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22PEfrontintromvk90# Introduction to 2 Peter<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of 2 Peter<br><br>1. Introduction (1:1-2)<br>1. Reminder to live good lives because God has enabled us to (1:3-21)<br>1. Warning against false teachers (2:1-22)<br>1. Encouragement to prepare for the second coming of Jesus (3:1-17)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of 2 Peter?<br><br>The author identified himself as Simon Peter. Simon Peter was an apostle. He also wrote 1 Peter. Peter probably wrote this letter while in a prison in Rome just before he died. Peter called this letter his second letter, so we can date it after 1 Peter. He addressed the letter to the same audience as his first letter. The audience probably was Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor.<br><br>### What is the Book of 2 Peter about?<br><br>Peter wrote this letter to encourage believers to live good lives. He warned them about false teachers who were saying Jesus was taking too long to return. He told them that Jesus was not slow in returning. Instead, God was giving people time to repent so that they would be saved.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “2 Peter” or “Second Peter.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The Second Letter from Peter” or “The Second Letter Peter Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Who were the people Peter spoke against?<br><br>It is possible that the people Peter spoke against were those who would become known as Gnostics. These teachers distorted the teachings of scripture for their own gain. They lived in immoral ways and taught others to do the same.<br><br>### What does it mean that God inspired Scripture?<br><br>The doctrine of scripture is a very important one. 2 Peter helps readers to understand that while each writer of scripture had his own distinct way of writing, God is the true author of scripture (1:20-21).<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Peter. Also, the word “you” is always plural and refers to Peters audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Peter?<br><br>For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.<br>* “to be kept in chains of lower darkness until the judgment” (2:4). Some modern versions and older versions have, “to be kept in pits of lower darkness until the judgment.”<br>* “They enjoy their deceitful actions while they are feasting with you” (2:13). Some versions have, “They enjoy their actions while they are feasting with you in love feasts.”<br>* “Beor” (2:15). Some other versions read, “Bosor.”<br>* “The elements will be burned with fire, and the earth and the deeds in it will be revealed” (3:10). Other versions have, “The elements will be burned with fire, and the earth and the deeds in it will be burned up.”<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
32PE1introwjw50# 2 Peter 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Knowledge of God<br><br>Having knowledge of God means to belong to him or to have a relationship with him. Here, “knowledge” is more than just mentally knowing about God. It is a knowledge that causes God to save a person and to give him grace and peace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/know]])<br><br>### Living godly lives<br><br>Peter teaches that God has given believers all that they need for living godly lives. Therefore, believers should do everything they can to obey God more and more. If believers continue to do this, then they will be effective and productive through their relationship with Jesus. However, if believers do not continue living godly lives, then it is like they have forgotten what God did through Christ to save them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### The truth of Scripture<br><br>Peter teaches that the prophecies in Scripture were not made up by men. The Holy Spirit revealed Gods message to the men who spoke them or wrote them down. Also, Peter and the other apostles did not make up the stories they told people about Jesus. They witnessed what Jesus did and heard God call Jesus his son.
42PE11n1di0General Information:Peter identifies himself as the writer and identifies and greets the believers he is writing to.
52PE11v381δοῦλος καὶ ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1a servant and apostle of Jesus ChristPeter speaks of being a **servant of Jesus Christ**. He also was given the position and authority of being Christs **apostle**.
62PE11yy7jfigs-explicitτοῖς ἰσότιμον…λαχοῦσιν πίστιν1to those who have received the same precious faithThat these people have **received** **faith** implies that God has given that faith to them. Alternate translation: “to those to whom God has given the same precious faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
72PE11mbg7τοῖς…λαχοῦσιν1to those who have received“to you who have received.” Peter addresses all believers who may read this letter.
82PE11y157figs-exclusiveἡμῖν1with usHere the word **us** refers to Peter and the other apostles, but not to those to whom he is writing. Alternate translation: “as we apostles have received” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
92PE12y7l9figs-explicitχάρις…καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1May grace and peace be multipliedGod is the one who will give **grace** and **peace** to believers. Alternate translation: “May God increase your grace and your peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
102PE12n59nfigs-metaphorχάρις…καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1May grace and peace be multipliedPeter speaks of **grace and peace** as if they were objects that could increase in size or numbers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
112PE12vq19figs-abstractnounsἐν ἐπιγνώσει τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν1in the knowledge of God and of Jesus our LordYou can translate **knowledge** using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “through your knowing God and Jesus our Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
122PE13ywj90General Information:Peter begins to teach the believers about living godly lives.
132PE13epx9figs-hendiadysπρὸς ζωὴν καὶ εὐσέβειαν1for life and godlinessHere, **godliness** describes the word **life**. Alternate translation: “for a godly life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
142PE13an3zfigs-exclusiveἡμᾶς1usHere the word **us** refers to Peter and his audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
152PE14m91mδι’ ὧν1through whichHere, **which** refers back to “his glory and excellence” in the previous verse.
162PE14f42fγένησθε…κοινωνοὶ1you might be sharers“you might share”
172PE14yk7gθείας…φύσεως1of the divine natureof what God is like
182PE14p2yjfigs-metaphorἀποφυγόντες τῆς ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ ἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ φθορᾶς1having escaped the corruption in the world by lustPeter speaks of people not suffering from the **corruption** that wicked desires cause as if they had **escaped** from that corruption. Alternate translation: “and so that the wicked desires in this world will no longer corrupt you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
192PE14kjnhfigs-abstractnounsφθορᾶς1corruptionThe word **corruption** is an abstract noun that can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “things that corrupt you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
202PE15exd9figs-explicitκαὶ αὐτὸ τοῦτο1for this very reasonThis refers to what Peter has just said in the previous verses. Alternate translation: “because of what God has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
212PE17a8tiτὴν φιλαδελφίαν1brotherly affectionThis refers to love for a friend or family member and likely means love for ones spiritual family.
222PE18jz77ταῦτα1these thingsThis refers to faith, virtue, knowledge, self-control, endurance, godliness, brotherly affection, and love, which Peter mentioned in the previous verses.
232PE18l7yjfigs-metaphorοὐκ ἀργοὺς οὐδὲ ἀκάρπους καθίστησιν1cause you to be neither barren nor unfruitfulPeter speaks of a person who does not possess these qualities as if he is a field that will not produce a crop. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
242PE18qcavfigs-doublenegativesοὐκ ἀργοὺς οὐδὲ ἀκάρπους καθίστησιν1cause you to be neither barren nor unfruitfulThis can be stated in positive terms. Alternate translation: “you will produce and be fruitful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
252PE18f9qmfigs-doubletἀργοὺς οὐδὲ ἀκάρπους1barren nor unfruitfulThese words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that this person will be productive and experience the benefits from knowing Jesus. Alternate translation: “unproductive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
262PE18ppd8figs-abstractnounsεἰς τὴν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἐπίγνωσιν1in the knowledge of our Lord Jesus ChristYou can translate **knowledge** using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “through your knowing God and Jesus our Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
272PE19gg2cᾧ…μὴ πάρεστιν ταῦτα1he in whom these things are not presentthe person who does not have these things
282PE19h6fnfigs-metaphorτυφλός ἐστιν μυωπάζων1is blind, nearsightedPeter speaks of a person who does not possess these qualities as if he were a **blind** or **nearsighted** person because he does not understand their value. Alternate translation: “is like a shortsighted person who cannot see their importance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
292PE19gq4dfigs-abstractnounsτοῦ καθαρισμοῦ τῶν πάλαι αὐτοῦ ἁμαρτιῶν1of the cleansing from his past sinsYou can use a verb to translate this. Alternate translation: “that God has cleansed him from his old sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
302PE110raa1figs-doubletβεβαίαν ὑμῶν τὴν κλῆσιν καὶ ἐκλογὴν ποιεῖσθαι1to make your calling and election sureThe words **calling** and **election** share similar meanings and refer to Gods choosing them to belong to him. Alternate translation: “make sure that God has really chosen you to belong to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
312PE110jcv9figs-metaphorοὐ μὴ πταίσητέ ποτε1you will not ever stumbleHere, **stumble** could mean: (1) committing sin. Alternate translation: “you will not practice sinful behavior” or (2) becoming unfaithful to Christ. Alternate translation: “you will not become unfaithful to Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
322PE111f45vfigs-activepassiveπλουσίως ἐπιχορηγηθήσεται ὑμῖν ἡ εἴσοδος εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον βασιλείαν1will be richly provided to you the entry into the eternal kingdomThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will richly provide for you an entrance into the eternal kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
332PE111k1e4ἡ εἴσοδος1the entrythe opportunity to enter
342PE112du690Connecting Statement:Peter tells the believers about his obligation to continue reminding them and teaching them.
352PE112l2khἐστηριγμένους ἐν τῇ παρούσῃ ἀληθείᾳ1you are strong in the present truth“you strongly believe the truth that you now have”
362PE113vmj2figs-metaphorδιεγείρειν ὑμᾶς ἐν ὑπομνήσει1to stir you up in remembranceHere the word **stir up** means to awaken someone from sleep. Peter speaks of causing his readers to think about these things as if he were waking them from sleep. Alternate translation: “to remind you of these things so that you will think about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
372PE113ax2afigs-metaphorἐφ’ ὅσον εἰμὶ ἐν τούτῳ τῷ σκηνώματι1as long as I am in this tentPeter speaks of his body as if it were a tent that he is wearing and will take off. Being in his body represents being alive. Alternate translation: “as long as I am in this body” or “as long as I am alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
382PE114j8f5figs-metaphorταχινή ἐστιν ἡ ἀπόθεσις τοῦ σκηνώματός μου1the putting off of my tent is imminentPeter speaks of his body as if it were a tent that he is wearing and will take off. Being in his body represents being alive, and taking it off represents dying. Alternate translation: “I will soon take off this body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
392PE114fpngfigs-euphemismταχινή ἐστιν ἡ ἀπόθεσις τοῦ σκηνώματός μου1the putting off of my tent is imminent**Putting off** his **tent** is a a nice way to refer to dying. Alternate translation: “I will die soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
402PE115c2iwτούτων1of these thingsHere the words **these things** refers to everything that Peter has said in the previous verses.
412PE115alg8figs-metaphorμετὰ τὴν ἐμὴν ἔξοδον1after my departurePeter speaks of his death as if he were leaving one place to go to another. Alternate translation: “after my death” or “after I die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
422PE115ivw6figs-euphemismμετὰ τὴν ἐμὴν ἔξοδον1after my departurePeter uses the word **departure** as a nice way to speak of his death. Alternate translation: “after my death” or “after I die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
432PE116k3rm0Connecting Statement:Peter continues to explain his teachings to the believers and explains why they are trustworthy.
442PE116vc99figs-exclusiveοὐ…ἐξακολουθήσαντες1we have not followedHere the word **we** refers to Peter and the other apostles, but not to his readers. Alternate translation: “we apostles did not follow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
452PE116jwy8figs-hendiadysτὴν…δύναμιν καὶ παρουσίαν1the power and comingThese two phrases may refer to the same thing and be translated as a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the powerful coming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
462PE116zs6vτοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ…παρουσίαν1coming of our Lord Jesus ChristThis could mean: (1) the future second coming of the Lord Jesus or (2) the first coming of the Lord Jesus.
472PE116v4kdfigs-exclusiveτοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1of our Lord Jesus ChristHere the word **our** refers to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
482PE117m33hfigs-activepassiveφωνῆς ἐνεχθείσης αὐτῷ τοιᾶσδε ὑπὸ τῆς Μεγαλοπρεποῦς Δόξης1when such a voice was brought to him by the Majestic GloryThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when he heard that voice come from the Majestic Glory” or “when he heard the voice of the Majestic Glory speak to him” or “when the Majestic Glory spoke to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
492PE117yd8gfigs-metonymyτῆς Μεγαλοπρεποῦς Δόξης1the Majestic GloryPeter refers to God in terms of his **Glory**. This is a euphemism that avoids using Gods name, out of reverence for him. Alternate translation: “God, the Supreme Glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
502PE117wz1cfigs-euphemismτῆς Μεγαλοπρεποῦς Δόξης1the Majestic GloryHere, **Glory** is a euphemism that avoids using Gods name, out of reverence for him. Alternate translation: “God, the Supreme Glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
512PE118ezn2figs-exclusiveταύτην τὴν φωνὴν ἡμεῖς ἠκούσαμεν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, ἐνεχθεῖσαν1we ourselves heard this voice having been brought from heavenWith the words **we ourselves**, Peter is referring to himself and to the disciples James and John, who heard the voice of God. Alternate translation: “we ourselves heard this voice that came from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
522PE118chy4ταύτην τὴν φωνὴν ἡμεῖς ἠκούσαμεν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, ἐνεχθεῖσαν1we ourselves heard this voice having been brought from heaven“we ourselves heard the voice of the one who spoke from heaven”
532PE118mlm9σὺν αὐτῷ, ὄντες1when we were with him“when we were with Jesus”
542PE119km3l0General Information:Peter begins to warn the believers about false teachers.
552PE119h498figs-explicitἔχομεν βεβαιότερον τὸν προφητικὸν λόγον1we have this more certain prophetic wordThe things that Peter and the other apostles saw, which he described in the previous verses, confirm what the prophets spoke. Alternate translation: “the things that we saw make this prophetic message more sure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
562PE119z3nafigs-exclusiveἔχομεν1we haveHere the word **we** refers to all believers, including Peter and his readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
572PE119l7zqfigs-explicitβεβαιότερον τὸν προφητικὸν λόγον1this more certain prophetic wordThis refers to the Old Testament. Alternate translation: “the scriptures, which the prophets spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
582PE119sjd3ᾧ καλῶς ποιεῖτε προσέχοντες1to which you do well to pay attentionPeter instructs the believers to pay close attention to the prophetic message.
592PE119xt8ifigs-simileὡς λύχνῳ φαίνοντι ἐν αὐχμηρῷ τόπῳ, ἕως οὗ ἡμέρα διαυγάσῃ1as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day may dawnPeter compares the prophetic word to a lamp that gives light in the dark until light comes in the morning. The coming of morning is a reference to Christs coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
602PE119kc3lfigs-metaphorφωσφόρος ἀνατείλῃ ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν1the morning star may rise in your heartsPeter speaks of Christ as the **morning star**, which indicates that daybreak and the end of darkness is near. Christ will bring light into the hearts of believers, ending all doubt and bringing full understanding of who he is. Alternate translation: “Christ shines his light into your hearts like the morning star shines its light into the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
612PE119v0jufigs-metonymyἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν1in your heartsHere, **hearts** is a metonym for peoples minds. Alternate translation: “in your minds” or “to help you understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
622PE119bl8sφωσφόρος1the morning starThe **morning star** refers to the planet Venus, which sometimes rises just before the sun and indicates that daybreak is near.
632PE120wcn9τοῦτο πρῶτον γινώσκοντες1Above all, you must understand“Most importantly, you must understand”
642PE120s4k2πᾶσα προφητεία Γραφῆς ἰδίας ἐπιλύσεως οὐ γίνεται1every prophecy of scripture does not coms from ones own interpretationThis could mean: (1) the prophets did not make any of their prophecies on their own or (2) people must rely on the Holy Spirit to understand all the prophecies or (3) people must interpret every prophecy with the help of the entire Christian community of believers.
652PE121mh2sfigs-metaphorὑπὸ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου φερόμενοι, ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ Θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι1men spoke from God being carried along by the Holy SpiritPeter speaks of the **Holy Spirit** helping the prophets to write what God wanted them to write as if the Holy Spirit was carrying them from one place to another. Alternate translation: “men spoke from God as the Holy Spirit directed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
662PE2intromv790# 2 Peter 02 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br><br>“Flesh” is a metaphor for a persons sinful nature. It is not the physical part of man that is sinful. “Flesh” represents the human nature that rejects all things godly and desires what is sinful. This is the condition of all humans before they receive the Holy Spirit by believing in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])<br><br>### Implicit information<br><br>There are several analogies in 2:4-8 that are difficult to understand if the Old Testament has not yet been translated. Further explanation may be necessary. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
672PE21us8u0General Information:Peter begins to warn the believers about false teachers.
682PE21l2cgἐγένοντο…καὶ ψευδοπροφῆται ἐν τῷ λαῷ, ὡς καὶ ἐν ὑμῖν ἔσονται ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι1false prophets also came to the people, as false teachers will also come to youJust as **false prophets** came deceiving Israel with their words, so will false teachers come teaching lies about Christ.
692PE21tbz8αἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας1destructive heresiesThe word **heresies** refers to opinions that are contrary to the teaching of Christ and the apostles. These heresies destroy the faith of those who believe them.
702PE21g99zfigs-metaphorτὸν ἀγοράσαντα αὐτοὺς Δεσπότην1the master who bought themPeter speaks of Jesus as the owner of people whom he has bought, the price being his death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
712PE21xscufigs-explicitτὸν…Δεσπότην1the masterThe word **master** here refers to a person who owns slaves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
722PE22z53eταῖς ἀσελγείαις1sensualityimmoral sexual behavior
732PE22nzx7figs-activepassiveἡ ὁδὸς τῆς ἀληθείας βλασφημηθήσεται1the way of truth will be slanderedThe phrase **way of truth** refers to the Christian faith as the true path to God. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “unbelievers will blaspheme the way of truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
742PE23dl1kπλαστοῖς λόγοις ὑμᾶς ἐμπορεύσονται1they will exploit you with false words“they will convince you to give them money by telling you lies”
752PE23k359figs-parallelismοἷς τὸ κρίμα ἔκπαλαι οὐκ ἀργεῖ, καὶ ἡ ἀπώλεια αὐτῶν οὐ νυστάζει1their condemnation from long ago is not idle, and their destruction does not sleepThe two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how soon the false teachers will be condemned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
762PE23jvh9figs-personificationκρίμα…ἀπώλεια1condemnation…destructionPeter speaks of **condemnation** and **destruction** as if they are persons who act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
772PE23c57ufigs-abstractnounsοἷς τὸ κρίμα…οὐκ ἀργεῖ, καὶ ἡ ἀπώλεια αὐτῶν οὐ νυστάζει1their condemnation has not been idle, and their destruction is not asleepThe abstract nouns “condemnation” and “destruction” can be expressed in verbal form. Alternate translation: “it will not be long until they are condemned, and they will soon be destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
782PE23jetwfigs-doublenegativesοἷς τὸ κρίμα ἔκπαλαι οὐκ ἀργεῖ, καὶ ἡ ἀπώλεια αὐτῶν οὐ νυστάζει1whose condemnation from long ago is not idle, and their destruction does not sleepYou can translate these phrases with verbs in positive terms. Alternate translation: “God will soon condemn them; he is ready to destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
792PE24s1150Connecting Statement:Peter gives examples of people who acted against God and whom God punished because of what they did.
802PE24pr13οὐκ ἐφείσατο1did not spare“did not refrain from punishing” or “punished”
812PE24b54vtranslate-namesταρταρώσας1having been thrown down to TartarusThe word **Tartarus** is a term from Greek religion that refers to the place where evil spirits and wicked men who have died are punished. Alternate translation: “he cast them into hell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
822PE24h7ujfigs-activepassiveσειροῖς ζόφου…τηρουμένους1being kept in chains of darknessThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “where he will keep them in chains of darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
832PE24uzy2figs-metaphorσειροῖς ζόφου1in chains of darknessThis could mean: (1) “in chains in a very dark place” or (2) “in very deep darkness that imprisons them like chains.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
842PE24c2akεἰς κρίσιν1to judgmentThis refers to the day of **judgment** when God will judge every person.
852PE25hpv7figs-metonymyἀρχαίου κόσμου οὐκ ἐφείσατο1he did not spare the ancient worldHere the word **world** refers to the people who lived in it. Alternate translation: “he did not spare the people who lived in the ancient world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
862PE25iw5vὄγδοον, Νῶε…ἐφύλαξεν1he protected Noah…along with seven othersGod did not destroy **Noah** and **seven** other people when he destroyed the rest of the people who lived in the ancient world.
872PE26gp3eπόλεις Σοδόμων καὶ Γομόρρας τεφρώσας1having reduced the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah to ashes“after burning the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah with fire until only ashes remained”
882PE26reg3καταστροφῇ κατέκρινεν1condemned them to destructionHere the word **them** refers to Sodom and Gomorrah and the people who lived in them.
892PE26hgt7ὑπόδειγμα μελλόντων ἀσεβέσιν1an example of what is going to happen to the ungodlySodom and Gomorrah serve as an **example** and a warning of what will happen to others who disobey God.
902PE27fm1p0Connecting Statement:Peter gives an example of Lot, whom God rescued out from among men who deserved punishment.
912PE27k79dτῆς τῶν ἀθέσμων ἐν ἀσελγείᾳ ἀναστροφῆς1the behavior of the lawless in their sensuality“the immoral behavior of people who broke Gods law”
922PE28b1baὁ δίκαιος1that righteous manThis refers to Lot.
932PE28hpi4figs-synecdocheψυχὴν δικαίαν…ἐβασάνιζεν1was tormenting his righteous soulHere the word **soul** refers to Lots thoughts and emotions. The immoral behavior of the citizens of Sodom and Gomorrah disturbed him emotionally. Alternate translation: “was greatly disturbed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
942PE210skh80Connecting Statement:Peter begins describing the characteristics of unrighteous men.
952PE210eb1kτοὺς ὀπίσω σαρκὸς ἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ μιασμοῦ πορευομένους1those who go after the flesh in its lusts of defilementHere the **flesh** and **lusts** refer to the desires of the sinful nature. Alternate translation: “those who continue to indulge their corrupt, sinful desires”
962PE210axr4κυριότητος καταφρονοῦντας1despising authority“refusing to submit to Gods authority.” Here the word **authority** probably refers to Gods authority.
972PE210n7n8figs-metonymyκυριότητος1authorityHere, **authority** stands for God, who has the right to give commands and to punish disobedience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
982PE210esb2αὐθάδεις1self-willed“doing whatever they want to do”
992PE210s7l1δόξας1the glorious onesThis phrase refers to spiritual beings, such as angels or demons.
1002PE211u2jkἰσχύϊ καὶ δυνάμει μείζονες1greater strength and power“more strength and power than the false teachers”
1012PE211v1qtοὐ φέρουσιν κατ’ αὐτῶν…βλάσφημον κρίσιν1do not bring insulting judgments against themHere, **them** could mean: (1) the glorious ones or (2) the false teachers.
1022PE211zi6pfigs-metaphorοὐ φέρουσιν κατ’ αὐτῶν…βλάσφημον κρίσιν1do not bring insulting judgments against themThe idea that angels could accuse them is spoken of as if they could attack them using accusations as weapons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1032PE212y4blfigs-metaphorοὗτοι…ὡς ἄλογα ζῷα, γεγεννημένα φυσικὰ εἰς ἅλωσιν καὶ φθοράν1these unreasoning animals are naturally made for capture and destruction.Just as **animals** cannot reason, these men cannot be reasoned with. Alternate translation: “these false teachers are like unreasoning animals who are made to be captured and destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1042PE212ipd4ἐν οἷς ἀγνοοῦσιν βλασφημοῦντες1speaking evil about that in which they are ignorantThey speak evil of what they do not know or understand.
1052PE212jw8dfigs-activepassiveκαὶ φθαρήσονται1They will also be destroyedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will also destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1062PE213p7g7figs-ironyἀδικούμενοι μισθὸν ἀδικίας1suffering harm as the wages of their wrongdoingPeter speaks of the punishment that the false teachers will receive as if it were a wage they had earned. Alternate translation: “receiving what they deserve for their wrongdoing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
1072PE213e62sτὴν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ τρυφήν1their reveling during the dayHere the word ** reveling** refers to immoral activity that includes gluttony, drunkenness, and sexual activity. Doing these things **during the day** indicates that these people are not ashamed of this behavior.
1082PE213u1rcfigs-metaphorσπίλοι καὶ μῶμοι1They are stains and blemishesPeter speaks of the false teachers as if they were **stains** or **blemishes** on a garment that cause shame for those who wear it. Alternate translation: “They are like stains and blemishes on clothes, which cause disgrace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1092PE213pwd5figs-doubletσπίλοι καὶ μῶμοι1They are stains and blemishesThe word **stains** and **blemishes** share similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1102PE214v7t4figs-metonymyὀφθαλμοὺς ἔχοντες μεστοὺς μοιχαλίδος1having eyes full of adulteryHere the **eyes** represent their desires and **eyes full** means they constantly want something. Alternate translation: “constantly wanting to commit more adultery” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1112PE214a22rἀκαταπαύστους ἁμαρτίας1never ceasing from sinAlthough they sin in order to satisfy their lusts, the sin that they commit never satisfies.
1122PE214wt89figs-synecdocheδελεάζοντες ψυχὰς ἀστηρίκτους1enticing unstable soulsHere the word **souls** refers to persons. Alternate translation: “enticing unstable people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1132PE214c55ufigs-metonymyκαρδίαν γεγυμνασμένην πλεονεξίας1hearts trained in covetousnessHere the word **hearts** refers to the thoughts and emotions of the person. Because of their habitual actions, they have **trained** themselves to think and act out of **covetousness**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1142PE215et62καταλειπόντες εὐθεῖαν ὁδὸν, ἐπλανήθησαν ἐξακολουθήσαντες1abandoning the right way, led astray, having followed“abandoning the right way, these false teachers have gone astray to follow.” The false teachers have refused to be obedient to God because they have rejected what is right.
1152PE215ky5qfigs-metaphorεὐθεῖαν ὁδὸν1the right way**Right** behavior that honors God is spoken of as if it were a path to follow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1162PE216z37wfigs-abstractnounsἔλεγξιν…ἔσχεν1he had a rebukeYou can express the abstract noun **rebuke** as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “he was rebuked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1172PE216gsm7figs-explicitἔλεγξιν…ἔσχεν1he had a rebukeYou can specify that it was God who rebuked Balaam. Alternate translation: “God rebuked him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1182PE216g9drὑποζύγιον ἄφωνον ἐν ἀνθρώπου φωνῇ φθεγξάμενον1a mute donkey speaking in a human voiceA **donkey**, which is naturally unable to speak, spoke with a **voice** like a **human**.
1192PE216tf38figs-metonymyἐκώλυσεν τὴν τοῦ προφήτου παραφρονίαν1restrained the madness of the prophetGod used a donkey to stop the foolish action of the **prophet**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1202PE217t137figs-metaphorοὗτοί εἰσιν πηγαὶ ἄνυδροι1These men are springs without water**Springs** flowing with water promise refreshment for thirsty people, but **springs without water** will leave the thirsty disappointed. In the same way, false teachers, although they promise many things, are unable to do what they promise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1212PE217hzu1figs-metaphorὁμίχλαι ὑπὸ λαίλαπος ἐλαυνόμεναι1mists driven by a stormWhen people see storm clouds, they expect rain to fall. When the winds from the **storm** blow the clouds away before the rain can fall, the people are disappointed. In the same way, false teachers, although they promise many things, are unable to do what they promise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1222PE217xe3yfigs-activepassiveοἷς ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους τετήρηται1for whom the gloom of darkness has been reservedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and so God has reserved the gloom of thick darkness for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1232PE218cxt8ὑπέρογκα…ματαιότητος φθεγγόμενοι1speaking arrogant things of vanityThey use impressive but meaningless words.
1242PE218f8tgδελεάζουσιν ἐν ἐπιθυμίαις σαρκὸς ἀσελγείαις1They entice people by the lusts of the fleshThey appeal to the sinful nature to engage people in immoral and sinful actions.
1252PE218nks3figs-explicitτοὺς ὀλίγως ἀποφεύγοντας τοὺς ἐν πλάνῃ ἀναστρεφομένους1those who are barely escaping from those who live in errorThis phrase refers to people who recently became believers. The phrase **those who live in error** refers to unbelievers who still live in sin. Alternate translation: “people who try to live rightly, instead of living sinfully as they used to and as other people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1262PE218jec8figs-metaphorτοὺς ὀλίγως ἀποφεύγοντας1those who are barely escaping fromPeter speaks of people who live sinfully as if they are slaves to sin who need to be released from their captivity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1272PE219uyw6figs-metaphorἐλευθερίαν αὐτοῖς ἐπαγγελλόμενοι, αὐτοὶ δοῦλοι ὑπάρχοντες τῆς φθορᾶς1promising freedom to them, while they themselves are slaves of corruptionHere, **freedom** is a metaphor for the ability to live exactly as one wants. Alternate translation: **promising to give them the ability to live exactly as they want to live, but they themselves cannot escape their own sinful desires** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1282PE219v5ttfigs-metaphorἐλευθερίαν…ἐπαγγελλόμενοι…δοῦλοι…τῆς φθορᾶς1promising freedom…slaves of corruptionPeter speaks of people who live sinfully as if they are slaves to sin who need to be released from their captivity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1292PE219b79vfigs-metaphorᾧ γάρ τις ἥττηται, τούτῳ δεδούλωται1For by what someone has been overcome, by this he has been enslavedPeter speaks of a person as a slave when anything has control over that person, and that thing as the master of that person. Alternate translation: “For if something has control over a person, that person becomes like a slave to that thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1302PE220d6ra0Connecting Statement:The words **they** and **them** refer to the false teachers Peter speaks of in verses 12-19.
1312PE220q96igrammar-connect-condition-factεἰ…ἀποφυγόντες τὰ μιάσματα τοῦ κόσμου, ἐν ἐπιγνώσει τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ Σωτῆρος, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τούτοις δὲ πάλιν ἐμπλακέντες ἡττῶνται, γέγονεν αὐτοῖς τὰ ἔσχατα χείρονα τῶν πρώτων1if they have escaped the impurities of the world through the knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, but having become entangled again, overcome by them, the last has become worse for them than the firstThis sentence is a description of a conditional statement that is true. The false teachers had at one time **escaped**, but if they are again **entangled** and **overcome**, so their **last** state has become **worse** than their **first** state. This can be stated as a fact. Alternate translation: “they have escaped the impurities of the world through the knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, but having become entangled and overcome by them again, so that the last has become worse for them than the first” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
1322PE220lu22figs-metonymyτὰ μιάσματα τοῦ κόσμου1the impurities of the worldThe word **impurities** refers to sinful behavior that makes one morally impure. The **world** refers to human society. Alternate translation: “the defiling practices of sinful human society” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1332PE220bi73figs-abstractnounsἐν ἐπιγνώσει τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ Σωτῆρος, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1through the knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus ChristYou can translate **knowledge** using a verbal phrase. See how you translated similar phrases in [2 Peter 1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “by knowing our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1342PE220d42gγέγονεν αὐτοῖς τὰ ἔσχατα χείρονα τῶν πρώτων1the last has become worse for them than the first“their condition is worse than it was before”
1352PE221pm7bfigs-metaphorτὴν ὁδὸν τῆς δικαιοσύνης1the way of righteousnessPeter speaks of life as a **way** or path. This phrase refers to living a life that is according to Gods will. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1362PE221ic3cfigs-metaphorὑποστρέψαι ἐκ τῆς…ἁγίας ἐντολῆς1to turn away from the holy commandmentHere, **to turn away from** is a metaphor that means to stop doing something. Alternate translation: “to stop obeying the holy commandment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1372PE221blr5figs-activepassiveτῆς παραδοθείσης αὐτοῖς ἁγίας ἐντολῆς1the holy commandment delivered to themThis can be stated in active terms. Alternate translation: “the holy commandment that God delivered to them” or “the holy commandment that God made sure that they received” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1382PE222hqr3συμβέβηκεν αὐτοῖς τὸ τῆς ἀληθοῦς παροιμίας1This has happened to them according to the true proverb“What the true proverb says has happened to them” or “This proverb describes what happened to them”
1392PE222h42rwriting-proverbsκύων ἐπιστρέψας ἐπὶ τὸ ἴδιον ἐξέραμα, καί, ὗς λουσαμένη, εἰς κυλισμὸν βορβόρου1A dog returns to its own vomit, and a washed pig to wallowing in the mudPeter uses two proverbs to illustrate how the false teachers, although they have known “the way of righteousness,” have turned back to the things that make them morally and spiritually impure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])
1402PE3introc1id0# 2 Peter 03 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fire<br><br>People often use fire to destroy things or to make something pure by burning off the dirt and worthless parts. Therefore when God punishes the wicked or purifies his people, it is often associated with fire. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fire]])<br><br>### Day of the Lord<br><br>The exact time of the coming day of the Lord will come as a surprise to people. This is what the simile “like a thief in the night” means. Because of this, Christians are to be prepared for the coming of the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1412PE31n92f0General Information:Peter begins to talk about the last days.
1422PE31gc3mfigs-metaphorδιεγείρω ὑμῶν…τὴν εἰλικρινῆ διάνοιαν1I am stirring up your sincere mindPeter speaks of causing his readers to think about these things as if he were waking them from sleep. Alternate translation: “I am causing you to think pure thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1432PE32gxj7figs-activepassiveτῶν προειρημένων ῥημάτων, ὑπὸ τῶν ἁγίων προφητῶν1the words spoken beforehand by the holy prophetsThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the words that the holy prophets spoke in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1442PE32yhi7figs-activepassiveτῆς τῶν ἀποστόλων ὑμῶν ἐντολῆς τοῦ Κυρίου καὶ Σωτῆρος1the command of the Lord and Savior through your apostlesThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the command of our Lord and Savior, which your apostles gave to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1452PE33lm1aτοῦτο πρῶτον γινώσκοντες1knowing this first“knowing this as the most important thing.” See how you translated this in [2 Peter 1:20](../01/20.md).
1462PE33znh2figs-explicitκατὰ τὰς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας αὐτῶν πορευόμενοι1behaving according to their own lustsHere the word **lusts** refers to sinful desires that are opposed to Gods will. Alternate translation: “living according to their own sinful desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1472PE34zrj7figs-metonymyποῦ ἐστιν ἡ ἐπαγγελία τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ1Where is the promise of his coming?The word **promise** refers to the fulfillment of the promise that Jesus will return. Alternate translation: “Why should we believe that Jesus is going to return?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1482PE34hgdmfigs-rquestionποῦ ἐστιν ἡ ἐπαγγελία τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ?1Where is the promise of his coming?The mockers ask this rhetorical question to emphasize that they do not believe that Jesus will return. Alternate translation: “The promise that Jesus would return is not true! He will not return!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1492PE34t6hlfigs-euphemismοἱ πατέρες ἐκοιμήθησαν1the fathers fell asleepHere, **fathers** refers to ancestors who lived long ago. Falling asleep is a euphemism for dying. Alternate translation: “our ancestors died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
1502PE34c2enfigs-hyperboleπάντα οὕτως διαμένει ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς κτίσεως1all things continue in the same way from the beginning of creationThe mockers exaggerate with the word **all**, and they argue that since nothing in the world has ever changed, it cannot be true that Jesus will return. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
1512PE34yue7figs-abstractnounsἀπ’ ἀρχῆς κτίσεως1from the beginning of creationThis can be translated as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “since God created the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1522PE35mku9figs-activepassiveοὐρανοὶ ἦσαν ἔκπαλαι, καὶ γῆ…συνεστῶσα τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ λόγῳ1the heavens existed long ago, and the earth had been formed…by the word of GodThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God long ago established the heavens and the earth…by his word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1532PE35s77fἐξ ὕδατος καὶ δι’ ὕδατος συνεστῶσα1had been formed from water and through waterThis means that God caused the land to come up out of the **water**, gathering the bodies of water together to make the land appear.
1542PE36jh4rδι’ ὧν1through whichHere this phrase refers to Gods word and water.
1552PE36nyb7figs-activepassiveὁ τότε κόσμος ὕδατι κατακλυσθεὶς ἀπώλετο1the world at that time perished, having been flooded by waterThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God flooded the world that existed at that time with water and destroyed it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1562PE37b2infigs-activepassiveοἱ…νῦν οὐρανοὶ καὶ ἡ γῆ, τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ τεθησαυρισμένοι εἰσὶν, πυρὶ1the present heavens and the earth exist, having been reserved for fire by the same wordThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God, by that same word, has reserved the present heavens and the earth for fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1572PE37e673τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ1by the same wordHere, **word** stands for God, who will speak the word: AT “by God, who commands it”
1582PE37jl5dfigs-activepassiveτηρούμενοι εἰς ἡμέραν κρίσεως1being kept for the day of judgmentThis can be stated in active form and can begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “he is reserving them for the day of judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1592PE37y3ggfigs-abstractnounsεἰς ἡμέραν κρίσεως καὶ ἀπωλείας τῶν ἀσεβῶν ἀνθρώπων1for the day of judgment and the destruction of the ungodly menHere, **judgment** and **destruction** can be stated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “for the day when he judges and destroys ungodly people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1602PE38s5cyἓν…τοῦτο μὴ λανθανέτω ὑμᾶς1let this one thing not escape your notice“do not fail to understand this one fact” or “do not ignore this one thing”
1612PE38enh9ὅτι μία ἡμέρα παρὰ Κυρίῳ ὡς χίλια ἔτη1that one day with the Lord is like a thousand years“that from the Lords point of view, one day is like a thousand years”
1622PE39zv9mοὐ βραδύνει Κύριος τῆς ἐπαγγελίας1The Lord is not slow concerning his promises“The Lord does not move slowly to fulfill his promises”
1632PE39dzq8ὥς τινες βραδύτητα ἡγοῦνται1as some consider slownessSome people think that the Lord is slow to fulfill his promises because their perspective of time is different than Gods.
1642PE310w6magrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1ButThe connecting word **but** indicates a contrast between what the mockers believe bout God and what God will really do. Although the Lord is being patient and wants people to repent, he will indeed return and bring judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
1652PE310c5m1figs-simileἥξει…ἡμέρα Κυρίου ὡς κλέπτης1the day of the Lord will come as a thiefPeter speaks of the **day** when God will judge everyone as if it were a **thief** who will unexpectedly and take people by surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1662PE310fu2qfigs-personificationἥξει…ἡμέρα Κυρίου ὡς κλέπτης1the day of the Lord will come as a thiefPeter speaks of the **day** as if it were a person who is a **thief**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1672PE310k31zοἱ οὐρανοὶ…παρελεύσονται1the heavens will pass away“the heavens will disappear”
1682PE310z32kfigs-activepassiveστοιχεῖα…καυσούμενα λυθήσεται1the elements will be dissolved, being burned upThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will burn the elements with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1692PE310zgd3στοιχεῖα1the elementsThis could mean: (1) the heavenly bodies, such as the sun, moon, and stars or (2) the things that make up heaven and earth, such as soil, air, fire, and water.
1702PE310j1gjfigs-activepassiveγῆ καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ ἔργα εὑρεθήσεται1the earth and the deeds in it will be revealedGod will see all the **earth** and all the **deeds** of everyone, and he will then judge everything. This can be stated in active terms. Alternate translation: “God will expose the earth and everything that people have done on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1712PE311buq40Connecting Statement:Peter begins to tell the believers how they should live as they wait for the day of the Lord.
1722PE311nq63figs-activepassiveτούτων οὕτως πάντων λυομένων1All of these things being thus dissolvedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Since God will destroy all these things in this way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1732PE311t8wxfigs-rquestionποταποὺς δεῖ ὑπάρχειν ὑμᾶς?1what sort of people is it necessary for you to be?Peter uses this rhetorical question to emphasize what he will say next, that they “should live holy and godly lives.” Alternate translation: “you know what kind of people you should be.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1742PE312rq9gfigs-activepassiveοὐρανοὶ πυρούμενοι, λυθήσονται, καὶ στοιχεῖα καυσούμενα, τήκεται1the heavens, being set on fire, will be destroyed, and the elements, being on fire, will be meltedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will destroy the heavens by fire, and he will melt the elements in great heat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1752PE312v15iστοιχεῖα1the elementsThis could mean: (1) the heavenly bodies, such as the sun, moon, and stars or (2) the things that make up heaven and earth, such as soil, air, fire, and water. See how you translated this in [2 Peter 3:10](../03/10.md).
1762PE313df3vfigs-metonymyἐν οἷς δικαιοσύνη κατοικεῖ1in which righteousness dwellsThis is a metonym for people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “where righteous people will dwell” or “where people will live righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1772PE313r5qofigs-personificationἐν οἷς δικαιοσύνη κατοικεῖ1in which righteousness dwellsPeter speaks of **righteousness** as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1782PE314fj1lfigs-activepassiveσπουδάσατε ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι αὐτῷ εὑρεθῆναι ἐν εἰρήνῃ1do your best to be found spotless and blameless before him, in peaceThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “do your best to live in a way so that God will find you spotless and blameless, and be at peace with him and each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1792PE314s141figs-doubletἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι1spotless and blamelessThe words **spotless** and **blameless** mean basically the same thing and emphasize moral purity. Alternate translation: “completely pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1802PE314byr8figs-metaphorἄσπιλοι1spotlessHere this stands for **faultless**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1812PE315g35ufigs-explicitτὴν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν μακροθυμίαν, σωτηρίαν ἡγεῖσθε1consider the patience of our Lord as salvationBecause the Lord is patient, the day of judgment has not yet happened. This gives people an opportunity to repent and be saved, as he explained in [2 Peter 3:9](../03/09.md). Alternate translation: “think about the patience of our Lord as giving you an opportunity to repent and be saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1822PE315nnd7figs-activepassiveκατὰ τὴν δοθεῖσαν αὐτῷ σοφίαν1according to the wisdom having been given to himThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “according to the wisdom that God gave to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1832PE316wil1ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ἐπιστολαῖς, λαλῶν ἐν αὐταῖς περὶ τούτων1in all his letters, speaking in them about these things“Paul speaks of the patience of God leading to salvation in all his letters”
1842PE316z4cjἐν αἷς ἐστιν δυσνόητά τινα1in which are some difficult to understand thingsThere are things in Pauls letters that are difficult to understand.
1852PE316dt6rἃ οἱ ἀμαθεῖς καὶ ἀστήρικτοι στρεβλοῦσιν1which the ignorant and unstable distort**Ignorant and unstable** men misinterpret the things that are difficult to understand in Pauls letters.
1862PE316giz1οἱ ἀμαθεῖς καὶ ἀστήρικτοι1the ignorant and unstable“the unlearned and unsteady.” These men have not been taught how to properly interpret scripture and are not well established in the truth of the gospel.
1872PE316sh4jπρὸς τὴν ἰδίαν αὐτῶν ἀπώλειαν1to their own destruction“resulting in their own destruction”
1882PE317kn3d0Connecting Statement:Peter finishes instructing the believers and ends his letter.
1892PE317z54qφυλάσσεσθε1guard yourselves“protect yourselves”
1902PE317h2ikfigs-metaphorἵνα μὴ τῇ τῶν ἀθέσμων πλάνῃ συναπαχθέντες, ἐκπέσητε1so that, being led astray by the deceit of the lawless, you might not loseHere, **led astray** is a metaphor for being persuaded to do something wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1912PE317xjhtfigs-activepassiveἵνα μὴ τῇ τῶν ἀθέσμων πλάνῃ συναπαχθέντες, ἐκπέσητε1so that, being led astray by the deceit of the lawless, you might not loseThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that lawless people do not deceive you and cause you do something wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1922PE317w3spfigs-metaphorμὴ…ἐκπέσητε τοῦ ἰδίου στηριγμοῦ1you might not lose your own steadfastness**Steadfastness** is spoken of as if it were a possession that believers could **lose**. Alternate translation: “you will not stop being faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1932PE318lk3cfigs-abstractnounsαὐξάνετε…ἐν χάριτι1grow in the graceThe abstract noun **grace** can be expressed with the phrase “act kindly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1942PE318ccm3figs-metaphorαὐξάνετε…ἐν χάριτι, καὶ γνώσει τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ Σωτῆρος, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1grow in grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus ChristHere growing in the **grace and knowledge** of the **Lord** represents experiencing his grace more and knowing him more. Alternate translation: “receive more of the grace of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, and know him more” or “be more aware of how our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ acts kindly toward you, and know him better” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])