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158 KiB
| 1 | Book | Chapter | Verse | ID | SupportReference | OrigQuote | Occurrence | GLQuote | OccurrenceNote |
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| 2 | 1PE | front | intro | c1uv | 0 | # Introduction to 1 Peter\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of 1 Peter\n\n1. Introduction (1:1–2)\n2. Peter reminds the believers of their identity in Christ (1:3–2:10)\n\n * Peter praises God for saving the believers (1:3–12)\n * Command to be holy (1:13–21)\n * Command to love each other as a family (1:22–2:10)\n\n1. Peter tells the believers how they should behave (2:11–4:11)\n\n * How believers should act toward other people (2:11–3:12)\n * How believers should endure suffering (3:13–4:6)\n * The end is near (4:7–11)\n\n1. Peter encourages the believers to persevere when suffering (4:12–5:11)\n\n * How believers should respond to trials (4:12–19)\n * Instructions for relationships among believers (5:1–11)\n\n1. Conclusion (5:12–14)\n\n### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter?\n\nThe author identified himself as Peter, who was also called Simon Peter. He was an apostle and also wrote the book of 2 Peter. Peter probably wrote this letter in Rome. He wrote the letter to Gentile Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/peter]])\n\n### What is the Book of 1 Peter about?\n\nPeter wrote this letter to encourage Gentile Christians who were being persecuted and to exhort them to stand firm in “the true grace of God” ([5:12](../05/12.md)). Peter told his readers how they should act in the midst of a society that hated them. He encouraged Christians to continue obeying God even when they are suffering. He told them to do this because Jesus will return soon. Peter also instructed Christians about submitting to persons in authority.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title “1 Peter” or “First Peter.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The First Letter from Peter” or “The First Letter Peter Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### How were Christians treated in Rome?\n\nPeter was probably in Rome when he wrote this letter. In [5:13](../05/13.md) Peter referred to Rome symbolically as “Babylon.” It appears that when Peter wrote this letter, Romans were severely persecuting Christians.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Singular and plural “you”\n\nIn this book, the word “I” refers to Peter, except for two places: [1 Peter 1:16](../01/16.md) and [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). The word “you” is always plural and refers to Peter’s audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])\n\n### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter?\n\n“Having purified your souls by obedience to the truth for sincere brotherly love, love one another earnestly from a pure heart” ([1:22](../01/22.md)). The ULT, UST, and most other modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, “Having purified your souls by obedience to the truth *through the Spirit* for sincere brotherly love, love one another earnestly from the heart.” Translators are advised to follow the modern reading.\n\n(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) | |||
| 3 | 1PE | 1 | intro | ql4i | 0 | # 1 Peter 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Introduction (1:1–2)<br>2. Peter praises God for saving the believers (1:3–12)<br>3. Command to be holy (1:13–21)<br>4. Command to love each other as a family (1:22–2:10)<br><br>Peter begins this letter in [1:1–2](../01/01.md) by giving his name, identifying the people to whom he is writing, and offering a greeting. That was the way people typically began letters at that time.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in [1:24–25](../01/24.md).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### What God reveals<br><br>When Jesus comes again, everyone will see how good God’s people were to have faith in Jesus. Then God’s people will see how gracious God has been to them, and all people will praise both God and his people.<br><br>### Holiness<br><br>God wants his people to be holy because God is holy (1:15). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### Eternity<br><br>Peter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Paradox<br><br>A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Peter writes that his readers are glad and sad at the same time ([1 Peter 1:6](../01/06.md)). He can say this because they are sad because they are suffering, but they are also glad because they know that God will save them “in the last time” ([1 Peter 1:5](../01/05.md)) | |||
| 4 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | g6b4 | figs-123person | Πέτρος | 1 | In this culture, letter writers would give their own names first, and they would refer to themselves in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the first person. If your language has a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, you could also use that. Alternate translation: “I, Peter, am writing this letter” or “From Peter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 5 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | p0pd | translate-names | Πέτρος | 1 | **Peter** is the name of a man, a disciple of Jesus. See the information about him in Part 1 of the Introduction to 1 Peter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 6 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | h6om | figs-distinguish | ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | This phrase gives further information about Simon Peter. He describes himself as being someone given the position and authority of being Christ’s apostle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) | |
| 7 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | owrg | figs-123person | ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις | 1 | In this culture, after giving their own names, letter writers would then say to whom they were writing, naming those people in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the second person. Alternate translation: “to you elect exiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 8 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | g3n3 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **elect** and **dispersion**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to those whom God has elected and exiled among those whom God has dispersed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 9 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | u3zc | figs-metaphor | ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς | 1 | to the elect foreigners of the dispersion | When Peter calls his readers **exiles** he could mean: (1) they are **exiles** because they are far away from their true home in heaven. Alternate translation: “to the elect exiles of the dispersion who are far from their home in heaven” (2) they are **exiles** because they were forced to leave their homes and go far away to Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia. Alternate translation: “to you elect exiles of the dispersion who are far away from your homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 10 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | bg47 | figs-metaphor | διασπορᾶς | 1 | Here, **dispersion** could refer to: (1) groups of Gentile Christians who were spread throughout the world instead of in their true home in heaven. In this case, **dispersion** would have a similar meaning to **exiles** and would add emphasis. Alternate translation: “among those dispersed outside of their true home in heaven” (2) the groups of Jewish people who were spread across the Greek-speaking world that was outside of the land of Israel, which is the common technical meaning for this word. Alternate translation: “among the dispersed Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 11 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | qkl8 | translate-names | Πόντου, Γαλατίας, Καππαδοκίας, Ἀσίας, καὶ Βιθυνίας | 1 | Cappadocia … Bithynia | **Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia** are names of Roman provinces that were located in what is now the country of Turkey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) |
| 12 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | ba1h | figs-abstractnouns | πρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός | 1 | the foreknowledge of God the Father | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **foreknowledge**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “what God the Father foreknew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 13 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | lcps | figs-explicit | πρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός | 1 | This phrase could mean: (1) God had determined what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father planned previously” (2) God knew what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father knew beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 14 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | z59t | guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | Πατρός | 1 | **Father** is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) | |
| 15 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | huw6 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν ἁγιασμῷ Πνεύματος | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sanctification**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “by the Spirit sanctifying you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 16 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | sfrr | figs-possession | ἐν ἁγιασμῷ Πνεύματος | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to describe **sanctification** that is produced by the Holy **Spirit**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by the Spirit causing you to be sanctified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 17 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | ukos | figs-explicit | εἰς ὑπακοὴν καὶ ῥαντισμὸν αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Here, **obedience** could refer to: (1) obeying God. Alternate translation: “for obedience of God and the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ” (2) obeying Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “for obedience of Jesus Christ and the sprinkling of his blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 18 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | oiuz | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς ὑπακοὴν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **obedience**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “for you to obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 19 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | j96u | grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς ὑπακοὴν | 1 | Here, **for** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a purpose for which the Holy Spirit sanctifies believers. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of obedience” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 20 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | rwkk | figs-metaphor | ῥαντισμὸν αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ | Peter uses **sprinkling** figuratively to refer to believers being in a covenant relationship with God. Just as Moses sprinkled blood on the people of Israel in [Exodus 24:1–11](../../exo/24/01.md) to symbolize them joining in a covenant relationship with God, believers are joined in a covenant relationship with God by means of Jesus’ death. Moses also sprinkled blood on the priests to set them apart to serve God as priests ([Leviticus 8:30](../../lev/08/30.md)). If your readers would not understand this, you could use a simile or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the covenant between believers and God established by the blood of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 21 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | i9kf | figs-metonymy | αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | of the blood of Jesus Christ | Here, **blood** refers figuratively to the death of Jesus. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “of the death of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 22 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | k547 | translate-blessing | χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη | 1 | In this culture, letter writers would offer a good wish for the recipient before introducing the main business of the letter. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing. Alternate translation: “May God increase his kind acts to you and make you more peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) | |
| 23 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | iam1 | figs-abstractnouns | χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη | 1 | If your readers would misunderstand the abstract nouns **grace** and **peace**, you could express the ideas behind them with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “May God multiply his kind acts to you and give you a more peaceful spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 24 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | z7df | figs-metaphor | χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη | 1 | May grace be to you, and may your peace increase | Peter speaks of **grace** and **peace** as if they were objects that could increase in size or number. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a different metaphor that means that these things will increase, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “May grace and peace increase in your lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 25 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | gj71 | figs-activepassive | χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May God multiply grace and peace to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 26 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | y6aq | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to talk about the believers’ salvation and faith. Verses 3–5 are one sentence, but you may need to divide them into shorter sentences in your language. | ||
| 27 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | l4vi | figs-declarative | εὐλογητὸς | 1 | Peter is using a statement to give an exhortation. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for exhortation. Alternate translation: “Let us bless” or “Let us praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
| 28 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | z6wk | guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | Πατὴρ | 1 | **Father** is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) | |
| 29 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | cyf6 | figs-exclusive | ἡμῶν…ἡμᾶς | 1 | our … us | The words **our** and **us** are inclusive. They refer to Peter and those believers to whom he is writing. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) |
| 30 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | ib1x | figs-possession | τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to describe Jesus as the **Lord** who rules over those who believe in him. If this is not clear in your language, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the person who is lord over us” or “of the person who rules over us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 31 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | mdvi | figs-abstractnouns | ὁ κατὰ τὸ πολὺ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **mercy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “according to his great merciful character” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 32 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | c92y | figs-metaphor | ἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς | 1 | he has given us new birth | The phrase **born again** is a metaphor that refers to spiritual rebirth. Since this is an important metaphor in the Bible, you should keep it in your translation and include an explanation if necessary. Alternate translation: “has caused us to be spiritually reborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 33 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | cbxb | figs-infostructure | ἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς εἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν, δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | The clause **into a living hope** is parallel to “into an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritance” in the next verse. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of the phrases in this verse in order to show that parallel structure. Alternate translation: “who has caused us to be born again through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from dead ones into a living hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
| 34 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | qe1c | grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν | 1 | Here, **into** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a purpose for which God causes believers to be born again. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving us a living hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 35 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | kngt | figs-metaphor | εἰς ἐλπίδα ζῶσαν | 1 | Peter uses **living** figuratively to describe **hope** that is certain and will not lead to disappointment. If this use of living might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into a hope that will not disappoint you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 36 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | lh0r | figs-abstractnouns | δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **resurrection**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “through Jesus Christ being resurrected from among dead ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 37 | 1PE | 1 | 4 | v9jq | grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον | 1 | Here, **into** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a second purpose for which God causes believers to be born again. This clause states what the “living hope” in the previous verse is. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving us an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 38 | 1PE | 1 | 4 | b2zy | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον | 1 | for an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritance | If it would be clearer in your language, you can translate **inheritance** using a verb. Alternate translation: “into what we will inherit that is imperishable and undefiled and unfading” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 39 | 1PE | 1 | 4 | cy1g | figs-metaphor | κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον | 1 | an … inheritance | Peter uses **inheritance** figuratively to refer to what we will receive in heaven. This could refer to: (1) salvation after this life. Alternate translation: “an imperishable and undefiled and unfading salvation” (2) future blessings in heaven after this life. Alternate translation: “imperishable and undefiled and unfading blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 40 | 1PE | 1 | 4 | z6w4 | figs-activepassive | τετηρημένην ἐν οὐρανοῖς εἰς ὑμᾶς | 1 | reserved in heaven for you | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which God has kept in heaven for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 41 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | r4es | figs-activepassive | τοὺς ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ φρουρουμένους | 1 | who are protected by the power of God | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones whom God is protecting with his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 42 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | a4ab | figs-abstractnouns | διὰ πίστεως | 1 | through faith | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by believing in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 43 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | ymh2 | grammar-connect-logic-goal | εἰς σωτηρίαν | 1 | Here, **for** introduces a purpose clause. Peter is stating a purpose for which God is protecting believers. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of giving us a salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]]) | |
| 44 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | gj5s | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς σωτηρίαν ἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for the time when God saves you, which is ready to be revealed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 45 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | g4rb | figs-activepassive | ἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι | 1 | that is ready to be revealed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God is ready to reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 46 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | xsp2 | figs-explicit | ἐν καιρῷ ἐσχάτῳ | 1 | Here, **the last time** refers to “the day of the Lord,” which is the time when Jesus returns to the world to judge everyone and vindicate those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the last time when Jesus returns and judges everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 47 | 1PE | 1 | 6 | p1ta | writing-pronouns | ἐν ᾧ | 1 | Here, **this** could refer to: (1) the “last time” referred to at the end of the last verse. Alternate translation: “in this last time” (2) everything described in [verses 3–5](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “in all of this that I have said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 48 | 1PE | 1 | 6 | hy8d | grammar-connect-logic-result | ἐν ᾧ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε | 1 | In this you greatly rejoice | **In** here introduces the reason why Peter’s readers rejoice. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “On account of this you greatly rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
| 49 | 1PE | 1 | 6 | dtvb | grammar-connect-condition-fact | ἄρτι, εἰ δέον λυπηθέντες | 1 | Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “if now it is necessary to have been distressed, and it is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
| 50 | 1PE | 1 | 6 | a2bq | figs-activepassive | ὀλίγον ἄρτι, εἰ δέον λυπηθέντες ἐν ποικίλοις πειρασμοῖς | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if now it is necessary for various trials to distress you a little while” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 51 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | vvp1 | figs-metaphor | ἵνα τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως | 1 | so that the proof of your faith | In the same way in which fire refines gold, hardships test how well believers trust in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 52 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | ct3n | figs-abstractnouns | τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως | 1 | the proof of your faith | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **genuineness** and **faith**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “the fact that you genuinely believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 53 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | g1oe | figs-infostructure | ἵνα τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, διὰ πυρὸς δὲ δοκιμαζομένου, εὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ τιμὴν, ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “so that the genuineness of your faith might be found to result in praise and glory and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ; that faith is more precious than the perishing gold, but being tested by fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
| 54 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | u63m | figs-explicit | ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, διὰ πυρὸς δὲ δοκιμαζομένου | 1 | of your faith, which is more precious than gold that perishes. But, being tested by fire | In this clause Peter means that **faith** is more valuable than **gold** because faith lasts forever but gold does not, even if it is refined by someone passing it through **fire**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. It may be helpful to make this a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “of your faith, which is more precious than gold because even gold that is tested by fire can perish, but your faith will not perish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 55 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | a6q4 | figs-activepassive | εὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ τιμὴν | 1 | it might be found to result in praise, and glory, and honor | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “it might result in praise and glory and honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 56 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | lewt | figs-explicit | ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Peter assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to the future **revelation of Jesus Christ** when Jesus returns to earth. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the future revelation of Jesus Christ” or “when Jesus Christ reveals himself again in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 57 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | bkr9 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | at the revealing of Jesus Christ | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **revelation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “at the time when Jesus Christ is revealed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 58 | 1PE | 1 | 8 | eka3 | figs-doublet | χαρᾷ ἀνεκλαλήτῳ καὶ δεδοξασμένῃ | 1 | with joy that is inexpressible and filled with glory | Here, **inexpressible** and **filled with glory** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that how great the joy is If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “with joy so great that words cannot describe it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 59 | 1PE | 1 | 9 | hw6y | figs-metaphor | κομιζόμενοι…σωτηρίαν | 1 | the salvation | Here Peter speaks figuratively of **salvation** as if it were an object that someone could receive. If this would confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “experiencing … the salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 60 | 1PE | 1 | 9 | jkcb | figs-abstractnouns | τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “of you believing in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 61 | 1PE | 1 | 9 | j2qe | figs-abstractnouns | σωτηρίαν ψυχῶν | 1 | the salvation of your souls | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God saving your souls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 62 | 1PE | 1 | 9 | uk4a | figs-synecdoche | σωτηρίαν ψυχῶν | 1 | the salvation of your souls | Here, **souls** refers to the individual Christians to whom Peter is writing this letter. If this might confuse your readers, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “your salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 63 | 1PE | 1 | 10 | yyz4 | figs-doublet | ἐξεζήτησαν καὶ ἐξηραύνησαν | 1 | searched and inquired carefully | The phrases **searched** and **inquired carefully** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize how hard the prophets tried to understand this salvation. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “examined very carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 64 | 1PE | 1 | 10 | gmcy | figs-abstractnouns | ἧς σωτηρίας | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God saving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 65 | 1PE | 1 | 10 | wx95 | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς ὑμᾶς χάριτος | 1 | Here, **this grace** refers to **this salvation** mentioned earlier in this verse. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God being gracious to you by saving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 66 | 1PE | 1 | 11 | j917 | figs-explicit | εἰς τίνα ἢ ποῖον καιρὸν | 1 | The word translated **whom** could also be translated “what.” In that case, “what” would refer to the time when salvation would take place and **what time** would then refer to the specific circumstances. However, most translations agree with the ULT’s use of **whom**. Alternate translation: “into what time or what circumstances” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 67 | 1PE | 1 | 11 | w3n8 | figs-possession | τὸ…Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ | 1 | the Spirit of Christ | Peter is using the possessive form to describe the Holy Spirit as being **the Spirit* that is associated with **Christ**. If this is not clear in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Holy Spirit associated with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
| 68 | 1PE | 1 | 11 | hjq5 | προμαρτυρόμενον | 1 | This could indicate: (1) the time when **the Spirit of Christ was revealing** information to the prophets. Alternate translation: “when testifying beforehand” (2) the means by which **the Spirit of Christ was revealing** information to the prophets. Alternate translation: “by means of testifying beforehand” | ||
| 69 | 1PE | 1 | 11 | x5x8 | figs-abstractnouns | τὰ εἰς Χριστὸν παθήματα, καὶ τὰς μετὰ ταῦτα δόξας | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **sufferings** and **glories**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “about how Christ would suffer and glorious things would happen afterwards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 70 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | x4b1 | figs-activepassive | οἷς ἀπεκαλύφθη | 1 | It was revealed to them | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God revealed to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 71 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | hi9u | figs-activepassive | ἃ νῦν ἀνηγγέλη ὑμῖν, διὰ τῶν εὐαγγελισαμένων ὑμᾶς | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which those who proclaimed the gospel to you have now declared to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 72 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | c7jz | figs-explicit | Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ ἀποσταλέντι ἀπ’ οὐρανοῦ | 1 | This phrase indicates the means by which the evangelists proclaimed the gospel to Peter’s readers. Peter uses **the Holy Spirit** here to refer specifically to the Holy Spirit’s work of giving those evangelists the ability or power to proclaim the gospel effectively. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “by means of the Holy Spirit sent from heaven enabling them to do so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 73 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | yzqk | figs-activepassive | ἀποσταλέντι ἀπ’ οὐρανοῦ | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 74 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | lyzl | figs-explicit | εἰς ἃ | 1 | Here, **things** refers to what God had revealed to the prophets and some evangelists had proclaimed to Peter’s readers. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “into which things God revealed to the prophets and which were declared to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 75 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | xi4d | figs-metaphor | εἰς ἃ ἐπιθυμοῦσιν ἄγγελοι παρακύψαι | 1 | into which things angels long to look | Peter uses **look** figuratively to refer to getting a clearer understanding of what God has revealed about salvation. This does not mean that the angels do not understand salvation at all. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “things which angels desire to understand more clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 76 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | bjg9 | grammar-connect-words-phrases | διὸ | 1 | So | **Therefore** here refers back to everything that Peter has written in [verses 1–12](../01/01.md). If it might be helpful to your readers, you could say this concisely. Alternate translation: “Since all these things I have just written are true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) |
| 77 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | zvgh | figs-declarative | ἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς διανοίας ὑμῶν, νήφοντες, τελείως ἐλπίσατε | 1 | The clauses **having girded up the loins of your mind** and **being sober** could indicate: (1) two commands in addition to the command to **hope fully** that occurs next in the sentence. Alternate translation: “gird up the loins of your mind, be sober, hope fully” (2) two actions that are means by which Peter wants his readers to obey the command to **hope fully**. Alternate translation: “hope fully, by having girded up the loins of your mind and by being sober” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
| 78 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | u87y | figs-idiom | ἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς διανοίας ὑμῶν | 1 | having girded the loins of your mind | Girding up **the loins** is an idiom that means to prepare to work hard. It comes from the custom of tucking the bottom of one’s robe into a belt around the waist in order to move with ease. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having prepared your minds for action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 79 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | i56f | figs-metaphor | νήφοντες | 1 | Here Peter uses **sober** figuratively to refer to mental clarity and alertness. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “thinking clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 80 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | y771 | figs-activepassive | τὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν | 1 | the grace that is being brought to you | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the grace God is bringing to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 81 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | ut69 | figs-metaphor | τὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν | 1 | the grace that is being brought to you | Here Peter speaks of **grace** as if it were an object that could be brought to people. If this might confuse you readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the grace God is giving to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 82 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | qk5s | figs-metonymy | τὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν | 1 | Here, **the grace** refers to salvation, as it also does in [verse 10](../01/10.md). If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the gracious salvation being brought to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 83 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | l45d | figs-possession | ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | in the revelation of Jesus Christ | See how you translated this phrase in [verse 7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
| 84 | 1PE | 1 | 14 | opvh | figs-metaphor | τέκνα ὑπακοῆς | 1 | Here Peter uses **children** figuratively to refer to people who love and obey God. The relationship between God and those who love him is like the relationship between a father and his children. Because this is an important concept in the Bible, you should not say the meaning plainly here, but you may use a simile. Alternate translation: “like children of obedience” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 85 | 1PE | 1 | 14 | n5wg | figs-possession | τέκνα ὑπακοῆς | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to describe **children** who are characterized by **obedience**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use the adjective “obedient” instead of the noun “obedience.” Alternate translation: “obedient children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 86 | 1PE | 1 | 14 | e4tb | figs-idiom | μὴ συνσχηματιζόμενοι ταῖς πρότερον…ἐπιθυμίαις | 1 | not being conformed to your former desires | Here, **not being conformed to** is an idiom meaning “not letting one’s life be controlled by.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “not being controlled by your former desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 87 | 1PE | 1 | 14 | nepq | figs-declarative | μὴ συνσχηματιζόμενοι ταῖς πρότερον…ἐπιθυμίαις | 1 | Peter is using a statement to give a command. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for a command. Alternate translation: “do not be conformed to your former desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
| 88 | 1PE | 1 | 14 | j2wo | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν τῇ ἀγνοίᾳ ὑμῶν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **ignorance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when you were ignorant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 89 | 1PE | 1 | 15 | edvw | figs-explicit | τὸν καλέσαντα ὑμᾶς | 1 | This phrase refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who called you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 90 | 1PE | 1 | 15 | mrbq | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν πάσῃ ἀναστροφῇ | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **behavior**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in how you conduct yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 91 | 1PE | 1 | 16 | m1q7 | figs-activepassive | γέγραπται | 1 | For it is written | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Moses was the author of the quotation that follows. Alternate translation: “Moses had written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 92 | 1PE | 1 | 16 | e6el | writing-quotations | γέγραπται | 1 | Here Peter uses **it is written** to introduce a quotation from an Old Testament book ([Leviticus 11:44](../../lev/11/44.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “it had been written in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
| 93 | 1PE | 1 | 16 | tt52 | figs-declarative | ἅγιοι ἔσεσθε | 1 | Peter quotes God using a future statement to give a command. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for a command, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
| 94 | 1PE | 1 | 16 | s8kz | figs-123person | ὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιος | 1 | You will be holy, because I am holy | In this quotation from the Old Testament **I** refers to God. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “because I, God, am holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) |
| 95 | 1PE | 1 | 17 | x0xl | grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ…ἐπικαλεῖσθε | 1 | Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “because you call” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
| 96 | 1PE | 1 | 17 | c53b | figs-explicit | τὸν ἀπροσωπολήμπτως κρίνοντα | 1 | This phrase refers to God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “God who judges impartially” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 97 | 1PE | 1 | 17 | s6gv | figs-metaphor | τὸν τῆς παροικίας ὑμῶν χρόνον | 1 | conduct yourselves in fear during the time of your journey | Here Peter speaks of his readers as if they were people living in a foreign land far away from their home. Like people living away from home, so are Christians living away from their home in heaven. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “during the time that you are living away from your true home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 98 | 1PE | 1 | 18 | pcm5 | figs-infostructure | οὐ φθαρτοῖς, ἀργυρίῳ ἢ χρυσίῳ, ἐλυτρώθητε ἐκ τῆς ματαίας ὑμῶν ἀναστροφῆς πατροπαραδότου | 1 | If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “you have been redeemed from your futile behavior handed down from your fathers, not with perishable things, with silver or with gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) | |
| 99 | 1PE | 1 | 18 | q4pc | figs-activepassive | ἐλυτρώθητε | 1 | you have been redeemed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has redeemed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 100 | 1PE | 1 | 18 | git3 | figs-metaphor | ἐκ τῆς ματαίας ὑμῶν ἀναστροφῆς πατροπαραδότου | 1 | Here, **handed down** figuratively refers to one generation teaching **futile behavior** to another generation, as if that behavior was an object that could be passed by hand from one person to another. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from your futile behavior taught to you by your fathers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 101 | 1PE | 1 | 18 | ctgm | figs-abstractnouns | ἐκ τῆς ματαίας ὑμῶν ἀναστροφῆς | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **behavior**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “from behaving in futile ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 102 | 1PE | 1 | 18 | b5qa | figs-activepassive | πατροπαραδότου | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that your fathers handed down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 103 | 1PE | 1 | 19 | s4jd | figs-metonymy | τιμίῳ αἵματι…Χριστοῦ | 1 | with the precious blood of Christ | Peter uses **the blood of Christ** figuratively to refer to Jesus’ death. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with Christ’s precious death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 104 | 1PE | 1 | 19 | gk6a | figs-simile | ὡς ἀμνοῦ ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου | 1 | as an unblemished and spotless lamb | Peter compares Jesus’ blood to the blood of the lambs that the Jewish priests sacrificed to God because of the people’s sins. The point of this comparison is that Jesus died as a sacrifice so that God would forgive people’s sins. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “like that of the unblemished and spotless lambs that the Jewish priests sacrificed to God for sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 105 | 1PE | 1 | 19 | smu8 | figs-doublet | ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου | 1 | unblemished and spotless | The words **unblemished** and **spotless** basically the same thing. Peter uses this repetition to emphasize that Christ was completely perfect. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “completely perfect” or “with no imperfections at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 106 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | msw5 | figs-activepassive | προεγνωσμένου | 1 | He has been chosen | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God having foreknown him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 107 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | tnrv | figs-explicit | προεγνωσμένου | 1 | This phrase could mean: (1) God had determined what Christ would do. Alternate translation: “having been planned previously” (2) God knew what what Christ would do ahead of time. Alternate translation: “having been known beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 108 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | ky7a | figs-abstractnouns | πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου | 1 | before the foundation of the world | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **foundation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “before God founded the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 109 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | dkk2 | figs-activepassive | φανερωθέντος | 1 | he has been revealed … for your sake | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God having revealed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 110 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | pmf2 | figs-explicit | φανερωθέντος | 1 | Here, **revealing** refers to the first time Jesus came to the earth. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “having been revealed when he came to earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 111 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | kzi0 | figs-explicit | ἐπ’ ἐσχάτου τῶν χρόνων | 1 | Here, **the last of the times** refers to the final period of history which began when Jesus came to the earth for the first time. This period will end when Jesus returns. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “in this final time period of history” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 112 | 1PE | 1 | 21 | lt5u | figs-idiom | τὸν ἐγείραντα αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | who has raised him from the dead | Here, to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who caused him to live again so that he was no longer among the dead people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 113 | 1PE | 1 | 21 | f7mn | figs-abstractnouns | δόξαν αὐτῷ δόντα | 1 | has given him glory | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “has glorified him” or “has showed that he is glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 114 | 1PE | 1 | 21 | k85r | figs-abstractnouns | τὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν καὶ ἐλπίδα, εἶναι εἰς Θεόν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **faith** and **hope**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “you would believe and hope in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 115 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | hj14 | figs-metaphor | τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ἡγνικότες | 1 | Having purified | **Having purified** here figuratively refers to the being forgiven for sins. Sin in the Bible is often referred to as something that makes people dirty and the forgiveness for sin is referred to as the removal of that dirt. God is the one who forgives sins and **purifies** those who believe in Jesus. However, here Peter is referring to his readers’ responsibility in their salvation, which is the responsibility to repent and believe that the gospel is true. Alternate translation: “Having made your souls spiritually pure” or Having cleansed your souls from sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 116 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | luj3 | figs-synecdoche | τὰς ψυχὰς | 1 | Having purified your souls | See how you translated **souls** in [verse 9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 117 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | qyt5 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν τῇ ὑπακοῇ τῆς ἀληθείας | 1 | by obedience to the truth | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **obedience** and **truth**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “by obeying what is true” or “by obeying the true information” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 118 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | iyze | figs-explicit | τῆς ἀληθείας | 1 | Here, **the truth** refers to the true teaching about Jesus, which includes the command to repent and believe the gospel. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to the true message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 119 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | j777 | figs-gendernotations | φιλαδελφίαν | 1 | brotherly love | Although **brotherly** is masculine, Peter is using the phrase **brotherly love** in a generic sense to refer to the kind of love that all believers should have for other believers. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “love for fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) |
| 120 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | e9wr | figs-metonymy | ἐκ καθαρᾶς καρδίας, ἀλλήλους ἀγαπήσατε ἐκτενῶς\r | 1 | love one another earnestly from a pure heart | Peter uses **heart** here figuratively to refer to a person’s thoughts or emotions. The word **from** indicates that the **heart** must be the source of the **love** that Peter is telling his readers to have. Therefore, this phrase has a similar meaning to the word “sincere” in the previous clause. If this would confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “love one another earnestly based on sincere thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 121 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | k79f | figs-metaphor | ἀναγεγεννημένοι | 1 | See how you translated **born again** in [verse 3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 122 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | w4v3 | figs-metonymy | οὐκ ἐκ σπορᾶς φθαρτῆς | 1 | having been born again, not from perishable seed, but from imperishable | The word **seed** usually refers to either the seed of a plant or the sperm cell of a man that is used to produce a baby. However, here Peter uses **seed** as a metaphor. It could refer to: (1) the **word of God** mentioned later in the verse. In this case, Peter is saying what the **word of God** is not. Alternate translation: “not by means of a word of God than can perish” (2) physical human birth, in which case the meaning is similar to the idea expressed in [John 1:13](../../jhn/01/13.md). Alternate translation: “not by means of mortal physical birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 123 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | nh9r | figs-ellipsis | ἀφθάρτου | 1 | from imperishable | Peter is leaving out a word that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the word from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “from imperishable seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
| 124 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | tjq9 | figs-metonymy | λόγου ζῶντος Θεοῦ, καὶ μένοντος | 1 | through the living and enduring word of God | Here, Peter uses **word** figuratively to describe the gospel message that came from God and was proclaimed to Peter’s readers by using words. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God’s living and enduring message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 125 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | pkpl | figs-doublet | ζῶντος…καὶ μένοντος | 1 | These two words mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that God’s word is permanent. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “perpetually enduring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) | |
| 126 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | kyc5 | writing-quotations | διότι | 1 | **For** here introduces a quotation of some phrases from an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 40:6–8](../../isa/40/06.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “It is as Isaiah wrote in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
| 127 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | e299 | figs-quotemarks | πᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος, καὶ πᾶσα δόξα αὐτῆς ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου. ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος, καὶ τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν, | 1 | In these clauses and the first clause of the next verse, Peter quotes parts of [Isaiah 40:6–8](../../isa/40/06.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 128 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | dr75 | figs-metonymy | πᾶσα σὰρξ | 1 | All flesh | Here Peter quotes Isaiah using the term **flesh** figuratively to refer to human beings in general, which are made of flesh. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “All humankind” or “Everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 129 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | zaa4 | figs-metaphor | πᾶσα δόξα αὐτῆς | 1 | Here, **glory** refers to whatever is beautiful or magnificent about humankind. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything that is glorious about humankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 130 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | ysnb | figs-genericnoun | ἄνθος χόρτου. ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος, καὶ τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν | 1 | Peter quotes Isaiah speaking of **grass** and flowers in general, not of one particular blade of **grass** or **flower**. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “flowers of grass. Grass dried up, and flowers fell off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 131 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | w0s8 | figs-possession | ἄνθος χόρτου | 1 | Here Peter quotes Isaiah using the possessive form to describe the **flower** that grows in the **grass**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the flowing that grows in the grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 132 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | r0fd | figs-simile | ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος | 1 | All flesh is like grass … The grass dries up | In this clause the prophet Isaiah continues the comparison between humankind and grass. Just like grass dies quickly, so human beings only live a short time. If this would confuse your readers, you could express this meaning by repeating the simile language from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “Like the grass dries up, so do people die after a short time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 133 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | hd2f | figs-simile | τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν | 1 | all its glory is like the flower of the grass … its flower falls off | In this clause the prophet Isaiah continues the comparison between the glory of humankind and flowers. Just like flowers die and fall to the ground, so does the beauty of mankind disappear. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could express this meaning by repeating the simile language from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “like the flower falls off the plant, so does everything that is glorious about humankind come to an end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 134 | 1PE | 1 | 25 | lqjz | figs-quotemarks | τὸ δὲ ῥῆμα Κυρίου μένει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα | 1 | This clause completes Peters quotation of [Isaiah 40:6–8](../../isa/40/06.md) that began in the previous verse. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 135 | 1PE | 1 | 25 | aba2 | figs-metonym | τὸ…ῥῆμα Κυρίου | 1 | the word of the Lord | Peter quotes Isaiah using **word** figuratively to describe all that God has spoken by using words. This general reference to God’s word would include what God had said about the Messiah. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the message that comes from the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 136 | 1PE | 1 | 25 | pp62 | figs-metonym | τοῦτο δέ ἐστιν τὸ ῥῆμα | 1 | Here Peter uses **word** in the same specific sense as in [verse 23](../01/23.md). It is not the general meaning of **word** used earlier in the verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And this is the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 137 | 1PE | 1 | 25 | s11j | figs-activepassive | τὸ ῥῆμα τὸ εὐαγγελισθὲν | 1 | the word that has been proclaimed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the word that we have proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 138 | 1PE | 2 | intro | a121 | 0 | # 1 Peter 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Command to love each other as a family (1:22–2:10)<br>2. How believers should act toward other people (2:11–3:12)<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:10 and the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:6, 7, 8, and 22.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Stones<br><br>The Bible uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jesus is the cornerstone, which is the most important stone. According to [Ephesians 2:20](../../eph/02/02.md), the apostles and prophets are the foundation, which is the part of the building on which all the other stones rest. In this chapter, Christians are the stones that make up the walls of the building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cornerstone]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/foundation]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Milk and babies<br><br>When Peter tells his readers to “long for pure spiritual milk” in [2:2](../02/02.md), he is using the metaphor of a baby craving his mother’s milk. Peter wants Christians to crave God’s word the same way a baby craves milk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>### Sheep and shepherds<br><br>The Bible often speaks metaphorically of people as sheep because sheep do not see well, do not think well, often walk away from those who care for them, and cannot defend themselves when other animals attack them. In [verse 25](../02/25.md), Peter alludes to [Isaiah 53:6](../../isa/53/06.md) to describe unbelievers as sheep that wander aimlessly and don't know where they are going. God’s people are also similar to sheep in that they are weak and do foolish things like rebelling against God. In [verse 25](../02/25.md), Peter also refers to Jesus as a shepherd who takes care believers, which is a similar idea to what Jesus said in [John 10:11–18](../../jhn/10/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/sheep]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/shepherd]]) | |||
| 139 | 1PE | 2 | 1 | n3x5 | grammar-connect-logic-result | οὖν | 1 | Therefore | **Therefore** here refers back to everything that Peter has said in the previous paragraph ([1:22–25](../01/22.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
| 140 | 1PE | 2 | 1 | inct | figs-declarative | ἀποθέμενοι…πᾶσαν κακίαν, καὶ πάντα δόλον, καὶ ὑποκρίσεις, καὶ φθόνους, καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς | 1 | This clause indicates a command in addition to the command to “long for pure spiritual milk” that occurs next in the verse. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for a command. Alternate translation: “put aside all evil and all deceit and hypocrisies and envies and all slanders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
| 141 | 1PE | 2 | 1 | g65y | figs-metaphor | ἀποθέμενοι…πᾶσαν κακίαν, καὶ πάντα δόλον, καὶ ὑποκρίσεις, καὶ φθόνους, καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς | 1 | having put aside all evil, and all deceit and hypocrisy and envy, and all slander | Peter speaks of these sinful actions figuratively as if they were objects that people could **put aside** the way people remove dirty clothing. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “having stopped being evil, or being deceptive, or being hypocritical, or envying, or slandering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 142 | 1PE | 2 | 1 | r853 | figs-abstractnouns | ἀποθέμενοι…πᾶσαν κακίαν, καὶ πάντα δόλον, καὶ ὑποκρίσεις, καὶ φθόνους, καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **evil**, **deceit**, hypocrisies**, **envies**, or **slanders**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “having put aside all evil acts and all deceitful acts and hypocritical acts and deceptive acts and all slanderous acts” or “having put aside every kind of evil, deceitful, hypocritical, deceptive, and slanderous act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 143 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | y6fv | figs-simile | ὡς ἀρτιγέννητα βρέφη τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα ἐπιποθήσατε | 1 | As newborn infants, long for pure spiritual milk | The point of this comparison is that Peter wanted his readers to desire knowledge of God’s word just **newborn babies** desire milk. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Just as babies long for their mother’s milk, so you must long for the pure rational milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 144 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | rm71 | ἐπιποθήσατε | 1 | long for | Alternate translation: “desire intensely” or “yearn for” | |
| 145 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | fn81 | figs-metaphor | τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα | 1 | pure spiritual milk | The word translated as **rational** could also be translated “pertaining to the word” and refers to the word of God. Peter speaks figuratively of the word of God as if it were **rational milk** that nourishes children. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God’s pure word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 146 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | ypy6 | figs-metaphor | αὐξηθῆτε | 1 | you may grow up | Peter speaks figuratively of believers advancing in knowledge of God and faithfulness to him as if they were children growing up. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you may mature in your faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 147 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | vg76 | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς σωτηρίαν | 1 | to salvation | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “until you are saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 148 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | wmw2 | figs-explicit | εἰς σωτηρίαν | 1 | Here, **salvation** refers to when Jesus returns and God completes the **salvation** of his people. Peter also uses this meaning for **salvation** in [1:5](../01/05.md). See how you translated this word there. Alternate translation: “until God saves you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 149 | 1PE | 2 | 3 | uja9 | grammar-connect-condition-fact | εἰ ἐγεύσασθε | 1 | Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Since you have tasted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]]) | |
| 150 | 1PE | 2 | 3 | tui9 | figs-metaphor | εἰ ἐγεύσασθε | 1 | if you have tasted that the Lord is kind | Peter uses **tasted** figuratively to refers to personally experiencing something. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “if you have experienced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 151 | 1PE | 2 | 3 | hruw | figs-quotemarks | ἐγεύσασθε ὅτι χρηστὸς ὁ Κύριος | 1 | This clause is a paraphrase of [Psalm 34:8](../../psa/34/08.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 152 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | n5pm | figs-explicit | πρὸς ὃν προσερχόμενοι | 1 | Here, **coming** could indicate: (1) a factual statement, as in the UST. (2) a command, in which case “being built up” in the next verse would also be a command. Alternate translation: “Come to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 153 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | apbp | writing-pronouns | πρὸς ὃν | 1 | The pronoun **him** refers to Jesus, who is called “Lord” in the previous verse. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 154 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | c4lu | figs-metaphor | πρὸς ὃν προσερχόμενοι λίθον ζῶντα | 1 | coming to him, a living stone | Peter refers to Jesus figuratively as if he were a **stone** in a building. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or with a simile. Alternate translation: “coming to him, who is like a living stone in a building” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 155 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | ihq2 | figs-personification | λίθον ζῶντα | 1 | him, a living stone | Peters speaks of a **stone** figuratively as if it were **living**. This could refer to: (1) a stone that is alive. This interpretation emphasizes the fact that Jesus is alive enough though he had died. Alternate translation: “a stone that lives” (2) a stone that gives life. This interpretation emphasizes the fact that Jesus gives eternal life to everyone who believes in him. Alternate translation: “a stone that gives eternal life to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 156 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | e8sy | figs-activepassive | ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων μὲν ἀποδεδοκιμασμένον | 1 | having been rejected by men | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that men have rejected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 157 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | euuz | figs-gendernotations | ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων | 1 | Although the term **men** is masculine, Peter is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “by people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) | |
| 158 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | a438 | figs-activepassive | παρὰ δὲ Θεῷ ἐκλεκτὸν | 1 | but chosen by God | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but that God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 159 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | z11h | figs-metaphor | αὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς | 1 | you, like living stones, are being built up as a spiritual house | Peter uses **stones** figuratively to refer to his readers, who believe in Jesus. Just as people used **stones** to build the temple in the Old Testament, God is using believers to bring together a group of people in whom he will dwell. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you, like stones that are put together and built into a house, are living stones that are being brought together into a spiritual community in which God dwells” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 160 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | g33x | figs-simile | αὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες | 1 | you, like living stones | Peters uses **stones** figuratively as if they were **living**. This emphasizes the fact that Peter’s readers have eternal life because they believe in Jesus. In this verse, **living** cannot mean to give life because only God can give life. Alternate translation: “like stones that live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 161 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | v3jw | figs-activepassive | οἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς | 1 | living stones, are being built up as a spiritual house | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that God is building up as a spiritual house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 162 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | e6dm | figs-explicit | οἰκοδομεῖσθε | 1 | Here, **are being built up** could indicate: (1) a factual statement, as in the UST. (2) a command, in which case “coming to him” in the previous verse would also be a command. Alternate translation: “be built up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 163 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | i4bn | figs-metaphor | εἰς ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον ἀνενέγκαι πνευματικὰς θυσίας | 1 | a holy priesthood to offer the spiritual sacrifices | Here Peter speaks of believers figuratively as if they were part of a **priesthood** and as if their good deeds and acts of worship were **sacrifices** offered to God. Just as the priests in the Old Testament offered sacrifices to God, so should believers do good deeds and worship God. If this might confuse your readers, you could expression the meaning plainly or with a synonym. Alternate translation: like the holy priesthood that offered sacrifices to God, so you are made into a group who dies good spiritual deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 164 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | ekkp | grammar-collectivenouns | εἰς ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον | 1 | The word **priesthood** is a singular noun that refers to a group of priests. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “into a group of holy priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 165 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | zf45 | figs-explicit | πνευματικὰς θυσίας εὐπροσδέκτους | 1 | This could mean: (1) the **sacrifices** are of a spiritual, rather than physical, nature. Alternate translation: “the sacrifices of a spiritual nature that are acceptable” (2) the **sacrifices** are offered by the power of the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “the sacrifices by the power of the Holy Spirit that are acceptable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 166 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | ibi1 | figs-personification | περιέχει ἐν Γραφῇ | 1 | it stands in scripture | Here the quotation of **scripture** that occurs next in the verse is spoken of as if it were a person who **stands**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it is written in scripture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 167 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | k1h0 | writing-quotations | περιέχει ἐν Γραφῇ | 1 | This phrase introduces a quotation of an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 28:16](../../isa/28/16.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “what Isaiah wrote in scripture stands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
| 168 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | wdwx | figs-quotemarks | ἰδοὺ, τίθημι ἐν Σιὼν λίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον ἐκλεκτὸν ἔντιμον; καὶ ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ’ αὐτῷ, οὐ μὴ καταισχυνθῇ. | 1 | This sentence is a quotation from [Isaiah 28:16](../../isa/28/16.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 169 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | q7jx | figs-metaphor | ἰδοὺ | 1 | Behold | Peter quotes Isaiah using **Behold** to call his readers to pay attention to what he is about to say. Your language may have a similar expression that you can use here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 170 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | skrt | figs-123person | τίθημι | 1 | In this quotation from the Old Testament **I** refers to God. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, God, lay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) | |
| 171 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | xsx8 | figs-metaphor | λίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον | 1 | a cornerstone | Here God refers to the Messiah figuratively as if he were not only a **stone**, but even the most important **stone** in a building, the **cornerstone**. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a simile or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “someone who is like the most important stone in a building” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 172 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | klv2 | figs-distinguish | λίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον ἐκλεκτὸν ἔντιμον | 1 | a cornerstone, chosen, precious | Here, **chosen** and **precious** show a distinction between this **cornerstone** and any other **cornerstone**. If this is not understood in your language, you can make the relationship between these phrases more clear. Alternate translation: “a cornerstone that is chosen and precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) |
| 173 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | lrxm | figs-doublenegatives | οὐ μὴ | 1 | The phrase **certainly not** translates two negative words in Greek. God uses them together to emphasize the truth of this statement. If your language can use two negatives together for emphasis without them cancelling each other to create a positive meaning, it would be appropriate to use that construction here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])<br> | |
| 174 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | ze1c | figs-explicit | ἡ τιμὴ | 1 | Here, **this honor** refers to the statement in the previous verse that people who believe in Jesus will “certainly not be ashamed.” If this might confuse your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “this honor of never being ashamed is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 175 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | rdhk | figs-explicit | ἡ τιμὴ | 1 | The phrase translated **this honor** could also be translated as “precious,” in which case it would refer to the “cornerstone” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “he is precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 176 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | sj13 | figs-ellipsis | ἀπιστοῦσιν δὲ | 1 | Peter is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “But to those who do not believe, the scriptures say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 177 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | hext | figs-quotemarks | λίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες, οὗτος ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας | 1 | This sentence is a quotation from [Psalm 118:22](../../psa/118/22.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 178 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | uu3j | figs-metaphor | λίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες | 1 | The stone that was rejected by … has become the head of the corner | The author uses **stone** figuratively to refer to the Messiah and **builders** figuratively to refer to those who **rejected** Jesus. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “The Messiah who was rejected like builders reject a stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 179 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | ql12 | figs-metaphor | κεφαλὴν γωνίας | 1 | the head of the corner | This phrase has the same meaning as “cornerstone” in the previous verse and refers to the most important stone in a building. Here it refers specifically to the Messiah. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the Messiah, who is like a cornerstone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 180 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | k0dm | writing-quotations | καὶ | 1 | Here, **and** introduces a quotation of an Old Testament book ([Isaiah 8:14](../../isa/08/14.md)). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a comparable phrase that indicates that Peter is quoting from an important text. Alternate translation: “and Isaiah wrote in the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) | |
| 181 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | vxhb | figs-quotemarks | λίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου | 1 | This sentence is a quotation from [Isaiah 8:14](../../isa/08/14.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 182 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | i72g | figs-metaphor | λίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου | 1 | Peter quotes Isaiah speaking figuratively of the Messiah as if he were a **stone** or **rock** that people tripped over. He means that many people would be offended by Jesus’ teachings and reject him. If your readers would not understand this, you could use a simile or express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternative translation: “He is like a stone of stumbling and like a rock of offense” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 183 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | ydkr | figs-possession | λίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου | 1 | Peter quotes Isaiah using the possessive form twice in this sentence to describe a **stone** that causes **stumbling and a **rock** that causes **offense**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A stone that makes people stumble and a rock that makes people feel offended” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 184 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | ptx5 | figs-parallelism | λίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου | 1 | A stone of stumbling and a rock of offense | These two phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that people will be offended by this **stone**. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “a stone or a rock over which people will surely stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 185 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | h7ta | figs-metonymy | τῷ λόγῳ | 1 | stumble because they disobey the word | Here, **the word** refers to the gospel message, which includes the command to repent and believe the gospel. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])<br> |
| 186 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | d8ii | figs-metaphor | οἳ προσκόπτουσιν | 1 | Here, **stumble** could refer to: (1) being offended by the gospel, as it means in the rest of the verse. Alternate translation: “They get offended” (2) being judged for rejecting the gospel. Alternate translation: “They are judged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 187 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | h6sb | grammar-connect-logic-result | οἳ προσκόπτουσιν τῷ λόγῳ ἀπειθοῦντες | 1 | Here, **disobeying the word** indicates the reason why they **stumble**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “They stumble because they disobey the word” or “Because they disobey the word, they stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) | |
| 188 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | mh48 | figs-explicit | τῷ λόγῳ ἀπειθοῦντες | 1 | Here, **disobeying** refers to **disobeying** the command to repent and believe the gospel, which is part of the gospel message. Therefore, this **disobeying** means refusing to believe the gospel. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “refusing to believe the word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br> | |
| 189 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | sm6s | figs-activepassive | εἰς ὃ καὶ ἐτέθησαν | 1 | to which also they were appointed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to which God also appointed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 190 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | uwg1 | figs-explicit | εἰς ὃ | 1 | Here, **which** refers back to the previous part of this sentence. Those who do not believe in Jesus were appointed to stumble and disobey the word. If this might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to this stumbling and disobeying the word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 191 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | dc8m | figs-quotemarks | γένος ἐκλεκτόν, βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα, ἔθνος ἅγιον, λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν | 1 | All four of these phrases are quotations from the Old Testament. The phrase **a chosen people** is from [Isaiah 43:20](../../isa/43/20.md), **a royal priesthood** and **a holy nation** are from [Exodus 19:6](../../exo/19/06.md), and **a people for possession** is from [Isaiah 43:21](../../isa/43/21.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate these quotations with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 192 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | zla9 | figs-activepassive | γένος ἐκλεκτόν | 1 | a chosen people | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a family whom God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 193 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | g39z | figs-explicit | βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα | 1 | a royal priesthood | This could refer to: (1) a priesthood who are also members of the king’s family. Alternate translation: “a kingly priesthood” (2) a priesthood who serve the king. Alternate translation: “a priesthood who serve the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 194 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | m1f8 | grammar-collectivenouns | βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα | 1 | The word **priesthood** is a singular noun that refers to a group of priests. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a group of royal priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]]) | |
| 195 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | qk7f | figs-abstractnouns | λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν | 1 | a people for possession | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **possession**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a people for God to possess” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 196 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | ra7z | figs-explicit | τοῦ ἐκ σκότους ὑμᾶς καλέσαντος, εἰς τὸ θαυμαστὸν αὐτοῦ φῶς | 1 | who called you from | This clause refers to God. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “of God who called you from darkness into his marvelous light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 197 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | nvf5 | figs-metaphor | ἐκ σκότους…εἰς τὸ θαυμαστὸν αὐτοῦ φῶς | 1 | from darkness into his marvelous light | Here, **darkness** refers figuratively to the condition of people who do not know God and are sinful, and **light** refers figuratively to the condition of people who know God and are righteous. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use similes. Alternate translation: “from a life of sin and ignorance of God to a life of knowing and pleasing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 198 | 1PE | 2 | 10 | pveb | figs-quotemarks | οὐ λαὸς…λαὸς Θεοῦ…οὐκ ἠλεημένοι…ἐλεηθέντες | 1 | All four of these phrases are quotations from the Old Testament ([Hosea 1:6–10](../../hos/01/06.md)). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate these quotations with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate quotations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 199 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | jnr9 | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to tell his readers how to live Christian lives. | ||
| 200 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | ve9u | figs-doublet | παροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους | 1 | foreigners and exiles | These two words mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that Christians on this earth are far away from their home in heaven. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “true exiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 201 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | x8af | figs-metaphor | παροίκους | 1 | Peter uses **foreigners** here figuratively to refer to his Christian readers. Just like a foreigner is not in his homeland, so are Christians not at home while living on the earth. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “those living away from their home in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 202 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | hjuk | figs-metaphor | παρεπιδήμους | 1 | foreigners and exiles | See how you translated this word in [1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 203 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | ubn9 | figs-metonymy | ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν σαρκικῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν\r | 1 | to abstain from fleshly desires | Here, **fleshly** refers figuratively to a person’s sinful nature. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to abstain from satisfying your sinful desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 204 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | q4zn | figs-personification | στρατεύονται κατὰ τῆς ψυχῆς | 1 | make war against your soul | Peter speaks of **fleshly desires** figuratively as if they were soldiers trying to destroy the spiritual life of believers. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “will destroy your spiritual life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 205 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | x3q5 | figs-genericnoun | τῆς ψυχῆς | 1 | your soul | Peter is referring to each individual Christian to whom he is writing this letter, not one particular **soul**. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “your souls” or “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) |
| 206 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | uiwd | figs-declarative | τὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἔχοντες καλήν | 1 | Peter is using a statement to give a command. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a more natural form for command. Alternate translation: “Keep your behavior among the Gentiles good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) | |
| 207 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | b5nv | figs-abstractnouns | τὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἔχοντες καλήν | 1 | keeping your behavior among the Gentiles good | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **behavior**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “behaving well among the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 208 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | nqql | figs-metaphor | ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν | 1 | Peter uses **Gentiles** here figuratively to refer to people who are not Christians. Just like a **Gentile** was not a member of the Jewish people, so people who are not Christians are not members of God’s people. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “among those who do not believe in Jesus” or “among those who are not Christians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 209 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | mkt4 | ἐν ᾧ καταλαλοῦσιν ὑμῶν ὡς | 1 | in whatever they speak about you as | Alternate translation: “with regard to what they slander you for as evildoers” or “with respect to the very things that they slander you for as evildoers” | |
| 210 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | w3yn | figs-abstractnouns | ἐκ τῶν καλῶν ἔργων ἐποπτεύοντες | 1 | from observing your good works | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **works**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “they may observe the good things that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 211 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | s2ji | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπισκοπῆς | 1 | in the day of visitation | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **visitation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “on the day when he visits.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 212 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | qspw | figs-idiom | ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπισκοπῆς | 1 | This phrase is an idiom that refers to the time when God will judge all people. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “on the day when he comes to judge everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) | |
| 213 | 1PE | 2 | 13 | c484 | figs-explicit | διὰ τὸν Κύριον | 1 | for the sake of the Lord | Here, **the Lord** refers to Jesus. This phrase could mean: (1) by obeying human authorities, Christians are following the example of Jesus who also obeyed human authorities. Alternate translation: “in order to follow the Lord’s example” (2) by obeying human authorities, Christians will honor Jesus. Alternate translation: “in order to honor the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 214 | 1PE | 2 | 13 | al6q | βασιλεῖ ὡς ὑπερέχοντι | 1 | to the king as supreme | Alternate translation: “to the king as the highest human authority” or “to the king, who has supreme human authority” | |
| 215 | 1PE | 2 | 14 | t0tc | ἡγεμόσιν ὡς δι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις | 1 | Alternate translation: “to governors, who have been sent through him” | ||
| 216 | 1PE | 2 | 14 | y1l2 | figs-activepassive | δι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις | 1 | through him having been sent | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom the king has sent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 217 | 1PE | 2 | 14 | dvmr | writing-pronouns | δι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις | 1 | Here, **him** could refer to: (1) the king mentioned in the previous verse, as in the UST. (2) God, who is the one who installs and removes all governing authorities. Alternate translation: “those being sent by God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 218 | 1PE | 2 | 14 | bxm9 | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς ἐκδίκησιν κακοποιῶν, ἔπαινον δὲ ἀγαθοποιῶν | 1 | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **punishment** and **praise**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to punish evildoers and praise those who do good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 219 | 1PE | 2 | 15 | mh6s | figs-infostructure | ἀγαθοποιοῦντας φιμοῦν τὴν τῶν ἀφρόνων ἀνθρώπων ἀγνωσίαν | 1 | doing good to silence the ignorant talk of foolish people | If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “to silence the ignorance of foolish people by doing good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) |
| 220 | 1PE | 2 | 15 | nzwv | figs-abstractnouns | ἀγαθοποιοῦντας φιμοῦν τὴν τῶν ἀφρόνων ἀνθρώπων ἀγνωσίαν | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **ignorance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “doing good to silence the ignorant things that foolish people are saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 221 | 1PE | 2 | 16 | zqe3 | figs-ellipsis | ὡς ἐλεύθεροι | 1 | Peter is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. These words could be: (1) the command to submit to authorities stated in [verse 13](../02/13.md). Alternate translation: “Submit as free people” (2) an implied imperative verb. Alternate translation: “Act as free people” or “Live as free people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) | |
| 222 | 1PE | 2 | 16 | y9pg | figs-metaphor | ὡς ἐπικάλυμμα…τῆς κακίας | 1 | as a covering for wickedness | Here, **covering** could refer to: (1) something to prevent people from knowing about one’s evil deeds. Alternate translation: “as a way to prevent others from seeing your evil” (2) an excuse or pretext to do evil deeds. Alternate translation: “as an excuse to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 223 | 1PE | 2 | 17 | gwy8 | figs-metaphor | τὴν ἀδελφότητα | 1 | the brotherhood | Here, **brotherhood** refers to all Christian believers. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the community of believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 224 | 1PE | 2 | 18 | w2nc | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to speak specifically to people who were slaves that worked in people’s houses. | ||
| 225 | 1PE | 2 | 18 | xgk8 | figs-doublet | τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς καὶ ἐπιεικέσιν | 1 | the good and gentle | The words **good** and **gentle** mean similar things. Peter uses this repetition to emphasize that such masters treat their servants very kindly. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “to the very kind ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 226 | 1PE | 2 | 18 | mueb | figs-metaphor | τοῖς σκολιοῖς | 1 | Here, **crooked ones** is used figuratively to refer to people who act dishonestly or unjustly as if their morals were bent or twisted. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the dishonest ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 227 | 1PE | 2 | 19 | r1h1 | figs-explicit | τοῦτο…χάρις | 1 | this is praiseworthy | Peters assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to finding **favor** with God, which is what he states in the next verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “this is deserving of God’s favor” or “this is pleasing to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 228 | 1PE | 2 | 19 | zm8e | figs-abstractnouns | διὰ συνείδησιν Θεοῦ | 1 | because of awareness of God | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **consciousness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because one is aware of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 229 | 1PE | 2 | 19 | rjyf | figs-possession | διὰ συνείδησιν Θεοῦ | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to describe **consciousness** that is about or concerning **God**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “because of having consciousness about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 230 | 1PE | 2 | 19 | kje6 | figs-explicit | Θεοῦ | 1 | Here, **God** refers to who **God** is and what he requires from his people. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of consciousness of who God is and what he requires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 231 | 1PE | 2 | 20 | y5ue | figs-rquestion | ποῖον γὰρ κλέος, εἰ ἁμαρτάνοντες καὶ κολαφιζόμενοι ὑπομενεῖτε? | 1 | For what kind of credit is there if, sinning and being tormented, you will endure? | Peter is not asking for information, but is using the question form here to emphasize that there is nothing praiseworthy about suffering for doing something wrong. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate this sentence as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “For there is no credit if, sinning and being beaten, you will endure.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 232 | 1PE | 2 | 20 | pr8b | figs-activepassive | κολαφιζόμενοι | 1 | sinning and being tormented | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone beats you” or “your master beats you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 233 | 1PE | 2 | 20 | ly9f | grammar-connect-logic-result | ἀγαθοποιοῦντες καὶ πάσχοντες | 1 | doing good and suffering, you will endure | This could mean: (1) someone suffers even though that person did what is good. Alternate translation: “suffering despite doing good” (2) someone suffers because that person did what is good. Alternate translation: “suffering because of doing good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
| 234 | 1PE | 2 | 20 | qii1 | τοῦτο χάρις παρὰ Θεῷ | 1 | See how you translated a similar phrase in the previous verse. | ||
| 235 | 1PE | 2 | 21 | c1jn | figs-explicit | εἰς τοῦτο | 1 | Here, **this** refers back to what Peter stated at the end of the previous verse. Believers are called by God to endure suffering while doing what is good. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “to endure suffering when you have done what is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 236 | 1PE | 2 | 21 | xit1 | figs-activepassive | εἰς τοῦτο…ἐκλήθητε | 1 | to this you were called | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has called you to this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 237 | 1PE | 2 | 21 | si3l | figs-metaphor | ἵνα ἐπακολουθήσητε τοῖς ἴχνεσιν αὐτοῦ | 1 | for you so that you might follow in his footsteps | Peter uses **follow in his footsteps** figuratively to refer to following Jesus’ example for enduring suffering. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you might imitate his behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 238 | 1PE | 2 | 22 | wii5 | figs-quotemarks | ὃς ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἐποίησεν, οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ | 1 | This verse is a quotation from [Isaiah 53:9](../../isa/53/09.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 239 | 1PE | 2 | 22 | tyz4 | figs-activepassive | οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ | 1 | neither was deceit found in his mouth | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “neither did anyone find deceit in his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 240 | 1PE | 2 | 22 | cjai | figs-metaphor | οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ | 1 | Peter quotes Isaiah referring to **deceit** figuratively as if it were an object that could be found inside someone’s mouth. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “neither was deceit spoken out of his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 241 | 1PE | 2 | 22 | lw1u | figs-metonymy | οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ | 1 | neither was deceit found in his mouth | Peter quotes Isaiah figuratively describing something the Messiah would say by association with **his mouth**, which he would use to say something. In this case it is something the Messiah did not say. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “neither did he say something deceitful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 242 | 1PE | 2 | 23 | lj4a | figs-activepassive | ὃς λοιδορούμενος, οὐκ ἀντελοιδόρει | 1 | He, being reviled, did not revile back | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom people reviled, did not revile them back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 243 | 1PE | 2 | 23 | gqb5 | figs-explicit | παρεδίδου…τῷ κρίνοντι δικαίως | 1 | Here, **the one who judges justly** refers to God. This means that he trusted God to punish those who reviled him or to prove that he was innocent. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “he entrusted himself to God who judges justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 244 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | k632 | figs-rpronouns | ὃς τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν αὐτὸς ἀνήνεγκεν | 1 | He himself | Peter uses the word **himself** here to emphasize that Jesus alone is the one who bore our sins. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “none other than Jesus bore our sins” or “Jesus, the very person, bore our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) |
| 245 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | w49m | figs-metaphor | τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν…ἀνήνεγκεν ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον | 1 | carried our sins in his body to the tree | Peter uses **bore our sins** figuratively to refer to Jesus being punished for **our sins** as if **sins** were an object that he carried on **his body**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “suffered the punishment for our sins in his body on the tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 246 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | zl8e | figs-metonymy | τὸ ξύλον | 1 | the tree | Peter uses **tree** figuratively to refer to the cross on which Jesus died, which was made of wood. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 247 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | x7ni | figs-metaphor | ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ἀπογενόμενοι | 1 | Here, **having died to sins** is a metaphor that means to longer be controlled by sin. Like a dead person is free from sinning because they are no longer alive, so believers are free to stop sinning because Jesus bore the punishment for their sins. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being no longer controlled by sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 248 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | fxej | grammar-connect-time-sequential | ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ἀπογενόμενοι | 1 | This clause refers to an event that occurs before the event in the next clause. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could show this relationship by using a fuller phrase. Alternate translation: “after having died to sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]]) | |
| 249 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | jaka | figs-exclusive | τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ ζήσωμεν | 1 | When Peter says **we**, he is speaking of himself and other believers in Christ and would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 250 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | w69k | figs-quotemarks | οὗ τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε | 1 | This clause is a quotation from [Isaiah 53:5](../../isa/53/05.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]]) | |
| 251 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | ep4s | figs-activepassive | οὗ τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε | 1 | of whose wounds you were healed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has healed you by means of his wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 252 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | lx3n | figs-synecdoche | οὗ τῷ μώλωπι | 1 | Here, **wounds** figuratively refers to all the suffering Jesus endured when he was beaten and killed on the cross. If our readers would misunderstand this, you express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by whose suffering and death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 253 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | n0l5 | figs-metaphor | ἰάθητε | 1 | Here, **healed** could mean: (1) being freed from the penalty and power of sin, which could include physical healing. Alternate translation: “you were freed from the effects of sin” (2) being forgiven for their sins and having a restored relationship with God. Alternate translation: “you were forgiven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 254 | 1PE | 2 | 25 | sgt9 | figs-simile | ἦτε…ὡς πρόβατα πλανώμενοι | 1 | you as sheep are being led astray | Peter speaks figuratively about his readers before they believed in Christ as if they had been similar to lost sheep wandering around aimlessly. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you were living aimlessly without knowing God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 255 | 1PE | 2 | 25 | jkfu | figs-activepassive | ἐπεστράφητε | 1 | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has turned you back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) | |
| 256 | 1PE | 2 | 25 | i5lu | figs-metaphor | τὸν ποιμένα καὶ ἐπίσκοπον τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν | 1 | the shepherd and guardian of your souls | Peter uses **shepherd** and **overseer** figuratively to refer to Jesus. Just as a **shepherd** protects his sheep and an **overseer** takes care of his workers, Jesus protects and takes care of those who trust in him. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who protects and takes care of your souls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 257 | 1PE | 2 | 25 | z6q2 | figs-synecdoche | τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in [1:9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) | |
| 258 | 1PE | 3 | intro | cqf4 | 0 | # 1 Peter 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. How believers should act toward other people (2:11–3:12)\n2. How believers should endure suffering (3:13–4:6)\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in [3:10–12](../03/10.md).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “Outward ornaments”\n\nMost people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are good people. Women are especially careful to look good by wearing nice clothes and jewels. Peter says in [3:3–4](../03/04.md) that what a woman thinks and says and does are more important to God than what she wears or how she looks.\n\n### Unity\n\nPeter wanted his readers to agree with each other. More importantly, he wanted them to love each other and be patient with each other.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nIn [verse 7](../03/07.md) Peter refers to women figuratively as “weaker vessels.” \n\nIn [verse 12](../03/12.md) Peter quotes [Psalm 34:15–16](../../psa/34/15.md) that describes God as if he were a person with eyes, ears, and a face. However, God is a spirit, so he does not have physical eyes or ears or a physical face. Nevertheless, he does know what people do, and he does act against wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### “The spirits in prison”\n\n\n\n### “Baptism now saves you” | |||
| 259 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | p454 | 0 | General Information: | In [verses 1–6](../03/01.md) Peter gives instructions specifically to women who are wives. | ||
| 260 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | wp5p | figs-metonymy | τινες ἀπειθοῦσιν τῷ λόγῳ | 1 | some are disobedient to the word | Here, **being disobedient to the word** could refer to: (1) refusing to believe the gospel message, as in [2:8](../02/08.md). Alternate translation: “some do not believe the message about Jesus” (2) disobeying the commands God gave in his word. Alternate translation: “some do not obey what God commands in his word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 261 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | kbis | figs-activepassive | κερδηθήσονται | 1 | they will be won | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will win them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 262 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | bs56 | figs-idiom | κερδηθήσονται | 1 | they will be won | Here, **won** is an idiom that means that the unbelieving husbands will become believers in Jesus. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “they will be persuaded to believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 263 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | qp4q | figs-ellipsis | ἄνευ λόγου | 1 | without a word | Peter is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “without you saying a word.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
| 264 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | b56u | figs-metonymy | ἄνευ λόγου | 1 | Here, **word** refers to the anything the wives might say to their husbands about the gospel message. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “without a word about the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 265 | 1PE | 3 | 2 | rzrl | grammar-connect-logic-result | ἐποπτεύσαντες | 1 | This phrase indicates the reason why the unbelieving husbands would become believers in Jesus. These husbands became believers because they **observed** how their wives behaved. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “because they observed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])\n | |
| 266 | 1PE | 3 | 2 | zft4 | figs-abstractnouns | τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν | 1 | having seen your pure behavior with respect | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **behavior**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “you behave purely and with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 267 | 1PE | 3 | 2 | ng3s | figs-explicit | τὴν…ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν | 1 | your pure behavior with respect | This could refer to: (1) the wives’ sincere and honest behavior. Alternate translation: “your sincere behavior” (2) the wives’ sexually chaste behavior. Alternate translation: “your sexually chaste behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 268 | 1PE | 3 | 3 | p1bg | writing-pronouns | ὧν | 1 | Here, **whose** refers to the Christian wives to whom Peter is speaking. If this might confuse your readers, you could state the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “your” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) | |
| 269 | 1PE | 3 | 3 | ysvn | figs-abstractnouns | ὧν…κόσμος | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **adornment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “they way you adorn yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) | |
| 270 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | oav8 | = | ἀλλ’ ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος | 1 | If it would be helpful in your language, you could begin this verse as a new sentence. If you do so, then you will need to repeat the subject and verb from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Rather, let your adornment be the inner man of the heart” | |
| 271 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | m2n3 | figs-metonymy | ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος | 1 | Here, **hidden man** and **heart** both refer to a person’s thoughts or emotions. If this would confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the inner thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n | |
| 272 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | l2yq | figs-possession | ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος | 1 | the inner person of the heart | Peter is using the possessive form to indicate that the **hidden man** is the same thing as **the heart**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the hidden man, which is the heart” or “the hidden man, namely, the heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) |
| 273 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | l1js | figs-possession | ἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to indicate that the **imperishable thing** is the same thing as **a gentle and quiet spirit**. If this is not clear in your language, you could use express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “in the imperishable thing, which is a gentle and quiet spirit” or “in the imperishable thing, namely, a gentle and quiet spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 274 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | spi6 | figs-metonymy | τοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος | 1 | Here,**quiet** means “peaceful” or “calm.” It does not mean to not be loud. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of a gentle and peaceful spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) | |
| 275 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | gbw9 | figs-metonymy | τοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος | 1 | of a gentle and quiet spirit | Here, **spirit** refers to a person’s attitude or temperament. Alternate translation: “of a gentle and quiet attitude.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 276 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | j5bu | figs-metaphor | ὅ ἐστιν ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ πολυτελές | 1 | which is precious before God | Peter refers to God’s opinion figuratively as if it were a person standing directly in front of him. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “which God considers to be very precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 277 | 1PE | 3 | 5 | dq60 | figs-metaphor | ἐκόσμουν ἑαυτάς | 1 | Peter speaks figuratively of the attitude of the holy women as if it were something they **adorned themselves** with. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “made themselves beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 278 | 1PE | 3 | 5 | jbuf | ὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν | 1 | See how you translated the similar clause in [verse 1](../03/01.md). | ||
| 279 | 1PE | 3 | 6 | kpnl | translate-names | Σάρρα…τῷ Ἀβραάμ | 1 | **Sarah** is the name of a woman and **Abraham** is the name of her husband. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) | |
| 280 | 1PE | 3 | 6 | t3xl | figs-idiom | ἧς ἐγενήθητε τέκνα | 1 | whose children you have become | Peter uses a Hebrew idiom here in which people are said to be the **children** of someone who has similar qualities as them. Believing women who act like Sarah acted are thought of as if they were her actual **children**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “who resemble her as if you were her children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 281 | 1PE | 3 | 6 | v2so | figs-doublenegatives | μὴ φοβούμεναι μηδεμίαν πτόησιν | 1 | The phrase **not being afraid of any** translates two negative words in Greek. Peter uses them together to emphasize that believing women should not fear anything at all. If your language can use two negatives together for emphasis without them cancelling each other to create a positive meaning, it would be appropriate to use that construction here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) | |
| 282 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | lbc2 | 0 | General Information: | In this verse Peter gives instructions specifically to men who are husbands. | ||
| 283 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | uddn | figs-genericnoun | συνοικοῦντες…τῷ γυναικείῳ | 1 | Here, **the female** refers to the wives of the men to whom Peter is writing, not to one particular woman. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “live with the women whom you have married” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) | |
| 284 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | lulz | figs-abstractnouns | κατὰ γνῶσιν | 1 | live with your wife according to understanding, as with a weaker container | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **knowledge**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in a knowledgeable way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 285 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | eq1z | figs-metaphor | ὡς ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει | 1 | as with a weaker container | Here Peter refers to women figuratively as if they were **weaker** containers. The word **container** is a term used to refer to both men and women in the Bible ([Acts 9:15](../../act/09/15.md)). Just as clay pots can break easily, so are human beings weak. Here Peter specifically refers to women as **weaker** containers because woman are usually physically weaker than men. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as with someone who is weaker than you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 286 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | a88w | figs-abstractnouns | ἀπονέμοντες τιμήν ὡς καὶ συνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς | 1 | assigning her honor as also fellow heirs of the grace of life | If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **honor** and **heirs**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “honor them as also those who will inherit with you the grace of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 287 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | n4rf | figs-metaphor | συνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς | 1 | fellow heirs of the grace of life | Peter speaks of **the grace of life** figuratively as if it were something that people inherit. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “those who will experience the grace of life together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 288 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | quba | figs-possessive | χάριτος ζωῆς | 1 | Peter is using the possessive form to describe **grace** that is **life**. The word **grace** refers to a gracious gift and **life** refers to eternal **life**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the gracious gift, namely, eternal life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) | |
| 289 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | dwm6 | figs-activepassive | εἰς τὸ μὴ ἐνκόπτεσθαι τὰς προσευχὰς ὑμῶν | 1 | so that your prayers will not be hindered | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that nothing will hinder your prayers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 290 | 1PE | 3 | 8 | nk97 | 0 | General Information: | In [verses 8–12](../03/08.md) Peter writes instructions to all believers. | ||
| 291 | 1PE | 3 | 8 | f5y7 | ὁμόφρονες | 1 | be likeminded | Alternate translation: “have the same opinion and be” or “have the same attitude and be” | |
| 292 | 1PE | 3 | 8 | rut5 | εὔσπλαγχνοι | 1 | tenderhearted | being gentle and compassionate towards others | |
| 293 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | z5u3 | figs-metaphor | μὴ ἀποδιδόντες κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ, ἢ λοιδορίαν ἀντὶ λοιδορίας | 1 | Do not pay back evil in exchange for evil or insult in exchange for insult | Peter speaks of responding to the actions of another person as remitting payment for those actions. Alternate translation: “Do not do evil to someone who does evil to you or insult someone who insults you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 294 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | t6il | figs-explicit | εὐλογοῦντες | 1 | blessing | You can clarify the object of **blessing**. Alternate translation: “continue to bless those who do evil to you or insult you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 295 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | w5df | figs-activepassive | εἰς τοῦτο ἐκλήθητε | 1 | to this you were called | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God called you for this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 296 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | n3xc | figs-metaphor | ἵνα εὐλογίαν κληρονομήσητε | 1 | so that you might inherit a blessing | Peter speaks of receiving God’s **blessing** as receiving an inheritance. Alternate translation: “that you might receive God’s blessing as your permanent possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 297 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | dpf2 | figs-explicit | 0 | General Information: | In these verses Peter quotes from the Psalms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 298 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | p9bl | figs-parallelism | ζωὴν ἀγαπᾶν, καὶ ἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς | 1 | to love life and to see good days | These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the desire to have a good life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 299 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | btkp | figs-metaphor | ἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς | 1 | to see good days | Here experiencing good things is spoken of as seeing good things. Alternate translation: “experience good things during life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 300 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | t5en | figs-metonymy | ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς | 1 | good days | The word **days** refers to one’s lifetime. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 301 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | wq2b | figs-parallelism | παυσάτω τὴν γλῶσσαν ἀπὸ κακοῦ, καὶ χείλη τοῦ μὴ λαλῆσαι δόλον | 1 | Let … stop his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceit | These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the command not to lie. Alternate translation: “stop saying evil and deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 302 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | rqa9 | figs-synecdoche | τὴν γλῶσσαν…χείλη | 1 | his tongue … his lips | The words **tongue** and **lips** refer to the person who is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 303 | 1PE | 3 | 11 | n5sr | figs-metaphor | ἐκκλινάτω…ἀπὸ κακοῦ | 1 | let him turn away from evil | Here, **turn away** is a metaphor that means to stop doing something. Alternate translation: “let him stop doing what is bad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 304 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | yn5l | figs-synecdoche | ὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους | 1 | the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteous | The word **eyes** refers to the Lord’s ability to know things. Alternate translation: “The Lord knows the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 305 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | m2a0 | figs-metaphor | ὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους | 1 | the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteous | The Lord’s approval of the righteous is spoken of as his seeing them. Alternate translation: “The Lord approves of the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 306 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | r5xf | figs-synecdoche | ὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν | 1 | his ears are upon their requests | The word “ears” refers to the Lord’s awareness of what people say. Alternate translation: “he hears their requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 307 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | tytz | figs-explicit | ὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν | 1 | his ears are upon their requests | That the Lord hears their requests implies that he also responds to them. Alternate translation: “he grants their requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 308 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | t22b | figs-metaphor | πρόσωπον δὲ Κυρίου ἐπὶ | 1 | But the face of the Lord is against | Opposing someone is spoken of as setting one’s face against that person. Alternate translation: “the Lord opposes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 309 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | es9n | figs-synecdoche | πρόσωπον δὲ Κυρίου ἐπὶ | 1 | But the face of the Lord is against | The word **face** refers to the Lord’s will to oppose his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 310 | 1PE | 3 | 13 | wkw4 | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues teaching the believers how to live Christian lives. | ||
| 311 | 1PE | 3 | 13 | e1ma | figs-rquestion | τίς ὁ κακώσων ὑμᾶς, ἐὰν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ζηλωταὶ γένησθε? | 1 | who is the one who will harm you if you are a zealot of what is good? | Peter asks this question to emphasize that it is unlikely that someone would harm them if they do good things. Alternate translation: “no one will harm you if you do good things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 312 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | f6ch | figs-abstractnouns | πάσχοιτε διὰ δικαιοσύνην | 1 | you suffer because of righteousness | You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you suffer because you do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 313 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | xg3m | figs-activepassive | μακάριοι | 1 | you are blessed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 314 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | f9u8 | figs-parallelism | τὸν δὲ φόβον αὐτῶν, μὴ φοβηθῆτε μηδὲ ταραχθῆτε | 1 | But do not fear their fear, nor be troubled | These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that believers should not be afraid of those who persecute them. Alternate translation: “But do not be afraid of what people might do to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 315 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | yz6y | τὸν…φόβον αὐτῶν | 1 | their fear | Here the word **their** refers to anyone who might try to harm those to whom Peter is writing. | |
| 316 | 1PE | 3 | 15 | ju58 | δὲ…ἁγιάσατε | 1 | Instead, sanctify | Alternate translation: “Instead of being troubled, set apart” | |
| 317 | 1PE | 3 | 15 | vgv7 | figs-metaphor | Κύριον…τὸν Χριστὸν ἁγιάσατε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν | 1 | sanctify the Lord Christ in your hearts | The phrase “sanctify the Lord Christ” is a metaphor for acknowledging Christ’s holiness. Alternate translation: “acknowledge in your hearts that the Lord Christ is holy” or “honor the Lord Christ as holy within yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 318 | 1PE | 3 | 15 | qjg3 | figs-metonymy | ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν | 1 | in your hearts | Here, **hearts** is a metonym for the “inner person.” Alternate translation: “within yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 319 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | me4u | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter explains how Christ suffered and what Christ accomplished by suffering. | ||
| 320 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | g1xd | figs-metaphor | ἵνα ὑμᾶς προσαγάγῃ τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | so that he might bring us to God | Peter probably means here that Christ died in order to create a close relationship between us and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 321 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | j5lh | figs-metaphor | θανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ | 1 | having been put to death in the flesh | Here, **flesh** refers to Christ’s body; Christ was physically put to death. Alternate translation: “having been killed physically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 322 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | q9fa | figs-activepassive | θανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ | 1 | having been put to death in the flesh | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “since people put Christ to death physically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 323 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | h6v4 | figs-activepassive | ζῳοποιηθεὶς…πνεύματι | 1 | having been made alive in the spirit | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God made him alive spiritually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 324 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | n7nh | πνεύματι | 1 | in the spirit | This could mean: (1) This refers to a spiritual existence. (2) This refers to the Holy Spirit’s power. | |
| 325 | 1PE | 3 | 19 | hp82 | ἐν ᾧ | 1 | in which | This could mean: (1) This refers to his spiritual existence. (2) This refers to the Holy Spirit’s power. | |
| 326 | 1PE | 3 | 19 | ez3d | τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν | 1 | to the spirits in prison | Here, **spirits** could mean: (1) This refers to evil spirits. (2) This refers to spirits of the dead people. | |
| 327 | 1PE | 3 | 20 | s7qm | figs-metonymy | ἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | the patience of God | The word **patience** is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “God himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 328 | 1PE | 3 | 20 | qxah | figs-personification | ὅτε ἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ μακροθυμία | 1 | when the patience of God was waiting | Peter writes of God’s patience as if it is a person. Alternate translation: “when God was waiting patiently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 329 | 1PE | 3 | 20 | c6mi | figs-activepassive | ἐν ἡμέραις Νῶε, κατασκευαζομένης κιβωτοῦ | 1 | in the days of Noah, while an ark was being constructed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “during the time of Noah, when he was building an ark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 330 | 1PE | 3 | 21 | jti3 | δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | through the resurrection of Jesus Christ | Alternate translation: “because of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.” This phrase completes the thought, “This is a symbol of the baptism that saves you now” | |
| 331 | 1PE | 3 | 22 | g4qh | figs-metonymy | ὅς ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ | 1 | who is at the right hand of God | To be at the **right hand of God** is a symbol that God has given Jesus greatest honor and authority over all others. Alternate translation: “who is beside God in the place of honor and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 332 | 1PE | 3 | 22 | f6jq | ὑποταγέντων αὐτῷ | 1 | after … had been subjected to him | Alternate translation: “when … had submitted to Jesus Christ” | |
| 333 | 1PE | 4 | intro | zh5n | 0 | # 1 Peter 4 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. How believers should endure suffering (3:13–4:6)<br>2. The end is near (4:7–11)<br>3. How believers should respond to trials (4:12–19)<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:18.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Ungodly Gentiles<br><br>This passage uses the term “Gentiles” to refer to all ungodly people who are not Jews. It does not include Gentiles who have become Christians. “Sensuality, passion, drunkenness, carousings, wild parties, and disgusting acts of idolatry” were actions that characterized or typified the ungodly Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>### Martyrdom<br><br>It is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Let it” and “Let none” and “Let him” and “Let those”<br><br>Peter uses these phrases to tell his readers what he wants them to do. They are like commands because he wants his readers to obey. But it is as if he is telling one person what he wants other people to do. | |||
| 334 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | b8d4 | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues to teach the believers about Christian living. He begins by giving a conclusion to his thoughts from the previous chapter about Christ’s sufferings. | ||
| 335 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | ess6 | σαρκὶ | 1 | in the flesh | Alternate translation: “in his body” | |
| 336 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | p2rv | figs-metaphor | ὑμεῖς τὴν αὐτὴν ἔννοιαν ὁπλίσασθε | 1 | arm yourselves with the same intention | The phrase **arm yourselves** makes readers think of soldiers who get their weapons ready for battle. It also pictures **the same intention** as a weapon or perhaps as a piece of armor. Here this metaphor means that believers should be determined in their mind to suffer as Jesus did. Alternate translation: “prepare yourselves with the same thoughts that Christ had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 337 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | vjw2 | σαρκὶ | 1 | in the flesh | Here “flesh” means “body.” Alternate translation: “in his body” or “while here on earth” | |
| 338 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | d66g | πέπαυται ἁμαρτίας | 1 | has ceased from sin | Alternate translation: “has stopped sinning” | |
| 339 | 1PE | 4 | 2 | gbb6 | ἀνθρώπων ἐπιθυμίαις | 1 | for the desires of men | for the things that sinful people normally desire | |
| 340 | 1PE | 4 | 3 | rp5p | κώμοις, πότοις | 1 | carousing, drunken parties | These terms refer to activities in which people gather to drink alcohol excessively and behave in a shameful manner. | |
| 341 | 1PE | 4 | 4 | q6k6 | τῆς ἀσωτίας ἀνάχυσιν | 1 | outpouring of their reckless behavior | These examples of wild, boundless sin are spoken of as if they were great floods of water that were being poured out. | |
| 342 | 1PE | 4 | 4 | w1d8 | τῆς ἀσωτίας | 1 | of their reckless behavior | doing everything they can to satisfy the desires of their bodies | |
| 343 | 1PE | 4 | 5 | xw39 | τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι | 1 | to the one who is ready to judge | This could mean: (1) This refers to God, who is ready to judge. (2) This refers to Christ, who is ready to judge. | |
| 344 | 1PE | 4 | 5 | dx7v | figs-merism | ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς | 1 | the living and the dead | This means all people, whether they are still alive or have died. Alternate translation: “every person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) |
| 345 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | u54m | καὶ νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη | 1 | the gospel was preached also to the dead | This could mean: (1) The gospel was preached also to people who had already died. (2) The gospel was preached also to those who were alive but are now dead. | |
| 346 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | ql11 | figs-activepassive | εὐηγγελίσθη | 1 | the gospel was preached | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) Christ preached. Alternate translation: “Christ preached the gospel” (2) Men preached. Alternate translation: “men preached the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 347 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | hsg6 | figs-activepassive | κριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ | 1 | they were judged in the flesh according to men | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) God judged them in this life on earth. Alternate translation: “God judged them in their bodies as humans” (2) Men judged them according to human standards. Alternate translation: “men judged them in their bodies as humans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 348 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | s72f | figs-euphemism | κριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ | 1 | they were judged in the flesh according to men | This is a reference to death as the ultimate form of judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) |
| 349 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | h154 | ζῶσι…κατὰ Θεὸν πνεύματι | 1 | they may live in the spirit according to God | This could mean: (1) They should live spiritually as God lives because the Holy Spirit will enable them to do so. (2) They should live according to God’s standards by the power of the Holy Spirit. | |
| 350 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | e445 | πάντων…τὸ τέλος | 1 | the end of all things | This refers to the end of the world at Christ’s second coming. | |
| 351 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | qs1t | figs-metaphor | ἤγγικεν | 1 | has come near | The end that will happen soon is spoken of as if it has physically come closer in distance. Alternate translation: “will soon happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 352 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | ubd4 | figs-parallelism | σωφρονήσατε…καὶ νήψατε | 1 | be of sound mind, and be sober | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Peter uses them to emphasize the need to think clearly about life since the end of the world is near. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 353 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | k5hh | figs-idiom | νήψατε | 1 | be sober | Here the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “control your thoughts” or “be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 354 | 1PE | 4 | 8 | x6ac | πρὸ πάντων | 1 | above all | Alternate translation: “most importantly of all” | |
| 355 | 1PE | 4 | 8 | f1lr | figs-personification | ὅτι ἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | 1 | for love covers a multitude of sins | Peter describes **love** as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 356 | 1PE | 4 | 8 | b7p0 | figs-metaphor | ἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | 1 | for love covers a multitude of sins | Peter speaks of **love** as a person who places a cover over the sins of others. This could mean: (1) A person who loves will not try to find out if another person has sinned. (2) A person who loves will forgive the sins of other people, even if those sins are many. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 357 | 1PE | 4 | 9 | g3vw | φιλόξενοι | 1 | hospitable | showing kindness to and welcoming guests and travelers | |
| 358 | 1PE | 4 | 10 | xvj3 | figs-explicit | ἕκαστος καθὼς ἔλαβεν χάρισμα | 1 | Just as each one has received a gift | This refers to special spiritual abilities that God gives to believers. Alternate translation: “Because each one of you has received a special spiritual ability as a gift from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 359 | 1PE | 4 | 11 | ir6x | figs-activepassive | ἵνα ἐν πᾶσιν δοξάζηται ὁ Θεὸς | 1 | so that in all God may be glorified | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that in all ways you will glorify God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 360 | 1PE | 4 | 11 | wq9e | δοξάζηται | 1 | may be glorified | may be praised and honored | |
| 361 | 1PE | 4 | 12 | vw9s | figs-metaphor | τῇ ἐν ὑμῖν πυρώσει πρὸς πειρασμὸν ὑμῖν γινομένῃ | 1 | the fiery trial among you that is happening for a testing to you | In the same way that fire refines gold, trials test and refine a person’s faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 362 | 1PE | 4 | 13 | rgb5 | figs-doublet | χαρῆτε ἀγαλλιώμενοι | 1 | you may rejoice, being full of joy | These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “rejoice even more” or “be very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 363 | 1PE | 4 | 13 | mhj1 | ἐν τῇ ἀποκαλύψει τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ | 1 | at the revealing of his glory | Alternate translation: “when God reveals Christ’s glory” | |
| 364 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | i6ul | figs-metonymy | εἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ | 1 | If you are reviled for the name of Christ | Here the word **name** refers to Christ himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 365 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | kswc | figs-activepassive | εἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ | 1 | If you are reviled for the name of Christ | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If people insult you because you believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 366 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | i1kq | figs-parallelism | τὸ τῆς δόξης καὶ τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ Πνεῦμα | 1 | the Spirit of glory and of God | Both of these refer to the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of glory, who is the Spirit of God” or “the glorious Spirit of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 367 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | nx6p | ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς ἀναπαύεται | 1 | is resting on you | is staying with you | |
| 368 | 1PE | 4 | 15 | nr6n | ἀλλοτριεπίσκοπος | 1 | a meddler | This refers to a person who gets involved with the affairs of others without having a right to do so. | |
| 369 | 1PE | 4 | 16 | xm8z | ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ | 1 | in this name | Alternate translation: “because he bears the name Christian” or “because people have recognized him as a Christian.” The words **this name** refer to the word “Christian” | |
| 370 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | x9np | figs-metaphor | τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | the household of God | This phrase refers to believers, whom Peter speaks of as God’s family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 371 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | c8ke | figs-rquestion | εἰ δὲ πρῶτον ἀφ’ ἡμῶν, τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ? | 1 | but if first with us, what will be the end of those disobeying the gospel of God? | Peter use this question to emphasize that God’s judgment will be more severe for people who reject the gospel than for believers. Alternate translation: “If it begins with us, the outcome for those who do not obey God’s gospel will be much worse.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 372 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | z9zc | τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων | 1 | what will be the end of those disobeying | Alternate translation: “what will happen to those who disobey” | |
| 373 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | l3db | τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ | 1 | of those disobeying the gospel of God | Alternate translation: “of those who do not believe God’s gospel.” Here the word **disobeying** means they do not believe. | |
| 374 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | t762 | figs-activepassive | εἰ ὁ δίκαιος μόλις σῴζεται | 1 | If with difficulty the righteous are being saved | Here the word **saved** refers to final salvation when Christ returns. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “If the righteous person experiences many difficulties before God saves him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 375 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | w8ke | figs-rquestion | ὁ δίκαιος…ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται? | 1 | the righteous … where will the ungodly and the sinner appear? | Peter use this question to emphasize that sinners will suffer much more than believers do. Alternate translation: “the righteous man … the outcome will be much worse for the ungodly and the sinner.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 376 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | ms54 | ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται | 1 | where will the ungodly and the sinner appear | Alternate translation: “what will happen to the ungodly and the sinner” | |
| 377 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | wb4v | figs-doublet | ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς | 1 | the ungodly and the sinner | The words **ungodly** and **sinner** mean basically the same thing and emphasize the wickedness of these people. Alternate translation: “ungodly sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 378 | 1PE | 4 | 19 | qm3u | figs-synecdoche | παρατιθέσθωσαν τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν | 1 | let … entrust their souls | Here the word **souls** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “let … entrust themselves” or “let … entrust their lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 379 | 1PE | 4 | 19 | wih1 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν ἀγαθοποιΐᾳ | 1 | in well-doing | The abstract noun **well-doing** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “while they do good” or “while they live rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 380 | 1PE | 5 | intro | a6d9 | 0 | # 1 Peter 5 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Instructions for relationships among believers (5:1–11)<br>2. Conclusion (5:12–14)<br><br>Most people in the ancient Near East would end a letter the way Peter ends this one.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Crowns<br><br>The crown that the Chief Shepherd will give is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Lion<br><br>All animals are afraid of lions because they are fast and strong, and they eat almost every other kind of animal. They also eat people. Satan wants to make God’s people afraid, so Peter uses the simile of a lion to teach his readers that Satan can harm their bodies, but if they trust in God and obey him, they will always be God’s people, and God will care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br><br>### Babylon<br><br>Babylon was the evil nation that in Old Testament times had destroyed Jerusalem, taken the Jews away from their homes, and ruled over them. Peter uses Babylon as a metaphor for the nation that was persecuting the Christians he was writing to. He could have been referring to Jerusalem because the Jews were persecuting the Christians. Or he could have been referring to Rome because the Romans were persecuting the Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |||
| 381 | 1PE | 5 | 1 | s8fr | 0 | General Information: | Peter speaks specifically to men who are elders. | ||
| 382 | 1PE | 5 | 1 | yb3l | figs-metonymy | τῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης | 1 | of the glory that is about to be revealed | This is a reference to Christ’s second coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 383 | 1PE | 5 | 1 | a6ve | figs-activepassive | τῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης | 1 | of the glory that is about to be revealed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “of the glory of Christ that God will soon reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 384 | 1PE | 5 | 2 | a5s7 | figs-metaphor | ποιμάνατε τὸ…ποίμνιον τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Shepherd the flock of God | Peter speaks of the believers as a **flock** of sheep and the elders as the shepherds who care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 385 | 1PE | 5 | 3 | lta9 | figs-metaphor | μηδ’ ὡς κατακυριεύοντες τῶν κλήρων, ἀλλὰ τύποι γινόμενοι | 1 | And not as lording it over those who are allotted to you, but be examples | Elders are to lead by example and not act toward the people as a harsh master would toward his servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 386 | 1PE | 5 | 3 | xwr3 | figs-abstractnouns | τῶν κλήρων | 1 | those who are allotted to you | You can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “those whom God has placed in your care” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 387 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | td11 | figs-metaphor | φανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος | 1 | when the Chief Shepherd has been revealed | Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a **shepherd** who had authority over all other shepherds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 388 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | qlek | figs-activepassive | φανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος | 1 | when the Chief Shepherd has been revealed | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when Jesus, the Chief Shepherd, appears” or “when God reveals Jesus, the Chief Shepherd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 389 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | ll4r | figs-metaphor | τὸν ἀμαράντινον τῆς δόξης στέφανον | 1 | the unfading crown of glory | Here the word **crown** represents the reward that someone receives as a symbol of victory. The word **unfading** means that it is eternal. Alternate translation: “a glorious prize that will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 390 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | c6h3 | τῆς δόξης στέφανον | 1 | crown of glory | glorious crown | |
| 391 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | qm2h | 0 | General Information: | Peter gives an instruction specifically to younger men and then continues to instruct all of the believers. | ||
| 392 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | x6c2 | ὁμοίως | 1 | In the same way | This refers back to the way the elders were to submit to the Chief Shepherd as Peter described in [1 Peter 5:1](../05/01.md) through [1 Peter 5:4](../05/04.md). | |
| 393 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | uh4n | πάντες | 1 | all of you | This refers to all believers, not just the younger men. | |
| 394 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | r6s6 | figs-metaphor | τὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην ἐγκομβώσασθε | 1 | clothe yourselves with humility | Peter speaks of having the moral quality of **humility** as putting on a piece of clothing. Alternate translation: “act humbly toward each other” or “act with humility” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 395 | 1PE | 5 | 6 | bie6 | figs-metonymy | ὑπὸ τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖρα τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | under the mighty hand of God | Here the word **hand** refers to God’s power to save the humble and punish the proud. Alternate translation: “under God’s great power” or “before God, realizing that he has great power,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 396 | 1PE | 5 | 7 | c1uu | figs-metaphor | πᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν ὑμῶν ἐπιρίψαντες ἐπ’ αὐτόν | 1 | having cast all your anxiety on him | Peter speaks of **anxiety** as if it were a heavy burden that a person places on God, rather than carrying it himself. Alternate translation: “trusting him with everything that worries you” or “letting him take care of all the things that trouble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 397 | 1PE | 5 | 8 | k9nt | figs-idiom | νήψατε | 1 | Be sober | Here the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “Control your thoughts” or “Be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 398 | 1PE | 5 | 8 | tl7i | figs-simile | διάβολος, ὡς λέων ὠρυόμενος περιπατεῖ, ζητῶν τινα καταπιεῖν | 1 | the devil, is walking around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour | Peter compares the **devil** to a **roaring lion**. Just as a hungry lion completely devours its prey, the devil is **seeking** to completely destroy the faith of believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 399 | 1PE | 5 | 8 | l4u5 | περιπατεῖ | 1 | is walking around | Alternate translation: “walking about” or “walking about and hunting” | |
| 400 | 1PE | 5 | 9 | v451 | ὑμῶν ἀδελφότητι | 1 | your brotherhhood | Alternate translation: “your fellow believers” | |
| 401 | 1PE | 5 | 9 | i4ur | ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ | 1 | in the world | Alternate translation: “in various places throughout the world” | |
| 402 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | eex1 | 0 | General Information: | This is the end of Peter’s letter. Here he gives his final remarks about his letter and his closing greetings. | ||
| 403 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | suu9 | ὀλίγον | 1 | for a little while | Alternate translation: “for a short time” | |
| 404 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | p648 | ὁ…Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος | 1 | the God of all grace | Here the word **grace** may refer either to the things that **God** gives or to God’s character. This could mean: (1) This refers to the God who always gives us what we need. (2) This refers to the God who is always gracious. | |
| 405 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | lwz6 | ὁ καλέσας ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν ἐν Χριστῷ | 1 | who has called you to his eternal glory in Christ | Alternate translation: “who has chose you to share his eternal glory in heaven because you are joined to Christ” | |
| 406 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | qf2h | καταρτίσει | 1 | will perfect | Alternate translation: “make perfect” or “restore” or “make well again” | |
| 407 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | j2nt | figs-metaphor | σθενώσει, θεμελιώσει | 1 | strengthen, and establish you | These two expressions have similar meanings, that is, that God will enable the believers to trust in him and to obey him regardless of any suffering they may experience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 408 | 1PE | 5 | 12 | an6q | διὰ Σιλουανοῦ, ὑμῖν…δι’ ὀλίγων ἔγραψα | 1 | Through Silvanus … I wrote to you briefly | Silvanus wrote the words that Peter told him to write in the letter. | |
| 409 | 1PE | 5 | 12 | g1t6 | figs-metonymy | ταύτην εἶναι ἀληθῆ χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | this is the true grace of God | This refers back to what Paul has written. Here the word **grace** refers to the gospel message, which tells of the kind things that God has done for believers. Alternate translation: “I have written about the true grace of God” or “the gospel message I have written is God’s grace to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 410 | 1PE | 5 | 12 | nm72 | figs-metaphor | εἰς ἣν στῆτε | 1 | Stand in it | The word **it** refers to “the true grace of God.” Being strongly committed to this grace is spoken of as standing firmly in one place, refusing to move. Alternate translation: “Remain strongly committed to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 411 | 1PE | 5 | 13 | muq7 | writing-symlanguage | ἡ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι | 1 | She who is in Babylon | Here, **she** probably refers to the group of believers who live in **Babylon**. Here, **Babylon** could mean: (1) This is a symbol for the city of Rome. (2) This is a symbol for anywhere that Christians are suffering. (3) This is a literal reference to the city of Babylon. It most likely refers to the city of Rome. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) |
| 412 | 1PE | 5 | 13 | rpf5 | figs-activepassive | συνεκλεκτὴ | 1 | chosen together with you | If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom God has chosen as he has chosen you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 413 | 1PE | 5 | 13 | ws2x | figs-metaphor | ὁ υἱός μου | 1 | my son | Peter speaks of Mark as if he is his spiritual **son**. Alternate translation: “my spiritual son” or “who is like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 414 | 1PE | 5 | 14 | fc7b | φιλήματι ἀγάπης | 1 | a kiss of love | Alternate translation: “a loving kiss” or “a kiss to show your love for each other” |