **newborn babies** desire milk. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Just as babies long for their mothers milk, so you must long for the pure rational milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1441PE22rm71ἐπιποθήσατε1long forAlternate translation: “desire intensely” or “yearn for”
1451PE22fn81figs-metaphorτὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα1pure spiritual milkThe word translated as **rational** could also be translated “pertaining to the word” and refers to the word of God. Peter speaks figuratively of the word of God as if it were **rational milk** that nourishes children. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Gods pure word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1461PE22ypy6figs-metaphorαὐξηθῆτε1you may grow upPeter speaks figuratively of believers advancing in knowledge of God and faithfulness to him as if they were children growing up. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you may mature in your faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1471PE22vg76figs-abstractnounsεἰς σωτηρίαν1to salvationIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “until you are saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1481PE22wmw2figs-explicitεἰς σωτηρίαν1Here, **salvation** refers to when Jesus returns and God completes the **salvation** of his people. Peter also uses this meaning for **salvation** in [1:5](../01/05.md). See how you translated this word there. Alternate translation: “until God saves you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1491PE23uja9grammar-connect-condition-factεἰ ἐγεύσασθε1Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Since you have tasted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
1501PE23tui9figs-metaphorεἰ ἐγεύσασθε1if you have tasted that the Lord is kindPeter uses **tasted** figuratively to refers to personally experiencing something. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if you have experienced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1511PE23hruwfigs-quotemarksἐγεύσασθε ὅτι χρηστὸς ὁ Κύριος1This clause is a paraphrase of [Psalm 34:8](../../psa/34/08.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
1521PE24n5pmfigs-explicitπρὸς ὃν προσερχόμενοι1Here, **coming** could indicate: (1) a factual statement, as in the UST. (2) a command, in which case “being built up” in the next verse would also be a command. Alternate translation: “Come to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1531PE24apbpwriting-pronounsπρὸς ὃν1The pronoun **him** refers to Jesus, who is called “Lord” in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1541PE24c4lufigs-metaphorπρὸς ὃν προσερχόμενοι λίθον ζῶντα1coming to him, a living stonePeter refers to Jesus figuratively as if he were a **stone** in a building. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or with a simile. Alternate translation: “coming to him, who is like a living stone in a building” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1551PE24ihq2figs-personificationλίθον ζῶντα1him, a living stonePeters speaks of a **stone** figuratively as if it were **living**. This could refer to: (1) a stone that is alive. This interpretation emphasizes the fact that Jesus is alive enough though he had died. Alternate translation: “a stone that lives” (2) a stone that gives life. This interpretation emphasizes the fact that Jesus gives eternal life to everyone who believes in him. Alternate translation: “a stone that gives eternal life to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1561PE24e8syfigs-activepassiveὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων μὲν ἀποδεδοκιμασμένον1having been rejected by menIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that men have rejected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1571PE24euuzfigs-gendernotationsὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων1Although the term **men** is masculine, Peter is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “by people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
1581PE24a438figs-activepassiveπαρὰ δὲ Θεῷ ἐκλεκτὸν1but chosen by GodIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but that God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1591PE25z11hfigs-metaphorαὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς1you, like living stones, are being built up as a spiritual housePeter uses **stones** figuratively to refer to his readers, who believe in Jesus. Just as people used **stones** to build the temple in the Old Testament, God is using believers to bring together a group of people in whom he will dwell. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you, like stones that are put together and built into a house, are living stones that are being brought together into a spiritual community in which God dwells” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1601PE25g33xfigs-simileαὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες1you, like living stonesPeters uses **stones** figuratively as if they were **living**. This emphasizes the fact that Peters readers have eternal life because they believe in Jesus. In this verse, **living** cannot mean to give life because only God can give life. Alternate translation: “like stones that live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1611PE25v3jwfigs-activepassiveοἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς1living stones, are being built up as a spiritual houseIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God is building up as a spiritual house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1621PE25e6dmfigs-explicitοἰκοδομεῖσθε1Here, **are being built up** could indicate: (1) a factual statement, as in the UST. (2) a command, in which case “coming to him” in the previous verse would also be a command. Alternate translation: “be built up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1631PE25i4bnfigs-metaphorεἰς ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον ἀνενέγκαι πνευματικὰς θυσίας1a holy priesthood to offer the spiritual sacrificesHere Peter speaks of believers figuratively as if they were part of a **priesthood** and as if their good deeds and acts of worship were **sacrifices** offered to God. Just as the priests in the Old Testament offered sacrifices to God, so should believers do good deeds and worship God. If this might confuse your readers, you could expression the meaning plainly or with a synonym. Alternate translation: like the holy priesthood that offered sacrifices to God, so you are made into a group who dies good spiritual deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1641PE25ekkpgrammar-collectivenounsεἰς ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον1The word **priesthood** is a singular noun that refers to a group of priests. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “into a group of holy priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
1651PE25zf45figs-explicitπνευματικὰς θυσίας εὐπροσδέκτους1This could mean: (1) the **sacrifices** are of a spiritual, rather than physical, nature. Alternate translation: “the sacrifices of a spiritual nature that are acceptable” (2) the **sacrifices** are offered by the power of the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “the sacrifices by the power of the Holy Spirit that are acceptable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1661PE26ibi1figs-personificationπεριέχει ἐν Γραφῇ1it stands in scriptureHere the quotation of **scripture** that occurs next in the verse is spoken of as if it were a person who **stands**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it is written in scripture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1671PE26k1h0writing-quotationsπεριέχει ἐν Γραφῇ1This phrase introduces a quotation of an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 28:16](../../isa/28/16.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “what Isaiah wrote in scripture stands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
1681PE26wdwxfigs-quotemarksἰδοὺ, τίθημι ἐν Σιὼν λίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον ἐκλεκτὸν ἔντιμον; καὶ ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ’ αὐτῷ, οὐ μὴ καταισχυνθῇ.1This sentence is a quotation from [Isaiah 28:16](../../isa/28/16.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
1691PE26q7jxfigs-metaphorἰδοὺ1BeholdPeter quotes Isaiah using **Behold** to call his readers to pay attention to what he is about to say. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1701PE26skrtfigs-123personτίθημι1In this quotation from the Old Testament **I** refers to God. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, God, lay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1711PE26xsx8figs-metaphorλίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον1a cornerstoneHere God refers to the Messiah figuratively as if he were not only a **stone**, but even the most important **stone** in a building, the **cornerstone**. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a simile or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “someone who is like the most important stone in a building” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1721PE26klv2figs-distinguishλίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον ἐκλεκτὸν ἔντιμον1a cornerstone, chosen, preciousHere, **chosen** and **precious** show a distinction between this **cornerstone** and any other **cornerstone**. If this is not understood in your language, you can make the relationship between these phrases more clear. Alternate translation: “a cornerstone that is chosen and precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
1731PE26lrxmfigs-doublenegativesοὐ μὴ1The phrase **certainly not** translates two negative words in Greek. God uses them together to emphasize the truth of this statement. If your language can use two negatives together for emphasis without them cancelling each other to create a positive meaning, it would be appropriate to use that construction here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])<br>
1741PE27ze1cfigs-explicitἡ τιμὴ1Here, **this honor** refers to the statement in the previous verse that people who believe in Jesus will “certainly not be ashamed.” If this might confuse your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this honor of never being ashamed is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1751PE27rdhkfigs-explicitἡ τιμὴ1The phrase translated **this honor** could also be translated as “precious,” in which case it would refer to the “cornerstone” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “he is precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1761PE27sj13figs-ellipsisἀπιστοῦσιν δὲ1Peter is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “But to those who do not believe, the scriptures say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1771PE27hextfigs-quotemarksλίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες, οὗτος ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας1This sentence is a quotation from [Psalm 118:22](../../psa/118/22.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
1781PE27uu3jfigs-metaphorλίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες1The stone that was rejected by … has become the head of the cornerThe author uses **stone** figuratively to refer to the Messiah and **builders** figuratively to refer to those who **rejected** Jesus. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “The Messiah who was rejected like builders reject a stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1791PE27ql12figs-metaphorκεφαλὴν γωνίας1the head of the cornerThis phrase has the same meaning as “cornerstone” in the previous verse and refers to the most important stone in a building. Here it refers specifically to the Messiah. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Messiah, who is like a cornerstone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1801PE28k0dmwriting-quotationsκαὶ1Here, **and** introduces a quotation of an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 8:14](../../isa/08/14.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “and Isaiah wrote in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
1811PE28vxhbfigs-quotemarksλίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου1This sentence is a quotation from [Isaiah 8:14](../../isa/08/14.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
1821PE28i72gfigs-metaphorλίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου1Peter quotes Isaiah speaking figuratively of the Messiah as if he were a **stone** or **rock** that people tripped over. He means that many people would be offended by Jesus teachings and reject him. If your readers would not understand this, you could use a simile or express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternative translation: “He is like a stone of stumbling and like a rock of offense” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1831PE28ydkrfigs-possessionλίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου1Peter quotes Isaiah using the possessive form twice in this sentence to describe a **stone** that causes **stumbling and a **rock** that causes **offense**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A stone that makes people stumble and a rock that makes people feel offended” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1841PE28ptx5figs-parallelismλίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου1A stone of stumbling and a rock of offenseThese two phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that people will be offended by this **stone**. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “a stone or a rock over which people will surely stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1851PE28h7tafigs-metonymyτῷ λόγῳ1stumble because they disobey the wordHere, **the word** refers to the gospel message, which includes the command to repent and believe the gospel. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])<br>
1861PE28d8iifigs-metaphorοἳ προσκόπτουσιν1Here, **stumble** could refer to: (1) being offended by the gospel, as it means in the rest of the verse. Alternate translation: “They get offended” (2) being judged for rejecting the gospel. Alternate translation: “They are judged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1871PE28h6sbgrammar-connect-logic-resultοἳ προσκόπτουσιν τῷ λόγῳ ἀπειθοῦντες1Here, **disobeying the word** indicates the reason why they **stumble**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “They stumble because they disobey the word” or “Because they disobey the word, they stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1881PE28mh48figs-explicitτῷ λόγῳ ἀπειθοῦντες1Here, **disobeying** refers to **disobeying** the command to repent and believe the gospel, which is part of the gospel message. Therefore, this **disobeying** means refusing to believe the gospel. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “refusing to believe the word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
1891PE28sm6sfigs-activepassiveεἰς ὃ καὶ ἐτέθησαν1to which also they were appointedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to which God also appointed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1901PE28uwg1figs-explicitεἰς ὃ1Here, **which** refers back to the previous part of this sentence. Those who do not believe in Jesus were appointed to stumble and disobey the word. If this might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to this stumbling and disobeying the word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1911PE29dc8mfigs-quotemarksγένος ἐκλεκτόν, βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα, ἔθνος ἅγιον, λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν1All four of these phrases are quotations from the Old Testament. The phrase **a chosen people** is from [Isaiah 43:20](../../isa/43/20.md), **a royal priesthood** and **a holy nation** are from [Exodus 19:6](../../exo/19/06.md), and **a people for possession** is from [Isaiah 43:21](../../isa/43/21.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate these quotations with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
1921PE29zla9figs-activepassiveγένος ἐκλεκτόν1a chosen peopleIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a family whom God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1931PE29g39zfigs-explicitβασίλειον ἱεράτευμα1a royal priesthoodThis could refer to: (1) a priesthood who are also members of the kings family. Alternate translation: “a kingly priesthood” (2) a priesthood who serve the king. Alternate translation: “a priesthood who serve the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1941PE29m1f8grammar-collectivenounsβασίλειον ἱεράτευμα1The word **priesthood** is a singular noun that refers to a group of priests. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a group of royal priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
1951PE29qk7ffigs-abstractnounsλαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν1a people for possessionIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **possession**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a people for God to possess” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1961PE29ra7zfigs-explicitτοῦ ἐκ σκότους ὑμᾶς καλέσαντος, εἰς τὸ θαυμαστὸν αὐτοῦ φῶς1who called you fromThis clause refers to God. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “of God who called you from darkness into his marvelous light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1971PE29nvf5figs-metaphorἐκ σκότους…εἰς τὸ θαυμαστὸν αὐτοῦ φῶς1from darkness into his marvelous lightHere, **darkness** refers figuratively to the condition of people who do not know God and are sinful, and **light** refers figuratively to the condition of people who know God and are righteous. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “from a life of sin and ignorance of God to a life of knowing and pleasing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1981PE210pvebfigs-quotemarksοὐ λαὸς…λαὸς Θεοῦ…οὐκ ἠλεημένοι…ἐλεηθέντες1All four of these phrases are quotations from the Old Testament ([Hosea 1:610](../../hos/01/06.md)). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate these quotations with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
1991PE211jnr90General Information:Peter begins to tell his readers how to live Christian lives.
2001PE211ve9ufigs-doubletπαροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους1foreigners and exilesThese two words mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that Christians on this earth are far away from their home in heaven. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “true exiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2011PE211x8affigs-metaphorπαροίκους1Peter uses **foreigners** here figuratively to refer to his Christian readers. Just like a foreigner is not in his homeland, so are Christians not at home while living on the earth. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “those living away from their home in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2021PE211hjukfigs-metaphorπαρεπιδήμους1foreigners and exilesSee how you translated this word in [1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2031PE211ubn9figs-metonymyἀπέχεσθαι τῶν σαρκικῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν\r1to abstain from fleshly desiresHere, **fleshly** refers figuratively to a persons sinful nature. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to abstain from satisfying your sinful desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2041PE211q4znfigs-personificationστρατεύονται κατὰ τῆς ψυχῆς1make war against your soulPeter speaks of **fleshly desires** figuratively as if they were soldiers trying to destroy the spiritual life of believers. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “will destroy your spiritual life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
2051PE211x3q5figs-genericnounτῆς ψυχῆς1your soulPeter is referring to each individual Christian to whom he is writing this letter, not one particular **soul**. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “your souls” or “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
2061PE212uiwdfigs-declarativeτὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἔχοντες καλήν1Peter is using a statement to give a command. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for command. Alternate translation: “Keep your behavior among the Gentiles good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
2071PE212b5nvfigs-abstractnounsτὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἔχοντες καλήν1keeping your behavior among the Gentiles goodIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **behavior**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “behaving well among the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2081PE212nqqlfigs-metaphorἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν1Peter uses **Gentiles** here figuratively to refer to people who are not Christians. Just like a **Gentile** was not a member of the Jewish people, so people who are not Christians are not members of Gods people. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “among those who do not believe in Jesus” or “among those who are not Christians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2091PE212mkt4ἐν ᾧ καταλαλοῦσιν ὑμῶν ὡς1in whatever they speak about you asAlternate translation: “with regard to what they slander you for as evildoers” or “with respect to the very things that they slander you for as evildoers”
2101PE212w3ynfigs-abstractnounsἐκ τῶν καλῶν ἔργων ἐποπτεύοντες1from observing your good worksIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **works**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “they may observe the good things that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2111PE212s2jifigs-abstractnounsἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπισκοπῆς1in the day of visitationIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **visitation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “on the day when he visits.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2121PE212qspwfigs-idiomἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπισκοπῆς1This phrase is an idiom that refers to the time when God will judge all people. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “on the day when he comes to judge everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2131PE213c484figs-explicitδιὰ τὸν Κύριον1for the sake of the LordHere, **the Lord** refers to Jesus. This phrase could mean: (1) by obeying human authorities, Christians are following the example of Jesus who also obeyed human authorities. Alternate translation: “in order to follow the Lords example” (2) by obeying human authorities, Christians will honor Jesus. Alternate translation: “in order to honor the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2141PE213al6qβασιλεῖ ὡς ὑπερέχοντι1to the king as supremeAlternate translation: “to the king as the highest human authority” or “to the king, who has supreme human authority”
2151PE214t0tcἡγεμόσιν ὡς δι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις1Alternate translation: “to governors, who have been sent through him”
2161PE214y1l2figs-activepassiveδι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις1through him having been sentIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom the king has sent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2171PE214dvmrwriting-pronounsδι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις1Here, **him** could refer to: (1) the king mentioned in the previous verse, as in the UST. (2) God, who is the one who installs and removes all governing authorities. Alternate translation: “those being sent by God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2181PE214bxm9figs-abstractnounsεἰς ἐκδίκησιν κακοποιῶν, ἔπαινον δὲ ἀγαθοποιῶν1If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **punishment** and **praise**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to punish evildoers and praise those who do good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2191PE215mh6sfigs-infostructureἀγαθοποιοῦντας φιμοῦν τὴν τῶν ἀφρόνων ἀνθρώπων ἀγνωσίαν1doing good to silence the ignorant talk of foolish peopleIf it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “to silence the ignorance of foolish people by doing good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
2201PE215nzwvfigs-abstractnounsἀγαθοποιοῦντας φιμοῦν τὴν τῶν ἀφρόνων ἀνθρώπων ἀγνωσίαν1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **ignorance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “doing good to silence the ignorant things that foolish people are saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2211PE216zqe3figs-ellipsisὡς ἐλεύθεροι1Peter is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. These words could be: (1) the command to submit to authorities stated in [verse 13](../02/13.md). Alternate translation: “Submit as free people” (2) an implied imperative verb. Alternate translation: “Act as free people” or “Live as free people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2221PE216y9pgfigs-metaphorὡς ἐπικάλυμμα…τῆς κακίας1as a covering for wickednessHere, **covering** could refer to: (1) something to prevent people from knowing about ones evil deeds. Alternate translation: “as a way to prevent others from seeing your evil” (2) an excuse or pretext to do evil deeds. Alternate translation: “as an excuse to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2231PE217gwy8figs-metaphorτὴν ἀδελφότητα1the brotherhoodHere, **brotherhood** refers to all Christian believers. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the community of believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2241PE218w2nc0General Information:Peter begins to speak specifically to people who were slaves that worked in peoples houses.
2251PE218xgk8figs-doubletτοῖς ἀγαθοῖς καὶ ἐπιεικέσιν1the good and gentleThe words **good** and **gentle** mean similar things. Peter uses this repetition to emphasize that such masters treat their servants very kindly. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “to the very kind ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2261PE218muebfigs-metaphorτοῖς σκολιοῖς1Here, **crooked ones** is used figuratively to refer to people who act dishonestly or unjustly as if their morals were bent or twisted. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the dishonest ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2271PE219r1h1figs-explicitτοῦτο…χάρις1this is praiseworthyPeters assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to finding **favor** with God, which is what he states in the next verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “this is deserving of Gods favor” or “this is pleasing to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2281PE219zm8efigs-abstractnounsδιὰ συνείδησιν Θεοῦ1because of awareness of GodIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **consciousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because one is aware of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2291PE219rjyffigs-possessionδιὰ συνείδησιν Θεοῦ1Peter is using the possessive form to describe **consciousness** that is about or concerning **God**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “because of having consciousness about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2301PE219kje6figs-explicitΘεοῦ1Here, **God** refers to who **God** is and what he requires from his people. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of consciousness of who God is and what he requires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2311PE220y5uefigs-rquestionποῖον γὰρ κλέος, εἰ ἁμαρτάνοντες καὶ κολαφιζόμενοι ὑπομενεῖτε?1For what kind of credit is there if, sinning and being tormented, you will endure?Peter is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize that there is nothing praiseworthy about suffering for doing something wrong. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate this sentence as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “For there is no credit if, sinning and being beaten, you will endure.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2321PE220pr8bfigs-activepassiveκολαφιζόμενοι1sinning and being tormentedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone beats you” or “your master beats you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2331PE220ly9fgrammar-connect-logic-resultἀγαθοποιοῦντες καὶ πάσχοντες1doing good and suffering, you will endureThis could mean: (1) someone suffers even though that person did what is good. Alternate translation: “suffering despite doing good” (2) someone suffers because that person did what is good. Alternate translation: “suffering because of doing good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2341PE220qii1τοῦτο χάρις παρὰ Θεῷ1See how you translated a similar phrase in the previous verse.
2351PE221c1jnfigs-explicitεἰς τοῦτο1Here, **this** refers back to what Peter stated at the end of the previous verse. Believers are called by God to endure suffering while doing what is good. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to endure suffering when you have done what is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2361PE221xit1figs-activepassiveεἰς τοῦτο…ἐκλήθητε1to this you were calledIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has called you to this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2371PE221si3lfigs-metaphorἵνα ἐπακολουθήσητε τοῖς ἴχνεσιν αὐτοῦ1for you so that you might follow in his footstepsPeter uses **follow in his footsteps** figuratively to refer to following Jesus example for enduring suffering. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you might imitate his behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2381PE222wii5figs-quotemarksὃς ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἐποίησεν, οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ1This verse is a quotation from [Isaiah 53:9](../../isa/53/09.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
2391PE222tyz4figs-activepassiveοὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ1neither was deceit found in his mouthIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “neither did anyone find deceit in his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2401PE222cjaifigs-metaphorοὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ1Peter quotes Isaiah referring to **deceit** figuratively as if it were an object that could be found inside someones mouth. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “neither was deceit spoken out of his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2411PE222lw1ufigs-metonymyοὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ1neither was deceit found in his mouthPeter quotes Isaiah figuratively describing something the Messiah would say by association with **his mouth**, which he would use to say something. In this case it is something the Messiah did not say. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “neither did he say something deceitful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2421PE223lj4afigs-activepassiveὃς λοιδορούμενος, οὐκ ἀντελοιδόρει1He, being reviled, did not revile backIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom people reviled, did not revile them back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2431PE223gqb5figs-explicitπαρεδίδου…τῷ κρίνοντι δικαίως1Here, **the one who judges justly** refers to God. This means that he trusted God to punish those who reviled him or to prove that he was innocent. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “he entrusted himself to God who judges justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2441PE224k632figs-rpronounsὃς τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν αὐτὸς ἀνήνεγκεν1He himselfPeter uses the word **himself** here to emphasize that Jesus alone is the one who bore our sins. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “none other than Jesus bore our sins” or “Jesus, the very person, bore our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
2451PE224w49mfigs-metaphorτὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν…ἀνήνεγκεν ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον1carried our sins in his body to the treePeter uses **bore our sins** figuratively to refer to Jesus being punished for **our sins** as if **sins** were an object that he carried on **his body**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “suffered the punishment for our sins in his body on the tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2461PE224zl8efigs-metonymyτὸ ξύλον1the treePeter uses **tree** figuratively to refer to the cross on which Jesus died, which was made of wood. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2471PE224x7nifigs-metaphorταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ἀπογενόμενοι1Here, **having died to sins** is a metaphor that means to longer be controlled by sin. Like a dead person is free from sinning because they are no longer alive, so believers are free to stop sinning because Jesus bore the punishment for their sins. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being no longer controlled by sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2481PE224fxejgrammar-connect-time-sequentialταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ἀπογενόμενοι1This clause refers to an event that occurs before the event in the next clause. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could show this relationship by using a fuller phrase. Alternate translation: “after having died to sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
2491PE224jakafigs-exclusiveτῇ δικαιοσύνῃ ζήσωμεν1When Peter says **we**, he is speaking of himself and other believers in Christ and would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
2501PE224w69kfigs-quotemarksοὗ τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε1This clause is a quotation from [Isaiah 53:5](../../isa/53/05.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
2511PE224ep4sfigs-activepassiveοὗ τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε1of whose wounds you were healedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has healed you by means of his wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2521PE224lx3nfigs-synecdocheοὗ τῷ μώλωπι1Here, **wounds** figuratively refers to all the suffering Jesus endured when he was beaten and killed on the cross. If our readers would misunderstand this, you express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by whose suffering and death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2531PE224n0l5figs-metaphorἰάθητε1Here, **healed** could mean: (1) being freed from the penalty and power of sin, which could include physical healing. Alternate translation: “you were freed from the effects of sin” (2) being forgiven for their sins and having a restored relationship with God. Alternate translation: “you were forgiven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2541PE225sgt9figs-simileἦτε…ὡς πρόβατα πλανώμενοι1you as sheep are being led astrayPeter speaks figuratively about his readers before they believed in Christ as if they had been similar to lost sheep wandering around aimlessly. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you were living aimlessly without knowing God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
2551PE225jkfufigs-activepassiveἐπεστράφητε1If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has turned you back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2561PE225i5lufigs-metaphorτὸν ποιμένα καὶ ἐπίσκοπον τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν1the shepherd and guardian of your soulsPeter uses **shepherd** and **overseer** figuratively to refer to Jesus. Just as a **shepherd** protects his sheep and an **overseer** takes care of his workers, Jesus protects and takes care of those who trust in him. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who protects and takes care of your souls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2571PE225z6q2figs-synecdocheτῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν1See how you translated this phrase in [1:9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2581PE3introcqf40# 1 Peter 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. How believers should act toward other people (2:113:12)\n2. How believers should endure suffering (3:134:6)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in [3:1012](../03/10.md).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “Outward ornaments”\n\nMost people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are good people. Women are especially careful to look good by wearing nice clothes and jewels. Peter says in [3:34](../03/04.md) that what a woman thinks and says and does are more important to God than what she wears or how she looks.\n\n### Unity\n\nPeter wanted his readers to agree with each other. More importantly, he wanted them to love each other and be patient with each other.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nIn [verse 7](../03/07.md) Peter refers to women figuratively as “weaker vessels.” \n\nIn [verse 12](../03/12.md) Peter quotes [Psalm 34:1516](../../psa/34/15.md) that describes God as if he were a person with eyes, ears, and a face. However, God is a spirit, so he does not have physical eyes or ears or a physical face. Nevertheless, he does know what people do, and he does act against wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### “The spirits in prison”\n\n\n\n### “Baptism now saves you”
2591PE31p4540General Information:In [verses 16](../03/01.md) Peter gives instructions specifically to women who are wives.
2601PE31wp5pfigs-metonymyτινες ἀπειθοῦσιν τῷ λόγῳ1some are disobedient to the wordHere, **being disobedient to the word** could refer to: (1) refusing to believe the gospel message, as in [2:8](../02/08.md). Alternate translation: “some do not believe the message about Jesus” (2) disobeying the commands God gave in his word. Alternate translation: “some do not obey what God commands in his word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2611PE31kbisfigs-activepassiveκερδηθήσονται1they will be wonIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will win them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2621PE31bs56figs-idiomκερδηθήσονται1they will be wonHere, **won** is an idiom that means that the unbelieving husbands will become believers in Jesus. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “they will be persuaded to believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2631PE31qp4qfigs-ellipsisἄνευ λόγου1without a wordPeter is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “without you saying a word.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2641PE31b56ufigs-metonymyἄνευ λόγου1Here, **word** refers to the anything the wives might say to their husbands about the gospel message. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “without a word about the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2651PE32rzrlgrammar-connect-logic-resultἐποπτεύσαντες 1This phrase indicates the reason why the unbelieving husbands would become believers in Jesus. These husbands became believers because they **observed** how their wives behaved. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “because they observed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])\n
2661PE32zft4figs-abstractnounsτὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν1having seen your pure behavior with respectIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **behavior**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “you behave purely and with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2671PE32ng3sfigs-explicitτὴν…ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν1your pure behavior with respectThis could refer to: (1) the wives sincere and honest behavior. Alternate translation: “your sincere behavior” (2) the wives sexually chaste behavior. Alternate translation: “your sexually chaste behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2681PE33p1bgwriting-pronounsὧν1Here, **whose** refers to the Christian wives to whom Peter is speaking. If this might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “your” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2691PE33ysvnfigs-abstractnounsὧν…κόσμος1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **adornment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “they way you adorn yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2701PE34oav8=ἀλλ’ ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος1If it would be helpful in your language, you could begin this verse as a new sentence. If you do so, then you will need to repeat the subject and verb from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Rather, let your adornment be the inner man of the heart”
2711PE34m2n3figs-metonymyὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος1Here, **hidden man** and **heart** both refer to a persons thoughts or emotions. If this would confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the inner thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n
2721PE34l2yqfigs-possessionὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος1the inner person of the heartPeter is using the possessive form to indicate that the **hidden man** is the same thing as **the heart**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the hidden man, which is the heart” or “the hidden man, namely, the heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2731PE34l1jsfigs-possessionἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος1Peter is using the possessive form to indicate that the **imperishable thing** is the same thing as **a gentle and quiet spirit**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the imperishable thing, which is a gentle and quiet spirit” or “in the imperishable thing, namely, a gentle and quiet spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2741PE34spi6figs-metonymyτοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος1Here,**quiet** means “peaceful” or “calm.” It does not mean to not be loud. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of a gentle and peaceful spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2751PE34gbw9figs-metonymyτοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος1of a gentle and quiet spiritHere, **spirit** refers to a persons attitude or temperament. Alternate translation: “of a gentle and quiet attitude.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2761PE34j5bufigs-metaphorὅ ἐστιν ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ πολυτελές1which is precious before GodPeter refers to Gods opinion figuratively as if it were a person standing directly in front of him. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “which God considers to be very precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2771PE35dq60figs-metaphorἐκόσμουν ἑαυτάς1Peter speaks figuratively of the attitude of the holy women as if it were something they **adorned themselves** with. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “made themselves beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2781PE35jbufὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν1See how you translated the similar clause in [verse 1](../03/01.md).
2791PE36kpnltranslate-namesΣάρρα…τῷ Ἀβραάμ1**Sarah** is the name of a woman and **Abraham** is the name of her husband. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2801PE36t3xlfigs-idiomἧς ἐγενήθητε τέκνα1whose children you have becomePeter uses a Hebrew idiom here in which people are said to be the **children** of someone who has similar qualities as them. Believing women who act like Sarah acted are thought of as if they were her actual **children**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “who resemble her as if you were her children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2811PE36v2sofigs-doublenegativesμὴ φοβούμεναι μηδεμίαν πτόησιν1The phrase **not being afraid of any** translates two negative words in Greek. Peter uses them together to emphasize that believing women should not fear anything at all. If your language can use two negatives together for emphasis without them cancelling each other to create a positive meaning, it would be appropriate to use that construction here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
2821PE37lbc20General Information:In this verse Peter gives instructions specifically to men who are husbands.
2831PE37uddnfigs-genericnounσυνοικοῦντες…τῷ γυναικείῳ1Here, **the female** refers to the wives of the men to whom Peter is writing, not to one particular woman. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “live with the women whom you have married” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
2841PE37lulzfigs-abstractnounsκατὰ γνῶσιν1live with your wife according to understanding, as with a weaker containerIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **knowledge**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in a knowledgeable way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2851PE37eq1zfigs-metaphorὡς ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει1as with a weaker containerHere Peter refers to women figuratively as if they were **weaker** containers. The word **container** is a term used to refer to both men and women in the Bible ([Acts 9:15](../../act/09/15.md)). Just as clay pots can break easily, so are human beings weak. Here Peter specifically refers to women as **weaker** containers because woman are usually physically weaker than men. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as with someone who is weaker than you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2861PE37a88wfigs-abstractnounsἀπονέμοντες τιμήν ὡς καὶ συνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς1assigning her honor as also fellow heirs of the grace of lifeIf your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **honor** and **heirs**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “honor them as also those who will inherit with you the grace of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2871PE37n4rffigs-metaphorσυνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς1fellow heirs of the grace of lifePeter speaks of **the grace of life** figuratively as if it were something that people inherit. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “those who will experience the grace of life together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2881PE37qubafigs-possessiveχάριτος ζωῆς1Peter is using the possessive form to describe **grace** that is **life**. The word **grace** refers to a gracious gift and **life** refers to eternal **life**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the gracious gift, namely, eternal life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2891PE37dwm6figs-activepassiveεἰς τὸ μὴ ἐνκόπτεσθαι τὰς προσευχὰς ὑμῶν1so that your prayers will not be hinderedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that nothing will hinder your prayers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2901PE38nk970General Information:In [verses 812](../03/08.md) Peter writes instructions to all believers.
2911PE38f5y7ὁμόφρονες1be likemindedAlternate translation: “have the same opinion and be” or “have the same attitude and be”
2921PE38rut5εὔσπλαγχνοι1tenderheartedbeing gentle and compassionate towards others
2931PE39z5u3figs-metaphorμὴ ἀποδιδόντες κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ, ἢ λοιδορίαν ἀντὶ λοιδορίας1Do not pay back evil in exchange for evil or insult in exchange for insultPeter speaks of responding to the actions of another person as remitting payment for those actions. Alternate translation: “Do not do evil to someone who does evil to you or insult someone who insults you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2941PE39t6ilfigs-explicitεὐλογοῦντες1blessingYou can clarify the object of **blessing**. Alternate translation: “continue to bless those who do evil to you or insult you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2951PE39w5dffigs-activepassiveεἰς τοῦτο ἐκλήθητε1to this you were calledIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God called you for this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2961PE39n3xcfigs-metaphorἵνα εὐλογίαν κληρονομήσητε1so that you might inherit a blessingPeter speaks of receiving Gods **blessing** as receiving an inheritance. Alternate translation: “that you might receive Gods blessing as your permanent possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2971PE310dpf2figs-explicit0General Information:In these verses Peter quotes from the Psalms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2981PE310p9blfigs-parallelismζωὴν ἀγαπᾶν, καὶ ἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς1to love life and to see good daysThese two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the desire to have a good life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2991PE310btkpfigs-metaphorἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς1to see good daysHere experiencing good things is spoken of as seeing good things. Alternate translation: “experience good things during life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3001PE310t5enfigs-metonymyἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς1good daysThe word **days** refers to ones lifetime. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3011PE310wq2bfigs-parallelismπαυσάτω τὴν γλῶσσαν ἀπὸ κακοῦ, καὶ χείλη τοῦ μὴ λαλῆσαι δόλον1Let … stop his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceitThese two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the command not to lie. Alternate translation: “stop saying evil and deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3021PE310rqa9figs-synecdocheτὴν γλῶσσαν…χείλη1his tongue … his lipsThe words **tongue** and **lips** refer to the person who is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3031PE311n5srfigs-metaphorἐκκλινάτω…ἀπὸ κακοῦ1let him turn away from evilHere, **turn away** is a metaphor that means to stop doing something. Alternate translation: “let him stop doing what is bad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3041PE312yn5lfigs-synecdocheὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους1the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteousThe word **eyes** refers to the Lords ability to know things. Alternate translation: “The Lord knows the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3051PE312m2a0figs-metaphorὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους1the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteousThe Lords approval of the righteous is spoken of as his seeing them. Alternate translation: “The Lord approves of the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3061PE312r5xffigs-synecdocheὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν1his ears are upon their requestsThe word “ears” refers to the Lords awareness of what people say. Alternate translation: “he hears their requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3071PE312tytzfigs-explicitὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν1his ears are upon their requestsThat the Lord hears their requests implies that he also responds to them. Alternate translation: “he grants their requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3081PE312t22bfigs-metaphorπρόσωπον δὲ Κυρίου ἐπὶ1But the face of the Lord is againstOpposing someone is spoken of as setting ones face against that person. Alternate translation: “the Lord opposes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3091PE312es9nfigs-synecdocheπρόσωπον δὲ Κυρίου ἐπὶ1But the face of the Lord is againstThe word **face** refers to the Lords will to oppose his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3101PE313wkw40Connecting Statement:Peter continues teaching the believers how to live Christian lives.
3111PE313e1mafigs-rquestionτίς ὁ κακώσων ὑμᾶς, ἐὰν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ζηλωταὶ γένησθε?1who is the one who will harm you if you are a zealot of what is good?Peter asks this question to emphasize that it is unlikely that someone would harm them if they do good things. Alternate translation: “no one will harm you if you do good things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3121PE314f6chfigs-abstractnounsπάσχοιτε διὰ δικαιοσύνην1you suffer because of righteousnessYou can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you suffer because you do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3131PE314xg3mfigs-activepassiveμακάριοι1you are blessedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3141PE314f9u8figs-parallelismτὸν δὲ φόβον αὐτῶν, μὴ φοβηθῆτε μηδὲ ταραχθῆτε1But do not fear their fear, nor be troubledThese two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that believers should not be afraid of those who persecute them. Alternate translation: “But do not be afraid of what people might do to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3151PE314yz6yτὸν…φόβον αὐτῶν1their fearHere the word **their** refers to anyone who might try to harm those to whom Peter is writing.
3161PE315ju58δὲ…ἁγιάσατε1Instead, sanctifyAlternate translation: “Instead of being troubled, set apart”
3171PE315vgv7figs-metaphorΚύριον…τὸν Χριστὸν ἁγιάσατε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν1sanctify the Lord Christ in your heartsThe phrase “sanctify the Lord Christ” is a metaphor for acknowledging Christs holiness. Alternate translation: “acknowledge in your hearts that the Lord Christ is holy” or “honor the Lord Christ as holy within yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3181PE315qjg3figs-metonymyἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν1in your heartsHere, **hearts** is a metonym for the “inner person.” Alternate translation: “within yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3191PE318me4u0Connecting Statement:Peter explains how Christ suffered and what Christ accomplished by suffering.
3201PE318g1xdfigs-metaphorἵνα ὑμᾶς προσαγάγῃ τῷ Θεῷ1so that he might bring us to GodPeter probably means here that Christ died in order to create a close relationship between us and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3211PE318j5lhfigs-metaphorθανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ1having been put to death in the fleshHere, **flesh** refers to Christs body; Christ was physically put to death. Alternate translation: “having been killed physically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3221PE318q9fafigs-activepassiveθανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ1having been put to death in the fleshIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “since people put Christ to death physically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3231PE318h6v4figs-activepassiveζῳοποιηθεὶς…πνεύματι1having been made alive in the spiritIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God made him alive spiritually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3241PE318n7nhπνεύματι1in the spiritThis could mean: (1) This refers to a spiritual existence. (2) This refers to the Holy Spirits power.
3251PE319hp82ἐν ᾧ1in whichThis could mean: (1) This refers to his spiritual existence. (2) This refers to the Holy Spirits power.
3261PE319ez3dτοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν1to the spirits in prisonHere, **spirits** could mean: (1) This refers to evil spirits. (2) This refers to spirits of the dead people.
3271PE320s7qmfigs-metonymyἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ1the patience of GodThe word **patience** is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “God himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3281PE320qxahfigs-personificationὅτε ἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ μακροθυμία1when the patience of God was waitingPeter writes of Gods patience as if it is a person. Alternate translation: “when God was waiting patiently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3291PE320c6mifigs-activepassiveἐν ἡμέραις Νῶε, κατασκευαζομένης κιβωτοῦ1in the days of Noah, while an ark was being constructedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “during the time of Noah, when he was building an ark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3301PE321jti3δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1through the resurrection of Jesus ChristAlternate translation: “because of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.” This phrase completes the thought, “This is a symbol of the baptism that saves you now”
3311PE322g4qhfigs-metonymyὅς ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ1who is at the right hand of GodTo be at the **right hand of God** is a symbol that God has given Jesus greatest honor and authority over all others. Alternate translation: “who is beside God in the place of honor and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3321PE322f6jqὑποταγέντων αὐτῷ1after … had been subjected to himAlternate translation: “when … had submitted to Jesus Christ”
3331PE4introzh5n0# 1 Peter 4 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. How believers should endure suffering (3:134:6)<br>2. The end is near (4:711)<br>3. How believers should respond to trials (4:1219)<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:18.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Ungodly Gentiles<br><br>This passage uses the term “Gentiles” to refer to all ungodly people who are not Jews. It does not include Gentiles who have become Christians. “Sensuality, passion, drunkenness, carousings, wild parties, and disgusting acts of idolatry” were actions that characterized or typified the ungodly Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>### Martyrdom<br><br>It is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Let it” and “Let none” and “Let him” and “Let those”<br><br>Peter uses these phrases to tell his readers what he wants them to do. They are like commands because he wants his readers to obey. But it is as if he is telling one person what he wants other people to do.
3341PE41b8d40Connecting Statement:Peter continues to teach the believers about Christian living. He begins by giving a conclusion to his thoughts from the previous chapter about Christs sufferings.
3351PE41ess6σαρκὶ1in the fleshAlternate translation: “in his body”
3361PE41p2rvfigs-metaphorὑμεῖς τὴν αὐτὴν ἔννοιαν ὁπλίσασθε1arm yourselves with the same intentionThe phrase **arm yourselves** makes readers think of soldiers who get their weapons ready for battle. It also pictures **the same intention** as a weapon or perhaps as a piece of armor. Here this metaphor means that believers should be determined in their mind to suffer as Jesus did. Alternate translation: “prepare yourselves with the same thoughts that Christ had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3371PE41vjw2σαρκὶ1in the fleshHere “flesh” means “body.” Alternate translation: “in his body” or “while here on earth”
3381PE41d66gπέπαυται ἁμαρτίας1has ceased from sinAlternate translation: “has stopped sinning”
3391PE42gbb6ἀνθρώπων ἐπιθυμίαις1for the desires of menfor the things that sinful people normally desire
3401PE43rp5pκώμοις, πότοις1carousing, drunken partiesThese terms refer to activities in which people gather to drink alcohol excessively and behave in a shameful manner.
3411PE44q6k6τῆς ἀσωτίας ἀνάχυσιν1outpouring of their reckless behaviorThese examples of wild, boundless sin are spoken of as if they were great floods of water that were being poured out.
3421PE44w1d8τῆς ἀσωτίας1of their reckless behaviordoing everything they can to satisfy the desires of their bodies
3431PE45xw39τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι1to the one who is ready to judgeThis could mean: (1) This refers to God, who is ready to judge. (2) This refers to Christ, who is ready to judge.
3441PE45dx7vfigs-merismζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς1the living and the deadThis means all people, whether they are still alive or have died. Alternate translation: “every person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
3451PE46u54mκαὶ νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη1the gospel was preached also to the deadThis could mean: (1) The gospel was preached also to people who had already died. (2) The gospel was preached also to those who were alive but are now dead.
3461PE46ql11figs-activepassiveεὐηγγελίσθη1the gospel was preachedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) Christ preached. Alternate translation: “Christ preached the gospel” (2) Men preached. Alternate translation: “men preached the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3471PE46hsg6figs-activepassiveκριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ1they were judged in the flesh according to menIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) God judged them in this life on earth. Alternate translation: “God judged them in their bodies as humans” (2) Men judged them according to human standards. Alternate translation: “men judged them in their bodies as humans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3481PE46s72ffigs-euphemismκριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ1they were judged in the flesh according to menThis is a reference to death as the ultimate form of judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
3491PE46h154ζῶσι…κατὰ Θεὸν πνεύματι1they may live in the spirit according to GodThis could mean: (1) They should live spiritually as God lives because the Holy Spirit will enable them to do so. (2) They should live according to Gods standards by the power of the Holy Spirit.
3501PE47e445πάντων…τὸ τέλος1the end of all thingsThis refers to the end of the world at Christs second coming.
3511PE47qs1tfigs-metaphorἤγγικεν1has come nearThe end that will happen soon is spoken of as if it has physically come closer in distance. Alternate translation: “will soon happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3521PE47ubd4figs-parallelismσωφρονήσατε…καὶ νήψατε1be of sound mind, and be soberThese two phrases mean basically the same thing. Peter uses them to emphasize the need to think clearly about life since the end of the world is near. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3531PE47k5hhfigs-idiomνήψατε1be soberHere the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “control your thoughts” or “be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3541PE48x6acπρὸ πάντων1above allAlternate translation: “most importantly of all”
3551PE48f1lrfigs-personificationὅτι ἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν1for love covers a multitude of sinsPeter describes **love** as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
3561PE48b7p0figs-metaphorἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν1for love covers a multitude of sinsPeter speaks of **love** as a person who places a cover over the sins of others. This could mean: (1) A person who loves will not try to find out if another person has sinned. (2) A person who loves will forgive the sins of other people, even if those sins are many. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3571PE49g3vwφιλόξενοι1hospitableshowing kindness to and welcoming guests and travelers
3581PE410xvj3figs-explicitἕκαστος καθὼς ἔλαβεν χάρισμα1Just as each one has received a giftThis refers to special spiritual abilities that God gives to believers. Alternate translation: “Because each one of you has received a special spiritual ability as a gift from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3591PE411ir6xfigs-activepassiveἵνα ἐν πᾶσιν δοξάζηται ὁ Θεὸς1so that in all God may be glorifiedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that in all ways you will glorify God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3601PE411wq9eδοξάζηται1may be glorifiedmay be praised and honored
3611PE412vw9sfigs-metaphorτῇ ἐν ὑμῖν πυρώσει πρὸς πειρασμὸν ὑμῖν γινομένῃ1the fiery trial among you that is happening for a testing to youIn the same way that fire refines gold, trials test and refine a persons faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3621PE413rgb5figs-doubletχαρῆτε ἀγαλλιώμενοι1you may rejoice, being full of joyThese two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “rejoice even more” or “be very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
3631PE413mhj1ἐν τῇ ἀποκαλύψει τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ1at the revealing of his gloryAlternate translation: “when God reveals Christs glory”
3641PE414i6ulfigs-metonymyεἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ1If you are reviled for the name of ChristHere the word **name** refers to Christ himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3651PE414kswcfigs-activepassiveεἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ1If you are reviled for the name of ChristIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If people insult you because you believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3661PE414i1kqfigs-parallelismτὸ τῆς δόξης καὶ τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ Πνεῦμα1the Spirit of glory and of GodBoth of these refer to the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of glory, who is the Spirit of God” or “the glorious Spirit of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3671PE414nx6pἐφ’ ὑμᾶς ἀναπαύεται1is resting on youis staying with you
3681PE415nr6nἀλλοτριεπίσκοπος1a meddlerThis refers to a person who gets involved with the affairs of others without having a right to do so.
3691PE416xm8zἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ1in this nameAlternate translation: “because he bears the name Christian” or “because people have recognized him as a Christian.” The words **this name** refer to the word “Christian”
3701PE417x9npfigs-metaphorτοῦ οἴκου τοῦ Θεοῦ1the household of GodThis phrase refers to believers, whom Peter speaks of as Gods family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3711PE417c8kefigs-rquestionεἰ δὲ πρῶτον ἀφ’ ἡμῶν, τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ?1but if first with us, what will be the end of those disobeying the gospel of God?Peter use this question to emphasize that Gods judgment will be more severe for people who reject the gospel than for believers. Alternate translation: “If it begins with us, the outcome for those who do not obey Gods gospel will be much worse.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3721PE417z9zcτί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων1what will be the end of those disobeyingAlternate translation: “what will happen to those who disobey”
3731PE417l3dbτῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ1of those disobeying the gospel of GodAlternate translation: “of those who do not believe Gods gospel.” Here the word **disobeying** means they do not believe.
3741PE418t762figs-activepassiveεἰ ὁ δίκαιος μόλις σῴζεται1If with difficulty the righteous are being savedHere the word **saved** refers to final salvation when Christ returns. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If the righteous person experiences many difficulties before God saves him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3751PE418w8kefigs-rquestionὁ δίκαιος…ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται?1the righteous … where will the ungodly and the sinner appear?Peter use this question to emphasize that sinners will suffer much more than believers do. Alternate translation: “the righteous man … the outcome will be much worse for the ungodly and the sinner.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3761PE418ms54ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται1where will the ungodly and the sinner appearAlternate translation: “what will happen to the ungodly and the sinner”
3771PE418wb4vfigs-doubletὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς1the ungodly and the sinnerThe words **ungodly** and **sinner** mean basically the same thing and emphasize the wickedness of these people. Alternate translation: “ungodly sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
3781PE419qm3ufigs-synecdocheπαρατιθέσθωσαν τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν1let … entrust their soulsHere the word **souls** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “let … entrust themselves” or “let … entrust their lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3791PE419wih1figs-abstractnounsἐν ἀγαθοποιΐᾳ1in well-doingThe abstract noun **well-doing** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “while they do good” or “while they live rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3801PE5introa6d90# 1 Peter 5 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Instructions for relationships among believers (5:111)<br>2. Conclusion (5:1214)<br><br>Most people in the ancient Near East would end a letter the way Peter ends this one.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Crowns<br><br>The crown that the Chief Shepherd will give is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Lion<br><br>All animals are afraid of lions because they are fast and strong, and they eat almost every other kind of animal. They also eat people. Satan wants to make Gods people afraid, so Peter uses the simile of a lion to teach his readers that Satan can harm their bodies, but if they trust in God and obey him, they will always be Gods people, and God will care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br><br>### Babylon<br><br>Babylon was the evil nation that in Old Testament times had destroyed Jerusalem, taken the Jews away from their homes, and ruled over them. Peter uses Babylon as a metaphor for the nation that was persecuting the Christians he was writing to. He could have been referring to Jerusalem because the Jews were persecuting the Christians. Or he could have been referring to Rome because the Romans were persecuting the Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3811PE51s8fr0General Information:Peter speaks specifically to men who are elders.
3821PE51yb3lfigs-metonymyτῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης1of the glory that is about to be revealedThis is a reference to Christs second coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3831PE51a6vefigs-activepassiveτῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης1of the glory that is about to be revealedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “of the glory of Christ that God will soon reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3841PE52a5s7figs-metaphorποιμάνατε τὸ…ποίμνιον τοῦ Θεοῦ1Shepherd the flock of GodPeter speaks of the believers as a **flock** of sheep and the elders as the shepherds who care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3851PE53lta9figs-metaphorμηδ’ ὡς κατακυριεύοντες τῶν κλήρων, ἀλλὰ τύποι γινόμενοι1And not as lording it over those who are allotted to you, but be examplesElders are to lead by example and not act toward the people as a harsh master would toward his servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3861PE53xwr3figs-abstractnounsτῶν κλήρων1those who are allotted to youYou can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “those whom God has placed in your care” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3871PE54td11figs-metaphorφανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος1when the Chief Shepherd has been revealedPeter speaks of Jesus as if he were a **shepherd** who had authority over all other shepherds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3881PE54qlekfigs-activepassiveφανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος1when the Chief Shepherd has been revealedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when Jesus, the Chief Shepherd, appears” or “when God reveals Jesus, the Chief Shepherd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3891PE54ll4rfigs-metaphorτὸν ἀμαράντινον τῆς δόξης στέφανον1the unfading crown of gloryHere the word **crown** represents the reward that someone receives as a symbol of victory. The word **unfading** means that it is eternal. Alternate translation: “a glorious prize that will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3901PE54c6h3τῆς δόξης στέφανον1crown of gloryglorious crown
3911PE55qm2h0General Information:Peter gives an instruction specifically to younger men and then continues to instruct all of the believers.
3921PE55x6c2ὁμοίως1In the same wayThis refers back to the way the elders were to submit to the Chief Shepherd as Peter described in [1 Peter 5:1](../05/01.md) through [1 Peter 5:4](../05/04.md).
3931PE55uh4nπάντες1all of youThis refers to all believers, not just the younger men.
3941PE55r6s6figs-metaphorτὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην ἐγκομβώσασθε1clothe yourselves with humilityPeter speaks of having the moral quality of **humility** as putting on a piece of clothing. Alternate translation: “act humbly toward each other” or “act with humility” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3951PE56bie6figs-metonymyὑπὸ τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖρα τοῦ Θεοῦ1under the mighty hand of GodHere the word **hand** refers to Gods power to save the humble and punish the proud. Alternate translation: “under Gods great power” or “before God, realizing that he has great power,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3961PE57c1uufigs-metaphorπᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν ὑμῶν ἐπιρίψαντες ἐπ’ αὐτόν1having cast all your anxiety on himPeter speaks of **anxiety** as if it were a heavy burden that a person places on God, rather than carrying it himself. Alternate translation: “trusting him with everything that worries you” or “letting him take care of all the things that trouble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3971PE58k9ntfigs-idiomνήψατε1Be soberHere the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “Control your thoughts” or “Be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3981PE58tl7ifigs-simileδιάβολος, ὡς λέων ὠρυόμενος περιπατεῖ, ζητῶν τινα καταπιεῖν1the devil, is walking around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devourPeter compares the **devil** to a **roaring lion**. Just as a hungry lion completely devours its prey, the devil is **seeking** to completely destroy the faith of believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3991PE58l4u5περιπατεῖ1is walking aroundAlternate translation: “walking about” or “walking about and hunting”
4001PE59v451ὑμῶν ἀδελφότητι1your brotherhhoodAlternate translation: “your fellow believers”
4011PE59i4urἐν τῷ κόσμῳ1in the worldAlternate translation: “in various places throughout the world”
4021PE510eex10General Information:This is the end of Peters letter. Here he gives his final remarks about his letter and his closing greetings.
4031PE510suu9ὀλίγον1for a little whileAlternate translation: “for a short time”
4041PE510p648ὁ…Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος1the God of all graceHere the word **grace** may refer either to the things that **God** gives or to Gods character. This could mean: (1) This refers to the God who always gives us what we need. (2) This refers to the God who is always gracious.
4051PE510lwz6ὁ καλέσας ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν ἐν Χριστῷ1who has called you to his eternal glory in ChristAlternate translation: “who has chose you to share his eternal glory in heaven because you are joined to Christ”
4061PE510qf2hκαταρτίσει1will perfectAlternate translation: “make perfect” or “restore” or “make well again”
4071PE510j2ntfigs-metaphorσθενώσει, θεμελιώσει1strengthen, and establish youThese two expressions have similar meanings, that is, that God will enable the believers to trust in him and to obey him regardless of any suffering they may experience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4081PE512an6qδιὰ Σιλουανοῦ, ὑμῖν…δι’ ὀλίγων ἔγραψα1Through Silvanus … I wrote to you brieflySilvanus wrote the words that Peter told him to write in the letter.
4091PE512g1t6figs-metonymyταύτην εἶναι ἀληθῆ χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ1this is the true grace of GodThis refers back to what Paul has written. Here the word **grace** refers to the gospel message, which tells of the kind things that God has done for believers. Alternate translation: “I have written about the true grace of God” or “the gospel message I have written is Gods grace to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4101PE512nm72figs-metaphorεἰς ἣν στῆτε1Stand in itThe word **it** refers to “the true grace of God.” Being strongly committed to this grace is spoken of as standing firmly in one place, refusing to move. Alternate translation: “Remain strongly committed to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4111PE513muq7writing-symlanguageἡ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι1She who is in BabylonHere, **she** probably refers to the group of believers who live in **Babylon**. Here, **Babylon** could mean: (1) This is a symbol for the city of Rome. (2) This is a symbol for anywhere that Christians are suffering. (3) This is a literal reference to the city of Babylon. It most likely refers to the city of Rome. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
4121PE513rpf5figs-activepassiveσυνεκλεκτὴ1chosen together with youIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom God has chosen as he has chosen you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4131PE513ws2xfigs-metaphorὁ υἱός μου1my sonPeter speaks of Mark as if he is his spiritual **son**. Alternate translation: “my spiritual son” or “who is like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4141PE514fc7bφιλήματι ἀγάπης1a kiss of loveAlternate translation: “a loving kiss” or “a kiss to show your love for each other”