unfoldingWord_en_tn/en_tn_49-GAL.tsv

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2GALfrontintroi6u90# Introduction to Galatians<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Galatians<br><br>1. Paul declares his authority as an apostle of Jesus Christ; he says that he is surprised by the false teachings that the Christians in Galatia have accepted from other people (1:1-10).<br>1. Paul says that people are saved by trusting in Christ alone, not by keeping the law (1:11-2:21).<br>1. God puts people right with himself only when they trust in Christ; the example of Abraham; the curse which the law brings (and not a means of salvation); slavery and freedom compared and illustrated by Hagar and Sarah (3:1-4:31).<br>1. When people are joined to Christ, they become free from having to keep the law of Moses. They are also free to live as the Holy Spirit guides them. They are free to refuse the demands of sin. They are free to bear each others burdens (5:1-6:10).<br>1. Paul warns the Christians not to trust in being circumcised and in keeping the law of Moses. Instead, they must trust in Christ (6:11-18).<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Galatians?<br><br>Paul from the city of Tarsus was the author. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he began to trust in Jesus Christ, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>It is uncertain when Paul wrote this letter and where he was when he wrote it. Some scholars think Paul was in the city of Ephesus and wrote this letter after the second time he traveled to tell people about Jesus. Other scholars think Paul was in the city of Antioch in Syria and wrote the letter soon after the first time he traveled.<br><br>### What is the Book of Galatians about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to both Jewish and non-Jewish Christians in the region of Galatia. He wanted to write against the false teachers who said that Christians need to follow the law of Moses. Paul defended the gospel by explaining that a person is saved by believing in Jesus Christ. People are saved as result of God being kind and not as a result of people doing good works. No person can perfectly obey the law. Any attempt to please God by obeying the law of Moses will only result in God condemning them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Galatians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Pauls Letter to the Church in Galatia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What does it mean to “live like Jews” (2:14)?<br><br>To “live like Jews” means to obey the law of Moses, even though one trusts in Christ. The people among the early Christians who taught that this was necessary were called “Judaizers.”<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How did Paul use the terms “law” and “grace” in the Book of Galatians?<br><br>These terms are used in a unique way in Galatians. There is an important teaching in Galatians about Christian living. Under the law of Moses, righteous or holy living required a person to obey a set of rules and regulations. As Christians, holy living is now motivated by grace. This means that Christians have freedom in Christ and are not required to obey a specific set of rules. Instead, Christians are to live a holy life because they are thankful that God has been so kind to them. This is called “the law of Christ.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### What did Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?<br><br>This kind of expression occurs in 1:22; 2:4, 17; 3:14, 26, 28; 5:6, 10. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. At the same time, he often intended other meanings as well. See, for example, “when we seek for God to justify us in Christ” (2:17), where Paul spoke of being justified by means of Christ.<br><br>Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Galatians?<br>* “Foolish Galatians, whose evil eye has harmed you? Was not Jesus Christ depicted as crucified before your eyes” (3:1)? The ULT, UST, and the other modern versions have this reading. However, older versions of the Bible add, “[so] that ye should not obey the truth.” Translators are advised not to include this expression. However, if in the translators region there are older Bible versions that have the passage, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
3GAL1introf3n50# Galatians 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul started this letter differently than his other letters. He adds that he was “not an apostle from men nor by human agency, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead ones.” Paul probably included these words because false teachers were opposing him and trying to undermine his authority.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Heresy<br><br>God eternally saves people only through the true, biblical gospel. God condemns any other version of the gospel. Paul asks God to curse those who teach a false gospel. They might not be saved. They should be treated as non-Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])<br><br>### Pauls qualifications<br><br>Some people in the early church were teaching that Gentiles needed to obey the law of Moses. To refute this teaching, in verses 13-16 Paul explains how he was formerly a zealous Jew. But God still needed to save him and show him the true gospel. As a Jew, and the apostle to Gentile people, Paul was uniquely qualified to address this issue. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “You are turning so quickly to a different gospel”<br><br>The Book of Galatians is one of Pauls earliest letters in Scripture. It shows that heresies troubled even the early church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4GAL11m4ssfigs-you0General Information:Paul, an apostle, writes this letter to the churches in the area of Galatia. Unless noted otherwise, all instances of “you” and “your” in this letter refer to the Galatians and are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
5GAL11d1kdτοῦ ἐγείραντος αὐτὸν1the one who raised him“the one who caused him to live again”
6GAL12d737figs-gendernotationsἀδελφοί1brothersHere this means fellow Christians, including both men and women, since all believers in Christ are members of one spiritual family, with God as their heavenly Father. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
7GAL14yk9gfigs-metonymyπερὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν1for our sinsHere, **sins** is a metonym the punishment for sin. Alternate translation: “to take the punishment we deserved because of our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
8GAL14f6d5figs-metonymyὅπως ἐξέληται ἡμᾶς ἐκ τοῦ αἰῶνος τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος πονηροῦ1so that he might deliver us from this present evil ageHere, ** this present evil age** represents the powers at work in the age. Alternate translation: “so that he might bring us to a place of safety from the evil powers at work in the world today” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9GAL14lbb2τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν1of our God and FatherThis refers to God our Father. He is our God and our Father.
10GAL16lf1w0Connecting Statement:Paul gives his reason for writing this letter: he reminds them to continue to understand the gospel.
11GAL16f74pθαυμάζω1I am amazed“I am surprised” or “I am shocked.” Paul was disappointed that they were doing this.
12GAL16v438figs-metaphorοὕτως ταχέως, μετατίθεσθε ἀπὸ τοῦ καλέσαντος…εἰς ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον1you are turning away so quickly to a different gospel from the one who calledHere, **turning away …from the one** is a metaphor for started to doubt or no longer trust God. Alternate translation: “you are so quickly believing a different gospel and starting to doubt the one who called” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13GAL16n1rdfigs-metaphorοὕτως ταχέως, μετατίθεσθε ἀπὸ…εἰς ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον1you are turning away so quickly to a different gospel fromHere, **turning to** is a metaphor that means to start to believe something. Alternate translation: “you are starting to believe a different gospel and leaving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
14GAL16x7weτοῦ καλέσαντος ὑμᾶς1the one who called you“God, who called you”
15GAL16fd7aτοῦ καλέσαντος1the one who calledHere this means God has appointed or chosen people to be his children, to serve him, and to proclaim his message of salvation through Jesus.
16GAL16cfr2ἐν χάριτι Χριστοῦ1by the grace of Christ“because of Christs grace” or “because of Christs gracious sacrifice”
17GAL17gy1iτινές1certain ones“some people”
18GAL18i82dfigs-hypoεὐαγγελίζηται ὑμῖν1might proclaim to you a gospelThis is describing something that has not happened and should not happen. Alternate translation: “would proclaim a gospel to you” or “were to proclaim to you a gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
19GAL18s5uqπαρ’ ὃ εὐηγγελισάμεθα1other than the one we proclaimed“different from the gospel we proclaimed” or “different from the message taught”
20GAL18xb2cἀνάθεμα ἔστω1let him be cursed“God should punish that person forever.” If your language has a common way of calling a curse down on someone, you should use that.
21GAL110b2vcfigs-rquestionἄρτι γὰρ ἀνθρώπους πείθω ἢ τὸν Θεόν? ἢ ζητῶ ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσκειν?1For am I now persuading men or God? Am I seeking to please men?These rhetorical questions expect the answer “no.” Alternate translation: “I do not persuade men, but instead I seek the approval of God. I am not seeking to please men.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
22GAL110fl3cεἰ ἔτι ἀνθρώποις ἤρεσκον, Χριστοῦ δοῦλος οὐκ ἂν ἤμην1If I am still trying to please men, I would not be a servant of ChristBoth the **If** phrase and the following phrase are contrary to fact. “I am not still trying to please men; I am a servant of Christ” or “If I were still trying to please men, then I would not be a servant of Christ”
23GAL111llg60Connecting Statement:Paul explains that he did not learn the gospel from others; he learned it from Jesus Christ.
24GAL111g1qgἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
25GAL111k33sὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν κατὰ ἄνθρωπον1is not according to manBy using this phrase, Paul was not trying to say that Jesus Christ is not himself human. Because Christ is both man and God, however, he is not a sinful human being. Paul is writing about where the gospel came from; that it did not come from other sinful human beings, but it came from Jesus Christ.
26GAL112wed1δι’ ἀποκαλύψεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1it was by revelation of Jesus ChristThis could mean: (1) “Jesus Christ himself revealed the gospel to me” or (2) “God made me know the gospel when he showed me who Jesus Christ was.”
27GAL113f3glἀναστροφήν ποτε1former life“behavior at one time” or “prior life” or “earlier life”
28GAL114r44zπροέκοπτον1I was advancingThis metaphor pictures Paul as being ahead of other Jews his age in their goal to be perfect Jews.
29GAL114s81tσυνηλικιώτας1of my own age“of the Jewish people who are the same age as I am”
30GAL114f1z8τῶν πατρικῶν μου1of my fathers“of my ancestors”
31GAL115wd26καλέσας διὰ τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ1called me through his graceThis could mean: (1) “called me to serve him because he is gracious” or (2) “called me by means of his grace.”
32GAL116l97hἀποκαλύψαι τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ1to reveal his Son in meThis could mean: (1) “to allow me to know his Son” or (2) “to show the world through me that Jesus is Gods Son.”
33GAL116l5bbguidelines-sonofgodprinciplesτὸν Υἱὸν1SonThis is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
34GAL116xx4cεὐαγγελίζωμαι αὐτὸν1I might preach him“I would proclaim that he is Gods Son” or “I might preach the good news about Gods Son”
35GAL116qme5figs-idiomπροσανεθέμην σαρκὶ καὶ αἵματι1I did … consult with flesh and bloodThis is an expression that means talking with other people. Alternate translation: “I did … ask people to help me understand the message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
36GAL117qh88οὐδὲ ἀνῆλθον εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα1I did not go up to JerusalemJerusalem was in a region of high hills, making it necessary to climb many hills in order to get there, and so it was common to describe travel to Jerusalem as **go up to Jerusalem**.
37GAL119av43figs-doublenegativesἕτερον…τῶν ἀποστόλων οὐκ εἶδον, εἰ μὴ Ἰάκωβον1I did not see another of the apostles except JamesThis double negative emphasizes that James was the only apostle whom Paul saw. Alternate translation: “the only other apostle I saw was James” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
38GAL120lh36ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ1before GodPaul wants the Galatians to understand that Paul is completely serious and that he knows that God hears what he says and will judge him if he does not tell the truth.
39GAL120h3cbfigs-litotesἃ δὲ γράφω ὑμῖν, ἰδοὺ, ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ ὅτι οὐ ψεύδομαι1But what I write to you, behold, before God, I am not lyingPaul uses litotes to emphasize that he is telling the truth. Alternate translation: “But I am not lying to you in the messages I write to you” or “But in the things I write to you, I am telling you the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
40GAL121m25aκλίματα τῆς Συρίας1regions of Syria“part of the world called Syria”
41GAL122y6l4ἤμην δὲ ἀγνοούμενος τῷ προσώπῳ ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τῆς Ἰουδαίας, ταῖς ἐν Χριστῷ1But I was unknown by face to the churches of Judea that are in Christ“None of the people in the churches of Judea that are in Christ had ever met me”
42GAL123z8qtμόνον δὲ ἀκούοντες ἦσαν1But they were only hearing“But they only knew what they heard others saying about me”
43GAL2introxe280# Galatians 02 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul continues to defend the true gospel. This began in [Galatians 1:11](../../gal/01/11.md).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Freedom and slavery<br><br>Throughout this letter, Paul contrasts freedom and slavery. The Christian is free in Christ to do many different things. But the Christian who attempts to follow the law of Moses needs to follow the whole law. Paul describes trying to follow the law as a type of slavery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “I do not negate the grace of God”<br><br>Paul teaches that, if a Christian attempts to follow the law of Moses, they do not understand the grace God has shown to them. This is a fundamental error. But Paul uses the words “I do not negate the grace of God” as a type of hypothetical situation. The purpose of this statement could be seen as, “If you could be saved by following the law, then it would negate the grace of God.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
44GAL21zt610Connecting Statement:Paul continues to give the history of how he learned the gospel from God, not the apostles.
45GAL21zth5ἀνέβην1I went up“I traveled.” Jerusalem is located in hilly country. The Jews also viewed Jerusalem as the place on earth that is closest to heaven, so Paul may have been speaking figuratively, or it may be that it was reflecting the difficult, uphill, journey to get to Jerusalem.
46GAL22msv4τοῖς δοκοῦσιν1to those who seemed to be important“to the most important leaders among the believers”
47GAL22ejb8figs-metaphorμή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον1lest I might be running—or had run—in vainPaul uses running as a metaphor for work. Alternate translation: “unless perhaps I was doing, or had done, profitable work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
48GAL22s6twfigs-doublenegativesμή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον1lest I might be running—or had run—in vainPaul uses a double negative to emphasize that the work he had done was profitable. Alternate translation: “to be sure that I was doing, or had done, profitable work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
49GAL22t6weεἰς κενὸν1in vain“for no benefit” or “for nothing”
50GAL23xs8kfigs-activepassiveπεριτμηθῆναι1to be circumcisedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to have someone circumcise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
51GAL24j5kaτοὺς παρεισάκτους ψευδαδέλφους1the false brothers who came in secretly“people who pretended to be Christians came into the church,” or “people who pretended to be Christians came among us”
52GAL24x1mxκατασκοπῆσαι τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἡμῶν1to spy on our freedomsecretly watch us to see how we live in freedom
53GAL24l7n7figs-explicitἵνα ἡμᾶς καταδουλώσουσιν1so that they would enslave usPaul is speaking about being forced to follow the Jewish rituals that the law commanded. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
54GAL24rix6figs-metaphorἵνα ἡμᾶς καταδουλώσουσιν1so that they would enslave us“to make us slaves to the law.” Paul is speaking about following the Jewish law as if it were slavery. Alternate translation: “to force us to obey the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
55GAL25bba7οὐδὲ…εἴξαμεν τῇ ὑποταγῇ1we did not even yield in submission“we did not even submit” or “we did not even listen”
56GAL26afy6figs-metonymyἐμοὶ…οὐδὲν προσανέθεντο1added nothing to meThe word **me** here represents what Paul was teaching. Alternate translation: “added nothing to what I teach” or “did not tell me to add anything to what I teach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
57GAL27cps6ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον1But on the contrary“Instead” or “Rather”
58GAL27spa9figs-activepassiveπεπίστευμαι1I have been entrusted withThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God trusted me with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
59GAL29he6qfigs-metaphorδοκοῦντες στῦλοι εἶναι1who were recognized to be pillarsThey were men who taught people about Jesus and convinced people to believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
60GAL29ie72figs-abstractnounsγνόντες τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι1when they had understood the grace that had been given to meThe abstract noun **grace** can be translated as the verb “be kind.” Alternate translation: “when they had understood that God had been kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
61GAL29kz2mfigs-activepassiveτὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι1the grace that had been given to meThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the grace that God had given to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
62GAL29e5rmtranslate-symactionδεξιὰς ἔδωκαν ἐμοὶ καὶ Βαρναβᾷ κοινωνίας1gave the right hand of fellowship to Barnabas and meGrasping and shaking the right hand was a symbol of fellowship. Alternate translation: “welcomed Barnabas and me as fellow workers” or “welcomed Barnabas and me with honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
63GAL29gi7gδεξιὰς1the right hand“their right hands”
64GAL210kqq6figs-explicitτῶν πτωχῶν…μνημονεύωμεν1we remember the poorYou may need to make explicit what about the poor he was to remember. Alternate translation: “we remember to take care of the needs of the poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
65GAL211c9h4figs-metonymyκατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην1I opposed him to his faceThe words **to his face** are a metonym for “where he could see and hear me.” Alternate translation: “I confronted him in person” or “I challenged his actions in person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
66GAL212xym6πρὸ1beforeThis is in relation to time.
67GAL212s18yὑπέστελλεν1he withdrew“he stopped eating with them”
68GAL212z1kgfigs-explicitφοβούμενος τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς1being afraid of those from the circumcisionThe reason Cephas was afraid can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “being afraid that these men who required circumcision would judge that he was doing something wrong” or “being afraid that these men who required circumcision would blame him for doing something wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
69GAL212fy79τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς1those from the circumcisionJews who had become Christians, but who demanded that those who believe in Christ live according to Jewish customs
70GAL212a6gvἀφώριζεν ἑαυτόν1separated himself“stayed away from them” or “avoided them”
71GAL214sg53οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσιν πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου1they were not walking correctly according to the truth of the gospel“they were not living like people who believe the gospel” or “they were living as though they did not believe the gospel”
72GAL214z4fpfigs-rquestionπῶς τὰ ἔθνη ἀναγκάζεις Ἰουδαΐζειν1how can you force the Gentiles to live like Jews?This rhetorical question is a rebuke and can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you are wrong to force the Gentiles to live like Jews.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
73GAL214xhbpfigs-youἀναγκάζεις1can you forceThe word **you** is singular and refers to Peter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
74GAL214y1zwἀναγκάζεις1can you forceThis could mean: (1) force by using words or (2) persuade.
75GAL215p3x80Connecting Statement:Paul tells the believers that Jews who know the law, as well as Gentiles who do not know the law, are saved only by faith in Christ and not by keeping the law.
76GAL215tz45οὐκ ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἁμαρτωλοί1not Gentile sinners from the Gentiles“not those whom the Jews call Gentile sinners”
77GAL216j7g5figs-synecdocheοὐ…σάρξ2no fleshThe word **flesh** is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “no person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
78GAL217vnp6ζητοῦντες δικαιωθῆναι ἐν Χριστῷ1while seeking to be justified in ChristThe phrase **justified in Christ** means justified because we are united with Christ and justified by means of Christ.
79GAL217sge2figs-idiomεὑρέθημεν καὶ αὐτοὶ ἁμαρτωλοί1we ourselves, were also found to be sinnersThe words **were also found to be** are an idiom that emphasizes that “we are” certainly sinners. Alternate translation: “we see that we also certainly are sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
80GAL217yy9sfigs-rquestionμὴ γένοιτο1May it never be!“Of course, that is not true!” This expression gives the strongest possible negative answer to the preceding rhetorical question “is Christ then a minister of sin?” You may have a similar expression in your language that you could use here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
81GAL220bb2xguidelines-sonofgodprinciplesτοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ1of the Son of GodThis is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
82GAL221tj6lfigs-litotesοὐκ ἀθετῶ1I do not set asidePaul states a negative to emphasize the positive. Alternate translation: “I confirm the value of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
83GAL221yl3cfigs-hypoεἰ…διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη, ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν1if righteousness is through the law, then Christ died for nothingPaul is describing a situation that never existed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
84GAL221k6bgεἰ…διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη1if righteousness is through the law“if people could become righteous by obeying the law”
85GAL221rku5ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν1then Christ died for nothing“then Christ would have accomplished nothing by dying”
86GAL3introxd920# Galatians 03 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Equality in Christ<br><br>All Christians are equally united to Christ. Ancestry, gender, and status do not matter. All are equal with each other. All are equal in the eyes of God.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br><br>Paul uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to convince the Galatians of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br><br>This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. “Flesh” is used in this chapter to contrast with that which is spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])<br><br>### “Those of faith are children of Abraham”<br><br>Scholars are divided on what this means. Some believe Christians inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham, so Christians replace the physical descendants of Israel. Others believe Christians spiritually follow Abraham, but they do not inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham. In light of Pauls other teachings and the context here, Paul is probably writing about the Jewish and Gentile Christians sharing the same faith as Abraham did. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
87GAL31p7uw0General Information:Paul is rebuking the Galatians by asking rhetorical questions.
88GAL31x4gd0Connecting Statement:Paul reminds the believers in Galatia that God gave them Gods Spirit when they believed the gospel by faith, not by their doing Gods law.
89GAL31ryu7figs-ironyτίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν, οἷς κατ’ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος?1Who bewitched you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucified?Paul is using irony. He does not really believe that someone has put a spell on the Galatians. Alternate translation: “Why are you behaving as if someone has put a spell on you, even though it was clearly described to you how Jesus Christ was crucified?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
90GAL31vmr9figs-rquestionτίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν, οἷς κατ’ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος1Who bewitched you, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly portrayed as crucifiedPaul is using a rhetorical question to say that the Galatians are acting as though someone has put a spell on them. Alternate translation: “You behave as if someone has put a spell on you, even though it was clearly described to you how Jesus Christ was crucified!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
91GAL31dc2jὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν1bewitched you“done magic on you” or “done witchcraft on you”
92GAL31gwv2figs-metaphorοἷς κατ’ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος1before whose eyes Jesus Christ was publicly displayed as crucifiedPaul speaks of his clear teaching of Jesus being crucified as if he had put on public display a picture of Jesus being crucified. And he speaks of the Galatians having heard his teaching as if they had seen the picture. Alternate translation: “for you yourselves heard the clear teaching about Jesus being crucified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
93GAL32m1zdfigs-ironyτοῦτο μόνον θέλω μαθεῖν ἀφ’ ὑμῶν1I want to learn only this from youThis continues the irony from verse 1. Paul knows the answers to the rhetorical questions he is about to ask. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
94GAL32wq9gfigs-rquestionἐξ ἔργων νόμου τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐλάβετε, ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως1Did you receive the Spirit by the works of the law or by the hearing of faith?Translate this rhetorical question as a question if you can, because the reader will be expecting a question here. Also, be sure that the reader knows that the answer to the question is “by believing what you heard,” not “by doing what the law says.” Alternate translation: “You received the Spirit, not by doing what the law says, but by believing what you heard.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
95GAL33f96ufigs-rquestionοὕτως ἀνόητοί ἐστε1Are you so foolish?This rhetorical question shows that Paul is surprised and even angry that the Galatians are foolish. Alternate translation: “You are very foolish!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
96GAL33xu4dfigs-metonymyσαρκὶ1by the fleshThe word **flesh** is a metonym for effort. Alternate translation: “by your own effort” or “by your own work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
97GAL34iyj1figs-rquestionτοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ— εἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ?1Have you suffered so many things for nothing—if indeed it was really for nothing?Paul uses this question to remind the Galatians that when they were suffering, they believed that they would receive some benefit. Alternate translation: “Surely you did not think that you were suffering so many things for nothing—and indeed it was not in vain!” or “Surely you knew that there was some good purpose for suffering so many things, and that is was not for nothing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
98GAL34qn1afigs-explicitτοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ1Have you suffered so many things for nothingIt can be stated clearly that they had suffered these things because of people who opposed them for their faith in Christ. Alternate translation: “Have you suffered so many things by those who opposed you for your faith in Christ for nothing” or “You believed in Christ, and you suffered many things by those who oppose Christ. Were your belief and suffering for nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
99GAL34nq68εἰκῇ1for nothing“uselessly” or “without the hope of receiving something good”
100GAL34xl9lfigs-rquestionεἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ?1if indeed it was really for nothing?This could mean: (1) Paul uses this rhetorical question to warn them not to let their experiences be for nothing. Alternate translation: “Do not let it be for nothing!” or “Do not stop believing in Jesus Christ and let your suffering be for nothing.” or (2) Paul uses this question to assure them that their suffering was not for nothing. Alternate translation: “It was certainly not for nothing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
101GAL35s3bcfigs-rquestionἐξ ἔργων νόμου ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως1is it by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith?Paul asks another rhetorical question to remind the Galatians how people receive the Spirit. Alternate translation: “he does not do it by the works of the law; he does it by hearing with faith.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
102GAL35j4vzἐξ ἔργων νόμου1is it by the works of the lawThis represents people doing the works that the law requires. Alternate translation: “is it because you do what the law tells us to do”
103GAL35e17qfigs-explicitἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως1by the hearing of faithYour language may require that what the people heard and whom they trusted be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “because you heard the message and had faith in Jesus” or “because you listened to the message and trusted in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
104GAL36ahy90Connecting Statement:Paul reminds the Galatian believers that even Abraham received righteousness by faith and not by the law.
105GAL36f7svἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην1it was credited to him as righteousnessGod saw Abrahams faith in God, so then God considered Abraham righteous.
106GAL37i9x4figs-abstractnounsοἱ ἐκ πίστεως1those by faith“those who have faith.” The meaning of the noun **faith** can be expressed with the verb “believe.” Alternate translation: “those who believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
107GAL37kq1hfigs-metaphorυἱοί…Ἀβραὰμ1sons of AbrahamThis represents people whom God views as he viewed Abraham. Alternate translation: “righteous in the same way as Abraham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
108GAL38vs1mfigs-personificationπροϊδοῦσα1having forseenBecause God made the promise to Abraham and they wrote it down before the promise came through Christ, the scripture is like someone who knows the future before it happens. Alternate translation: “having predicted” or “having seen before it happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
109GAL38k9tpfigs-youἐν σοὶ1In you“Because of what you have done” or “Because I have blessed you.” The word **you** refers to Abraham and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
110GAL38j83jπάντα τὰ ἔθνη1all the nations“all the people-groups in the world.” God was emphasizing that he was not favoring only the Jewish people, his chosen group. His plan of salvation was for both Jews and non-Jews.
111GAL310jhr2figs-metonymyὅσοι γὰρ ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἰσὶν ὑπὸ κατάραν εἰσίν1For as many as are of the works of the law are under a curseBeing under a curse represents being cursed. Alternate translation: “Those who rely on doing what the law says are cursed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
112GAL310pwfffigs-metaphorὅσοι γὰρ ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἰσὶν ὑπὸ κατάραν εἰσίν1For as many as are of the works of the law are under a curseBeing under a curse refers to being eternally punished. Alternate translation: “God will eternally punish those who rely on obeying the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
113GAL310mxe7ἔργων νόμου1the works of the law“what the law says we must do”
114GAL311sn9hfigs-explicitὅτι δὲ ἐν νόμῳ, οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ δῆλον1But, that no one is justified before God by the law is clearWhy this is clear can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “But the scriptures are clear that no one is justified before God by the law” or “But the scriptures teach clearly that the law is not able to justify anyone before God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
115GAL311k6k5ἐν νόμῳ, οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ1no one is justified before God by the lawThis can be stated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “God justifies no one by the law” or “God does not justify anyone by the law”
116GAL311k1pqfigs-explicitἐν νόμῳ, οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ1no one is justified before God by the lawPaul is correcting their believe that if they obeyed the law, God would justify them. Alternate translation: “no one is justified before God by obeying the law” or “God does not justify anyone for their obedience to the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
117GAL311i537figs-nominaladjὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται1The righteous will live by faithThe nominal adjective **righteous** refers to righteous people. Alternate translation: “righteous people will live by faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
118GAL312rep5ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς1will live in themThis could mean: (1) “must obey them all” or (2) “will be judged by his ability to do what the law demands.”
119GAL313x2lc0Connecting Statement:Paul reminds these believers again that keeping the law could not save a person and that the law did not add a new condition to the promise by faith given to Abraham.
120GAL313ml63ἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου1from the curse of the lawThe noun **curse** can be expressed with the verb “curse.” Alternate translation: “from being cursed because of the law” or “from being cursed for not obeying the law”
121GAL313mp4pfigs-metonymyἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου, γενόμενος ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν κατάρα…ἐπικατάρατος πᾶς1from the curse of the law … becoming a curse for us … Cursed is everyoneThe word **curse** here is a metonym for God condemning the person whom he has cursed. Alternate translation: “from us having God condemn us because we broke the law … having God condemn him instead of us … God condemns everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
122GAL313mt6zὁ κρεμάμενος ἐπὶ ξύλου1who hangs on a treePaul expected his audience to understand that he was referring to Jesus hanging on the cross.
123GAL314brf7ἵνα…ἡ εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ γένηται1so that the blessing of Abraham might come“because Christ became a curse for us, the blessing of Abraham will come”
124GAL314fa98ἵνα…λάβωμεν διὰ τῆς πίστεως2so that through faith we might receive“because Christ became a curse for us, by faith we will receive”
125GAL314h46qfigs-exclusiveλάβωμεν1we might receiveThe word **we** includes the people who would read the letter and so is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
126GAL315al9bἀδελφοί1BrothersSee how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
127GAL315c3gsκατὰ ἄνθρωπον1according to man“as a person” or “of things most people understand”
128GAL316f1xuδὲ1NowThis word shows that Paul has stated a general principle and is now beginning to introduce a specific case.
129GAL316w3wlὡς ἐπὶ πολλῶν1as to many“referring to many descendants”
130GAL316t25efigs-youσπέρματί σου1to your seedThe word **your** is singular and refers to a specific person, who is a particular descendant of Abraham (and that descendant is identified as “Christ”). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
131GAL317h36mtranslate-numbersτετρακόσια καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτη1430 years“four hundred and thirty years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
132GAL318ujg2figs-hypoεἰ γὰρ ἐκ νόμου ἡ κληρονομία, οὐκέτι ἐξ ἐπαγγελίας1For if the inheritance is from the law, it is no longer from promisePaul is speaking of a situation that did not exist to emphasize that the inheritance came only by means of the promise. Alternate translation: “the inheritance comes to us by means of the promise, because we could not keep the demands of Gods law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
133GAL318c8fufigs-metaphorἡ κληρονομία1the inheritanceReceiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were an **inheritance** of property and wealth from a family member, and eternal blessings and redemption. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
134GAL319fr5t0Connecting Statement:Paul tells the believers in Galatia why God gave the law.
135GAL319kx2efigs-rquestionτί οὖν ὁ νόμος1What, then, is the law?Paul uses a rhetorical question to introduce the next topic he wants to discuss. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will tell you what the purpose of the law is.” or “Let me tell you why God gave the law.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
136GAL319uk9mfigs-activepassiveπροσετέθη1addedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God added it” or “God added the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
137GAL319cf66figs-activepassiveδιαταγεὶς δι’ ἀγγέλων ἐν χειρὶ μεσίτου1It was put into effect through angels by the hand of a mediatorThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God issued the law with the help of angels, and a mediator put it into force” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
138GAL319bgi6figs-metonymyἐν χειρὶ μεσίτου1by the hand of a mediatorHere, **hand** represents the personal involvement of the mediator. Alternate translation: “through the actions of a representative” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
139GAL320x9l1ὁ δὲ μεσίτης ἑνὸς οὐκ ἔστιν, ὁ δὲ Θεὸς εἷς ἐστιν1Now a mediator is not for one, but God is oneGod gave his promise to Abraham without a mediator, but he gave the law to Moses with a mediator. As a result, Pauls readers may have thought that the law somehow made the promise to no effect. Paul is stating what his readers might have thought here, and he will respond to them in the verses that follow.
140GAL321wes3figs-exclusive0General Information:The word **us** in this section refers to all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
141GAL321e43uκατὰ τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν1against the promises“opposed to the promises” or “in conflict with the promises”
142GAL321b8xxfigs-activepassiveεἰ…ἐδόθη νόμος ὁ δυνάμενος ζῳοποιῆσαι1if a law had been given that was able to make aliveThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if God had given a law that enabled those who kept it to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
143GAL321iyg9ἐν νόμου ἂν ἦν ἡ δικαιοσύνη1righteousness would have come by the law“we could have become righteous by obeying that law”
144GAL322n5jsσυνέκλεισεν ἡ Γραφὴ τὰ πάντα ὑπὸ ἁμαρτίαν, ἵνα ἡ ἐπαγγελία ἐκ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ δοθῇ τοῖς πιστεύουσιν1the scripture imprisoned all things under sin so that the promise by faith in Jesus Christ might be given to those who believeThis could mean: (1) “because we all sin, God put all things under the control of the law, like putting them in prison, so that what he has promised to those who have faith in Christ Jesus he might give to those who believe” or (2) “because we sin, God put all things under the control of the law, like putting them in prison. He did this because what he has promised to those who have faith in Christ Jesus he wants to give to those who believe.”
145GAL322jbn7figs-personificationΓραφὴ1scripturePaul is treating scripture as though it were a person and is speaking of God, who wrote scripture. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
146GAL323rch20Connecting Statement:Paul reminds those in Galatia that believers are free in Gods family, not slaves under the law.
147GAL323su16figs-activepassiveὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα, συνκλειόμενοι1we were held captive under the law, imprisonedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the law held us captive and we were in prison” or “the law held us captive in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
148GAL323bs6ifigs-metaphorὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα, συνκλειόμενοι1we were held captive under the law, imprisonedThe way the law controlled us is spoken of as if the law were a prison guard holding us as captives. Alternate translation: “the law controlled us like a prison guard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
149GAL323t32jfigs-activepassiveεἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι1to the faith about to be revealedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until God would reveal that he justifies those who have faith in Christ” or “until God would reveal that he justifies those who trust in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
150GAL324ln1sπαιδαγωγὸς1guardianMore than simply “one who gives oversight to a child,” this was usually a slave who was responsible for enforcing rules and behaviors given by the parent and would report to the parent on the childs actions.
151GAL324m7jyεἰς Χριστόν1until Christ“until the time when Christ came”
152GAL324s8g5figs-activepassiveἵνα…δικαιωθῶμεν1so that we might be justifiedBefore Christ came, God had planned to justify us. When Christ came, he carried out his plan to justify us. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that God would declare us to be righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
153GAL327v6n1ὅσοι γὰρ εἰς Χριστὸν ἐβαπτίσθητε1For as many as were baptized into Christ“For everyone who was baptized into Christ”
154GAL327di9vfigs-metaphorΧριστὸν ἐνεδύσασθε1have put on ChristThis could mean: (1) this is a metaphor meaning that they have been united to Christ. Alternate translation: “have become united with Christ” or “belong to Christ” or (2) this is a metaphor meaning that they have become like Christ. Alternate translation: “have become like Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
155GAL328tyb8οὐκ ἔνι Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην, οὐκ ἔνι δοῦλος οὐδὲ ἐλεύθερος, οὐκ ἔνι ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ1There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female“God sees no difference between Jew and Greek, slave and free, male and female”
156GAL329qp4zfigs-metaphorκληρονόμοι1heirsThe people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
157GAL4introh6gw0# Galatians 04 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 27, which is quoted from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sonship<br><br>Sonship is a complex issue. Scholars have many views on Israels sonship. Paul uses sonship to teach how being under the law differs from being free in Christ. Not all of Abrahams physical descendants inherited Gods promises to him. Only his descendants through Isaac and Jacob inherited the promises. And God only adopts into his family those who follow Abraham spiritually through faith. They are children of God with an inheritance. Paul calls them “children of promise.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Abba, Father<br>“Abba” is an Aramaic word. In ancient Israel, people used it to informally refer to their fathers. Paul “transliterates” its sounds by writing them with Greek letters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
158GAL41fr5u0Connecting Statement:Paul continues to remind the Galatian believers that Christ came to redeem those who were under the law, and that he made them no more slaves but sons.
159GAL41n5ybοὐδὲν διαφέρει1he is no different from“he is the same as”
160GAL42bd5aἐπιτρόπους1guardianspeople with legal responsibility for children
161GAL42v5g9οἰκονόμους1stewardspeople whom others trust to keep valuable items safe
162GAL43d6v9figs-exclusive0General Information:The word **we** here refers to all Christians, including Pauls readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
163GAL43n21qfigs-metaphorὅτε ἦμεν νήπιοι1when we were childrenHere, **children** is a metaphor for being spiritually immature. Alternate translation: “when we were like children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
164GAL43cd2wfigs-activepassiveἡμεῖς…ὑπὸ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου ἤμεθα δεδουλωμένοι1we were enslaved to the elemental principles of the worldThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the elemental principles of the world controlled us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
165GAL43gl4wfigs-metaphorἡμεῖς…ὑπὸ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου ἤμεθα δεδουλωμένοι1we were enslaved by the elemental principles of the worldHere, **enslaved** is a metaphor being unable to stop ones self from doing something. Alternate translation: “we had to obey the elemental principles of the world as if we were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
166GAL43u462τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου1the elemental principles of the worldThis could mean: (1) this refers to the laws or moral principles of the world, or (2) this refers to spiritual powers, which some people thought control what happens on earth.
167GAL44l5tfguidelines-sonofgodprinciplesτὸν Υἱὸν1SonThis is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
168GAL45v5cbfigs-metaphorἐξαγοράσῃ1redeemPaul uses the metaphor of a person buying back lost property or buying the freedom of a slave as a picture of Jesus paying for his peoples sins by dying on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
169GAL46a274ἐστε υἱοί1you are sonsPaul uses the word for male child here because the subject is inheritance. In his culture and that of his readers, inheritance passed most commonly, but not always, to male children. He was neither specifying nor excluding female children here.
170GAL46eqx5ἐξαπέστειλεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ Πνεῦμα τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ εἰς τὰς καρδίας ἡμῶν κρᾶζον, Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ1God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying out, “Abba, Father.”By calling out “Abba, Father” the Spirit assures us that we are Gods children and he loves us.
171GAL46nei3figs-metonymyἐξαπέστειλεν…τὸ Πνεῦμα τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ εἰς τὰς καρδίας ἡμῶν1has sent the Spirit of his Son into our heartsHere, **hearts** is metonym for the part of a person that thinks and feels. Alternate translation: “sent his Sons Spirit to show us how to think and act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
172GAL46xhe6guidelines-sonofgodprinciplesτοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ1of his SonThis is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
173GAL46s54rκρᾶζον1crying outThe Spirit is the one who calls.
174GAL46mlg1Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ1Abba, FatherThis is the way a young child would address his father in Pauls home language, but not in the language of the Galatian readers. To keep the sense of a foreign language, translate this as a word that sounds as much like **Abba** as your language allows.
175GAL47e7tcοὐκέτι εἶ δοῦλος, ἀλλὰ υἱός1you are no longer a slave, but a sonPaul uses the word for male child here because the subject is inheritance. In his culture and that of his readers, inheritance passed most commonly, but not always, to male children. He was neither specifying nor excluding female children here.
176GAL47akb8figs-youοὐκέτι εἶ δοῦλος…καὶ κληρονόμος1you are no longer a slave…also an heirPaul is addressing his readers as though they are one person, so **you** here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
177GAL47d5hufigs-metaphorκληρονόμος1an heirThe people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
178GAL48s4ic0General Information:He continues to rebuke the Galatians by asking rhetorical questions.
179GAL48ukf50Connecting Statement:Paul reminds the Galatian believers that they are again trying to live under Gods laws rather than living by faith.
180GAL48cj5iτοῖς φύσει μὴ οὖσι θεοῖς1those who are, by nature, not gods“those things that are not really gods” or “those spirits who are no the same as gods”
181GAL49ghx1figs-activepassiveγνωσθέντες ὑπὸ Θεοῦ1having come to be known by GodThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “since God knows you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
182GAL49b8uefigs-metaphorπῶς ἐπιστρέφετε πάλιν ἐπὶ τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα1how are you turning again to the weak and worthless elemental principlesHere, **turning back to** is a metaphor for starting to pay attention to something again. Alternate translation: “why are you paying attention to the weak and worthless elemental principles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
183GAL49vskafigs-rquestionπῶς ἐπιστρέφετε πάλιν ἐπὶ τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα, οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε?1how are you turning again to the weak and worthless elemental principles, to which once more you want to be enslaved again?This is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “you should not start paying attention to the weak and worthless elemental principles because you do not want to be enslaved by them again.” or “you should not be concerned with the weak and worthless elemental principles or allow them to take you captive again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
184GAL49n5ieτὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα1the weak and worthless elemental principlesSee how you translated this phrase in [Galatians 4:3](../04/03.md).
185GAL49s77efigs-metaphorοἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε1to which once more you want to be enslaved againHere being **enslaved** is a metaphor for being obligated to obey certain rules or customs. Alternate translation: “Do you want to have to obey rules again like a slave has to obey his master?” or “It seems that you want to be controlled all over again!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
186GAL410w7d5ἡμέρας παρατηρεῖσθε, καὶ μῆνας, καὶ καιροὺς, καὶ ἐνιαυτούς1You are observing days and months and seasons and yearsPaul is speaking of their being careful to celebrate certain times, thinking that doing that will make them right with God. Alternate translation: “You carefully celebrate days and months and seasons and years”
187GAL411bsv1εἰκῇ1for nothing“with no effect” or “without result”
188GAL412ql140Connecting Statement:Paul reminds the Galatian believers how kindly they treated him when he was with them, and he encourages them to continue to trust him while he is not there with them.
189GAL412sx9vδέομαι1I begHere this means to ask or urge strongly. This is not the word used to ask for money or food or physical objects.
190GAL412p9gnἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
191GAL412n3wfοὐδέν με ἠδικήσατε1You did me no harmThis can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “You treated me well” or “You treated me as you should have”
192GAL414tk1lτὸν πειρασμὸν ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου1my trial in your flesh“my physical illness, although it was difficult for you”
193GAL417t1ftζηλοῦσιν ὑμᾶς1They are zealous for you“They are eager to convince you to join them”
194GAL417s9knἐκκλεῖσαι ὑμᾶς1to shut you out“to shut you out from us” or “to make you stop being loyal to us”
195GAL417iv1dαὐτοὺς ζηλοῦτε1you would be zealous for them“you would be zealous to do what they tell you to do”
196GAL419zhv90Connecting Statement:Paul tells believers that grace and law cannot work together.
197GAL419u3ebfigs-metaphorτέκνα μου1My little childrenThis is a metaphor for disciples or followers. Alternate translation: “You who are disciples because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
198GAL419yf9efigs-metaphorοὓς πάλιν ὠδίνω, μέχρις οὗ μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν1with whom I am in labor again until Christ has been formed in youPaul uses childbirth as a metaphor for his concern about the Galatians. Alternate translation: “with whom I am in pain as though I were a woman having to give birth to you, and I will continue to be in pain until Christ truly controls you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
199GAL421z1umλέγετέ μοι1Tell me“I want to ask a question” or “I want to tell you something”
200GAL421u6fsfigs-rquestionτὸν νόμον οὐκ ἀκούετε?1do you not listen to the law?Paul is introducing what he will say next. Alternate translation: “you need to learn what the law really says.” or “let me tell you what the law really says.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
201GAL424iit50Connecting Statement:Paul begins a story to illustrate a truth—that law and grace cannot exist together.
202GAL424bu23ἅτινά ἐστιν ἀλληγορούμενα1These are spoken as an allegory“This story of the two sons is like a picture of what I will tell you now”
203GAL424k5quἀλληγορούμενα1spoken as an allegoryAn **allegory** is a story in which the people and things in it represent other things. In Pauls allegory, the two women referred to in [Galatians 4:22](../04/22.md) represent two covenants.
204GAL424ruw4αὗται γάρ εἰσιν1for they are“for these women are a picture of”
205GAL424u4hrfigs-synecdocheὌρους Σινά1Mount Sinai**Mount Sinai** here is a synecdoche for the law that Moses gave to the Israelites there. Alternate translation: “Mount Sinai, where Moses gave the law to Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
206GAL424u3u9figs-personificationεἰς δουλείαν γεννῶσα1giving birth to slaveryPaul treats the law as if it were a woman who could give birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
207GAL424sxtjfigs-metaphorεἰς δουλείαν γεννῶσα1giving birth to slaveryA person becoming a slave to the law is spoken of as if they were born into that slavery. Alternate translation: “causing people under this covenant to be like slaves who have to obey the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
208GAL425u1ccσυνστοιχεῖ1corresponding to“she is a picture of” or “she represents”
209GAL425ck7vfigs-metaphorδουλεύει…μετὰ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς1she is in slavery with her childrenHagar is a slave and her children are slaves with her. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem, like Hagar, is a slave, and her children are slaves with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
210GAL426wa1uἐλευθέρα ἐστίν1is free“is not bound” or “is not a slave”
211GAL427ih2ffigs-youστεῖρα…ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα1you barren one … you who are not suffering the pains of childbirthHere, **you** refers to the barren woman and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
212GAL428ad75ἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
213GAL428ct63ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα1children of promisePossible meanings are that the Galatians have become Gods **children** (1) by believing Gods promise or (2) because God worked miracles to fulfill his promises to Abraham, first by giving Abraham a son and then by making the Galatians children of Abraham and thus sons of God.
214GAL429c9lffigs-metaphorκατὰ σάρκα1according to the fleshThis refers to Abrahams becoming Ishmaels father by taking Hagar as a wife. Alternate translation: “by means of human action” or “because of what people did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
215GAL429gt1eκατὰ Πνεῦμα1according to the Spirit“because of something the Spirit did”
216GAL431sy8uἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
217GAL431y3c2figs-ellipsisἀλλὰ τῆς ἐλευθέρας1but of the free womanThe words “we are children” are understood from the previous phrase. This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “rather, we are children of the free woman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
218GAL5introbcg30# Galatians 05 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul continues writing about the law of Moses as something that traps or enslaves a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fruit of the Spirit<br><br>The phrase “the fruit of the Spirit” is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. Translators should keep the singular form if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Illustrations<br><br>Paul uses several metaphors in this chapter to illustrate his points and help explain complicated issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “You are cut off from Christ, you who would be justified by the law; you no longer experience grace.”<br><br>Some scholars think Paul teaches that being circumcised causes a person to lose their salvation. Other scholars think Paul means that obeying the law to try to get right with God will keep a person from being saved by grace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])
219GAL51up160Connecting Statement:Paul applies the allegory by reminding the believers to use their liberty in Christ because all the law is fulfilled in loving neighbors as ourselves.
220GAL51kuu9figs-explicitτῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ, ἡμᾶς Χριστὸς ἠλευθέρωσεν1For freedom Christ has set us free“It is so that we can be free that Christ has set us free.” It is implied that **Christ** sets believers **free** from the old covenant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
221GAL51xd2mfigs-metaphorτῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ, ἡμᾶς Χριστὸς ἠλευθέρωσεν1For freedom Christ has set us freeHere, **freedom** from the old covenant is a metaphor for not being obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: “Christ has set us free from the old covenant so that we might be free” or “Christ has set us free so that we might live as free people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
222GAL51j679figs-metaphorστήκετε1Stand firmTo **stand firm** here represents being determined not to change. Alternate translation: “Do not give in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
223GAL51qhdvfigs-explicitστήκετε1Stand firmHow they are not to change can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Do not give in to the arguments of people who teach something else” or “Be determined to stay free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
224GAL51usl9figs-metaphorμὴ πάλιν ζυγῷ δουλείας ἐνέχεσθε1do not again be subjected to a yoke of slaveryHere being under control of a yoke of slavery represents being obligated to obey the law. Alternate translation: “do not live like one who is under the control of a yoke of slavery to the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
225GAL52bg6bfigs-metonymyἐὰν περιτέμνησθε1if you let yourselves be circumcisedPaul is using circumcision as a metonym for Judaism. Alternate translation: “if you turn to the Jewish religion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
226GAL53h4q5μαρτύρομαι1I testify“I declare” or “I serve as a witness”
227GAL53s1affigs-metonymyπαντὶ ἀνθρώπῳ περιτεμνομένῳ1to every man who lets himself be circumcisedPaul is using circumcision as a metonym for being Jewish. Alternate translation: “to every person who has become a Jew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
228GAL53j88pὀφειλέτης ἐστὶν…ποιῆσαι1he is obligated to do“he must obey”
229GAL54h4yufigs-metaphorκατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ1You were cut off from ChristHere, **cut off** is a metaphor for separation from Christ. Alternate translation: “You have ended your relationship with Christ” or “You are no longer united with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
230GAL54ipf7figs-ironyοἵτινες ἐν νόμῳ δικαιοῦσθε1whoever is being justified by the lawPaul is speaking ironically here. He actually teaches that no one can be **justified** by trying to do the deeds required by the **law**. Alternate translation: “all you who think you can be justified by doing the deeds required by the law” or “you who want to be justified by the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
231GAL54k6xefigs-explicitτῆς χάριτος ἐξεπέσατε1you have fallen from graceWho that **grace** comes from can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “God will not be gracious to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
232GAL55pdm1figs-exclusive0General Information:Here the word **we** refers to Paul and those who oppose the circumcision of Christians. He is probably including the Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
233GAL55vvk6γὰρ Πνεύματι1For through the Spirit“This is because through the Spirit”
234GAL55qg9mἡμεῖς…ἐκ πίστεως ἐλπίδα δικαιοσύνης ἀπεκδεχόμεθα1by faith, we eagerly wait for the hope of righteousnessThis could mean: (1) “we are waiting by faith for the hope of righteousness” or (2) “we are waiting for the hope of righteousness that comes by faith.”
235GAL55z3gaἡμεῖς…ἐλπίδα δικαιοσύνης ἀπεκδεχόμεθα1we eagerly wait for the hope of righteousness“we are waiting patiently and with excitement for God to put us right with himself forever, and we expect him to do it”
236GAL56y2wwfigs-metonymyοὔτε περιτομή…οὔτε ἀκροβυστία1neither circumcision nor uncircumcisionThese are metonymy for being a Jew or a non-Jew. Alternate translation: “neither being a Jew nor not being a Jew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
237GAL56n1hcἀλλὰ πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη1but only faith working through love“rather, God is concerned with our faith in him, which we show by loving others”
238GAL56qp6bτι ἰσχύει1is capable of anythingis worthwhile
239GAL57jj48ἐτρέχετε1You were running“You were practicing what Jesus taught”
240GAL58ct7gἡ πεισμονὴ οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ καλοῦντος ὑμᾶς1This persuasion is not from the one who calls you“The one who persuades you to do that is not God, the one who calls you”
241GAL58j7f8figs-explicitτοῦ καλοῦντος ὑμᾶς1the one who calls youWhat he calls them to can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “the one who calls you to be his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
242GAL58sx6uπεισμονὴ1persuasionTo persuade someone is to get that person to change what he believes and so to act differently.
243GAL510enp1οὐδὲν ἄλλο φρονήσετε1you will think nothing otherwise“you will not believe anything different from what I am telling you”
244GAL510rb76ὁ δὲ ταράσσων ὑμᾶς, βαστάσει τὸ κρίμα1But the one who is troubling you will bear the judgment“But God will punish the one who is troubling you”
245GAL510jc72ταράσσων ὑμᾶς1who is troubling you“who is causing you to be uncertain about what is truth” or “who stirs up trouble among you”
246GAL510llh5ὅστις ἐὰν ᾖ1whoever he may beThis could mean: (1) Paul does not know the names of the people who are telling the Galatians that they need to obey the law of Moses or (2) Paul does not want the Galatians to care about whether those who “confuse” them are rich or poor or great or small or religious or not religious.
247GAL511d4mmfigs-hypoἐγὼ δέ, ἀδελφοί, εἰ περιτομὴν ἔτι κηρύσσω, τί ἔτι διώκομαι?1But brothers, if I still proclaim circumcision, why am I still being persecuted?Paul is describing a situation that does not exist to emphasize that people are persecuting him because he is not preaching that people need to become Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
248GAL511vcz5figs-rquestionἐγὼ δέ, ἀδελφοί, εἰ περιτομὴν ἔτι κηρύσσω, τί ἔτι διώκομαι?1But brothers, if I still proclaim circumcision, why am I still being persecuted?This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “But brothers, you can see that I am not still proclaiming circumcision because the Jews are persecuting me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
249GAL511nv5xἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
250GAL511znh3figs-hypoἄρα κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ1In that case the stumbling block of the cross has been removedPaul is describing a situation that does not exist to emphasize that people persecute him because he is preaching that God forgives people because of Jesus work on the **cross**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
251GAL511dtv9ἄρα1In that case“If I were still saying that people need to become Jews”
252GAL511y3ugfigs-activepassiveκατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ1the stumbling block of the cross has been removedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the teaching about the cross would not be a stumbling block” or “there is nothing in the teaching of the cross that would cause people to stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
253GAL511arj5figs-explicitκατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ1the stumbling block of the cross has been removedStumbling represents sinning, and the sin is to reject the truth of the teaching that in order to be made right with God, people only need to believe that Jesus died on the cross for us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
254GAL511xa9mfigs-metaphorκατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ1the stumbling block of the cross has been removedStumbling represents sinning, and a **stumbling block** represents something that causes people to sin. Alternate translation: “the teaching about the cross that causes people to reject the truth has been removed” or “there is nothing in the teaching about Jesus dying on the cross that would lead people to reject the teaching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
255GAL512sfl2figs-metaphorκαὶ ἀποκόψονται1would even castrate themselvesThis could mean: (1) literal, to cut off their male organs so as to become eunuchs or (2) metaphorical, completely withdraw from the Christian community. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
256GAL513y1g7γὰρ1ForPaul is giving the reason for his words in [Galatians 5:12](../05/12.md).
257GAL513v6vsfigs-activepassiveὑμεῖς…ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἐκλήθητε1you have been called to freedomThis can be expressed in an active form. Alternate translation: “Christ has called you to freedom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
258GAL513ekb2figs-explicitὑμεῖς…ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἐκλήθητε1you have been called to freedomIt is implied that Christ has set believers free from the old covenant. Alternate translation: “You were called to freedom from the old covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
259GAL513xwg8figs-metaphorὑμεῖς…ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἐκλήθητε1you have been called to freedomHere, **freedom** from the old covenant is a metaphor for not being obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: “Christ has chosen you to not be obligated to the old covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
260GAL513yp6rἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
261GAL513viv6figs-explicitἀφορμὴν τῇ σαρκί1an opportunity for the fleshThe relationship between the opportunity and the sinful nature can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “an opportunity for you to behave according to your sinful nature” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
262GAL514ct8iὁ…πᾶς νόμος ἐν ἑνὶ λόγῳ πεπλήρωται1all the law has been fulfilled in one commandThis could mean: (1) “you can state the whole law in just one commandment, which is this” or (2) “by obeying one commandment, you obey all the commandments, and that one commandment is this.”
263GAL514qt9cfigs-youἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν1Love your neighbor as yourselfThe words **your** and **yourself** are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
264GAL516q8wk0Connecting Statement:Paul explains how the Spirit gives control over sin.
265GAL516yb58figs-metaphorΠνεύματι περιπατεῖτε1walk by the SpiritHere, to **walk** is a metaphor for living. Alternate translation: “conduct your life in the power of the Holy Spirit” or “live your life in dependence on the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
266GAL516dyj7figs-idiomἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς οὐ μὴ τελέσητε1you would certainly not fulfill the desires of the fleshThe phrase **fulfill the desires of the flesh** is an idiom meaning “do what someone desires.” Alternate translation: “you will not do what your sinful nature desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
267GAL516rl5sfigs-personificationἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς1the desires of the fleshThe **flesh** is spoken of as if it were a person and wanted to sin. Alternate translation: “what you want to do because of your sinful nature” or “the things you want to do because you are sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
268GAL518san8οὐκ…ὑπὸ νόμον1not under the law“not obligated to obey the law of Moses”
269GAL519yf2aτὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός1the works of the fleshThe abstract noun **works** can be translated with the verb “does.” Alternate translation: “what the sinful nature does”
270GAL519u2pufigs-personificationτὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός1the works of the fleshThe **flesh** is spoken of as if it were a person who does things. Alternate translation: “what people do because of their sinful nature” or “the things people do because they are sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
271GAL521rs9bfigs-metaphorκληρονομήσουσιν1will inheritReceiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
272GAL522hez3figs-metaphorὁ…καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματός ἐστιν1the fruit of the Spirit isHere, **fruit** is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “what the Spirit produces is” or “the Spirit produces in Gods people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
273GAL523ss5kπραΰτης, ἐνκράτεια1gentleness, and self-controlThe list of “the fruit of the Spirit” that begins with the words “love, joy, peace” ends here.
274GAL524l6uxfigs-metaphorτὴν σάρκα ἐσταύρωσαν σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις1have crucified the flesh with the passions and the desiresPaul speaks of Christians who refuse to live according to their **flesh** as if they have killed it on a cross. Alternate translation: “refuse to live according the sinful nature with its passions and desires, as if they killed it on a cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
275GAL524zv86figs-personificationτὴν σάρκα ἐσταύρωσαν σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις1have crucified the flesh with the passions and the desiresPaul speaks of the **flesh** as if it were a person who has been killed on a cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
276GAL524m3nmfigs-personificationτὴν σάρκα…σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις1the flesh with the passions and the desiresThe sinful nature is spoken of as if it were a person that had passions and desires. Alternate translation: “their sinful nature, and the things they strongly want to do because of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
277GAL525h9hdεἰ ζῶμεν Πνεύματι1If we live by the Spirit“Since Gods Spirit has caused us to be alive”
278GAL525sq7bfigs-metaphorΠνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν1let us also walk by the SpiritHere, **walk** is a metaphor for living every day. Alternate translation: “let us allow the Holy Spirit to guide us so we do things that please and honor God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
279GAL526a9x9μὴ γινώμεθα1Let us not become“We should not be”
280GAL6introbv8h0# Galatians 06 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter concludes Pauls letter. His final words address some issues that do not seem to be connected to the rest of his letter.<br><br>### Brothers<br><br>Paul writes the words in this chapter to Christians. He calls them “brothers.” This refers to Pauls Christian brothers and not his Jewish brothers.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### New Creation<br><br>People who are born again are a new creation in Christ. Christians have been given new life in Christ. They have a new nature in them after they come to faith in Christ. To Paul, this is more significant than a persons ancestry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bornagain]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br><br>This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is contrasted with “spirit.” In this chapter, flesh is also used to refer to the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])
281GAL61x8zg0Connecting Statement:Paul teaches believers how they should treat other believers and how God rewards.
282GAL61ss7lἀδελφοί1BrothersSee how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
283GAL61vm8fἐὰν…ἄνθρωπος1if a man“if anyone among you”
284GAL61vts8ἐὰν καὶ προλημφθῇ ἄνθρωπος ἔν τινι παραπτώματι1even if a man is caught in any trespassThis could mean: (1) someone else found that person in the act. Alternate translation: “if someone is discovered in an act of sin” or (2) that person committed the sin without intending to do evil. Alternate translation: “if someone gave in and sinned”
285GAL61t4rmὑμεῖς, οἱ πνευματικοὶ1you who are spiritual“those of you who are guided by the Spirit” or “you who are living in the guidance of the Spirit”
286GAL61hdj8καταρτίζετε τὸν τοιοῦτον1let … restore such a one“let him … correct the person who sinned” or “let him … exhort the person who sinned to return to a correct relationship with God”
287GAL61tr5rἐν πνεύματι πραΰτητος1in a spirit of gentlenessThis could mean: (1) that the Spirit is directing the one who is offering correction or (2) “with an attitude of gentleness” or “in a kind way.”
288GAL61rrg9figs-youσκοπῶν σεαυτόν1considering yourselfThese words treat the Galatians as though they are all one person to emphasize that he is talking to each of them. Alternate translation: “being concerned about yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
289GAL61ljx6figs-activepassiveμὴ καὶ σὺ πειρασθῇς1lest you also be temptedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that nothing will tempt you also to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
290GAL63v6tsεἰ γὰρ1For if“Because if.” The words that follow tell why the Galatians should (1) “carry one others burdens” ([Galatians 6:2](../06/02.md)) or (2) be careful that they themselves are not tempted ([Galatians 6:1](../06/01.md)) or (3) “not become conceited” ([Galatians 5:26](../05/26.md)).
291GAL63m4wkδοκεῖ…εἶναί τι1thinks himself to be something“thinks he is someone important” or “thinks he is better than others”
292GAL63zz1gμηδὲν ὤν1when he is nothing“when he is not important” or “although he is not better than others”
293GAL64ra85δοκιμαζέτω ἕκαστος1let each one examine“each person must examine”
294GAL65ee8vἕκαστος…τὸ ἴδιον φορτίον βαστάσει1each one will carry his own burden“each person will be judged by his own work only” or “each person will be responsible for his own work only”
295GAL65vej6ἕκαστος…βαστάσει1each one will carry“each person will carry”
296GAL66l4vpτὸν λόγον1the word“the message,” everything God has said or commanded
297GAL67x5pifigs-metaphorὃ γὰρ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει1for whatever a man may sow, that he will also reapTo **sow** represents doing things that end in some kind of result, and to **reap** represents experiencing the results of what one has done. Alternate translation: “for just as a farmer gathers in the fruit of whatever kind of seeds he plants, so everyone experiences the results of whatever he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
298GAL67gii9figs-gendernotationsὃ γὰρ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος1for whatever a man may sowPaul is not specifying males here. Alternate translation: “for whatever a person plants” or “for whatever someone plants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
299GAL68lzz8figs-metaphorὁ σπείρων εἰς τὴν σάρκα ἑαυτοῦ1the one sowing to his own fleshHere, **sowing** seeds is a metaphor for doing deeds that will have consequences later. In this case, the person is doing sinful actions because of his sinful nature. Alternate translation: “the person who plants seed according to what he wants because of his sinful nature” or “the person who does the things he wants to do because of his sinful nature” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
300GAL68dge9figs-metaphorθερίσει φθοράν1will reap destructionGod punishing the person is spoken of as if the person were harvesting a crop. Alternate translation: “will receive punishment for what he did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
301GAL68aqz2figs-metaphorσπείρων εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα1sowing to the SpiritHere, **sowing** seeds is a metaphor for doing deeds that will have consequences later. In this case, the person is doing good actions because he is listening to Gods Spirit. Alternate translation: “doing the things Gods Spirit loves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
302GAL68k1p7ἐκ τοῦ Πνεύματος θερίσει ζωὴν αἰώνιον1from the Spirit will reap eternal life“will receive eternal life as a reward from Gods Spirit”
303GAL69pnq1τὸ δὲ καλὸν ποιοῦντες, μὴ ἐνκακῶμεν1But we should not become discouraged in doing good“We should continue to do good”
304GAL69a4n4τὸ δὲ καλὸν ποιοῦντες1in doing goodin doing good to others for their well-being
305GAL69u77cκαιρῷ γὰρ ἰδίῳ1for in due time“for at the right time” or “because at the time God has chosen”
306GAL610ax66ἄρα οὖν1So then“As a result of this” or “Because of this”
307GAL610ud5uμάλιστα δὲ πρὸς τοὺς1but especially to those“but most of all to those” or “but in particular to those”
308GAL610jz9iτοὺς οἰκείους τῆς πίστεως1those of the household of faith“those who are members of Gods family through faith in Christ”
309GAL611i7ap0Connecting Statement:As Paul closes this letter, he gives one more reminder that the law does not save and that they should remember the cross of Christ.
310GAL611wti2πηλίκοις…γράμμασιν1what large lettersThis can mean that Paul is writing with large letters because he wants to emphasize (1) the statements that follow or (2) that this letter came from him.
311GAL611d6rkτῇ ἐμῇ χειρί1with my own handThis could mean: (1) Paul probably had a helper who wrote most of this letter as Paul told him what to write, but Paul himself wrote this last part of the letter or (2) Paul wrote the whole letter himself.
312GAL612kmd7εὐπροσωπῆσαι1to make a good impression“to cause others to think well of them” or “to cause others to think that they are good people”
313GAL612r5p1ἐν σαρκί1in the flesh“with visible evidence” or “by their own efforts”
314GAL612jk57οὗτοι ἀναγκάζουσιν1they are compelling“they are forcing” or “they are strongly influencing”
315GAL612hl1rμόνον ἵνα τῷ σταυρῷ τοῦ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ μὴ διώκωνται1only so that they might not be persecuted for the cross of Christ Jesus“only so that the Jews will not persecute them for claiming that the cross of Christ alone is what saves people”
316GAL612jd4xfigs-metonymyτῷ σταυρῷ1for the crossThe **cross** here represents what Christ did for us when he died on the cross. Alternate translation: “for the work Jesus did on the cross” or “because of the death and resurrection of Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
317GAL613zqf5θέλουσιν1they want“those people who are urging you to be circumcised want”
318GAL613bb5aἵνα ἐν τῇ ὑμετέρᾳ σαρκὶ καυχήσωνται1so that they may boast in your flesh“so that they may be proud that they have added you to the people who try to keep the law”
319GAL614g7hhἐμοὶ δὲ, μὴ γένοιτο καυχᾶσθαι, εἰ μὴ ἐν τῷ σταυρῷ1But may it never be to me to boast except in the cross“But I do not ever want to boast in anything other than the cross” or “But may I boast only in the cross”
320GAL614s6icfigs-activepassiveἐμοὶ κόσμος ἐσταύρωται1the world has been crucified to meThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I think of the world as already dead” or “I treat the world like a criminal God has killed on a cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
321GAL614v2qsfigs-ellipsisκἀγὼ κόσμῳ1and I to the worldThe words “have been crucified” are understood from the phrase before this. Alternate translation: “and I have been crucified to the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
322GAL614m45bκἀγὼ κόσμῳ1and I to the worldThis could mean: (1) “the world thinks of me as already dead” or (2) “the world treats me like a criminal that God has killed on the cross”
323GAL614s9lxκόσμος1the worldThis could mean: (1) the people of the world, those who care nothing for God or (2) the things that those who care nothing for God think are important.
324GAL615exj8τὶ ἐστιν1is anything“is important to God”
325GAL615n6n7καινὴ κτίσις1a new creationThis could mean: (1) a new believer in Jesus Christ or (2) the new life of a believer.
326GAL616b4alεἰρήνη ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς, καὶ ἔλεος, καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ Θεοῦ1peace and mercy upon them, and upon the Israel of GodThis could mean: (1) that believers in general are the Israel of God or (2) “may peace and mercy be upon Gentile believers and upon the Israel of God” or (3) “may peace be upon those who follow the rule, and may mercy be upon even the Israel of God.”
327GAL617v963τοῦ λοιποῦ1From now onThis can also mean “Lastly” or “As I end this letter.”
328GAL617dm22κόπους μοι μηδεὶς παρεχέτω1let no one cause me troubleThis could mean: (1) Paul is commanding the Galatians not to **trouble** him, “I am commanding you this: do not trouble me,” or (2) Paul is telling the Galatians that he is commanding all people not to trouble him, “I am commanding everyone this: do not trouble me,” or (3) Paul is expressing a desire, “I do not want anyone to trouble me.”
329GAL617j729ἐγὼ γὰρ τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματί μου βαστάζω1for I carry in my body the marks of JesusThese **marks** were scars from people who beat and whipped Paul because they did not like him teaching about **Jesus**. Alternate translation: “for the scars on my body show that I serve Jesus”
330GAL618b64iἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν1The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit“I pray that the Lord Jesus will be kind to your spirit”
331GAL618pk25ἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).