unfoldingWord_en_tn/en_tn_66-JUD.tsv

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2JUDfrontintroxh5n0# Introduction to Jude<br><br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Jude<br><br>1. Introduction (1:1-2)<br>2. Warning against false teachers (1:3-4)<br>3. Old Testament examples (1:5-16)<br>4. Proper response (1:17-23)<br>5. Praises to God (1:24-25)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Jude?<br><br>The author identified himself as Jude the brother of James. Both Jude and James were half-brothers of Jesus. It is unknown whether this letter was intended for a specific church.<br><br>### What is the Book of Jude about?<br><br>Jude wrote this letter to warn believers against false teachers. Jude often referred to the Old Testament. This may suggest that Jude was writing to a Jewish Christian audience. This letter and 2 Petter have similar content. They both speak about angels, Sodom and Gomorrah, and false teachers.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Jude.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The Letter from Jude” or “The Letter Jude Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Who were the people Jude spoke against?<br><br>It is possible that the people Jude spoke against were those who would become known as Gnostics. These teachers distorted the teachings of scripture for their own gain. They lived in immoral ways and taught others to do the same.
3JUD11ek3qfigs-you0General Information:Jude identifies himself as the writer of this letter and greets his readers. He was probably the half-brother of Jesus. There are two other Judes mentioned in the New Testament. The word “you” in this letter refers to the Christians to whom Jude was writing and is always plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
4JUD11npc3translate-namesἸούδας1Jude**Jude** is the brother of James. Alternate translation: “I am Jude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5JUD11m3v1ἀδελφὸς…Ἰακώβου1brother of James**James** and Jude were half brothers of Jesus. Joseph as their physical father, but he was not the physical father or Jesus.
6JUD12r5aefigs-abstractnounsἔλεος ὑμῖν, καὶ εἰρήνη, καὶ ἀγάπη πληθυνθείη1May mercy and peace and love be multiplied to youThis can be restated to remove the abstract nouns **mercy**, **peace**, and **love**. Alternate translation: “May God continue to be merciful to you so that you live peacefully and love one another more and more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7JUD12q2qofigs-metaphorὑμῖν…πληθυνθείη1May … be multiplied to youThese ideas are spoken of as if they were objects that could grow in size or number. Alternate translation: “May … be increased many times for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8JUD13kjk6figs-exclusive0General Information:The word “our” in this letter includes both Jude and believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
9JUD13yfa80Connecting Statement:Jude tells the believers his reason for writing this letter.
10JUD13mi3wτῆς κοινῆς ἡμῶν σωτηρίας1our common salvation“the salvation we share”
11JUD13si1uἀνάγκην ἔσχον γράψαι1I had a compulsion to write“I felt a great need to write” or “I felt an urgent need to write”
12JUD13yyf4παρακαλῶν ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι τῇ…πίστει1exhorting you to struggle earnestly for the faith“encouraging you to defend the true teaching”
13JUD13j67uἅπαξ1once for all“finally and completely”
14JUD14v94iπαρεισέδυσαν γάρ τινες ἄνθρωποι1For certain men have entered secretly“For some men have come in without drawing attention to themselves”
15JUD14wwz3figs-activepassiveοἱ πάλαι προγεγραμμένοι εἰς τοῦτο τὸ κρίμα1who long ago have been designated beforehand for this condemnationThis can also be put into the active voice. Alternate translation: “men whom God long ago decided to condemn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
16JUD14c642figs-metaphorτὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν χάριτα μετατιθέντες εἰς ἀσέλγειαν1changing the grace of our God into sensualityGods **grace** is spoken of as if it were a thing that could be changed into something horrible. Alternate translation: “teaching that Gods grace permits one to continue to live in sexual sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
17JUD14ws1bτὸν μόνον Δεσπότην καὶ Κύριον ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν, ἀρνούμενοι1denying our only Master and Lord, Jesus ChristThis could mean: (1) YTey teach that Jesus is not God. (2) These men do not obey Jesus Christ.
18JUD15fa5e0Connecting Statement:Jude gives examples from the past of those who did not follow the Lord.
19JUD15f4mmfigs-explicitἸησοῦς λαὸν ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου σώσας1Jesus, having saved a people out of the land of EgyptYou can state explicitly who the people were that he saved. Alternate translation: “the Lord, who rescued the Israelites long ago from Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
20JUD16pt1kτὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχὴν1their own domain“their own position of authority” or “the responsibilities God entrusted to them”
21JUD16s3cnδεσμοῖς ἀϊδίοις ὑπὸ ζόφον τετήρηκεν1he has kept in everlasting chains, under thick darkness“God has put these angels in a dark prison from which they will never escape”
22JUD16s1j9figs-metonymyὑπὸ ζόφον1under thick darknessHere, **darkness** is a metonym which represents the place of the dead or hell. Alternate translation: “in utter darkness in hell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
23JUD16ccz6μεγάλης ἡμέρας1of the great daythe final day when God will judge everyone
24JUD17yn36figs-metonymyαἱ περὶ αὐτὰς πόλεις1the cities around themHere, **cities** stands for the people who lived in them. Alternate translation: “the people in that region” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
25JUD17r3e9τὸν ὅμοιον τρόπον τούτοις ἐκπορνεύσασαι1having committed sexual immorality in the same manner as theseThe sexual sins of Sodom and Gomorrah were the result of the same kind of rebellion as the angels evil ways.
26JUD17pi4tδεῖγμα…δίκην ὑπέχουσαι1as an example, suffering the punishmentThe destruction of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah became an example of the fate of all who reject God.
27JUD18ujs2οὗτοι ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι1these dreamersthe people who disobey God, probably because they claimed to see visions that gave them authority to do so
28JUD18ez4lfigs-metaphorσάρκα μὲν μιαίνουσιν1defiling the fleshThis metaphor says that their sin makes their **flesh**—that is, their actions—unacceptable the way garbage in a stream makes the water undrinkable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
29JUD18e73kβλασφημοῦσιν1blaspheming“speak insults”
30JUD18pn3jδόξας1the glorious onesThis refers to spiritual beings, such as angels.
31JUD19rmg90General Information:Balaam was a prophet who refused to curse Israel for an enemy but then taught that enemy to get the people to marry unbelievers and become idol worshipers. Korah was a man of Israel who rebelled against Moses leadership and Aarons priesthood.
32JUD19uzj1οὐκ ἐτόλμησεν…ἐπενεγκεῖν1did not dare to bring … against him“controlled himself. He did not bring … against him” or “was not willing to bring … against him”
33JUD19v9fhκρίσιν ἐπενεγκεῖν βλασφημίας1to bring a slanderous judgment against him“to say evil, untrue things about him”
34JUD19kib4κρίσιν…βλασφημίας1a slanderous judgment“an evil-speaking judgment” or “an evil judgment”
35JUD110h6sqοὗτοι1these peoplethe ungodly people
36JUD110fjm5ὅσα μὲν οὐκ οἴδασιν1what they do not understandThis could mean: (1) This refers to everything good that they do not understand. (2) This refers to the glorious ones, which they do not understand ([Jude 1:8](../01/08.md)).
37JUD111j3g9figs-metaphorτῇ ὁδῷ τοῦ Κάϊν ἐπορεύθησαν1they have gone in the way of CainHere, **gone in the way** is a metaphor for “lived in the same way as.” Alternate translation: “they have lived the same way Cain lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
38JUD112s4az0Connecting Statement:Jude uses a series of metaphors to describe the ungodly men. He tells the believers how to recognize these men when they are among them.
39JUD112r875οὗτοί εἰσιν1These areThe word **These** refers to the “ungodly men” of [Jude 1:4](../01/04.md).
40JUD112e25dfigs-metaphorσπιλάδες1hidden reefs**Reefs** are large rocks that are very close to the surface of water in the sea. Because sailors cannot see them, they are very dangerous. Ships can easily be destroyed if they hit these rocks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
41JUD112zk57figs-metaphorδὶς ἀποθανόντα ἐκριζωθέντα1twice dead, having been torn up by the rootsA tree that someone has uprooted is a metaphor for death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
42JUD112t28pfigs-metaphorἐκριζωθέντα1having been torn up by the rootsLike trees that have been completely pulled out of the ground by their roots, the ungodly people have been separated from God, who is the source of life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
43JUD113e4rmfigs-metaphorκύματα ἄγρια θαλάσσης1violent waves of the seaAs the **waves of the sea** are blown by a strong wind, so the ungodly people are easily moved in many directions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
44JUD113fgr9figs-metaphorἐπαφρίζοντα τὰς ἑαυτῶν αἰσχύνας1foaming out their own shameful deedsAs wind causes wild waves to stir up dirty foam—so these men, through their false teaching and actions, shame themselves. Alternate translation: “and just as waves bring up foam and dirt, these men pollute others with their shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
45JUD113r6rjfigs-metaphorἀστέρες πλανῆται1wandering starsThose who studied the **stars** in ancient times noticed that what we call planets do not move the way that stars do. Alternate translation: “like moving stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
46JUD113djm4figs-activepassiveοἷς ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους εἰς αἰῶνα τετήρηται1for whom the gloom of thick darkness has been reserved foreverYou can state the phrase **has been reserved** in active form. Alternate translation: “and God will put them in the gloom and darkness forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
47JUD113oey6figs-metonymyὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους1the gloom of thick darknessHere, **darkness** is a metonym that represents the place of the dead or hell. Alternate translation: “the gloom and darkness of hell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
48JUD113bgzafigs-idiomτοῦ σκότους1of thick darknessHere, **thick darkness** is an idiom that means “very dark.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
49JUD114e5wvἕβδομος ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ1the seventh from AdamIf **Adam** is counted as the first generation of mankind, Enoch is the seventh. If Adams son is counted as the first, Enoch is sixth in line.
50JUD114lu2yἰδοὺ1Behold“Listen” or “Pay attention to this important thing I am going to say”
51JUD115bl4qποιῆσαι κρίσιν κατὰ1to execute judgment on“to make judgment on” or “to judge”
52JUD116zs28γογγυσταί μεμψίμοιροι1grumblers, complainersPeople who do not want to obey and speak against godly authority. **Grumblers** tend to speak quietly, while **complainers** speak openly.
53JUD116xuf0figs-metonymyτὸ στόμα αὐτῶν λαλεῖ1their mouth speaksHere, **mouth** represents the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “they speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
54JUD116eaf2λαλεῖ ὑπέρογκα1speaks boastful thingsThese people praise themselves so that others can hear.
55JUD116j8rhfigs-metonymyθαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα1flattering facesHere, **faces** refers to the people they are flattering. Alternate translation: “give false praise to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
56JUD118w1mxfigs-metaphorκατὰ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἐπιθυμίας πορευόμενοι τῶν ἀσεβειῶν1going according to their own ungodly lustsThese people are spoken of as if their desires were kings who ruled over them. Alternate translation: “are never able to stop dishonoring God by doing the evil things they wish to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
57JUD118j5m4figs-metaphorκατὰ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἐπιθυμίας πορευόμενοι τῶν ἀσεβειῶν1going according to their own ungodly lusts**Ungodly lusts** are spoken of as if they were a path that a person will follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
58JUD119r28jοὗτοί εἰσιν1These are“It is these mockers” or “These mockers are the ones”
59JUD119ba6ufigs-metaphorψυχικοί1natural-mindedThese people think as other ungodly people think, they value the things that unbelievers value. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
60JUD119qn4pΠνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες1not having the SpiritThe Holy **Spirit** is spoken of as if he were something that people can possess. Alternate translation: “the Spirit is not within them”
61JUD120e3ga0Connecting Statement:Jude tells the believers how they should live and how they should treat others.
62JUD120xm93ὑμεῖς δέ, ἀγαπητοί1But you, beloved“Do not be like them, beloved. Instead”
63JUD120cc68figs-metaphorἐποικοδομοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς1building yourselves upBecoming increasingly able to trust in God and obey him is spoken of as if it were the process of constructing a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
64JUD121zd2cfigs-metaphorἑαυτοὺς ἐν ἀγάπῃ Θεοῦ τηρήσατε1keep yourselves in the love of GodRemaining able to receive the **love of God** is spoken of as if one were keeping oneself in a certain place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
65JUD121s6w6προσδεχόμενοι1waiting for“eagerly looking forward to”
66JUD121p3bwfigs-metonymyτὸ ἔλεος τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον1the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ to eternal lifeHere, **mercy** stands for Jesus Christ himself, who will show his mercy to the believers by making them live forever with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
67JUD122wbr5οὓς…διακρινομένους1those who are doubting“those who do not yet believe that Jesus is God”
68JUD123wkj9figs-metaphorἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες1snatching them out of the fireThe picture is that of pulling people from a **fire** before they start to burn. Alternate translation: “doing for them whatever needs to be done to keep them from dying without Christ. This is like pulling them from the fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
69JUD123ign7οὓς…ἐλεᾶτε ἐν φόβῳ2have mercy on others with fear“be kind to others, but be afraid of sinning the way they did”
70JUD123u4pxfigs-hyperboleμισοῦντες καὶ τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς σαρκὸς ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα1hating even the garment defiled by the fleshJude exaggerates to warn his readers that they can become like those sinners. Alternate translation: “Treat them as though you could become guilty of sin just by touching their clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
71JUD124r3jx0Connecting Statement:Jude closes with a blessing.
72JUD124w1dcfigs-metaphorστῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ1to cause you to stand before his gloryHis **glory** is brilliant light that represents his greatness. Alternate translation: “to allow you to enjoy and worship his glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
73JUD124gq9efigs-metaphorτῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ ἀμώμους ἐν1glorious presence without blemish and withHere sin is spoken of as if it were dirt on ones body or a flaw on ones body. Alternate translation: “his glorious presence, where you will be without sin and have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
74JUD125a3uaμόνῳ Θεῷ Σωτῆρι ἡμῶν, διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν1to the only God our Savior through Jesus Christ our Lord“to the only God, who saved us because of what Jesus Christ did.” This emphasizes that God the Father as well as the Son is the Savior.
75JUD125kql5δόξα, μεγαλωσύνη, κράτος, καὶ ἐξουσία, πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος, καὶ νῦν, καὶ εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας1be glory, majesty, dominion, and power, before all the age, both now and for all the agesGod has always had, now has, and always will have glory, absolute leadership, and complete control of all things.