unfoldingWord_en_tn/en_tn_67-REV.tsv

Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
REV	front	intro	xx8l			0		# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Revelation\n\n1. Opening (1:1-20)\n2. Letters to the seven churches (2:1-3:22)\n3. Vision of God in heaven, and a vision of the Lamb (4:1-11)\n4. The seven seals (6:1-8:1)\n5. The seven trumpets (8:2-13:18)\n6. Worshipers of the Lamb, the martyrs, and the harvest of wrath (14:1-20)\n7. The seven bowls (15:1-18:24)\n8. Worship in heaven (19:1-10)\n9. The Lamb’s judgment, the destruction of the beast, the thousand years, the destruction of Satan, and the final judgment (20:11-15)\n10. The new creation and the new Jerusalem (21:1-22:5)\n11. Jesus’ promise to return, the witness from the angels, John’s closing words, Christ’s message to his church, the invitation and the warning (22:6-21)\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Revelation?\n\nThe author identified himself as John. This was probably the Apostle John. He wrote the Book of Revelation while on the island of Patmos. The Romans exiled John there for teaching people about Jesus.\n\n### What is the Book of Revelation about?\n\nJohn wrote the Book of Revelation to encourage believers to remain faithful even when they are suffering. John described visions he had of Satan and his followers fighting against and killing believers. In the visions God causes many terrible things to happen on the earth to punish wicked people. In the end, Jesus defeats Satan and his followers. Then Jesus comforts those who were faithful. And the believers will live forever with God in the new heavens and earth.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by one of its traditional titles, “Revelation,” “The Revelation of Jesus Christ,” “The Revelation to Saint John,” or “The Apocalypse of John.” Or they may choose a possibly clearer title, such as “The Things that Jesus Christ Showed to John.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### What type of writing is the Book of Revelation?\n\nJohn used a special style of writing to describe his visions. John described what he saw by using many symbols. This style of writing is called symbolic prophecy or apocalyptic literature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Are the events of Revelation past or future?\n\nSince early Christian times, scholars have interpreted Revelation differently. Some scholars think John described events that happened during his time. Some scholars think John described events happening from his time until the return of Jesus. Other scholars think John described events that will happen in a short period of time just before Christ returns.\n\nTranslators will not need to decide how to interpret the book before they translate it. Translators should leave the prophecies in the tenses that are used in the ULT.\n\n### Are there any other books in the Bible like Revelation?\n\nNo other book of the Bible is like the Book of Revelation. But, passages in Ezekiel, Zechariah, and especially Daniel are similar in content and style to Revelation. It may be beneficial to translate Revelation at the same time as Daniel since they have some imagery and style in common.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Does one need to understand the Book of Revelation to translate it?\n\nOne does not need to understand all of the symbols in the Book of Revelation to translate it properly. Translators should not give possible meanings for the symbols or numbers in their translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])\n\n### How are the ideas of “holy” and “sanctify” represented in Revelation in the ULT?\n\nThe scriptures use these words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating Revelation into English, the ULT uses the following principles:\n\n* The meaning in two passages indicates moral holiness. Here, the ULT uses “holy.” (See: 14:12; 22:11)\n* Usually the meaning in Revelation indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In these cases, the ULT uses “believer” or “believers.” (See: 5:8; 8:3, 4; 11:18; 13:7; 16:6; 17:6; 18:20, 24; 19:8; 20:9)\n* Sometimes the meaning implies the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULT uses “sanctify,” “set apart,” “dedicated to,” or “reserved for.”\n\nThe UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.\n\n### Periods of time\n\nJohn referred to various periods of time in Revelation. For example, there are many references to forty-two months, seven years, and three and a half days. Some scholars think these time periods are symbolic. Other scholars think these are actual time periods. The translator should treat these time periods as referencing actual periods of time. It is then up to the interpreter to determine their significance or what they may represent.\n\n### The verb “Behold” which occurs often in the book of Revelation\n\n**Behold** is a word that focuses the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say or do. The word literally means “look!” or “see!” However, in this case, the expression denotes the act of seeing figuratively by means of giving notice and attention. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n\n### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Revelation?\n\nFor the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULT text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.\n\n* “‘I am the alpha and the omega,’ says the Lord God, ‘the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty’” (1:8). Some versions add the phrase “the Beginning and the End.”\n* “the elders prostrated themselves and worshiped” (5:14). Some older versions read, “the twenty-four elders prostrated themselves and worshiped the one who lives forever and ever.”\n* “so that a third of it \\[the earth\\] was burned up” (8:7). Some older versions do not include this phrase.\n* “the one who is and who was” (11:17). Some versions add the phrase “and who is to come.”\n* “they are blameless” (14:5). Some versions add the phrase “before the throne of God” (14:5).\n* “the one who is and who was, the Holy One” (16:5). Some older versions read, “O Lord, the One who is and who was and who is to be.”\n* “The nations will walk by the light of that city” (21:24). Some older versions read, “The nations that are saved will walk by the light of that city.”\n* “Blessed are those who wash their robes” (22:14). Some older versions read “Blessed are those who do his commandments.”\n* “God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city” (22:19). Some older versions read, “God will take away his share in the book of life and in the holy city.”\n\n(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
REV	1	intro	u1e2			0		# Revelation 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### Outline of Chapter One of Revelation<br><br>I. The Introduction to Revelation<br><br>A. The Prologue (1:1-8)<br><br>1. The Preface (1:1-3)<br>2. The Address and the Doxology (1:4-6)<br>3. The Book’s Theme (1:7-8)<br><br>II. John’s Vision of Christ<br><br>B. John’s Appointment to Write the Book of Revelation (1:9-20)<br><br>1. The Initial Appointment to Write (1:9-11)<br>2. The Source of the Appointment (1:12-16)<br>3. The Appointment Repeated and Elaborated (1:17-20)<br><br>This chapter explains how the Book of Revelation records the vision John received on the island of Patmos.<br><br>Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULT does this with the quoted words in verse 7.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Seven churches<br><br>John wrote this book to seven actual churches in Asia Minor, which is now the country of Turkey.<br><br>### White<br><br>The Bible often speaks of something that belongs to a person as being “white.” This is metaphor and metonym for that person living rightly and pleasing God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>### “Him who is, and who was, and who is to come”<br><br>God exists now. He has always existed. He will always exist. Your language may have a different way of saying this.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Blood<br><br>Blood is a metonym for death. Jesus “has released us from our sins by his blood.” John means that Jesus saved us from our sins by dying for us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “He is coming with the clouds”<br><br>Jesus went into the clouds when he went up to heaven after God raised him from the dead. When Jesus returns, he will also be “with the clouds.” It is not clear whether he will be sitting or riding on clouds or coming in the clouds or “with the clouds” in some other way. Your translation should express this in a way that is natural in your language.<br><br>### “One like a son of man”<br><br>This refers to Jesus. You should translate the words “son of man” using the same words as you did in the Gospels for when Jesus called himself the “Son of Man.”<br><br>### “The angels of the seven churches”<br><br>The word “angels” here can also mean “messengers.” This might refer to heavenly beings, or to the messengers or leaders of these seven churches. John uses the same word “angel” (singular) in verse 1 and in many other places throughout the book. Your translation should also use the same word.
REV	1	1	rkh9	figs-abstractnouns	ἀποκάλυψις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **revelation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “What God disclosed to Jesus Christ” or “The matters that God revealed to Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	1	1	kv41	figs-possession	ἀποκάλυψις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	General Information:	This phrase could mean: (1) this book is **revelation** that came to Jesus from God. Alternate translation: “revelation to Jesus Christ” (2) this book is **revelation** that came from Jesus to the author of the book, namely John. Alternate translation: “revelation from Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
REV	1	1	ik5v	figs-explicit	τοῖς δούλοις αὐτοῦ	1	his servants	Here, **his servants** refers to people who believe in Jesus Christ and serve him as their Lord. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternative translation: “those who serve him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	1	1	x8bu		ἃ δεῖ γενέσθαι ἐν τάχει	1	what must soon take place	Alternate translation: “the events that must happen soon”
REV	1	1	kez4	writing-pronouns	ἐσήμανεν	1	made it known	The pronoun **he** here refers to **Jesus Christ**. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jesus communicated it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
REV	1	1	hz2w	translate-names	Ἰωάννῃ	1		**John** is the name of a man who was Jesus’ disciple and one of the original twelve apostles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV	1	1	pb4u	figs-123person	τῷ δούλῳ αὐτοῦ, Ἰωάννῃ	1	to his servant John	The Apostle **John** is referring to himself in the third person here. If this is confusing in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “to me, John, his servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV	1	2	tgts	writing-pronoun	ὃς ἐμαρτύρησεν	1		The subject of this sentence is the author John. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “John testified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronoun]])
REV	1	2	va4c	figs-metonymy	τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	the word of God	Here, John uses **word** figuratively to refer to the message that God said by using words. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the message that God spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	1	2	wb7z	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **testimony**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “what Jesus Christ testified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	1	2	b5se	figs-possession	τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	the testimony of Jesus Christ	John is using the possessive form to describe the **testimony** that **Jesus Christ** has given about the personal revelation received directly from God and then given in prophecy by the book’s author, John. If this is not clear in your language, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the testimony that Jesus Christ has given him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
REV	1	3	le65	figs-genericnoun	ὁ ἀναγινώσκων	1	the one who reads aloud	Here, **the one who reads** does not refer to a specific person. It refers to anyone **who reads** the words of the prophecy aloud or in public. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “anyone who reads aloud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
REV	1	3	t0q3		τῆς προφητείας	1		Here, **this prophecy** refers to this whole book that John is writing. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “of this book of prophecy”
REV	1	3	h37b	figs-activepassive	τηροῦντες τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ γεγραμμένα	1	obey what is written in it	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “who keep what John has written in it” or “who obey what they read in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	1	3	dwt8	figs-explicit	ὁ γὰρ καιρὸς ἐγγύς	1	the time is near	Here, **the time** refers specifically to the appointed time when God will make the prophecies in this book come true. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the time for the fulfillment of what is written in this book is near” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	1	3	myem	figs-metaphor	ὁ γὰρ καιρὸς ἐγγύς	1		Here, John speaks figuratively of **time** as if it could be **near** something. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the time will be soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	1	4	vw1t	figs-123person	Ἰωάννης	1	General Information:	In this culture, letter writers would give their own names first, and they would refer to themselves in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the first person. If your language has a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, you could also use that. Alternate translation: “I, John, am writing this letter” or “From John” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV	1	4	apl8	figs-123person	ταῖς ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησίαις ταῖς ἐν τῇ Ἀσίᾳ	1		In this culture, after giving their own names, letter writers would then say to whom they were writing, naming those people in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the second person. Alternate translation: “to you who are members of the seven churches that are in Asia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV	1	4	y9yh	translate-blessing	χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη, ἀπὸ ὁ ὢν, καὶ ὁ ἦν, καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος	1	May grace be to you and peace from the one who is … and from the seven spirits	In this culture, letter writers would offer a good wish for the recipient before introducing the main business of the letter. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing. Alternate translation: “May the one who is, and who was, and who is coming give you grace and peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
REV	1	4	lsun	figs-abstractnouns	χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη, ἀπὸ ὁ ὢν, καὶ ὁ ἦν, καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas of **grace** and **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “May the one who is, and who was, and who is coming treat you kindly and give you peaceful relationships” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	1	4	unul	figs-explicit	ὁ ὢν, καὶ ὁ ἦν, καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος	1		These three phrases all refer to God. If this might confuse your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the God who is, and who was, and who is coming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	1	4	qsu6	figs-metaphor	ὁ ἐρχόμενος	1	who is to come	Here, **is coming** has two possible connotations. The expression could refer to the the physical act of coming, when God will be present on earth for a final judgment. Alternatively, the phrase indicates the future tense, which seems more likely given the prior context describing the past and present times of God’s existence. In other words, John uses **is coming** figuratively to state that God will exist in the future. If this would confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who will still exist in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	1	4	x38p	writing-symlanguage	ἑπτὰ πνευμάτων	1	seven spirits	The number **seven** is often used in the Bible as a symbol for completeness and perfection. Here, the **seven spirits** could refer to: (1) The Spirit of God that is described with seven attributes in [Isaiah 11:2](../../isa/11/02.md). Alternate translation: “the sevenfold Holy Spirit”. (2) Seven individual spirits which serve God and that also might be the “seven angels” in [8:2](../08/02.md). Alternate translation: “the seven spirit beings” or “the seven angelic spirits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	1	5	w24x		καὶ ἀπὸ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	and from Jesus Christ	The first half of this verse continues the sentence from the previous verse. If you make this a new sentence, then you will need to repeat some of the information from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “And may grace be to you and peace also from Jesus Christ”
REV	1	5	gz2n		ὁ μάρτυς ὁ πιστός	1		This phrase **the faithful witness** is a title describing Jesus Christ. The expression is probably an allusion to [Psalm 89](../../psa/89/01.md), specifically to [Psalm 89:37](../../psa/89/37.md). Likewise, every title that is describing Jesus Christ in this verse alludes to a portion of Psalm 89, including: **the firstborn from the dead** and **the ruler of the kings of the earth**. All the titles in this verse describe Jesus Christ as the one who completes God’s promises given to David in [2 Samuel 7](../../2sa/07/01.md) and then affirmed again within [Psalm 89](../../psa/89/01.md) later. Therefore, the translator can indicate the presence of an Old Testament quotation or allusion here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
REV	1	5	l3h8	figs-idiom	ὁ πρωτότοκος τῶν νεκρῶν	1	the firstborn from the dead	This phrase **the firstborn from the dead** is an idiom meaning “the first person to die and become alive again”. The term **firstborn** commonly refers to the first child actually to be born to parents and, therefore, the primary recipient of the parents’ inheritance. The idiomatic expression apparently alludes to [Psalm 89:27](../../psa/89/27.md). However, every title describing Jesus Christ in this verse alludes to portions of Psalm 89, including: **the faithful witness** and **the ruler of the kings of the earth**. If your readers would not understand the phrase **the firstborn from the dead**, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “the first person to be raised from death” or “the first person to come back to life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	1	5	j1xp	grammar-collectivenouns	τῶν νεκρῶν	1	from the dead	The word **dead** is a singular noun that refers to a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “from those who are dead” or “from those who have died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
REV	1	5	gqw8	grammar-collectivenouns	καὶ ὁ ἄρχων τῶν βασιλέων τῆς γῆς	1		This phrase **the ruler of the kings of the earth** is a title of Jesus Christ that describes his future dominion over the earth. The expression **the ruler of the kings of the earth** alludes to [Psalm 89:27](../../psa/89/27.md). However, every title describing Jesus Christ in this verse alludes to portions of [Psalm 89](../../psa/89/01.md), including: **the faithful witness** and **the firstborn from the dead**. All the titles in this verse describe Jesus Christ as the one who completes God’s promises given to David in [2 Samuel 7](../../2sa/07/01.md), which are then affirmed again in [Psalm 89](../../psa/89/01.md) later. Therefore, the translator can indicate the presence of an Old Testament quotation or allusion here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
REV	1	5	ttqn		τῷ ἀγαπῶντι ἡμᾶς	1		The second half of this verse begins a doxology that continues through the rest of this verse and all of the next verse. The doxology directly praises Jesus Christ personally. If you make this a new sentence, then you will need to state some of the information from the following verse that will then be repeated in verse 1:6 once again. Alternate translation: “May Jesus Christ, who loves us, receive glory and power always”
REV	1	5	u6v7	figs-metaphor	λύσαντι ἡμᾶς ἐκ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν	1	has released us	Here John uses **released** figuratively of forgiving people for their **sins**. If this would confuse your readers, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternative translation: “has forgiven us for our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	1	5	jpnq	figs-metonymy	ἐκ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν	1		John uses **sins** figuratively to refer to the punishment for **sins**. He means that Jesus causes people who believe in him to escape eternal punishment for their sins. If this would confuse your readers, you could say the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “has released us from the punishment for our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	1	5	q64f	figs-metonymy	τῷ αἵματι αὐτοῦ	1		Here, **blood** figuratively represents the death of Christ on the cross. If this might confuse your readers, you could use a comparable word that stands for death or express the idea in non-figurative language. Alternate translation: “his death on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	1	6	jszo	writing-pronoun	καὶ ἐποίησεν ἡμᾶς βασιλείαν, ἱερεῖς	1		The subject of the sentence, as well as of the contents of this entire verse, is Jesus Christ. Thus, the UST makes the subject of Jesus explicit throughout the entire verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronoun]])
REV	1	6	nhfb	figs-metaphor	βασιλείαν	1		Here, **a kingdom** functions as a metaphor for the service that believers give to God. Believers in Jesus Christ serve God like citizens serve their ruling king in a kingdom. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate the meaning of kingdom explicitly. Alternate translation: “the citizens that God rules over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	1	6	iq7j	figs-metaphor	ἱερεῖς	1		Here, **priests** represent people that God chose to offer sacrifices on behalf of others. The language here functions as a metaphor for the service that believers give to God. Believers in Jesus Christ benefit God like priests attended to God in the temple or the tabernacle of the Old Testament. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate the meaning of the office of priest explicitly. Alternate translation: “people that offer sacrifices” or “people that serve in the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	1	6	nesy	writing-pronoun	βασιλείαν, ἱερεῖς τῷ Θεῷ καὶ Πατρί αὐτοῦ— αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for these ideas, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **kingdom**, **priests**, **glory**, and **power** in other ways. Alternate translation: “he has created us to aid him in his program and to be household custodians serving God, his Father. May Jesus have proper honor and recognized authority always” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	1	6	ne7x	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τῷ Θεῷ καὶ Πατρί αὐτοῦ	1	his God and Father	Here, **God** and **Father** refers to two persons of the Godhead, who exists in essence as a trinity of individual persons. The name **Father** is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. Alternate translation: “for God, his Father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
REV	1	6	qd74	figs-abstractnouns	αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος	1	to him be the glory and the power	This is a wish or prayer. This could mean: (1) John prays that people honor Jesus Christ in light of or with respect to his **glory** and **power**. Alternate translation: “May all honor Jesus with glory and power.” (2) John prays that Jesus Christ will be honored and will be able to rule completely over everyone and everything. Alternate translation: ‘May Jesus accept glory and power throughout eternity.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	1	6	vc5g		τὸ κράτος	1	the power	Here, **the power** probably refers to Jesus Christ’s authority as king. Thus, **the power** is a metonym that describes the rule of Jesus in his kingdom. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the dominion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	1	7	ldv8	figs-quotemarks	ἰδοὺ, ἔρχεται μετὰ τῶν νεφελῶν, καὶ ὄψεται αὐτὸν πᾶς ὀφθαλμὸς, καὶ οἵτινες αὐτὸν ἐξεκέντησαν, καὶ κόψονται ἐπ’ αὐτὸν πᾶσαι αἱ φυλαὶ τῆς γῆς	1	General Information:	The clauses **Behold, he is coming with the clouds**, **every eye will see him, even those who pierced him**, and **will mourn because of him** are quotations from the Old Testament. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by setting off all of this material with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
REV	1	7	mx1c	figs-metaphor	ἰδοὺ	1		Here, **Behold** is a word that focuses the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say or do. The word literally means “look!” or “see!” However, in this case, the expression denotes the act of seeing figuratively by means of giving notice and attention. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	1	7	bbqj	writing-pronoun	ἔρχεται μετὰ τῶν νεφελῶν	1		The pronoun **he** here refers to Jesus Christ. Jesus will come to the earth from above, or from the sky above, as seen originally in [Daniel 7:14](../../dan/11/02.md) and [Daniel 7:27](../../dan/11/02.md). If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jesus is coming with the clouds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronoun]])
REV	1	7	k0qo		ἔρχεται μετὰ τῶν νεφελῶν	1		Alternate translation: “He approaches on the clouds”
REV	1	7	hb4i	figs-synecdoche	πᾶς ὀφθαλμὸς	1	every eye	Since people see with their eyes, the word **eye** is used to refer to people. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every person” or “everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV	1	7	ndf6	figs-metonymy	καὶ οἵτινες αὐτὸν ἐξεκέντησαν	1	pierced him	Jesus’ hands and feet were **pierced** when he was nailed to the cross. Here it refers to the people who killed him. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “even those who bore a hole in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	1	7	ewtl	figs-ellipsis	καὶ οἵτινες αὐτὸν ἐξεκέντησαν	1		John is leaving out some of the words that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “even those who pierced him will see him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
REV	1	7	enuz	grammar-collectivenouns	πᾶσαι αἱ φυλαὶ τῆς γῆς	1		The phrase **all the tribes of the earth** describes all types of the earth’s peoples by the category of every single **tribe**. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “every ethnicity of the earth” or “every racial type of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
REV	1	7	s0rd	figs-doublet	ναί! ἀμήν!	1		Here, the phrase **Yes, Amen** has two words that mean basically the same thing. **Yes** affirms, emphasizes, and strengthens the following word, **Amen**. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Certainly it shall be thus!” or “Yes indeed, may this truly be so!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
REV	1	8	c96p		ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, λέγει Κύριος, ὁ Θεός, ὁ ὢν, καὶ ὁ ἦν, καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος, ὁ Παντοκράτωρ	1	says the Lord God	Here, **says the Lord God** indicates that the clauses that comes before and after this phrase are quotations. If this might confuse your readers, you could move this phrase to the beginning or end of the verse. Alternate translation: “The Lord God says, ‘I am the alpha and the omega, the one who is, and who was, and who is coming, the Almighty.’”
REV	1	8	ufix		τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ	1		The first and last letters of the Greek alphabet are **alpha** and **omega**. If your readers would misunderstand this, you may consider using the first and last letters of your language’s alphabet. Alternate translation: “the A and the Z” or “the first thing and the last thing”
REV	1	8	mm9z	figs-metaphor	τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ	1	the alpha and the omega	This could mean: (1) God the Father or Jesus Christ is the one who began all things and who will end all things. Alternate translation: “the one who began and will end all things” (2) God the Father or Jesus Christ is the one who has always lived and who always will live. Alternate translation: “the one who always existed and will always exist” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	1	8	l1ss	figs-merism	τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ	1		Here, **the alpha and the omega** refers by merism to the eternal nature of God the Father or that of Jesus Christ. A merism gives a sense of a totality by a description that references two extreme parts of a concept’s whole. In this case, the parts at the extremities of the concept’s whole are the first (**alpha**) and last (**omega**) letters of the Greek alphabet. The Greek alphabet is a type of metaphor for eternity, which has a beginning and a end normally in time, although here the idea is that of the eternal existence of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV	1	8	t0ga	translate-textvariants	τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, λέγει Κύριος	1		Some versions add the phrase “the Beginning and the End” after this statement. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the phrase it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to follow the example of the ULT. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
REV	1	8	in5e	figs-metaphor	ὁ ἐρχόμενος	1	who is to come	See how you translated the phrase **who is coming** in [verse 4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	1	9	qyu1	figs-123person	ἐγὼ Ἰωάννης, ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὑμῶν, καὶ συνκοινωνὸς ἐν τῇ θλίψει, καὶ βασιλείᾳ, καὶ ὑπομονῇ, ἐν Ἰησοῦ	1		The Apostle **John** refers to himself in the third person here in this verse. If this is confusing in your language, you could translate this in the first person primarily or predominantly. Alternate translation: “I … am experiencing affliction with you …” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV	1	9	mg1k	figs-you	ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὑμῶν	1	your	Here, **your** is plural and refers to the believers assembled among the seven churches mentioned in chapters 1–3 of this book. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the brother of you believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
REV	1	9	ikek	figs-abstractnouns	βασιλείᾳ	1		Here, **kingdom** expresses the idea that Christ rules and will rule over the lives of believers. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **kingdom**, you could express the same idea in some phrase that uses the verb “rule.” Alternate translation: “realm where Christ rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	1	9	c1a9	figs-metonymy	διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	because of the word of God	John uses **word of God** figuratively to describe the gospel message that came from God and that John proclaimed by using words. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “because of the message from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	1	9	sim8	figs-possession	τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ	1	the testimony about Jesus	John is using the possessive form to describe the **testimony** about **Jesus** that John proclaimed. If this is not clear in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the testimony that I proclaimed about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
REV	1	10	s2sw	figs-idiom	ἐγενόμην ἐν Πνεύματι	1	I was in the Spirit	Here, **in the Spirit** could mean: (1) God’s Spirit (the Holy Spirit) took control of John in order to influence John to receive divine revelation. Alternate translation: “I was influenced by the Spirit of God” or “God’s Spirit took control of me” (2) God caused John’s spirit to be in a state so that he could perceive revelation. Alternate translation: “God influenced my spirit” or “God took control of my spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	1	10	lnj2		τῇ Κυριακῇ ἡμέρᾳ	1	the Lord’s day	Here, **the Lord’s day** refers specifically to Sunday, which was the day of the week when believers gathered to worship together in John’s time. Some scholars think that **the Lord’s day** here refers to the future time of God’s judgment called “the day of the Lord” throughout the Bible. However, this exact phrase is not used anywhere else in the Bible. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “Sunday, the Lord’s day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	1	10	fa68	figs-simile	φωνὴν μεγάλην ὡς σάλπιγγος	1	loud voice like a trumpet	The **voice** was very **loud** so that the noise sounded **like a trumpet**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a voice as loud as a trumpet being blown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	1	10	ggph	figs-metonymy	φωνὴν μεγάλην	1		Here, **a loud voice** figuratively refers to the person speaking the **voice**, which is later revealed in the context to be the divine voice of Jesus Christ. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a great sound of one speaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	1	11	y4ab	writing-pronouns	λεγούσης	1		Here, **saying** introduces a quotation. What follows is what the **voice** of the previous verse actually said. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “that voice said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
REV	1	11	kq6x	translate-names	Σμύρναν…Πέργαμον…Θυάτειρα…Σάρδεις…Φιλαδέλφιαν…Λαοδίκιαν	1	Smyrna … Pergamum … Thyatira … Sardis … Philadelphia … Laodicea	These are names of cities in the region of western Asia Minor that are in the modern area of southwestern Turkey today. The logic of the order seems to begin with Ephesus, the most important city at the time and then proceed to move clockwise until it reaches the city that is the furthest south at Laodicea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV	1	12	r89l	figs-metonymy	τὴν φωνὴν ἥτις	1	whose voice	Here, **voice** refers figuratively to the person speaking. The context indicates that Jesus Christ is the one speaking here. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	1	12	flem		ἑπτὰ λυχνίας χρυσᾶς	1		Here, **seven golden lampstands** refers to seven golden lamp holders that are place holding stands for portable oil lamps. These seven lamp holders are made of gold or, at the very least, were plated with gold. Apparently these lamp holders represent the seven assemblies of believers in the seven cities mentioned in the previous verse. The number **seven** is often used in the Bible as a symbol for completeness and perfection, although the context would simply suggest that the number is required by the amount of the churches addressed in Revelation chapters two and three. Alternate translation: “seven golden portable oil lamp-holding stands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	1	13	xmx7	figs-simile	ὅμοιον Υἱὸν Ἀνθρώπου	1	son of man	The expression **like a son of man** describes a human figure that recalls the same Aramaic phrase in Daniel 7, specifically within [Daniel 7:13](../../dan/07/13.md). The point of this comparison is that the figure John saw looked like a human. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “a being that looked like a man” or “a figure that resembled a human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	1	13	y6qk		ζώνην χρυσᾶν	1	a golden sash	A **sash** was a strip of cloth worn around the chest. This one may have been woven from golden threads. Clearly **sash** is not a belt that is worn around the waist specifically. Alternate translation: “strap” or “band”
REV	1	14	qc12	figs-simile	ἡ δὲ κεφαλὴ αὐτοῦ καὶ αἱ τρίχες λευκαὶ, ὡς ἔριον λευκόν ὡς χιών	1	His head and hair were as white as wool—as white as snow	The point of this comparison is that the **head and hair** were like **wool** and **snow**, which are both very white. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Now his head and hair were very white, like the white color of wool and snow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	1	14	mg7r	figs-doublet	λευκαὶ, ὡς ἔριον λευκόν ὡς χιών	1		John uses **white as** in order to emphasize how white the head and hair were. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “extremely white like wool and snow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
REV	1	14	j9w4		ἔριον	1	wool	The word **wool** refers to the hair of a sheep or goat that can often be very white. If your readers would not be familiar with this material, you could use the name of a type of fur or fabric in your area that is known to be very white, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “white fabric” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	1	14	vp4t	figs-simile	οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτοῦ ὡς φλὸξ πυρός	1	his eyes were like a flame of fire	The point of this comparison is that the **eyes** were like **a flame of fire**, which full of light and very bright. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “his eyes were glowing like a flame of fire” or “his eyes blazed like a flame of fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	1	15	u551	figs-simile	οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὅμοιοι χαλκολιβάνῳ	1	His feet were like polished bronze	The point of this comparison is that the **feet** were like **polished bronze**, which is very shiny. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “his feet were very shiny like polished bronze” or “his feet were reflecting light like polished bronze” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	1	15	d6je	figs-events	ὅμοιοι χαλκολιβάνῳ ὡς ἐν καμίνῳ πεπυρωμένης	1	like polished bronze, like bronze that had been refined in a furnace	Here, **furnace** refers to a strong container for holding a very hot fire. People would put metal like **bronze** in it, and the hot fire would make the metal **refined** by melting away any impurities that were in the metal. Do not translate this verse in a way that would imply that the bronze was first polished and then refined in a furnace, which reverses the actual order of events. Alternate translation: “like bronze that has been purified in a hot furnace and then polished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
REV	1	15	izg6	figs-simile	ἡ φωνὴ αὐτοῦ ὡς φωνὴ ὑδάτων πολλῶν	1	the sound of many rushing waters	The point of this comparison is that **the sound** of **his voice** was like the sound of a large and fast flowing river or of a large waterfall with loud waves of constant water flow, which is very loud. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “his voice was very loud like the sound of rushing waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	1	16	qu9h		καὶ ἔχων	1		Here, the subject of **and having** should be assumed from earlier in verse [1:13](../01/13.md) rendered one **like a son of man**. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the one like the son of man had”
REV	1	16	udj5	writing-symlanguage	καὶ ἔχων ἐν τῇ δεξιᾷ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ ἀστέρας ἑπτά	1		Here, **seven stars** refer to “the angels of the seven churches” as stated explicitly in [1:20](../01/20.md). The symbolism of Jesus Christ holding stars could refer to: (1) Christ having absolute authority over the churches symbolized by the stars. Alternate translation: “and exercising authority over the stars” (2) Christ keeping the churches symbolized by the stars secure and safe from death or evil so as to have eternal life as described in [John 10:28](../../joh/10/28.md). Alternate translation: “and keeping seven stars in his right hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	1	16	pp58	writing-symlanguage	καὶ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ ῥομφαία δίστομος ὀξεῖα ἐκπορευομένη	1	a sword … was coming out of his mouth	Here, the **sword** refers to a sword that is sharpened on both edges so that it can cut in both directions on both sides. Only the blade of the sword protruded from Christ’s mouth since the imagery is most likely a metaphor for the spoken word as being figuratively sharp and able to pierce things. The symbolism was probably inspired by the fact that Roman **double-edged** swords were shaped like human tongues in their forms. Thus, **double-edged** swords in the shape of human tongues apparently signify spoken words coming from the human mouth. The translator may wish to indicate this imagery in his translation of the symbolism. Alternate translation: “a sharp, double-edged sword was protruding from his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	1	16	cb26	figs-simile	ὡς ὁ ἥλιος φαίνει ἐν τῇ δυνάμει αὐτοῦ	1		Here, the simile in the phrase **shining as the sun at its strength** expresses a very bright appearance. Thus, the face of Jesus Christ appeared very bright in a similar manner to the way that the sun shines in its full force during the middle of the day. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “shining as bright as the noonday sun” or “shining as bright as the mid-day sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	1	17	twy9	translate-symaction	ἔπεσα πρὸς τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ, ὡς νεκρός	1	fell at his feet like a dead man	This phrase describes John laying down with his face toward the ground in a common gesture that expresses a deferential respect for a person before whom one bows down before. This symbolic action or cultural gesture of obeisance signifies great respect, reverential awe, and maybe even some fear at the person who receives the symbolic gesture of the bow. John was probably very frightened and was showing Jesus great respect by the customary act of a dramatic bow before the presence of Jesus. If the translator has a similar symbolic action or cultural gesture to indicate obeisance in the culture of the target language, then perhaps the similar cultural action should be incorporated in the translation. Alternate translation: “fell down at his feet like a dead man to show his fear and respect” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
REV	1	17	vz4u	writing-pronouns	καὶ ἔθηκεν τὴν δεξιὰν αὐτοῦ ἐπ’ ἐμὲ	1		Here, the subject of **and he placed his right hand on me** should be assumed from earlier in the context at verse [1:13](../01/13.md). Verse [1:13](../01/13.md) mentions one **like a son of man** as a description of Jesus Christ. If this might confuse your readers, you could explicitly state the subject as Jesus. Alternate translation: “Jesus placed his right hand on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
REV	1	17	jw5r	translate-symaction	καὶ ἔθηκεν τὴν δεξιὰν αὐτοῦ ἐπ’ ἐμὲ	1	He placed his right hand on me	Here, the phrase **and he placed his right hand on me** signifies a cultural gesture or symbolic action that expresses comfort and assurance for the person who is need of encouragement at the moment of fear. The symbolic action has the accompanying verbal expression of **Do not be afraid** so as to illustrate the significance and symbolism of the cultural gesture. Alternate translation: “and he touched me with his right hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
REV	1	17	uc3d	figs-merism	ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος	1	I am the first and the last	Here, **the first and the last** refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. He existed before anything else and he will continue to exist after everything else is gone. In this expression, **first** refers to what is before everything and **last** refers to what is after everything. This is similar to the use of alpha and omega in [verse 8](../01/08.md). If this might confuse your readers, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the one who existed before everything and will exist after everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV	1	18	zm05		καὶ ὁ ζῶν καὶ ἐγενόμην νεκρὸς	1		Here, **the one who lives** refers to God. It could refer to: (1) God possessing eternal life in himself. Alternate translation: “the living one” (2) God being the source of life. Alternate translation: “the one who gives life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	1	18	cc7c	figs-metaphor	ἰδοὺ	1		See how you translated **behold** in [Revelation 1:7](../01/07.md). Here, it is more natural to avoid the usual “pay attention” in the UST. The translator should probably be less literal in the translation here of **behold** due to the unique context (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	1	18	a4e2	figs-metaphor	ἔχω τὰς κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾍδου	1	I have the keys of death and of Hades	John uses **keys** here figuratively to refer to authority or power. Just as **keys** have the ability to control the opening or locking of a door, so Jesus has the power to control death and Hades. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I have the power over death and over Hades” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	1	18	pgql	figs-explicit	ἔχω τὰς κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾍδου	1		This clause implies that Jesus can give life to those who have died and let them out of **Hades**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “I have the power to give life to people who have died and to let them out of Hades” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	1	18	acrx	translate-transliterate	τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾍδου	1		**Hades** here refers to the world of people who have died and is commonly transliterated directly from the Greek language, as in the ULT. **Hades** signifies the place or location where deceased individuals go after they die within the cultural world of Greek mythology. The distinction between death and **Hades** is not great, but there is a slight difference. Death indicates the state of being dead. However, **Hades** represents the place where the spirits of dead people reside. Thus, the translator might indicate the slight differences between the two words in this verse here when translating the expression. Alternate translation: “of death’s state and of death’s location” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
REV	1	19	eupc	figs-litany	ἃ εἶδες, καὶ ἃ εἰσὶν, καὶ ἃ μέλλει γενέσθαι μετὰ ταῦτα	1		Here, **what you have seen and what is and what is about to happen after these things** represents the three-part division of the entire Book of Revelation. This repetitive style of speaking or writing is called a “litany.” The command to John requires John to write everything down in the book with no exceptions from what he is required to write. If it would help your readers, you could indicate the use of this verse here as a natural three-part division of the book of Revelation. Alternatively, you may wish to reflect in the translation of the three different clauses with their different verb tenses. Alternate translation: “that which you are seeing, that which exists now, and that which will happen afterwards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]])
REV	1	20	ytmk		τὸ μυστήριον τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀστέρων	1		Here, **the mystery** refers to a secret or symbolic meaning of a symbolic vision of the **seven stars**. If this might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the secret meaning of the seven stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	1	20	d6ez	writing-symlanguage	τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀστέρων	1	stars	See how you translated this phrase in [verse 16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	1	20	fl5d	writing-symlanguage	λυχνίας	1	lampstands	See how you translated this word in [verse 12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	1	20	eek9	figs-explicit	ἄγγελοι τῶν ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησιῶν	1	the angels of the seven churches	Here, **the angels of the seven churches** could refer to: (1) heavenly angels who protect the seven churches, or (2) human messengers who are sent to the seven churches. In the second case, **the angels** could either be representatives who lead among each of the seven churches or, alternatively, the actual messengers who went from John bearing the book of Revelation to the seven churches mentioned in [verse 11](../01/11.md). The translator should retain the literal transliteration of **angel** to allow for both possible interpretations, but he should give a marginal note to explain the two possible understandings. Alternate translation: “the seven messengers of the seven churches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	1	20	e25n		τῶν ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησιῶν	1	seven churches	See how you translated this in [verse 11](../01/11.md).
REV	2	intro	zps2			0		# Revelation 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n### Outline of Chapters Two and Three of Revelation\n\nI. The Current Condition of the Churches (2:1-3:22)\n\nA. The Letter to Ephesus (2:1-7)\n\nB. The Letter to Smyrna (2:8-11)\n\n\nC. The Letter to Pergamum (2:12-17)\n\n\nD. The Letter to Thyatira (2:18-29)\n\n\nE. The Letter to Sardis (3:1-6)\n\n\nF. The Letter to Philadelphia (3:7-13)\n\n\nG. The Letter to Laodicea (3:14-22)\n\n\nChapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the “seven letters to the seven churches.” You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters.\n\nSome translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the quoted words of verse 27.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n\n### The personal knowledge that Jesus expresses about the churches\n\nJesus uses the phrase **I know** to express his personal familiarity and knowledge at times of some of the churches mentioned in Revelation chapters two and three. The phrase **I know** is an idiom for expressing knowledge of the present situation and the types of circumstances that the Christians experienced among the various churches mentioned in chapters two and three of the book of Revelation. The idiomatic expression **I know** indicates an assurance that Jesus understands the current conditions or circumstances in which the Christians were living. Although usually positive in a tone of assurance (see Revelation 2:2,9,13,19; 3:8), the phrase **I know** sometimes expresses a critical or negative assessment that Jesus affirms (see Revelation 3:1,15). Thus, the expression **I know** affirms more than simply a knowledge of circumstances on the part of Jesus, but the phrase also asserts a claim to be in a position to make a valid judgment as an impartial arbiter who might be critical at times. Therefore, the translator may wish to provide for his readership a textual note that explains the phrase **I know** as meaning something more than simply the awareness that Jesus has of the current religious, social, and moral conditions for the Christians which are addressed by Jesus (see Revelation chapters two and three). Alternate translation: “I am aware of the fact that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n### The use of the second person singular to refer to a plural group of people\n\nThe second person pronouns and the second person individuals addressed throughout chapters two and three of the book of Revelation are often singular in their number, but they are plural in their references. Technically, every message to each of the seven churches mentioned in Revelation chapters two and three are addressed to a singular, individual **angel**, so that one would naturally expect singular references in the language of the letters. Thus, many of the second person references in the verbs and the pronouns, although singular in their literal sense, are plural in their implied references to the believers of the church that receives the message in the letter. If the singular form of the second person address and the second person verbal references would not be natural in your language, then perhaps the translator could use the plural forms of the second person, or “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])\n\n### Poverty and wealth\n\nThe Christians in Smyrna were poor because they did not have much money. But they were rich spiritually because God would reward them for their suffering. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])\n\n### “The devil is about to”\n\nPeople were about to take some of the Christians in Smyrna and throw them into prison and even kill some of them ([Revelation 2:10](../rev/02/10.md)). John does not say who these people were. But he does speak of them harming the Christians as if Satan himself were harming them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n\n### Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel\n\nBalaam, Balak, and Jezebel were people who lived long before Jesus was born. They all tried to harm the Israelites either by cursing them or by making them want to stop obeying God.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### “Let the one who has an ear hear”\n\n\n\nJesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. Here, the phrase **has an ear** presents a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey by association with the part of the body in which his listeners would have been receiving his teaching. Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n\nSince Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, then listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])\n\n### “what the Spirit says to the churches”\n\n\nHere, **the Spirit** most likely refers to God’s Spirit, or simply the Holy Spirit of God's triune nature, in contrast to the spirit of the writer or author which one finds in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). In other words, the Holy Spirit addresses the messages and contents of each letter written to each of the seven churches which are addressed in chapters two and three (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 29: 3:6, 13, 22). See the chapter introductions for chapter two and for chapter three to read this same same explanatory note. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “The angel of the church”\n\n\nThe word **angel** here can also mean “messenger” or “representative.” This might refer to the messenger or a representative leader of the church. See how you translated **angel** in [Revelation 1:20](../rev/01/20.md).\n\n\n### “Says these things”\n\nThe verses with the phrase **says these things** can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add “These are” to the beginning of these sentences. Jesus uses these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in [Revelation 1:17](../rev/01/17.md). He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3. The phrase **says these things** indicates that the words that come after this expression are a direct quotation. Use a phrase that makes this clear in your language. Alternate translation: “says this message” or “says the following words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])\n\n\n### “the one who conquers”\n\n\nThe expression **the one who conquers** refers to anyone who is victorious by overcoming difficulties in the Christian life (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21). The expression represents a metaphor comparing the Christian life to a military battle, in which the Christian overcomes the forces of evil and any difficult obstacles in warfare. Alternate translation: “the one who wins the victory” or “the one who overcomes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\nThe expression **the one who conquers** refers to anyone who is victorious by overcoming difficulties in the Christian life. The generic noun phrase **the one who conquers** occurs in Revelation chapters two and three often (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21). The expression is not specific to any one person, but can be applied to a plural entity or group of people. If the generic noun phrase would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase such as turning the singular word into a plural group reference. Alternate translation: “anyone who has the victory” or “those who have the victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
REV	2	1	mn8x	translate-names	τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ἐν Ἐφέσῳ ἐκκλησίας γράψον	1	General Information:	This is the beginning of the message to the angel of the church in **Ephesus**. **Ephesus** is the name of one of the seven churches, or seven assemblies of believers, which existed in southwestern Asia Minor when John wrote the book of Revelation. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV	2	1	kq5r	figs-explicit	τῷ ἀγγέλῳ	1	the angel	Here, **the angel** could refer to: (1) a heavenly angel who protects the church in Ephesus, or (2) a human messenger who is sent to the church in Ephesus as a representative leader. In this case, **the angel** could either be a representative leader of the church in Ephesus or the actual messenger who went from John bearing the book of Revelation to the church in Ephesus. See how you translated **angel** in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	2	1	mz7l	writing-quotations	τάδε λέγει	1		Here, **says these things** indicates that the words that come after this phrase are a direct quotation. Use a phrase that makes this clear in your language. Alternate translation: “says this message” or “says the following words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
REV	2	1	q1ck	writing-pronouns	ὁ κρατῶν τοὺς ἑπτὰ ἀστέρας ἐν τῇ δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ, ὁ περιπατῶν ἐν μέσῳ τῶν ἑπτὰ λυχνιῶν τῶν χρυσῶν	1		Here, the implied subject of the two clauses is Jesus Christ. Jesus is the assumed subject from the context established in the previous chapter one. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the intended reference to Jesus explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jesus Christ, the one who holds the seven stars in his right hand, who walks in the midst of the seven golden lampstands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
REV	2	1	i92a	writing-symlanguage	ἀστέρας	1	stars	These **stars** are symbols. The **stars** represent the seven angels of the seven churches. Note the translations of **stars** in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md) and [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md). The figure of speech is that of symbolic language which is common to the Book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	2	1	ugs3	writing-symlanguage	τῶν ἑπτὰ λυχνιῶν τῶν χρυσῶν	1	lampstands	The **golden lampstands** are symbols that represent the seven churches, or seven assemblies of believers. See how you translated **lampstands** in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	2	2	mm3q	figs-idiom	οἶδα	1		For the expression **I know** that occurs often in chapters two and three of the book of Revelation (see Revelation 2:2,9,13,19; 3:1,8,15), please see the explanatory note for **I know** in the chapter two introduction. Alternate translation: “I am aware of the fact that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	2	2	jg1u	figs-abstractnouns	τὸν κόπον	1	I know … your hard labor and your patient endurance	If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **labor**, you can express it with the verb “to work”. Alternate translation: “that you laboured very hard” or “that you worked very hard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	2	2	iwe7	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν ὑπομονήν	1		If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **endurance**, you can express it with the verb “endure.” Alternate translation: “that you patiently suffered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	2	2	l6mv	figs-youcrowd	τὰ ἔργα σου, καὶ τὸν κόπον καὶ τὴν ὑπομονήν σου, καὶ ὅτι οὐ δύνῃ βαστάσαι κακούς; καὶ ἐπείρασας τοὺς λέγοντας ἑαυτοὺς ἀποστόλους, καὶ οὐκ εἰσίν, καὶ εὗρες αὐτοὺς ψευδεῖς	1		The second person pronouns and the second person individuals addressed throughout this verse and throughout chapters two and three are often singular in their number, but they are plural in their references. Technically, every message to each of the seven churches mentioned in Revelation chapters two and three are addressed to a singular, individual **angel** (see the previous verse), so that one would naturally expect singular references in the language of the letters. Thus, many of the second person references in the verbs and the pronouns, although singular in their literal sense, are plural in their implied references to the believers of the church that receives the message in the letter. If the singular form of the second person address and the second person verbal references would not be natural in your language, then perhaps the translator could use the plural forms of the second person, or “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
REV	2	2	sxbf	figs-nominaladj	κακούς	1		Here, **evil people** translates directly an adjective in the Greek that signifies simply “wicked” or **evil**. Thus, the translator must supply a noun that the adjective is describing through an assumed implication. The natural assumption for the noun to be supplied would be human individuals who were people in the surrounding community of those being addressed here. Alternate translation: “wayward people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
REV	2	2	ka9e		εὗρες αὐτοὺς ψευδεῖς	1	you have found them to be false	Here, **you have found them** indicates the literal translation of the Greek. However, the sense of **found** is something like “to understand” or simply to come to the knowledge about a certain reality. The understood reality is actually the falsehood of the claim of certain people to be apostles. Alternate translation: “you have recognized those people to be false apostles”
REV	2	3	nn01	figs-explicit	καὶ ὑπομονὴν ἔχεις	1		Here, **and you have patient endurance** implies a missing affirmation of **I know** from the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternative translation: “I realize that you have patient endurance” or “I recognize that you have patient endurance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	2	3	muq8	figs-metonymy	διὰ τὸ ὄνομά μου	1	because of my name	Here, **name** is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ, since Jesus uses **name** here to refer to himself. The believers in Ephesus are suffering persecution and difficult circumstances for the sake of Jesus Christ as believers in him. The assembly in Ephesus suffers for the sake of the person and message of Jesus Christ within their society. Alternate translation: “because of me” or “because you believe in my name” or “because you believe in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	2	3	j46d	figs-metaphor	οὐ κεκοπίακες	1	you have not grown weary	Being discouraged is spoken of as growing **weary**. The metaphor relates the notion of quitting an action with becoming tired since often people stop an action if they are tired. Alternate translation: “you have not become discouraged” or “you have not quit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	3	mg3z	figs-litotes	οὐ κεκοπίακες	1		Here, **have not grown weary** is a litotes expression that expresses emphasis by negating the opposite statement. In this case, Jesus emphasizes the act of persevering and not giving up despite obstacles by stating the opposite notion. The believers at Ephesus had persevered in trials but did not give up. Thus, they did not grow **weary** or become tired, but rather they continued to try hard. See the previous note about the metaphor in the figure of speech. Alternate translation: “you have not grown tired” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
REV	2	4	j7gz	figs-ellipsis	ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ, ὅτι	1	I have against you the fact that	Here **I have against you that** indicates a negative, critical sentiment. It expresses the idea of a critical attitude in the person speaking, meaning something like: “I have something against you” or “there is something about you that I disapprove of”. Jesus is leaving out a word in the idiomatic expression that some languages would need in order for a clause to be complete. However, the following words in the context describe the matter of contention that Jesus is angry about. If your language requires an explanation of what Jesus is taking issue with the Ephesian church about, then you can supply it from the context. Alternate translation: “I disapprove of you because” or “I have a criticism to make of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
REV	2	4	kx98	figs-metaphor	τὴν ἀγάπην σου τὴν πρώτην ἀφῆκες	1	you have left behind your first love	To stop doing something is spoken of as leaving it **behind**. Here, **love** represents an object that can abandoned. Here, the expression presents a metaphor expressing **love** as an object that can be forsaken. Alternate translation: “you have stopped loving me as you did at the beginning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	5	sfw2	figs-metaphor	πόθεν πέπτωκας	1	from where you have fallen	The notion of the church no longer loving as much as they used to love is spoken of as having **fallen** in the sense of “how far you have fallen from your original location”. Here, “falling” from a standing location is a metaphor for abandoning an earlier love and devotion for a person, in this case Jesus. Here, the metaphorical expression describes a tremendous decline in the love for Jesus among the Christians at Ephesus. Alternate translation: “how much you have changed” or “how much you once loved me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	5	cd8v	figs-metonymy	καὶ τὰ πρῶτα ἔργα ποίησον	1		Here, **the first works** is a metonym that describes the behavior or way of life of the Ephesian believers earlier in their Christian practice. Earlier in the Christian way of life of the Ephesian believers they made greater efforts in their stronger devotion for Jesus. Alternate translation: “and do the first efforts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	2	5	hlyf	figs-metaphor	ἔρχομαί σοι καὶ κινήσω τὴν λυχνίαν σου ἐκ τοῦ τόπου αὐτῆς	1		Here, **I will come to you and I will remove your lampstand from its place** could refer to: (1) a special coming in judgment that Jesus would make personally for only the church of Ephesus. (2) the final, second coming of Jesus to the earth in judgment. In both interpretation options, Jesus uses a metaphor from the actual Roman destruction of the Jerusalem temple in 70 AD. In 70 AD, the Romans entered the Jerusalem temple and removed the seven-branched lampstand from inside the sanctuary. However, the translator should not make either interpretive option explicit in the translation. Alternate translation: “I will come to you and I will extract your lampstand from its place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	5	j8p5	writing-symlanguage	ἔρχομαί σοι καὶ κινήσω τὴν λυχνίαν σου ἐκ τοῦ τόπου αὐτῆς	1	remove your lampstand	The **lampstand** is a symbol that represents one of the seven churches. See how you translated **lampstand** in [Revelation 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	2	6	g8gn	figs-metaphor 	ἀλλὰ τοῦτο ἔχεις	1		**But you have this** is a metaphor in which **this** represents the fact that Jesus hates the works of the Nicolaitans. The metaphor in this idiomatic expression is that **this** is spoken of as if it were an object someone could have. If this might confuse your readers, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “But this is to your credit” or “But here is a good thing you are doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	6	cvi5	translate-names	τῶν Νικολαϊτῶν	1	Nicolaitans	The **Nicolaitans** were people who followed the teachings or practices of a man named Nicolaus. The translator should not attempt to specify the actual teachings or practices of the **Nicolaitans** since there is no certainty about what Nicolaus taught or practiced. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV	2	7	s3qg	figs-metonymy	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Let the one who has an ear, hear	Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. Here, the phrase **has an ear** presents a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey by association with the part of the body in which his listeners would have been receiving his teaching. Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	2	7	tidg	figs-123person	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1		Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, then listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV	2	7	zln0	figs-idiom	τὸ Πνεῦμα	1		Here, **the Spirit** most likely refers to God’s Spirit, or simply the Holy Spirit of God's triune nature, in contrast to the spirit of the writer or author which one finds in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). In other words, the Holy Spirit addresses the messages and contents of each letter written to each of the seven churches which are addressed in chapters two and three (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 29: 3:6, 13, 22). See the chapter introductions for chapter two and for chapter three to read this same same explanatory note. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	2	7	wzg1	figs-metaphor	τῷ νικῶντι	1	the one who conquers	The expression **To the one who conquers** refers to anyone who is victorious by overcoming difficulties in the Christian life (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21). The expression represents a metaphor comparing the Christian life to a military battle, in which the Christian overcomes the forces of evil and any difficult obstacles in warfare. Alternate translation: “To the one who wins the victory” or “To the one who overcomes the obstacles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	7	t84w	figs-genericnoun	τῷ νικῶντι	1		The expression **To the one who conquers** refers to anyone who is victorious by overcoming difficulties in the Christian life. The generic noun phrase **the one who conquers** occurs in Revelation chapters two and three often (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21). The expression is not specific to any one person, but can be applied to a plural entity or group of people. If the generic noun phrase would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase such as turning the singular word into a plural group reference. Alternate translation: “To anyone who has the victory” or “To those who have the victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
REV	2	7	ng2d	figs-possession	ἐκ τοῦ ξύλου τῆς ζωῆς	1		John is using the possessive form of **tree** to describe the **tree** as giving **life**. The imagery recalls Genesis 3:22’s reference to **the tree of life** in the Garden of Eden. If this is not clear in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the tree that grants life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
REV	2	7	rmf5	figs-transliterate	τῷ Παραδείσῳ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	the paradise of God	Here, **paradise** is a Greek transliteration of a Persian word that describes a pleasure garden and zoo that Persian monarchs built at their residences. However, in the Bible **paradise** becomes a symbol for heaven. The symbolism for heaven might be seen in Luke 23:43 and 2 Corinthians 12:4, which both show that **paradise** is a name for the abode of God. Thus, **paradise** represents the eternal and permanent home of believers in Jesus Christ in the new heavens and the new earth of the future. Alternate translation: “the garden of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-transliterate]])
REV	2	8	is3w	translate-names	καὶ τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ἐν Σμύρνῃ ἐκκλησίας γράψον	1	General Information:	This is the beginning of the message to the angel of the church in **Smyrna**. **Smyrna** is the name of one of the seven churches, or seven assemblies of believers, which existed in southwestern Asia Minor when John wrote the book of Revelation. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV	2	8	ie9x	figs-explicit	τῷ ἀγγέλῳ	1	the angel	See how you translated **angel** in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	2	8	nvn1	writing-quotations	τάδε λέγει	1		See how you translated the phrase **says these things** in [Revelation 2:1](../02/01.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
REV	2	8	huo8	figs-123person	ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, ὃς ἐγένετο νεκρὸς καὶ ἔζησεν	1		Jesus is referring to himself in the third person here. If this is confusing in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “I am the first and the last and I am the one who became dead but came to life again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV	2	8	k7qk	figs-merism	ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος	1	the first and the last	Here, the **first and the last** refers to the eternal nature of Jesus Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV	2	8	t5l1	figs-merism	ὃς ἐγένετο νεκρὸς καὶ ἔζησεν	1		Here, the phrase **who became dead but came to life again** describes Jesus by the two extremes of his death on the cross as well as his current life after the resurrection. The figure of speech is a type of merism. See how you translated the very similar phrase in [Revelation 1:18](../01/18.md). However, note that there are slight differences between this verse and [Revelation 1:18](../01/18.md), such as in the order of the words. Alternate translation: “who became dead but lived again” or “who became dead but returned back to life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV	2	9	s6ja	figs-youcrowd	σου	1		See how you translated second person pronouns and references in [Revelation 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
REV	2	9	p6hp	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν θλῖψιν	1	I know your sufferings and your poverty	If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **affliction**, you can express it as a verb. Alternate translation: “I know how you have suffered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	2	9	ch4u	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν πτωχείαν	1		If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **poverty**, you can express it as a verb. Alternate translation: “how poor you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	2	9	lhuk	figs-metaphor	ἀλλὰ πλούσιος εἶ	1		Here, **rich** is a metaphor for the spiritual condition of the Christians in Smyrna. The Christians in Smyrna were physically poor because they did not have much money. However, they were spiritually rich because God would reward them for their suffering in the future. Thus, the metaphor uses the language of physical money to describe the spiritual condition of Smyrna’s Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	9	f6bp	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν βλασφημίαν ἐκ τῶν λεγόντων Ἰουδαίους εἶναι ἑαυτούς	1	I know the slander of those who say they are Jews	If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **slander**, you can express it as a verb. Alternate translation: “how people have slandered you—those who say they are Jews” or “how people have said terrible things about you—those who say they are Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	2	9	qf9p	figs-irony	καὶ οὐκ εἰσίν	1	but they are not	Here, **but they are not** is irony in the sense of the fact that Jesus does not intend to say that the people are not literal Jews. Jesus actually means that these people are indeed Jews, although they do not behave in a manner that agrees with their ethnic identification. Jews should behave as if they were God’s people, but these people mentioned here do not act as if they were actually God’s chosen race. Alternate translation: “but they are not real Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
REV	2	9	a4yu	figs-metaphor	συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ	1	a synagogue of Satan	Here, **a synagogue of Satan** is a metaphor describing Jewish people in Smyrna that were slandering the Christians in the local church. The metaphor uses the imagery of the word **synagogue** as a place to gather together Jews for both worship and for learning. However, the Jews described in this verse gather together to slander the Christians of Smyrna. Therefore, these Jews actually gather and serve **Satan** as a **synagogue** in a certain sense. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	9	hv3o	figs-possession	συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ	1		Here, **a synagogue of Satan** signifies a synagogue that serves Satan in some metaphorical sense (see previous note). The phrase uses the possessive form to describe the fact that the synagogue of Jews serves Satan. If this is not clear in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “a synagogue that follows Satan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
REV	2	10	a9ue	figs-metaphor	ἰδοὺ	1		See how you translated **Behold** in [Revelation 1:7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	10	agx4	figs-idiom	μέλλει βάλλειν ὁ διάβολος ἐξ ὑμῶν εἰς φυλακὴν, ἵνα πειρασθῆτε	1	The devil is about to throw some of you into prison	Here, **to throw** is a idiomatic expression for putting someone into prison or jail. The enemies of the Christians will test them, not God himself. Translators should avoid making the impression to their readers that God is in league with Satan as an author of evil or temptation. Alternate translation: “the devil will soon cause others to put some of you in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	2	10	tlvz	figs-youcrowd	ἐξ ὑμῶν	1		See how you translated the second person pronouns and references in [Revelation 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
REV	2	10	snk8	figs-metaphor 	ἡμερῶν δέκα	1		Here, **ten days** is probably metaphorical for a short time or limited amount of time for testing. Daniel 1:14 is most likely the source of the expression for a short time of testing. The translator should not avoid, however, rendering the time as a literal length of time of ten days, in contrast to some unspecified amount of time in a metaphorical expression. Alternate translation: “for a short time of testing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	10	f5t1	figs-metaphor 	γίνου πιστὸς ἄχρι θανάτου	1	Be faithful until death	The use of the word **until** does not mean that you should stop being faithful at death. Rather, the idea is to be faithful even to the point of death. Alternate translation: “Be faithful to me even if they kill you”
REV	2	10	zhj8	figs-possession	τὸν στέφανον τῆς ζωῆς	1	the crown of life	Here, **the crown of life** refers as a metaphor to the reward of eternal life itself. Jesus is using the possessive form to describe the crown or the wreath as the prize of life itself. Eternal life is the reward in the metaphor of a crown. Alternate translation: “life as your crown” or “life as your wreath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
REV	2	11	g7zq	figs-metonymy	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Let the one who has an ear, hear	See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	2	11	dc3n	figs-123person	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Let the one … hear	See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV	2	11	y88p	figs-idiom	τὸ Πνεῦμα	1		Here, **the Spirit** most likely refers to God’s Spirit, or simply the Holy Spirit of God's triune nature, in contrast to the spirit of the writer or author which one finds in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). In other words, the Holy Spirit addresses the messages and contents of each letter written to each of the seven churches which are addressed in chapters two and three (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 29: 3:6, 13, 22). See the chapter introductions for chapter two and for chapter three to read this same same explanatory note. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	2	11	s9d2	figs-genericnoun	ὁ νικῶν	1	The one who conquers	See how you translated this generic noun phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). For the metaphorical expression **one who conquers** that occurs often in chapters two and three of the book of Revelation (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21), please see the explanatory note for this generic noun phrase **one who conquers** in the chapter two introduction. Alternate translation: “anyone who conquers” or “all who conquer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
REV	2	11	q6w2	figs-euphemism	οὐ μὴ ἀδικηθῇ ἐκ τοῦ θανάτου τοῦ δευτέρου	1	will not be hurt by the second death	Here, the clause **will certainly not be hurt** is a euphemism for experiencing the second death in actuality. The literal meaning of the clause gives the sense of mistreating or injuring someone. However, in this case, the euphemism represents the greater danger of a second, spiritual death (see next note). Alternate translation: “will not experience the second death” or “will not die the second death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
REV	2	11	ayw1	figs-metaphor	ἐκ τοῦ θανάτου τοῦ δευτέρου	1		Here, **by the second death** is a metaphor that describes the spiritual or eternal transition from normal life that occurs after the first natural death that people suffer at the end of life. The phrase **second death** is further described and defined in Revelation 20:6,14: 21:8. The translator should translate the phrase **the second death** literally and also give an explanatory note with references to Revelation 20:6,14; 21:8. Alternate translation: “by the eternal death” or “by the spiritual death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	12	ll17	translate-names	καὶ τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ἐν Περγάμῳ ἐκκλησίας γράψον	1	General Information:	This is the beginning of the message to the angel of the church in **Pergamum**. **Pergamum** is the name of one of the seven churches, or seven assemblies of believers, which existed in southwestern Asia Minor when John wrote the book of Revelation. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV	2	12	il7c	figs-explicit	τῷ ἀγγέλῳ	1	Pergamum	See how you translated **angel** in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	2	12	kf91	writing-quotations	τάδε λέγει	1		See how you translated the phrase **says these things** in [Revelation 2:1](../02/01.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
REV	2	12	f6s5	writing-symlanguage	τὴν ῥομφαίαν τὴν δίστομον τὴν ὀξεῖαν	1	the sword with two sharp edges	See how you translated this type of **sword** and its imagery in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	2	13	ltx3	figs-idiom	οἶδα ποῦ κατοικεῖς	1		Here, **I know where you live** is an idiom for expressing knowledge of the present condition and difficult circumstances that the Christians in Pergamum were experiencing at that time. The idiomatic expression indicates an assurance that Jesus understands the current problems and difficult conditions of the people which he addresses here. Jesus not only expresses knowledge of the city of Pergamum as a location or place, but he also expresses his familiarity with the religious, social, and moral conditions which the Christians experienced while living in Pergamum. See the explanatory note for **I know** in the chapter two introduction contents. Alternate translation: “I know where you dwell” or “I know where you have your home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	2	13	ryn6	figs-possession	ὁ θρόνος τοῦ Σατανᾶ	1	Satan’s throne	Here, **the throne of Satan** means the place that “Satan controls and gives power to his throne”. Jesus is using the possessive form to describe the place where Satan has power and control with a reference to a throne for describing the rule of Satan as a metonym. There is most likely a local reference to a giant altar to the god Zeus that existed in Pergamum at this time. Alternate translation: “where Satan rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
REV	2	13	fxzt	figs-idiom	κρατεῖς τὸ ὄνομά μου	1		Here, **you hold tightly to my name** is a idiomatic expression meaning to firmly believe in the name of Jesus. Alternate translation: “you firmly believe in my name” or “you have a strong faith in my name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	2	13	tf7c	figs-metonymy	τὸ ὄνομά μου	1	you hold on tightly to my name	Here, **name** is a metonym for the person of Jesus. See how you translated the phrase **my name** in [Revelation 2:3](../02/03.md). Alternate translation: “you hold tightly to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	2	13	x6j6	figs-abstractnouns	οὐκ ἠρνήσω τὴν πίστιν μου	1	you did not deny your faith in me	If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **faith**, you can express it positively with the verb “believe.” Alternate translation: “you continued to tell people that you believe in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	2	13	da1q	figs-possession	τὴν πίστιν μου	1		Here, **{your} faith in me** means “your faith that places trust in me.” Jesus is using the possessive form to describe the faith that the Christians had in Jesus as the object of their belief. Alternate translation: “your belief in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
REV	2	13	lu4b	translate-names	Ἀντιπᾶς	1	Antipas	**Antipas** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV	2	13	phzk	figs-possession	ὁ μάρτυς μου ὁ πιστός μου	1		Here, **my witness, my faithful one** means that Antipas “faithfully testified of me.” Jesus is using the possessive form to describe Antipas as a faithful witness to Jesus himself. Antipas faithfully witnessed about Jesus even up to the point of death so that one can simply call Antipas a “martyr.” Alternate translation: “my faithful martyr” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
REV	2	13	xgge	figs-activepassive	ὃς ἀπεκτάνθη	1		Here, **who was killed** can be changed from the awkward passive form in some languages. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom those in your city killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	2	13	biue	figs-youcrowd	παρ’ ὑμῖν	1		See how you translated second person pronouns and references in [Revelation 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
REV	2	13	v5lv	figs-idiom	ὅπου ὁ Σατανᾶς κατοικεῖ	1		Here, **where Satan lives** is an idiomatic expression that basically means where Satan rules. For this idiom and metaphorical imagery to describe Satan’s rule in Pergamum, see the note above for the phrase **the throne of Satan** in this same verse here. Alternate translation: “where Satan has power” or “where Satan rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	2	14	wu6n	figs-ellipsis	ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ ὀλίγα	1	But I have a few things against you	See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:4](../02/04.md), although in this case there is no actual ellipsis technically speaking with the presence of the object **a few things**. Alternate translation: “I disapprove of you because of a few things you have done” or “I am angry with you because of a few things you did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
REV	2	14	rd44	figs-metaphor	κρατοῦντας τὴν διδαχὴν Βαλαάμ	1	who hold tightly to the teaching of Balaam, who	Here, **hold tightly** is an idiomatic expression for either: (1) people who teach what **Balaam** taught. (2) people who do what **Balaam** taught. The second option seems preferable in this context for the metaphor, as seen in the UST rendition. If this might confuse your readers, you could use an equivalent expression in the target language. Alternate translation: “some who do the teaching of Balaam” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	14	j3nc	translate-names	τῷ Βαλὰκ	1	Balak	**Balak** was the name of a king in the Old Testament (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV	2	14	hg4g	figs-metaphor	βαλεῖν σκάνδαλον	1	who taught Balak to throw a stumbling block before the children of Israel	Here, **to throw a stumbling block** is a metaphor for the act of leading and, thereby, causing people to sin. Therefore, this expression speaks of an action or behavior that leads people to sin as if it were a stone that sits in a road over which people stumble. The Greek word for **stumbling block** also can mean the trigger peg in an animal trap so that the phrase expresses the idea of setting a trap. If this might confuse your readers, you could use an equivalent expression in the target language. Alternate translation: “to set a trap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	14	mu6e	figs-activepassive	φαγεῖν εἰδωλόθυτα	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way for the word **food sacrificed to idols**, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Jesus uses the passive form here to focus on what is sacrificed rather than the person who does the sacrificing. If you must state who does the sacrificing, you could use a vague or indefinite subject. Alternate translation: “the things that people have sacrificed to idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	2	14	rvjm	translate-unknown	φαγεῖν εἰδωλόθυτα	1		Here, **to eat food sacrificed to idols** speaks of eating food dedicated to a pagan god so that Jews considered the food to be unclean and, thus, forbidden to eat. The phrase **food sacrificed to idols** describes animals that are slaughtered, offered to a god, and then eaten. If your language has a specific word or phrase for meat from an animal that has been offered to a god, you could use it here. If your language does not have such a word, you could use a descriptive phrase. Alternate translation: “meat from animals sacrificed to idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	2	14	u19f	figs-metaphor	πορνεῦσαι	1	be sexually immoral	Here, **to be sexually immoral** literally means immoral sexual activity. Yet, often people take the expression as a metaphor that signifies idolatry. If the expression is indeed a metaphor, then one should translate the word literally. However, if this might confuse the readers, one could use an equivalent expression in the target language, one could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “to sin sexually” or “to commit sexual sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	15	jmzp	figs-metaphor	κρατοῦντας τὴν διδαχὴν	1		See how you the phrase **holding tightly to the teaching** in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “doing the teaching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	15	hc85	translate-names	Νικολαϊτῶν	1	Nicolaitans	See how you translated **Nicolaitans** in [Revelation 2:6](../02/06.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV	2	16	f8dy	figs-ellipsis	εἰ δὲ μή	1	If you do not,	If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, you can supply the verb from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “If you do not repent, I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
REV	2	16	qict	figs-metaphor	ἔρχομαί	1		See how you translate this word in [Revelation 2:5](../02/05.md). Alternate translation: “I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	16	fd6u	figs-metaphor	πολεμήσω	1	wage war against them	Here, **will wage war** expresses a metaphor for judgment that utilizes the imagery of a sword coming from the mouth of Jesus. The translator may wish to maintain a fairly literal rendition in order to allow the metaphor to work with the sword imagery in this verse and from the prior verses of [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md) and [Revelation 2:12](../02/12.md). Alternate translation: “I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	16	j52q	writing-symlanguage	ἐν τῇ ῥομφαίᾳ τοῦ στόματός μου	1	with the sword in my mouth	This refers to the **sword** in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md) and [Revelation 2:12](../02/12.md). Although symbols in apocalyptic language are not normally to be replaced with the item they represent, translators may choose whether or not to show that this is a symbol which represents the words that Jesus speaks (see the UST). This symbol indicates that Jesus will defeat his enemies by giving a simple command. Alternate translation: “with the sword that is my mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	2	17	lm1j	figs-metonymy	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Let the one who has an ear, hear	See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	2	17	m867	figs-123person	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Let the one … hear	See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV	2	17	unnj	figs-idiom	τὸ Πνεῦμα	1		Here, **the Spirit** most likely refers to God’s Spirit, or simply the Holy Spirit of God's triune nature, in contrast to the spirit of the writer or author which one finds in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). In other words, the Holy Spirit addresses the messages and contents of each letter written to each of the seven churches which are addressed in chapters two and three (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 29: 3:6, 13, 22). See the chapter introductions for chapter two and for chapter three to read this same same explanatory note. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	2	17	i61b	figs-genericnoun	τῷ νικῶντι	1	To the one who conquers	See how you translated this generic noun phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). For the metaphorical expression **one who conquers** that occurs often in chapters two and three of the book of Revelation (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21), please see the explanatory note for this generic noun phrase **one who conquers** in the chapter two introduction. Alternate translation: “anyone who conquers” or “all who conquer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
REV	2	17	ngjb	figs-activepassive	τοῦ μάννα τοῦ κεκρυμμένου	1		If your language does not use the passive form in this way for the word **hidden manna**, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Jesus uses the passive form here to focus on what is hidden rather than the person who does the hiding. If you must state who does the hiding, you could use an indefinite subject or Jesus himself (see the UST). Alternate translation: “manna that I have hid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	2	17	yeqt	translate-unknown	ψῆφον λευκήν	1		Here, **a white stone** could signify a variety of different interpretive options which relate to the social context of Pergamum when John wrote the book of Revelation. The translator should not choose any interpretation over another in this case, but simply maintain a fairly literal translation of the phrase **a white stone**. Hence, this note would suggest that the translator should not attempt to render **a white stone** in any way that seeks to be culturally relevant, since commentators are not exactly sure what the phrase signifies first in the original context here (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	2	17	l59r	figs-activepassive	ὄνομα καινὸν γεγραμμένον	1		Here, **a new name written** could mean the name of Jesus, the name of God, or else, more likely, the new name of the person who conquers. The translator should not choose any interpretation over another in this case, but simply maintain a fairly literal translation of the phrase **a new name written**. If your language does not use the passive form in this way for the word **written**, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Jesus uses the passive form here to focus on what is written rather than the person who does the writing. If you must state who does the writing, you could use an indefinite subject or Jesus himself (see the UST). Alternate translation: “a new name that I wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	2	18	b83m	translate-names	καὶ τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ἐν Θυατείροις ἐκκλησίας γράψον	1	General Information:	This is the beginning of the message to the angel of the church in **Thyatira**. **Thyatira** is the name of one of the seven churches, or seven assemblies of believers, which existed in southwestern Asia Minor when John wrote the book of Revelation. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV	2	18	nd4m	figs-explicit	τῷ ἀγγέλῳ	1	the angel	See how you translated **angel** in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	2	18	j3xp	writing-quotations	τάδε λέγει	1		See how you translated the phrase **says these things** in [Revelation 2:1](../02/01.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
REV	2	18	q3w9	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Son of God	**Son of God** is an important title for Jesus (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
REV	2	18	zbx5	figs-simile	ὁ ἔχων τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτοῦ ὡς φλόγα πυρός	1	who has eyes like a flame of fire	Here, Jesus has **eyes** that are full of light so that they resemble **a flame of fire**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “whose eyes glow like a flame of fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	2	18	p86i	figs-simile	οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὅμοιοι χαλκολιβάνῳ	1	feet like polished bronze	People create objects of **bronze** and have them **polished** in order to make them shine and reflect light. Likewise, the feet of Jesus shine and reflect light like **polished bronze**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “whose feet are very shiny like polished bronze” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	2	19	oum6	figs-idiom	οἶδά σου τὰ ἔργα	1		See how you translated the clause **I know your works** in [Revelation 2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “I am aware of the fact that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	2	19	vj80	figs-youcrowd	σου τὰ ἔργα, καὶ τὴν ἀγάπην, καὶ τὴν πίστιν, καὶ τὴν διακονίαν, καὶ τὴν ὑπομονήν σου, καὶ τὰ ἔργα σου, τὰ ἔσχατα πλείονα τῶν πρώτων	1		See how you translated the second person pronouns and second person individuals addressed in [Revelation 2:2](../02/02.md). If the singular form of the second person address and the second person references would not be natural in your language, then perhaps the translator could use the plural forms of the second person, or “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
REV	2	19	bx33	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν ἀγάπην, καὶ τὴν πίστιν, καὶ τὴν διακονίαν, καὶ τὴν ὑπομονήν σου	1	your love and faith and service and your patient endurance	If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **love**, **faith**, **service**, and **endurance**, you can express them with their corresponding verbs that describe the actions. Alternate translation: “how you have loved, trusted, served, and endured patiently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	2	19	y2mu	figs-explicit	τὴν ἀγάπην, καὶ τὴν πίστιν, καὶ τὴν διακονίαν, καὶ τὴν ὑπομονήν σου	1	your love and faith and service and your patient endurance	If your readers would misunderstand these abstract nouns in the clause then you can state the implied objects of these terms explicitly. Alternate translation: “how you have loved me and others, trusted me, served me and others, and endured troubles patiently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	2	19	pi0k		τὰ ἔργα σου, τὰ ἔσχατα πλείονα τῶν πρώτων	1		Here, the clause **your last works {are} greater than {your} first {works}** presents a comparison of previous labor or efforts to the current labor or efforts of the believers. If your readers would misunderstand the noun **works**, you can express it with the verb “to work” or “to do”. Alternate translation: “you do more now than you did at first”
REV	2	20	wbu1	figs-ellipsis	ἀλλ’ ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ	1	But I have this against you	See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “But I disapprove of some of the things you are doing” or “But I am angry with you because of something you are doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
REV	2	20	f6e8	figs-metaphor	τὴν γυναῖκα Ἰεζάβελ	1	the woman Jezebel, who	Jesus spoke of a certain **woman** in their church at Thyatira as if she were the famous Queen **Jezebel**, because she did the same kinds of sinful actions that Jezebel had done in the Old Testament. Alternate translation: “the woman who is just like Jezebel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	20	mnom	translate-unknown	πορνεῦσαι, καὶ φαγεῖν εἰδωλόθυτα	1		See how you translated a similar clause with the same phrases in [Revelation 2:14](../02/14.md). It is possible to interpret both phrases as metaphors for idolatry or sinful actions in general (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	2	21	g7yh	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἔδωκα αὐτῇ χρόνον ἵνα μετανοήσῃ	1	I gave her time to repent	Here, **I gave her time so that she might repent** represents a purpose clause. The word **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Jesus is stating a purpose for which he granted some time for the woman Jezebel to repent of her actions. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “I gave her time for the purpose of her repentance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
REV	2	21	rtai	figs-idiom	τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς	1		Here, **her immorality** expresses the idea of impure passion. The word **immorality** always applies to females. The manner of expressing female immorality varies greatly in many languages. Use a natural idiom for expressing female immorality in your target language (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	2	22	kpoe	figs-metaphor	ἰδοὺ	1		See how you translated **Behold** in [Revelation 1:7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	22	twa2	figs-metonymy	βάλλω αὐτὴν εἰς κλίνην…εἰς θλῖψιν μεγάλην	1	I will throw her onto a sickbed … into great suffering	Here, having Jezebel lie in **a bed** would be the result of Jesus making her very sick. The imagery of the bed is simply a metonym for the entire process of lying in bed when one is sick. The act of throwing someone into a bed causes the punishment to appear to be more intense and graphic in its idiomatic expression. Alternate translation: “I will make her lie sick in bed … I will make suffer greatly” or “I will make her very sick … I will make suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	2	22	lj36	figs-metaphor	βάλλω αὐτὴν εἰς κλίνην, καὶ τοὺς μοιχεύοντας μετ’ αὐτῆς εἰς θλῖψιν μεγάλην	1	those who commit adultery with her into great suffering	Here, Jesus speaks of causing people to suffer with the idiomatic expression of throwing them into suffering. The metaphor or idiomatic expression presents the imagery of causing suffering or hurt by the act of throwing someone into the suffering or hurt. Alternate translation: “I will throw her onto a bed, and I will make her and those who commit adultery with her to suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	22	g53b	figs-explicit	ἐὰν μὴ μετανοήσουσιν ἐκ τῶν ἔργων αὐτῆς	1	unless they repent of her deeds	This implies that they have participated with her in her wicked behavior. By repenting of **her deeds**, they also **repent** of participating in her behavior. Alternate translation: “if they do not repent from doing the evil that she does” or “if they do not repent of participating in her deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	2	23	cn5s	figs-metaphor	τὰ τέκνα αὐτῆς	1	her children	Jesus spoke of the disciples of Jezebel as if they were **her children**. Alternate translation: “her followers” or “her disciples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	23	kx34	figs-idiom	τὰ τέκνα αὐτῆς ἀποκτενῶ ἐν θανάτῳ	1	I will strike her children dead	Here, **I will strike her children dead** expresses the idea of killing the disciples of Jezebel. The phrase implies death by a swift and ruthless action. The idiomatic language suggests the idea of killing by means of a pestilence. Alternate translation: “I will slay her children” or “I will exterminate her children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	2	23	zm6t	figs-metonymy	νεφροὺς καὶ καρδίας	1	thoughts and hearts	The terms **kidneys** and **hearts** are metonyms that represents feelings and desires in the idiomatic language. Alternate translation: “what people think and want” or “secret thoughts and desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	2	23	bgs9	figs-idiom	δώσω ὑμῖν ἑκάστῳ	1	I will give to each one of you	The phrase **I will give to each one of you** represents an idiomatic expression describing the distribution of punishment and reward. If this idiom might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will punish or reward each one of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	2	23	fptd	figs-youcrowd	ὑμῖν ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα ὑμῶν	1		See how you translated second person pronouns and references in [Revelation 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
REV	2	24	zqpg	figs-youcrowd	ὑμῖν δὲ λέγω τοῖς λοιποῖς τοῖς ἐν Θυατείροις, ὅσοι οὐκ ἔχουσιν τὴν διδαχὴν ταύτην, οἵτινες οὐκ ἔγνωσαν τὰ βαθέα τοῦ Σατανᾶ, ὡς λέγουσιν; οὐ βάλλω ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς ἄλλο βάρος	1		See how you translated second person pronouns and references in [Revelation 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
REV	2	24	tli6	figs-idiom	ὅσοι οὐκ ἔχουσιν τὴν διδαχὴν ταύτην	1	everyone who does not hold this teaching	Here, to believe in a **teaching** is spoken of as to hold or to grasp the **teaching**. If this idiom might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to everyone who does not believe this teaching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	2	24	scu6	figs-abstractnouns	οὐκ ἔχουσιν τὴν διδαχὴν ταύτην	1	does not hold this teaching	Here, **teaching** is an abstract noun that your readers might misunderstand without the use of a verbal phrase. If this abstract noun would confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly with a verb. Alternate translation: “do not hold to what she teaches” or “do not believe what she teaches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	2	24	d5i9	figs-metaphor	τὰ βαθέα	1	deep things	Here, the adjective **deep** describes matters that that the disciples of Jezebel consider to be profound and very important. The adherents to Jezebel’s instruction kept this type of subject matter secret which they also thought to be **deep** in the sense of important or profound. Alternate translation: “the secret things” or “the profound matters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	2	24	y2t5	figs-possession	τὰ βαθέα τοῦ Σατανᾶ	1		Jesus is using the possessive form to describe **the deep things** that Satan supposedly taught the disciples of Jezebel. If this is not clear in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly with a verb. Alternate translation: “the deep things that Satan revealed to them” or “the deep things that Satan taught them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
REV	2	24	sgil	figs-idiom	οὐ βάλλω ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς ἄλλο βάρος	1		Here, to **put any other burden** literally translates as “to throw another heavy load” onto someone to carry in a metaphorical manner. The phrase is an idiom for requiring another difficult command or burdensome order that one must perform besides already existing commands. If this might confuse your readers, you could use an equivalent expression or explicit language. Alternate translation: “I do not place any other burden on you” or “I do not impose any other burden upon you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	2	24	ikkh	grammar-connect-exceptions	οὐ βάλλω ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς ἄλλο βάρος	1		Here, **other** refers to the phrase “what you have” in the next verse. In other words, Jesus is saying that he will not give these people any additional command beyond what they already have from him. If this is confusing or if it would appear in your language that Jesus was making a statement here and then contradicting it in the next verse, you could connect these ideas in a different way. If you do this, you will need to delete the word “However” in the next verse. Alternate translation: “the only burden I will put on you is this:” or “I will only burden you with obeying what I have already commanded you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
REV	2	25	tfzk	figs-explicit	πλὴν ὃ ἔχετε	1		Here, **what you have** refers to the commands that Jesus has already given to the believers in Thyatira. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the commands that I have already given to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	2	25	vgxm	figs-idiom	κρατήσατε	1		See how you translated the verb to **hold on tightly to** in [Revelation 2:13](../02/13.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	2	26	z5xi	figs-genericnoun	ὁ νικῶν	1	The one who conquers	See how you translated this generic noun phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). For the metaphorical expression **one who conquers** that occurs often in chapters two and three of the book of Revelation (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21), please see the explanatory note for this generic noun phrase **one who conquers** in the chapter two introduction. Alternate translation: “anyone who conquers” or “all who conquer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
REV	2	26	v2e0	figs-possession	τὰ ἔργα μου	1		Here, **my works** does not refer to the things that Jesus does, but rather, it refers to the things he orders his disciples to do. If this is not clear in your language, you could say the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the works that I give to you” or “the works that I require of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
REV	2	27	c9gu	figs-quotemarks	καὶ ποιμανεῖ αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ, ὡς τὰ σκεύη τὰ κεραμικὰ συντρίβεται	1	He will rule … break them into pieces	This entire verse is a loose citation or paraphrase of Psalm 2:8-9 in the Old Testament. The passage of Psalm 2:8-9 describes God promising to give the king of Israel authority over the entire world and its peoples. However, Jesus applies the passage of Psalm 2:8-9 here to those to whom he gives authority over all peoples and nations. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate that verse 2:27 is a quotation by setting off all of the words with quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
REV	2	27	e5kc	figs-metaphor	ποιμανεῖ αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ	1		Here, **he will shepherd them with a rod of iron** expresses a metaphor that describes a king’s rule as if the king were a shepherd that punishes wrong with the threat of using an iron rod or staff. The symbol of an iron rod or staff indicates a rule that is so complete that the rule dominates all opposition to one’s dominion or power. If your readers would not understand what it means to rule as a shepherd with an iron rod, you could use an equivalent metaphor or idiom from your culture. Alternate translation: "he will rule them like a shepherd with a rod of iron" or "he will govern with a rod of iron" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n
REV	2	27	ksl1	figs-simile	ὡς τὰ σκεύη τὰ κεραμικὰ συντρίβεται	1	like clay jars he will break them into pieces	Here, breaking **jars of clay** to **pieces** is a simile that represents either: (1) destroying people who do wicked acts, or (2) defeating enemies who oppose the rule of Jesus. If this expression would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “as jars of clay are smashed into pieces" or "as jars of clay are shattered to pieces" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	2	27	w8pp	figs-activepassive	συντρίβεται	1	He will rule them with an iron rod	Here, **are broken into pieces** expresses a passive sense in the passive form. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will break them into pieces" or "he will smash them into pieces" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	2	28	n9ts	figs-explicit	ὡς κἀγὼ εἴληφα παρὰ τοῦ πατρός μου	1	Just as I have received from my Father	Here, some languages may need to know what was **received**. This could mean: (1) he received **authority** from his Father. (2) He received the morning star from his Father. The second option is most likely, as reflected in the UST rendition of this verse. If such ambiguity might confuse your readers, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "as I also have received power from my Father" or "as I also have received dominion from my Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	2	28	hr39	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ πατρός μου	1	my Father	Here, **my Father** is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
REV	2	28	g5iy	writing-symlanguage	τὸν ἀστέρα τὸν πρωϊνόν	1	morning star	Here, **the morning star** represents a **star** that appears just before dawn and early in the **morning**. It was a symbol of victory since the context suggests that those who are victorious with Jesus shall rule with the authority of Jesus as victors. There is much debate as to what the symbol of **the morning star** means or signifies for the believer that is victorious with Jesus. This symbol could mean: (1) Lucifer or Satan, (2) the resurrection of a believer, (3) the King of Babylon, (4) the planet Venus as a symbol of victory, (5) the eternal life of the righteous, (6) the Holy Spirit, (7) Jesus Christ Himself, or (8) a symbolic image that represents the future rule of the believers and the righteous in the kingdom of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	2	29	ilk8	figs-metonymy	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Let the one who has an ear, hear	See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	2	29	ikm8	figs-123person	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Let the one … hear	See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV	2	29	y6m4	figs-idiom	τὸ Πνεῦμα	1		Here, **the Spirit** most likely refers to God’s Spirit, or simply the Holy Spirit of God's triune nature, in contrast to the spirit of the writer or author which one finds in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). In other words, the Holy Spirit addresses the messages and contents of each letter written to each of the seven churches which are addressed in chapters two and three (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 29: 3:6, 13, 22). See the chapter introductions for chapter two and for chapter three to read this same same explanatory note. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	3	intro	q1l9			0		# Revelation 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n### Outline of Chapters Two and Three of Revelation\n\n\nI. The Current Condition of the Churches (2:1-3:22)\n\nA. The Letter to Ephesus (2:1-7)\n\nB. The Letter to Smyrna (2:8-11)\n\nC. The Letter to Pergamum (2:12-17)\n\nD. The Letter to Thyatira (2:18-29)\n\nE. The Letter to Sardis (3:1-6)\n\nF. The Letter to Philadelphia (3:7-13)\n\nG. The Letter to Laodicea (3:14-22)\n\n\n\nChapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the “seven letters to the seven churches.” You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters.\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 7.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n\n\n\n\n### The personal knowledge that Jesus expresses about the churches\n\n\n\nJesus uses the phrase **I know** to express his personal familiarity and knowledge at times of some of the churches mentioned in Revelation chapters two and three. The phrase **I know** is an idiom for expressing knowledge of the present situation and the types of circumstances that the Christians experienced among the various churches mentioned in chapters two and three of the book of Revelation. The idiomatic expression **I know** indicates an assurance that Jesus understands the current conditions or circumstances in which the Christians were living. Although usually positive in a tone of assurance (see Revelation 2:2,9,13,19; 3:8), the phrase **I know** sometimes expresses a critical or negative assessment that Jesus affirms (see Revelation 3:1,15). Thus, the expression **I know** affirms more than simply a knowledge of circumstances on the part of Jesus, but the phrase also asserts a claim to be in a position to make a valid judgment as an impartial arbiter who might be critical at times. Therefore, the translator may wish to provide for his readership a textual note that explains the phrase **I know** as meaning something more than simply the awareness that Jesus has of the current religious, social, and moral conditions for the Christians which are addressed by Jesus (see Revelation chapters two and three). Alternate translation: “I am aware of the fact that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n### The use of the second person singular to refer to a plural group of people\n\nThe second person pronouns and the second person individuals addressed throughout chapters two and three of the book of Revelation are often singular in their number, but they are plural in their references. Technically, every message to each of the seven churches mentioned in Revelation chapters two and three are addressed to a singular, individual **angel**, so that one would naturally expect singular references in the language of the letters. Thus, many of the second person references in the verbs and the pronouns, although singular in their literal sense, are plural in their implied references to the believers of the church that receives the message in the letter. If the singular form of the second person address and the second person verbal references would not be natural in your language, then perhaps the translator could use the plural forms of the second person, or “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])\n\n\n\n### Seven spirits of God\n\nThese spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../rev/01/04.md).\n\n### Seven stars\n\nThese stars are the seven stars of [Revelation 1:20](../rev/01/20.md).\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n\n\n### Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking\n\nJesus speaks of his desire to have the Christians in Laodicea obey him as if he were a man asking people in a house to allow him to enter and eat with them ([Revelation 3:20](../rev/03/20.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n\n### “Let the one who has an ear hear”\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. Here, the phrase **has an ear** presents a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey by association with the part of the body in which his listeners would have been receiving his teaching. Alternate translation: “Let the one who is willing to listen, listen to” or “The one who is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n\n\n\n\nSince Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, then listen to” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])\n\n\n### “what the Spirit says to the churches”\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHere, **the Spirit** most likely refers to God’s Spirit, or simply the Holy Spirit of God's triune nature, in contrast to the spirit of the writer or author which one finds in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). In other words, the Holy Spirit addresses the messages and contents of each letter written to each of the seven churches which are addressed in chapters two and three (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 29: 3:6, 13, 22). See the chapter introductions for chapter two and for chapter three to read this same same explanatory note. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n\n### “The angel of the church”\n\nThe word **angel** here can also mean “messenger” or “representative.” This might refer to the messenger or a representative leader of the church. See how you translated **angel** in [Revelation 1:20](../rev/01/20.md).\n\n\n### “Says these things”\n\nThe verses with the phrase **says these things** can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add “These are” to the beginning of these sentences. Jesus uses these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in [Revelation 1:17](../rev/01/17.md). He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3. The phrase **says these things** indicates that the words that come after this expression are a direct quotation. Use a phrase that makes this clear in your language. Alternate translation: “says this message” or “says the following words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])\n\n\n### “the one who conquers”\n\nThe expression **the one who conquers** refers to anyone who is victorious by overcoming difficulties in the Christian life (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21). The expression represents a metaphor comparing the Christian life to a military battle, in which the Christian overcomes the forces of evil and any difficult obstacles in warfare. Alternate translation: “the one who wins the victory” or “the one who overcomes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\nThe expression **the one who conquers** refers to anyone who is victorious by overcoming difficulties in the Christian life. The generic noun phrase **the one who conquers** occurs in Revelation chapters two and three often (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21). The expression is not specific to any one person, but can be applied to a plural entity or group of people. If the generic noun phrase would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase such as turning the singular word into a plural group reference. Alternate translation: “anyone who has the victory” or “those who have the victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])\n
REV	3	1	k6b7	translate-names	καὶ τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ἐν Σάρδεσιν ἐκκλησίας γράψον	1	General Information:	This is the beginning of the message to the angel of the church in **Sardis**. **Sardis** is the name of one of the seven churches, or seven assemblies of believers, which existed in southwestern Asia Minor when John wrote the book of Revelation. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV	3	1	u1zs	figs-explicit	τῷ ἀγγέλῳ	1	the angel	See how you translated **angel** in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	3	1	ouys	writing-quotations	τάδε λέγει	1		See how you translated the phrase **says these things** in [Revelation 2:1](../02/01.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
REV	3	1	un3c	writing-symlanguage	τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα	1	the seven spirits	The number **seven** is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The **seven spirits** refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits which serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	3	1	t8wv	writing-symlanguage	τοὺς ἑπτὰ ἀστέρας	1	the seven stars	These **stars** are symbols that represent the seven angels of the seven churches. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	3	1	lpfk	figs-idiom	οἶδά σου τὰ ἔργα	1		See how you translated the clause **I know your works** in [Revelation 2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “I know what you did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	3	1	xtk2	figs-metonymy	ὄνομα ἔχεις	1		Here, **name** is a metonym for the person who possesses the name. Essentially, the **name** represents the reputation of the person who has the name. See how you translated **name** in [Revelation 2:3](../02/03.md). Alternate translation: “you have a stature" or "you have a fame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	3	1	ty18	figs-metaphor	ζῇς, καὶ νεκρὸς εἶ	1	alive … dead	Here, being **alive** is a metaphor for obeying and honoring God. However, being **dead** is a metaphor for disobeying and dishonoring God. In other words, honoring God is spoken of as being **alive**, while, on the other hand, disobeying and dishonoring God is described as being **dead**. If these expressions of a spiritual condition would confuse your readers, you could say the meaning of the metaphors plainly. Alternate translation: "you are obedient, but you are disobedient" or "you honor me, but you dishonor me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	2	l7qg	figs-metaphor	γίνου γρηγορῶν	1	Wake up	Here, the command to **wake up** is a metaphor for the state of being alert or actively vigilant. In other words, being watchful or alert and vigilant is described by the action of waking up from sleep. If your readers would not understand what it means to **wake up** in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Be alert!” or “Be awarel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	2	d8cw	figs-personification	στήρισον τὰ λοιπὰ, ἃ ἔμελλον ἀποθανεῖν	1	Wake up and strengthen what remains, but is about to die	Here, the **deeds** which the believers do are the same **works** mentioned in the previous verse. These **deeds** which the believers in Sardis do are described as if they were alive and also in danger of dying. Thus, **deeds** are referred to as if they were living persons or humans who live and die. If this figure of speech of personification might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative or explicit way. Alternate translation: “complete the work that remains, which is about to prove futile" or "finish the work that remains, which is about to prove useless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV	3	2	ja1g	figs-idiom	σου τὰ ἔργα	1		See how you translated this word **your deeds** in [Revelation 2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “your works" or "your actions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	3	2	jq58	figs-possession	Θεοῦ μου	1		Jesus is using the possessive form to describe the **God** that Jesus possesses or claims has his own God. If this is not clear in your language, you could sasy the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “the God I serve" or "the God I worship" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
REV	3	3	wcs4	figs-explicit	πῶς εἴληφας καὶ ἤκουσας	1	what you have received and heard	Here, this phrase **what you have received and heard** refers to God's word or the teaching of God's word which the believers had received and heard. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “God’s word that you received and heard" or "the truth that you received and heard" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	3	3	gwk8	figs-metaphor	ἐὰν…μὴ γρηγορήσῃς	1	if you do not wake up	Being alert to danger is spoken of as waking up in a metaphorical sense. See how you translated “wake up” in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “If you are not alert” or “If you are not careful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	3	ypw4	figs-simile	ἥξω ὡς κλέπτης	1	I will come as a thief	Here, Jesus will **come** at a time when people do not expect him, just as a **thief** comes when he is not expected. The unexpected nature of the arrival of a thief is also explained in the following clause of this verse. However, if this simile would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express the meaning in a nonfigurative way. Alternate translation: "I will come unexpectedly" or "I will come without warning" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	3	4	bpg5	figs-youcrowd	ἀλλὰ ἔχεις	1		The second person pronouns and the second person individuals addressed throughout this verse and throughout chapters two and three are often singular in their number, but they are plural in their references. See how you translated the second person pronouns and the second person individuals referenced in [Revelation 2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: "But there are a few of you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
REV	3	4	fy7f	figs-metonymy	ὀλίγα ὀνόματα	1	a few names	Here, the word **names** represent the people themselves as a metonym for the persons. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “a few people” or "a few persons" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	3	4	imsu	figs-metaphor	οὐκ ἐμόλυναν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτῶν	1		Here, Jesus describes sins in a believer's life as if they were dirty **clothes**. This figure of speech is a metaphor for how sin pollutes the life of a believer. Thus, to be holy or sacred to God relates to the imagery of what one wears as clothing or garments. If your readers do not understand what it means to be **stained** in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a nonfigurative way. Alternate translation: “have not made dirty their clothes" or "have not polluted their clothes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	4	x2if	figs-explicit	οὐκ ἐμόλυναν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτῶν	1	have not stained their clothes	Here, Jesus describes sins in a believer's life as if they were dirty **clothes**. The metaphor may be stated positively or negatively. Here, the original Greek phrase is negative, as in they **have not stained their clothes**. However, one can state this same idea positively to make the meaning explicit. If your language does not use the negative language of this form, you can state this in the positive form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “have kept their clothes clean” or "who have kept themselves pure" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	3	4	x48r	figs-metaphor	περιπατήσουσιν μετ’ ἐμοῦ	1	will walk with me	People commonly spoke of living as “walking.” Alternate translation: “they will live with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	4	w5t9	figs-metaphor	ἐν λευκοῖς	1	dressed in white	Clothes that are **white** represent a pure life without sin. Alternate translation: “and they will be dressed in white, which shows that they are pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	5	v69e	figs-genericnoun	ὁ νικῶν	1	The one who conquers	See how you translated this generic noun phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). For the metaphorical expression **one who conquers** that occurs often in chapters two and three of the book of Revelation (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21), please see the explanatory note for this generic noun phrase **one who conquers** in the chapter two introduction. Alternate translation: “anyone who conquers” or “all who conquer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
REV	3	5	w5k4	figs-activepassive	οὕτως περιβαλεῖται ἐν ἱματίοις λευκοῖς	1	will be clothed in white garments	If your readers would misunderstand the passive verb **clothed**, you can translate it with an active verb. Alternate translation: “will wear white garments” or “I will give white clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	3	5	yyu5	figs-metonymy	ὁμολογήσω τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ	1	I will confess his name	Here **I will confess his name** means he would announce that the person belongs to him, not simply say the person’s name. Alternate translation: “I will announce that he belongs to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	3	5	d7l5		ἐνώπιον τοῦ Πατρός μου	1	before my Father	Alternate translation: “in the presence of my Father”
REV	3	5	bi3h	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ Πατρός μου	1	my Father	Here, **Father** is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
REV	3	5	q22s	figs-explicit	τῶν ἀγγέλων αὐτοῦ	1		See how you translated **angel** in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	3	6	zxc7	figs-metonymy	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Let the one who has an ear, hear	See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	3	6	k2k6	figs-123person	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Let the one … hear	See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV	3	6	i49v	figs-idiom	τὸ Πνεῦμα	1		Here, **the Spirit** most likely refers to God’s Spirit, or simply the Holy Spirit of God's triune nature, in contrast to the spirit of the writer or author which one finds in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). In other words, the Holy Spirit addresses the messages and contents of each letter written to each of the seven churches which are addressed in chapters two and three (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 29: 3:6, 13, 22). See the chapter introductions for chapter two and for chapter three to read this same same explanatory note. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	3	7	rf9b	translate-names	καὶ τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ἐν Φιλαδελφίᾳ ἐκκλησίας γράψον	1	General Information:	This is the beginning of the message to the angel of the church in **Philadelphia**. **Philadelphia** is the name of one of the seven churches, or seven assemblies of believers, which existed in southwestern Asia Minor when John wrote the book of Revelation. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV	3	7	ksg4	figs-explicit	τῷ ἀγγέλῳ	1	the angel	See how you translated **angel** in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	3	7	xarn	writing-quotations	τάδε λέγει	1		See how you translated the phrase **says these things** in [Revelation 2:1](../02/01.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
REV	3	7	ih6i	writing-symlanguage	τὴν κλεῖν Δαυείδ	1	key of David	Jesus speaks of his authority to decide who may go into his kingdom as if it were King David’s **key**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	3	7	aam6		ὁ ἀνοίγων καὶ οὐδεὶς κλείσει	1	he opens and no one shuts	Alternate translation: “he opens the door to the kingdom and no one can close it”
REV	3	7	pzy2		κλείων καὶ οὐδεὶς ἀνοίγει	1	he shuts and no one can open	Alternate translation: “he closes the door and no one can open it”
REV	3	8	t5hn	figs-metaphor	ἰδοὺ	1		See how you translated **Behold** in [Revelation 1:7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	8	j1x7		δέδωκα ἐνώπιόν σου θύραν ἠνεῳγμένην	1	I have put before you an open door	Alternate translation: “I have opened a door for you”
REV	3	8	xyw6		ἐτήρησάς μου τὸν λόγον	1	you have obeyed my word	This could mean: (1) they have followed his teachings. (2) they have obeyed his commands.
REV	3	8	b3kz	figs-metonymy	τὸ ὄνομά μου	1	my name	Here, **name** is a metonym for the person who has that name. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	3	9	vfkb	figs-metaphor	ἰδοὺ … ἰδοὺ	1		See how you translated **Behold** in [Revelation 1:7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	9	x78m	figs-metaphor	συναγωγῆς τοῦ Σατανᾶ	1	synagogue of Satan	People who gather to obey or honor **Satan** are spoken of as if they were in a **synagogue**, a place of worship and teaching for the Jews. See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:9](../02/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	9	q496	translate-symaction	προσκυνήσουσιν	1	bow down	Here to **bow down** is a sign of submission, not worship. Alternate translation: “bow down in submission” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
REV	3	9	ah4w	figs-synecdoche	ἐνώπιον τῶν ποδῶν σου	1	before your feet	Here, **feet** represents the person before whom these people bow down. Alternate translation: “before you” or “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV	3	9	k2g5		γνῶσιν	1	they will come to know	Alternate translation: “they will learn” or “they will admit”
REV	3	10	gv5g		κἀγώ σε τηρήσω ἐκ τῆς ὥρας τοῦ πειρασμοῦ	1	I will also keep you from the hour of testing	Alternate translation: “I will also prevent the hour of testing from happening to you” or “I will protect you so you do not enter the hour of testing”
REV	3	10	ckm4		ὥρας τοῦ πειρασμοῦ	1	hour of testing	This probably means “the time when people try to make you disobey me.”
REV	3	10	e6bw	figs-metaphor	τῆς μελλούσης ἔρχεσθαι	1	is coming	Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	11	ih12	figs-explicit	ἔρχομαι ταχύ	1	I am coming soon	It is understood that he is **coming** in order to judge. Alternate translation: “I am coming to judge soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	3	11	n9a9	figs-metaphor	κράτει ὃ ἔχεις	1	Hold to what you have	Continuing to believe firmly in Christ is spoken of as if it were holding something tightly. Alternate translation: “Continue to believe firmly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	11	a4m5	figs-metaphor	τὸν στέφανόν	1	crown	Here, **crown** stands for a reward. See how you translated “crown” in [Revelation 2:10](../02/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	12	px36	figs-genericnoun	ὁ νικῶν	1	The one who conquers, I will make a pillar in the temple of my God	See how you translated this generic noun phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). For the metaphorical expression **one who conquers** that occurs often in chapters two and three of the book of Revelation (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21), please see the explanatory note for this generic noun phrase **one who conquers** in the chapter two introduction. Alternate translation: “anyone who conquers” or “all who conquer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
REV	3	12	xiwx	figs-metaphor	ποιήσω αὐτὸν στῦλον ἐν τῷ ναῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ μου	1		The **pillar** represents an important and permanent part of God’s kingdom. Alternate translation: “I will make him strong, like a pillar in the temple of my God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	13	u5jk	figs-metonymy	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Let the one who has an ear, hear	See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	3	13	ug5m	figs-123person	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Let the one … hear	See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV	3	13	cm7r	figs-idiom	τὸ Πνεῦμα	1		Here, **the Spirit** most likely refers to God’s Spirit, or simply the Holy Spirit of God's triune nature, in contrast to the spirit of the writer or author which one finds in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). In other words, the Holy Spirit addresses the messages and contents of each letter written to each of the seven churches which are addressed in chapters two and three (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 29: 3:6, 13, 22). See the chapter introductions for chapter two and for chapter three to read this same same explanatory note. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	3	14	r6bz	translate-names	καὶ τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ἐν Φιλαδελφίᾳ ἐκκλησίας γράψον	1	General Information:	This is the beginning of the message to the angel of the church in **Laodicea**. **Laodicea** is the name of one of the seven churches, or seven assemblies of believers, which existed in southwestern Asia Minor when John wrote the book of Revelation. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:11](../01/11.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV	3	14	jg3b	figs-explicit	τῷ ἀγγέλῳ	1	the angel	See how you translated **angel** in [Revelation 1:20](../01/20.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	3	14	wzg9	writing-quotations	τάδε λέγει	1	Laodicea	See how you translated the phrase **says these things** in [Revelation 2:1](../02/01.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
REV	3	14	f65v		ὁ Ἀμήν	1	the Amen	Here, **The Amen** is a name for Jesus Christ. He guarantees God’s promises by saying amen to them.
REV	3	14	btv1		ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κτίσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	the beginning of God’s creation	Here, **the beginning of the creation of God** could refer to: (1) the one who rules over everything that God created. (2) the one through whom God created everything.
REV	3	15	pf9x	figs-metaphor	οὔτε ψυχρὸς εἶ οὔτε ζεστός	1	you are neither cold nor hot	The writer speaks of the Laodiceans as if they were water. Here, **cold** and **hot** could: (1) represent two extremes of spiritual interest or love for God, where “cold” is to be completely against God, and to be “hot” is to be zealous to serve him. (2) both refer to water that is useful for drinking or for cooking or healing, respectively. Alternate translation: “you are like water that is neither cold nor hot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	16	y9vt	figs-metaphor	μέλλω σε ἐμέσαι ἐκ τοῦ στόματός μου	1	I am about to vomit you out of my mouth	Rejecting them is spoken of as vomiting them **out of** the **mouth**. Alternate translation: “I will reject you as I would spit out lukewarm water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	17	v1pj	figs-metaphor	σὺ εἶ ὁ ταλαίπωρος, καὶ ἐλεεινὸς, καὶ πτωχὸς, καὶ τυφλὸς, καὶ γυμνός	1	you are most miserable, pitiable, poor, blind, and naked	Jesus speaks of their spiritual condition as if he were speaking about their physical condition. Alternate translation: “you are like people who are most miserable, pitiable, poor, blind, and naked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	18	tmm7		ἀγοράσαι παρ’ ἐμοῦ χρυσίον πεπυρωμένον ἐκ πυρὸς, ἵνα πλουτήσῃς, καὶ ἱμάτια λευκὰ, ἵνα περιβάλῃ, καὶ μὴ φανερωθῇ ἡ αἰσχύνη τῆς γυμνότητός σου, καὶ κολλούριον ἐγχρῖσαι τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς σου, ἵνα βλέπῃς	1	Buy from me gold refined by fire so that you may become rich, and brilliant white garments so you may clothe yourself and not show the shame of your nakedness, and salve to anoint your eyes so you will see	Here, **to buy** represents receiving things from Jesus that have true spiritual value. The **gold refined by fire** represents spiritual wealth. The **brilliant white garments** represents righteousness. And the **salve to anoint your eyes** represents the ability to understand spiritual things. Alternate translation: “to come to me and receive spiritual wealth, which is more valuable than gold that is refined by fire. Receive from me righteousness, which is like brilliant white garments, so that you will not be ashamed. And receive from me wisdom, which is like salve for the eyes, so that you may understand spiritual things” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)
REV	3	19	sf66		ζήλευε…καὶ μετανόησον	1	be earnest and repent	Alternate translation: “be serious and repent”
REV	3	20	e6f7	figs-metaphor	ἰδοὺ	1		See how you translated **Behold** in [Revelation 1:7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	20	i7gy	figs-metaphor	ἕστηκα ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν καὶ κρούω	1	I am standing at the door and am knocking	Jesus speaks about wanting people to relate to him as if he wanted them to invite him into their home. Alternate translation: “I am like one standing at the door and knocking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	20	sr5y	translate-symaction	κρούω	1	am knocking	When people want someone to welcome them into their home, they **knock** on the door. Alternate translation: “I want you to let me come inside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
REV	3	20	m6n2	figs-metonymy	ἀκούσῃ τῆς φωνῆς μου	1	hears my voice	Here, **my voice** refers to Christ speaking. Alternate translation: “hears me speak” or “hears me call” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	3	20	di8q	figs-go	καὶ εἰσελεύσομαι πρὸς αὐτὸν	1	I will come into him	Some languages might prefer the verb “go” here. Alternate translation: “I will indeed go into his home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
REV	3	20	une1	figs-metaphor	καὶ δειπνήσω μετ’ αὐτοῦ	1	and will eat with him	Here, **eat with him** represents being together as friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	3	21	h9pf			0	Connecting Statement:	This is the end of the Son of Man’s messages to the angels of the seven churches.
REV	3	21	n83q	figs-genericnoun	ὁ νικῶν	1	The one who conquers	See how you translated this generic noun phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). For the metaphorical expression **one who conquers** that occurs often in chapters two and three of the book of Revelation (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21), please see the explanatory note for this generic noun phrase **one who conquers** in the chapter two introduction. Alternate translation: “anyone who conquers” or “all who conquer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
REV	3	21	mn2c	figs-metonymy	καθίσαι μετ’ ἐμοῦ ἐν τῷ θρόνῳ μου	1	to sit down with me on my throne	To **sit down** on a **throne** means to rule. Alternate translation: “to rule with me” or “to sit down on my throne and rule with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	3	21	un17	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ Πατρός μου	1	my Father	Here, **Father** is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
REV	3	22	m13x	figs-metonymy	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Let the one who has an ear, hear	See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	3	22	mjv6	figs-123person	ὁ ἔχων οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	Let the one … hear	See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV	3	22	vnr6	figs-idiom	τὸ Πνεῦμα	1		Here, **the Spirit** most likely refers to God’s Spirit, or simply the Holy Spirit of God's triune nature, in contrast to the spirit of the writer or author which one finds in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). In other words, the Holy Spirit addresses the messages and contents of each letter written to each of the seven churches which are addressed in chapters two and three (see Revelation 2:7, 11, 17, 29: 3:6, 13, 22). See the chapter introductions for chapter two and for chapter three to read this same same explanatory note. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	4	intro	cl9f			0		# Revelation 4 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 8 and 11.<br><br>John has finished describing the letters to the churches. He now begins to describe a vision that God showed him.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Jasper, carnelian, and emerald<br><br>These words refer to kinds of special stones that the people in John’s day considered valuable. It may be difficult for you to translate these words if people in your culture do not value special kinds of stones.<br><br>### Twenty-four elders<br><br>Elders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>### Seven spirits of God<br><br>These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../rev/01/04.md).<br><br>### Giving glory to God<br><br>God’s glory is the great beauty and radiant majesty that God has because he is God. Other Bible writers describe it as if it were a light so bright that no one can look at it. No one can give God this kind of glory, because it is already his. When people give glory to God or when God receives glory, people say that God has the glory that is his, that it is right for God to have that glory, and that people should worship God because he has that glory. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worthy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Difficult images<br><br>Such things as bolts of lightning coming from the throne, lamps that are spirits, and a sea in front of the throne may be difficult to imagine, and so the words for them may be difficult to translate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
REV	4	1	ws2q			0	General Information:	John begins to describe his vision of the throne of God.
REV	4	1	vh4i		μετὰ ταῦτα	1	After these things	See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:1-3:22](../02/01.md) Alternate translation: “After I had just seen these things”
REV	4	1	suqj	figs-metaphor	ἰδοὺ	1		See how you translated **behold** in [Revelation 1:7](../01/07.md). Here, it is more natural to avoid the usual “pay attention” in the UST. The translator should probably be less literal in the translation here of **behold** due to the unique context (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	4	1	z8r8	figs-metaphor	θύρα ἠνεῳγμένη ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ	1	an open door in heaven	The expression **open door in heaven** stands for the ability that God gave John to see into heaven, at least by means of a vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	4	1	a49s	figs-simile	ὡς σάλπιγγος λαλούσης μετ’ ἐμοῦ	1	speaking to me like a trumpet	If your readers would misunderstand this simile, you can state explicitly how the voice was **like a trumpet**. Alternate translation: “speaking to me loudly like the sound of a trumpet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	4	1	j713		σάλπιγγος	1	trumpet	A **trumpet** is a instrument for producing music or for calling people to gather together for an announcement or meeting. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md).
REV	4	2	ie3w	figs-idiom	ἐγενόμην ἐν Πνεύματι	1	I was in the Spirit	John speaks of being influenced by God’s **Spirit** as if he were **in the Spirit**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:10](../01/10.md). Alternate translation: “I was influenced by the Spirit” or “the Spirit influenced me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	4	2	nmlw	figs-metaphor	ἰδοὺ	1		See how you translated **behold** in [Revelation 1:7](../01/07.md). Here, it is more natural to avoid the usual “pay attention” in the UST. The translator should probably be less literal in the translation here of **behold** due to the unique context (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	4	3	m4mi	translate-unknown	λίθῳ, ἰάσπιδι καὶ σαρδίῳ	1	jasper and carnelian	The terms **jasper** and **carnelian** refer to valuable stones. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal, and carnelian may have been red. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	4	3	aap1	translate-unknown	σμαραγδίνῳ	1	emerald	An **emerald** is a green, valuable stone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	4	5	ryb1		ἀστραπαὶ	1	flashes of lightning	Use your language’s way of describing what **lightning** looks like each time it appears.
REV	4	5	u1da		φωναὶ, καὶ βρονταί	1	rumblings, and crashes of thunder	Here, **rumblings** are the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language’s way of describing the sound of thunder.
REV	4	5	e1jm	writing-symlanguage	τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	seven spirits of God	The number **seven** is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The **seven spirits** refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	4	6	ja33	figs-metaphor	θάλασσα ὑαλίνη	1	a sea of glass	If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you can state how it was like **glass** or a **sea**. This could mean: (1) a sea is spoken of as if it were glass. Alternate translation: “a sea that was as smooth as glass” (2) glass is spoken of as if it were a sea. Alternate translation: “glass that was spread out like a sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	4	6	cv9p	figs-simile	ὁμοία κρυστάλλῳ	1	like crystal	If your readers would misunderstand this simile, you can state how it was **like crystal**. Alternate translation: “clear as crystal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	4	6	fr7x		ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ θρόνου καὶ κύκλῳ τοῦ θρόνου	1	In the middle of the throne and around the throne	Alternate translation: “immediately around the throne” or “close to the throne and around it”
REV	4	6	b66k		τέσσαρα ζῷα	1	four living creatures	Alternate translation: “four living beings” or “four living things”
REV	4	7	d84n	figs-simile	τὸ ζῷον τὸ πρῶτον ὅμοιον λέοντι, καὶ τὸ δεύτερον ζῷον ὅμοιον μόσχῳ, καὶ τὸ τρίτον ζῷον ἔχων τὸ πρόσωπον ὡς ἀνθρώπου, καὶ τὸ τέταρτον ζῷον ὅμοιον ἀετῷ πετομένῳ	1	The first living creature was like a lion, the second living creature was like a calf, the third living creature had a face like a man, and the fourth living creature was like a flying eagle	How the head of each **living creature** appeared to John is expressed as a comparison with something more familiar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	4	7	b9tx		ζῷον	1	living creature	See how you translated this term in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md) Alternate translation: “living being” or “living thing”
REV	4	8	n8g2		κυκλόθεν καὶ ἔσωθεν γέμουσιν ὀφθαλμῶν	1	full of eyes on top and underneath	The top and bottom of each wing was covered with **eyes**.
REV	4	8	y1u5	figs-metaphor	ὁ ἐρχόμενος	1	who is to come	Existing in the future is spoken of as **coming**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	4	9	xj6b		τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ, τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων	1	the one who sits on the throne, the one who lives forever and ever	This is one person. The **one who sits on the throne** lives forever and ever.
REV	4	9	a19z	figs-doublet	εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων	1	forever and ever	These two words mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “for all eternity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
REV	4	10	c2vg		πεσοῦνται	1	fall down	They purposely lie down facing the ground to show that they are worshiping.
REV	4	10	sly8	translate-symaction	βαλοῦσιν τοὺς στεφάνους αὐτῶν ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου	1	They lay their crowns before the throne	The elders were respectfully placing the **crowns** on the ground, showing that they were submitting to God’s authority to rule. Alternate translation: “they lay their crowns before the throne to show that they were submitting to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
REV	4	10	wvf9		βαλοῦσιν	1	lay	This could refers to: (1) placing something. (2) throwing down forcibly, as of something worthless ([Revelation 2:22](../02/22.md)). The reader should understand that the elders are acting respectfully.
REV	4	11	idj1		ὁ Κύριος καὶ ὁ Θεὸς ἡμῶν	1	our Lord and our God	Here, **our Lord and God** is one person, the one who was sitting on the throne.
REV	4	11	q91l	figs-metonymy	λαβεῖν τὴν δόξαν καὶ τὴν τιμὴν καὶ τὴν δύναμιν	1	to receive the glory and the honor and the power	Here, **the glory and the honor and the power** are things that God always has. Being praised for having them is spoken of as receiving them. Alternate translation: “to be praised for your glory, honor, and power” or “for everyone to praise you because you are glorious, honorable, and powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	5	intro	g7ey			0		# Revelation 5 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this in verses 9-13.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sealed scroll<br><br>Kings and important people in John’s time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, “the one who was seated on the throne” had written the scroll. Only the person called “the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David” and “the Lamb” had the authority to open it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/scroll]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/authority]])<br><br>### Twenty-four elders<br><br>Elders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>### Christian prayers<br><br>The prayers of Christians are described as incense. Christian prayers have a good smell to God. He is pleased when Christians pray.<br><br>### Seven spirits of God<br><br>These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../rev/01/04.md).<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br><br>The “Lion of the tribe of Judah” and the “Root of David” are metaphors that refer to Jesus. Jesus descended from the tribe of Judah and the family of David. Lions are fierce, and all animals and people are afraid of them, so they are a metaphor for a king whom everyone obeys. The words **Root of David** speak of Israel’s King David as if he were a seed that God had planted and of Jesus as if he were a root growing from that seed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	5	1	txr5			0	Connecting Statement:	John continues to describe what he saw in his vision of the throne of God.
REV	5	1	w3yi		καὶ εἶδον	1	Then I saw	Alternate translation: “After I saw those things, I saw”
REV	5	1	u3br		τοῦ καθημένου ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου	1	the one who was seated on the throne	This is the same **one** as in [Revelation 4:2-3](../04/02.md).
REV	5	1	yhm3		βιβλίον, γεγραμμένον ἔσωθεν καὶ ὄπισθεν	1	a scroll written on the front and on the back	Alternate translation: “a scroll with writing on the front and the back”
REV	5	1	aj7m		κατεσφραγισμένον σφραγῖσιν ἑπτά	1	sealed with seven seals	Alternate translation: “and it had seven seals keeping it closed”
REV	5	2	r2vt	figs-events	τίς ἄξιος ἀνοῖξαι τὸ βιβλίον, καὶ λῦσαι τὰς σφραγῖδας αὐτοῦ?	1	Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?	Someone would need to break the **seals** in order **to open the scroll**. Alternate translation: “Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
REV	5	2	v4r4	figs-rquestion	τίς ἄξιος ἀνοῖξαι τὸ βιβλίον, καὶ λῦσαι τὰς σφραγῖδας αὐτοῦ?	1	Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?	If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can translate it as a statement: “Show us who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
REV	5	3	lj9u	figs-merism	ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, οὐδὲ ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς	1	in heaven or on the earth or under the earth	This means everywhere: the place where God and the angels live, the place where people and animals live, and the place where those who have died are. Alternate translation: “anywhere in heaven or on the earth or under the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV	5	5	dm5p	figs-metaphor	ἰδοὺ	1	Look	See how you translated **Behold** in [Revelation 1:7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	5	5	j67w		ὁ λέων ὁ ἐκ τῆς φυλῆς Ἰούδα	1	The Lion of the tribe of Judah	This is a title for the man **from the tribe of Judah** that God had promised would be the great king. Alternate translation: “The one who is called the Lion of the tribe of Judah” or “The king who is called the Lion of the tribe of Judah”
REV	5	5	b6wg	figs-metaphor	ὁ λέων	1	The Lion	The king is spoken of as if he were a **Lion** because a lion is very strong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	5	5	i89j		ἡ ῥίζα Δαυείδ	1	the Root of David	This is a title for the descendant of **David** that God had promised would be the great king. Alternate translation: “the one who is called the Root of David”
REV	5	5	z3vw	figs-metaphor	ἡ ῥίζα Δαυείδ	1	the Root of David	The descendant is spoken of as if David’s family were a tree and he were a root of that tree. Alternate translation: “the Descendant of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	5	6	v99j	writing-participants		0	General Information:	The Lamb appears in the throne room. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
REV	5	6	du51	writing-symlanguage	Ἀρνίον	1	a Lamb	Here, **Lamb** is used symbolically to refer to Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	5	6	erg2	writing-symlanguage	τὰ ἑπτὰ πνεύματα τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	the seven spirits of God	The number **seven** is a symbol of completeness and perfection. The **seven spirits** refers either to the Spirit of God or to seven spirits who serve God. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	5	6	t7d1	figs-activepassive	ἀπεσταλμένοι εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν	1	sent out into all the earth	If your language does not use this passive form, you can translate it with an active verb. Alternate translation: “which God sent out over all the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	5	7	egp6	figs-go	ἦλθεν	1	He went	He approached the throne. Some languages would use the verb “go.” Alternate translation: “he went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
REV	5	8	e3fh	writing-symlanguage	τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	the Lamb	Here, **Lamb** is used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	5	8	ff8y		ἔπεσαν	1	fell down	Their faces were toward the ground to show that they were worshiping the Lamb. They did this on purpose; they did not fall accidentally. Alternate translation: “lay down on the ground”
REV	5	8	uv6w		ἕκαστος	1	Each of them	Here, **each one** could refers to: (1) each of the elders and living creatures. (2) each of the elders.
REV	5	8	qak6	writing-symlanguage	φιάλας χρυσᾶς γεμούσας θυμιαμάτων, αἵ εἰσιν αἱ προσευχαὶ τῶν ἁγίων	1	a golden bowl full of incense, which are the prayers of the saints	Here, **incense** here is a symbol for the believers’ **prayers** to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	5	9	yu7h	figs-activepassive	ὅτι ἐσφάγης	1	For you were slaughtered	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “for they slaughtered you” or “for people killed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	5	9	j1jn		ἐσφάγης	1	slaughtered	If your language has a word for killing an animal for a sacrifice, consider using it here.
REV	5	9	qtv5	figs-metonymy	ἐν τῷ αἵματί σου	1	with your blood	Since **blood** represents a person’s life, losing the blood represents dying. This probably means “by your death” or “by dying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	5	9	k8re		ἠγόρασας τῷ Θεῷ	1	you purchased people for God	Alternate translation: “you bought people so that they could belong to God” or “you paid the price so that people could belong to God”
REV	5	9	zzc7		ἐκ πάσης φυλῆς, καὶ γλώσσης, καὶ λαοῦ, καὶ ἔθνους	1	from every tribe, language, people, and nation	This means that **people** from every ethnic group are included.
REV	5	11	xuy1	translate-numbers	μυριάδες μυριάδων καὶ χιλιάδες χιλιάδων	1	ten thousands of ten thousands and thousands of thousands	Use an expression in your language that shows that it is a huge number. Alternate translation: “millions” or “too many thousands to count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV	5	12	gnv1		ἄξιόν ἐστιν τὸ Ἀρνίον τὸ ἐσφαγμένον	1	Worthy is the Lamb who has been slaughtered	Alternate translation: “wdwdThe Lamb who has been slaughtered is worthy”
REV	5	12	mt28	figs-metonymy	λαβεῖν τὴν δύναμιν, καὶ πλοῦτον, καὶ σοφίαν, καὶ ἰσχὺν, καὶ τιμὴν, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ εὐλογίαν	1	to receive power, wealth, wisdom, strength, honor, glory, and praise	These are all things that the Lamb has. Being praised for having them is spoken of as receiving them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	5	12	w0dv	figs-abstractnouns	λαβεῖν τὴν δύναμιν, καὶ πλοῦτον, καὶ σοφίαν, καὶ ἰσχὺν, καὶ τιμὴν, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ εὐλογίαν	1		If your readers would misunderstand these abstract nouns, you can express them as verbs. See how you translated a similar sentence in [Revelation 4:11](../04/11.md). Alternate translation: “for everyone to honor, glorify, and praise him because he is powerful, wealthy, wise, and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	5	13	sad6	figs-merism	ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, καὶ ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς	1	in heaven and on the earth and under the earth	This means everywhere: the place where God and the angels live, the place where people and animals live, and the place where those who have died are. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:3](../05/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV	5	13	t3zy		τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῷ Ἀρνίῳ	1	To the one who sits on the throne and to the Lamb	Alternate translation: “May he who sits on the throne and the Lamb have”
REV	6	intro	zkn7			0		# Revelation 6 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The author describes what happened after the Lamb opens each of the first six seals. The Lamb does not open the seventh seal until Chapter 8.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Seven Seals<br><br>Kings and important people in John’s time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, the Lamb opens the seals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>### The Four Horsemen<br><br>As the Lamb opens each of the first four seals, the author describes horsemen riding different colored horses. The colors of the horses seem to symbolize how the rider will affect the earth.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### The Lamb<br><br>This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lamb]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Similes<br><br>In verses 12-14, the author uses several similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	6	1	i392			0	Connecting Statement:	John continues to describe the events that happened before the throne of God. The Lamb begins to open the seals on the scroll.
REV	6	1	be7p		ἔρχου!	1	Come!	This is a command to one person, apparently to the rider of the white horse who is spoken of in verse 2.
REV	6	2	t2qg	figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ στέφανος	1	he was given a crown	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “he received a crown” or “God gave him a crown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	6	3	bs66	translate-ordinal	τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν δευτέραν	1	the second seal	The word **second** is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “the next seal” or “seal number two” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV	6	3	i1p4	translate-ordinal	τοῦ δευτέρου ζῴου	1	the second living creature	The word **second** is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “the next living creature” or “living creature number two” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV	6	4	qg8s		ἐξῆλθεν…πυρρός	1	came out—fiery red	This can the stated as a second sentence. Alternate translation: “came out. It was red like fire” or “came out. It was bright red”
REV	6	4	w57m	figs-activepassive	τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπ’ αὐτὸν, ἐδόθη αὐτῷ	1	To its rider was given permission	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God gave permission to its rider” or “its rider received permission” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	6	4	je64	figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ μάχαιρα μεγάλη	1	This rider was given a huge sword	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “this rider received a huge sword” or “God gave this rider a huge sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	6	5	v4us	translate-ordinal	τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν τρίτην	1	the third seal	The word **third** is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “the next seal” or “seal number three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV	6	5	zec1	translate-ordinal	τοῦ τρίτου ζῴου	1	the third living creature	The word **third** is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “the next living creature” or “living creature number three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV	6	5	rm4y		ζυγὸν	1	a pair of scales	A **scales** is a tool used for weighing things.
REV	6	6	cq7h		χοῖνιξ σίτου δηναρίου	1	A choenix of wheat for one denarius	Some languages might want a verb such as “cost” or “buy” in the sentence. There was very little wheat for all the people, so its price was very high. Alternate translation: “A choenix of wheat now costs one denarius” or “Buy a choenix of wheat with one denarius”
REV	6	6	b5rr	translate-bvolume	χοῖνιξ σίτου…τρεῖς χοίνικες κριθῶν	1	A choenix of wheat … three choenices of barley	A **choenix** was a specific measure that was about one liter. The plural of **choenix** is “choenices.” Alternate translation: “one liter of wheat … three liters of barley” or “one bowl of wheat … three bowls of barley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
REV	6	6	v3sn	translate-bmoney	δηναρίου	1	one denarius	The **denarius** was a coin that was worth a day’s wages. Alternate translation: “one silver coin” or “the pay for one day of work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
REV	6	6	ej1v		καὶ τὸ ἔλαιον καὶ τὸν οἶνον μὴ ἀδικήσῃς	1	But do not harm the oil and the wine	If the **oil and wine** were harmed, there would be less of them for people to buy, and their prices would go up.
REV	6	6	c5ik	figs-metonymy	τὸ ἔλαιον καὶ τὸν οἶνον	1	the oil and the wine	The **oil** and the **wine** probably stand for the olive oil harvest and the grape harvest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	6	7	mu5f	translate-ordinal	τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν τετάρτην	1	the fourth seal	The word **fourth** is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “the next seal” or “seal number four” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV	6	7	zj87	translate-ordinal	τοῦ τετάρτου ζῴου	1	the fourth living creature	The word **fourth** is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “the next living creature” or “living creature number four” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV	6	8	e11y		ἵππος χλωρός	1	pale horse	Here, **pale** is the color of a dead body, so its color is a symbol of death. Alternate translation: “a grey horse”
REV	6	8	df32	figs-metonymy	τὸ τέταρτον τῆς γῆς	1	one-fourth of the earth	Here, **the earth** represents the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “one-fourth of the people on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	6	8	aj1h	translate-fraction	τὸ τέταρτον τῆς γῆς	1		Alternate translation: “one out of every four of the people on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
REV	6	8	tjw8	figs-metonymy	ῥομφαίᾳ	1	the sword	Here, **the sword** represents war. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	6	8	n9x3		ὑπὸ τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς	1	with the wild animals of the earth	This means that Death and Hades would cause **the wild animals** to attack and kill people.
REV	6	9	bv8r	translate-ordinal	τὴν πέμπτην σφραγῖδα	1	the fifth seal	The word **fifth** is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “the next seal” or “seal number five” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV	6	9	n3mi		ὑποκάτω τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου	1	under the altar	This may have been “at the base of the altar.”
REV	6	9	b2kp	figs-activepassive	τῶν ἐσφαγμένων	1	those who had been killed	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom others had killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	6	9	y8c6	figs-metonymy	διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ διὰ τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἣν εἶχον	1	because of the word of God and the testimony which they held	Here, **the word of God** is a metonym for the message from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	6	9	x1yr	figs-metaphor	διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ διὰ τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἣν εἶχον	1		Here, **held** is a metaphor. Here, holding **the testimony** could refer to: (1) believing God’s word and testimony. Alternate translation: “because of the teachings of scripture and what they taught about Jesus Christ” or “because they believed the word of God, which is his testimony” (2) testifying about the word of God. Alternate translation: “because they testified about the word of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	6	10	qz1i	figs-metonymy	ἐκδικεῖς τὸ αἷμα ἡμῶν	1	avenge our blood	Here, **blood** represents their deaths. Alternate translation: “punish those who killed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	6	11	bq1p	figs-activepassive	ἕως πληρωθῶσιν καὶ οἱ σύνδουλοι αὐτῶν, καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτῶν, οἱ μέλλοντες ἀποκτέννεσθαι ὡς καὶ αὐτοί	1	until the full number of their fellow servants and their brothers was reached who were to be killed, just as they had been killed	This implies that God had decided that a certain number of people should **be killed** by their enemies. If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “until people had killed the full number of their fellow servants and brothers that they were going to kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	6	11	q9xh		καὶ οἱ σύνδουλοι αὐτῶν, καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτῶν	1	their fellow servants and their brothers	This is one group of people described in two ways: as **fellow servants** and as **brothers**. Alternate translation: “their brothers who serve God with them” or “their fellow believers who serve God with them”
REV	6	11	p615	figs-metaphor	οἱ ἀδελφοὶ	1	brothers	Christians are often spoken of as being one another’s **brothers**. Females were among those spoken of here. Alternate translation: “fellow Christians” or “fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	6	12	z9qm	translate-ordinal	τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν ἕκτην	1	the sixth seal	The word **sixth** is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “the next seal” or “seal number six” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV	6	12	xu8l	figs-simile	μέλας ὡς σάκκος	1	as black as sackcloth	Sometimes **sackcloth** was made of black hair. People would wear sackcloth when they were mourning. The image of sackcloth is meant to lead people to think of death and mourning. Alternate translation: “as black as mourning clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	6	12	g7rt	figs-simile	ὡς αἷμα	1	like blood	The image of **blood** is meant to lead people to think of death. If your readers would misunderstand this simile, you can state how it was like blood. Alternate translation: “red like blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	6	13	s137	figs-activepassive	ὡς συκῆ βάλλει τοὺς ὀλύνθους αὐτῆς, ὑπὸ ἀνέμου μεγάλου σειομένη	1	just as a fig tree drops its unripe fruit when shaken by a stormy wind	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “just as a stormy wind shakes a fig tree and causes it to drop its unripe fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	6	14	jyb7	figs-simile	ὁ οὐρανὸς ἀπεχωρίσθη ὡς βιβλίον ἑλισσόμενον	1	The sky vanished like a scroll that was being rolled up	The **sky** was normally thought of as being strong like a sheet of metal, but now it was weak like a sheet of paper and easily torn and **rolled up**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	6	15	m6j6		οἱ χιλίαρχοι	1	the generals	Here, **the generals** refers to the warriors who command in the battle.
REV	6	15	vl6h		τὰ σπήλαια	1	the caves	These **caves** are large holes in the sides of hills.
REV	6	16	f4bj	figs-metonymy	προσώπου τοῦ	1	the face of the one	Here, **face** represents “presence.” Alternate translation: “the presence of the one” or “the one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	6	17	bd8v	figs-metonymy	ἦλθεν ἡ ἡμέρα ἡ μεγάλη τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτῶν	1	the great day of their wrath has come	The **great day of their wrath** refers to the time when they would punish wicked people. Alternate translation: “this is the terrible time when they will punish people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	6	17	i7t4	figs-metaphor	ἦλθεν	1	has come	Existing now is spoken of as having **come**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	6	17	cq9e		ὀργῆς αὐτῶν	1	their wrath	Here, **their** refers to the one on the throne and the Lamb.
REV	6	17	r1ta	figs-metonymy	τίς δύναται σταθῆναι?	1	Who is able to stand?	Surviving, or staying alive, is spoken of as standing. Alternate translation: “Who can survive?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	6	17	pmn6	figs-rquestion	τίς δύναται σταθῆναι?	1		This question is used to express their great sadness and fear that no one will be able to survive when God punishes them. Alternate translation: “no one can survive!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
REV	7	intro	f27i			0		# Revelation 7 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Scholars have interpreted parts of this chapter in many different ways. Translators do not need to fully understand what this chapter means to accurately translate its contents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>It is important to accurately translate the large numbers in this chapter. The number 144,000 is twelve times twelve thousand.<br><br>Translators should be aware that the tribes of the people of Israel are not listed in this chapter the same as they are generally listed in the Old Testament.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 5-8 and 15-17.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Worship<br><br>God saves his people and keeps them through times of trouble. His people respond by worshipping him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### The Lamb<br><br>This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	7	1	b1yl			0	General Information:	John begins to describe a vision of 144,000 servants of God who become marked with seals. Their marking takes place after the Lamb opens the sixth seal and before he opens the seventh seal.
REV	7	1	id3y		τὰς τέσσαρας γωνίας τῆς γῆς	1	the four corners of the earth	The **earth** is spoken of as if it were flat and square like a sheet of paper. The phrase **the four corners** refers to the north, south, east, and west.
REV	7	2	sgq7	figs-metonymy	σφραγῖδα	1	the seal of the living God	Here, **the seal** refers to a tool that is used to press a mark onto a wax seal. In this case the tool would be used to put a mark on God’s people. Alternate translation: “the marker” or “stamp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	7	3	upb7	figs-metonymy	σφραγίσωμεν τοὺς δούλους τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων αὐτῶν	1	have sealed … on their foreheads	Here, to **seal** refers to placing a mark on something. This mark shows that the people belong to God and that he will protect them. Alternate translation: “we put a mark on the foreheads of the servants of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	7	3	je8m		μετώπων	1	foreheads	The **forehead** is the top of the face, above the eyes.
REV	7	4	m58v	figs-activepassive	τῶν ἐσφραγισμένων	1	those who were sealed	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom God’s angel marked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	7	4	lh7h	figs-ellipsis	ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες	1	144000	Alternate translation: “one hundred forty-four thousand people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
REV	7	5	lyz8	figs-ellipsis	δώδεκα χιλιάδες	1	twelve thousand from the tribe	Alternate translation: “12,000 people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
REV	7	9	cj5k			0	General Information:	John begins to describe a second vision about a multitude praising God. This vision also takes place after the Lamb opens the sixth seal and before he opens the seventh seal.
REV	7	9	au1m		ὄχλος πολύς	1	a huge multitude	Alternate translation: “a huge crowd” or “a great number of people”
REV	7	9	v63z		στολὰς λευκάς	1	white robes	Here the color **white** represents purity.
REV	7	10	m5az		ἡ σωτηρία τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν	1	Salvation belongs to	Alternate translation: “Salvation comes from our God”
REV	7	10	vlv1	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ σωτηρία τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν, τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ καὶ τῷ Ἀρνίῳ	1	Salvation belongs … to the Lamb	They were praising **God** and **the Lamb**. If your readers would misunderstand the abstract **Salvation**, you can express it with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “Our God, who sits on the throne, and the Lamb have saved us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	7	11	a45p		τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων	1	the four living creatures	These are the **four living creatures** mentioned in [Revelation 4:6-8](../04/06.md).
REV	7	11	aja9	figs-idiom	ἔπεσαν…ἐπὶ τὰ πρόσωπα αὐτῶν	1	they fell on their faces	Here, **fell on their faces** is an idiom that means hey lay down facing the ground. See how you translated “prostrated themselves” in [Revelation 4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “they bowed down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	7	12	lf1m		ἡ εὐλογία, καὶ ἡ δόξα, καὶ ἡ σοφία, καὶ ἡ εὐχαριστία, καὶ ἡ τιμὴ, καὶ ἡ δύναμις, καὶ ἡ ἰσχὺς, τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν	1	Praise, glory … be to our God	Alternate translation: “Our God is worthy of all praise, glory, wisdom, thanks, honor, power and strength”
REV	7	12	q3gt		εὐλογία, καὶ ἡ δόξα, καὶ ἡ σοφία, καὶ ἡ εὐχαριστία, καὶ ἡ τιμὴ, καὶ ἡ δύναμις, καὶ ἡ ἰσχὺς, τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν	1	Praise, glory … thanksgiving, honor … be to our God	You can use the verb “give” to show how **praise**, **glory**, **wisdom**, **thanksgiving**, **honor**, **power**, and **strength** are to be **to our God**. Alternate translation: “We must give praise, glory, wisdom, thanks, honor, power, and strength to our God”
REV	7	12	d74f		εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων	1	forever and ever	These two words **forever** and **ever** mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the praise will never end.
REV	7	13	wz8z		περιβεβλημένοι τὰς στολὰς τὰς λευκὰς	1	clothed with white robes	These **white robes** showed that they were righteous.
REV	7	14	p6en		οἱ ἐρχόμενοι ἐκ τῆς θλίψεως τῆς μεγάλης	1	have come out of the great tribulation	Alternate translation: “the one who have survived the great tribulation” or “are the people who have lived through the great tribulation”
REV	7	14	u6fc		τῆς θλίψεως τῆς μεγάλης	1	the great tribulation	Alternate translation: “the time of terrible suffering” or “the time when people suffered terribly”
REV	7	14	b7mi	figs-metaphor	ἔπλυναν τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐλεύκαναν αὐτὰς ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	They have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb	Being made righteous by **the blood of the Lamb** is spoken of as washing **their robes** in his blood. Alternate translation: “they have been made righteous by washing their robes white in his blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	7	14	ym21	figs-metonymy	τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	the blood of the Lamb	Here, **blood** is used to refer to the death of Lamb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	7	15	qs23		εἰσιν…αὐτούς	1	they … them	Here, **they** and **them** refer to those people who have come out of the great tribulation.
REV	7	15	us3i	figs-merism	ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτὸς	1	day and night	Here, **day** and **night** are used together to mean “all the time” or “without stopping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV	7	15	k9f2	figs-metaphor	σκηνώσει ἐπ’ αὐτούς	1	will spread his tent over them	Protecting them is spoken of as if he were giving them shelter to live under. Alternate translation: “will shelter them” or “will protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	7	16	p6u7		οὐ πεινάσουσιν…αὐτοὺς	1	They … them	Here, **They** and **them** refer to those people who have come out of the great tribulation.
REV	7	16	t45h	figs-metaphor	οὐδὲ μὴ πέσῃ ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς ὁ ἥλιος	1	The sun will not beat down	The heat of the **sun** is compared to punishment that causes people to suffer. Alternate translation: “and the sun will not burn them” or “and the sun will not make them weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	7	17	wc49		αὐτούς…αὐτοὺς	1	their … them	Both occurrences of **them** refer to those people who have come out of the great tribulation.
REV	7	17	b5rp		τὸ Ἀρνίον τὸ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ θρόνου	1	the Lamb at the center of the throne	Alternate translation: “the Lamb, who is standing in the middle of the area around the throne”
REV	7	17	bi5i	figs-metaphor	ὅτι τὸ Ἀρνίον…ποιμανεῖ αὐτούς	1	For the Lamb … will be their shepherd	The elder speaks of the Lamb’s care for his people as if it were a shepherd’s care for his sheep. Alternate translation: “for the Lamb … will be like a shepherd to them” or “for the Lamb … will care for them as a shepherd cares for his sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	7	17	m6m8	figs-metaphor	ὁδηγήσει αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ ζωῆς πηγὰς ὑδάτων	1	he will guide them to springs of living water	The elder speaks of what gives life as if it were **springs** of fresh **water**. Alternate translation: “he will guide them like a shepherd guiding his sheep to fresh water” or “he will guide them to life like a shepherd guiding his sheep to living water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	7	17	g3d2	figs-metonymy	ἐξαλείψει ὁ Θεὸς πᾶν δάκρυον ἐκ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν	1	God will wipe away every tear from their eyes	Here, a **tear** represents sadness. Alternate translation: “God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears” or “God will cause them to not be sad anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	8	intro	ma7f			0		# Revelation 8 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Seven seals and seven trumpets<br><br>This chapter begins to show what happens when the Lamb opens the seventh seal. God uses the prayers of all believers to cause dramatic things to happen on earth. John then describes what happens when angels sound the first four of seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Passive voice<br><br>John uses the passive voice several times in this chapter. This hides who performs the action. This will be difficult to convey if the translator’s language does not have a passive voice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])<br><br>### Similes<br><br>In verses 8 and 10, John uses similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	8	1	d652			0	Connecting Statement:	The Lamb opens the seventh seal.
REV	8	1	mh2b	translate-ordinal	τὴν σφραγῖδα τὴν ἑβδόμην	1	the seventh seal	This is the last of the seven seals on the scroll. The word **seventh** is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “the next seal” or “the final seal” or “seal number seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV	8	2	fri9	figs-activepassive	ἐδόθησαν αὐτοῖς ἑπτὰ σάλπιγγες	1	seven trumpets were given to them	Each of the seven angels were given one trumpet. If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) God gave them seven trumpets. (2) the Lamb gave them seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	8	3	f9g9		δώσει	1	he would offer it	Alternate translation: “he would offer the incense to God by burning it”
REV	8	4	lq1q	figs-metonymy	ἐκ χειρὸς τοῦ ἀγγέλου	1	the angel’s hand	This refers to the bowl in the angel’s hand. Alternate translation: “from the bowl in the angel’s hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	8	5	l79w	figs-metonymy	ἐγέμισεν αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς	1	filled it with fire	Here, **the fire** probably refers to burning coals. Alternate translation: “filled it with burning coals” or “filled it with coals of fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	8	7	g5gp	figs-activepassive	ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν	1	It was thrown down onto the earth	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the angel threw the hail and fire mixed with blood down onto the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	8	7	ga1r	figs-activepassive	τὸ τρίτον τῆς γῆς κατεκάη, καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν δένδρων κατεκάη, καὶ πᾶς χόρτος χλωρὸς κατεκάη	1	a third of it was burned up, a third of the trees were burned up, and all the green grass was burned up	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “it burned up a third of the earth, a third of the trees, and all the green grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	8	8	rnh8	translate-ordinal	ὁ δεύτερος ἄγγελος	1	The second angel	The word **second** is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “the next angel” or “angel number two” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV	8	8	uw2h	figs-activepassive	ὡς ὄρος μέγα πυρὶ καιόμενον, ἐβλήθη	1	something like a great mountain burning with fire was thrown	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the angel threw something like a great mountain burning with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	8	8	ev7g	translate-fraction	ἐγένετο τὸ τρίτον τῆς θαλάσσης αἷμα	1	A third of the sea became blood	If your readers would misunderstand the fraction **a third**, you can explain it in translation. Alternate translation: “it was like the sea was divided into three parts, and one of those parts became blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
REV	8	8	k43y	figs-simile	ἐγένετο…αἷμα	1	became blood	Here, **became blood** could mean: (1) it became red like blood. (2) it really became blood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	8	9	vgf4		τῶν κτισμάτων τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ τὰ ἔχοντα ψυχάς	1	the living creatures in the sea	Alternate translation: “of the things living in the sea” or “of the fish and other animals that lived in the sea”
REV	8	10	n8ue	figs-simile	ἔπεσεν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀστὴρ μέγας, καιόμενος ὡς λαμπάς	1	a huge star fell from the sky, blazing like a torch	The fire of the **huge star** looked similar to the fire of **a torch**. Alternate translation: “a huge star that was blazing like a torch fell from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	8	10	int4		λαμπάς	1	torch	A **torch** a stick with one end lit on fire to provide light.
REV	8	11	as2n	translate-unknown	τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ ἀστέρος λέγεται ὁ Ἄψινθος	1	The name of the star is Wormwood	**Wormwood** is a shrub that tastes bitter. People made medicine out of it, but they also believed that it was poisonous. Alternate translation: “the name of the star is Bitterness” or “the name of the star is Bitter Medicine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	8	11	gei4	figs-metaphor	ἐγένετο…ἄψινθον	1	became wormwood	The bitter taste of the water is spoken of as if it were **wormwood**. Alternate translation: “became bitter like wormwood” or “became bitter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	8	11	g4q5		ἀπέθανον ἐκ τῶν ὑδάτων, ὅτι ἐπικράνθησαν	1	died from the waters that became bitter	Alternate translation: “died when they drank the bitter water”
REV	8	12	z936	figs-metaphor	ἐπλήγη τὸ τρίτον τοῦ ἡλίου	1	a third of the sun was struck	Causing something bad to happen to **the sun** is spoken of as striking, or hitting, it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	8	12	dfm7	figs-activepassive	ἐπλήγη τὸ τρίτον τοῦ ἡλίου	1		If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “a third of the sun changed” or “God changed a third of the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	8	12	ukh6		σκοτισθῇ τὸ τρίτον αὐτῶν	1	a third of them turned dark	The phrase **a third of then turned dark** could mean: (1) one third of the time, they were dark. (2) one third of the sun, one third of the moon, and one third of the stars became dark.
REV	8	12	t1ag		ἡ ἡμέρα μὴ φάνῃ τὸ τρίτον αὐτῆς, καὶ ἡ νὺξ ὁμοίως	1	a third of the day and a third of the night had no light	Alternate translation: “there was no light during one third of the day and one third of the night” or “they did not shine during one third of the day and one third of the night”
REV	8	13	x375	figs-activepassive	ἐκ τῶν λοιπῶν φωνῶν τῆς σάλπιγγος τῶν τριῶν ἀγγέλων τῶν μελλόντων σαλπίζειν	1	because of the remaining trumpet … angels	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “because the three angels who have not yet sounded their trumpets are about to sound them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	9	intro	sq5c			0		# Revelation 9 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In this chapter, John continues to describe what happens when angels sound seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>### Woe<br><br>John describes several “woes” in the Book of Revelation. This chapter begins to describe three “woes” announced at the end of Chapter 8.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Animal imagery<br><br>This chapter includes several animals: locusts, scorpions, horses, lions, and snakes. Animals convey different qualities or traits. For example, a lion is powerful and dangerous. Translators should use the same animals in their translation if possible. If the animal is unknown, one with similar qualities or traits should be used.<br><br>### Bottomless pit<br><br>This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])<br><br>### Abaddon and Apollyon<br><br>“Abaddon” is a Hebrew word. “Apollyon” is a Greek word. Both words mean “Destroyer.” John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. The ULT and UST write the sounds of both words with English letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate these words using the letters of the target language. The original Greek readers would have understood “Apollyon” to mean “Destroyer.” So translators may also supply what it means in the text or in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])<br><br>### Repentance<br><br>Despite great signs, people are described as not repenting and so remain in their sin. People refusing to repent are also mentioned in Chapter 16. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Simile<br><br>John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	9	1	d26c			0	Connecting Statement:	The fifth of the seven angels begins to sound his trumpet.
REV	9	1	jim6		εἶδον ἀστέρα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ πεπτωκότα	1	I saw a star from heaven that had fallen	John saw the **star** after it **had fallen**. He did not watch if fall.
REV	9	1	v12j		ἡ κλεὶς τοῦ φρέατος τῆς Ἀβύσσου	1	the key to the shaft of the bottomless pit	Alternate translation: “the key that unlocks the shaft of the bottomless pit”
REV	9	1	cjr9		τοῦ φρέατος τῆς Ἀβύσσου	1	the shaft of the bottomless pit	Here, **shaft** could be: (1) another way of referring to the abyss and describes it as long and narrow. (2) the opening of the abyss.
REV	9	1	p886		τῆς Ἀβύσσου	1	the bottomless pit	The **abyss** is an extremely deep narrow hole. This could mean: (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever. (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom.
REV	9	2	tp79	figs-simile	ὡς καπνὸς καμίνου μεγάλης	1	like smoke from a huge furnace	A **huge furnace** gives off a great amount of thick, dark **smoke**. Alternate translation: “like the great amount of smoke that comes from a huge furnace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	9	2	nd4n	figs-activepassive	ἐσκοτώθη	1	turned dark	If your readers would misunderstand this passive phrase **were darkened**, you can state it inm active form. Alternate translation: “became dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	9	3	mb9m	translate-unknown	ἀκρίδες	1	locusts	The **locusts** are insects that fly together in large groups. People fear them because they can eat up all the leaves in gardens and on trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	9	3	a4e7	figs-explicit	ἐδόθη αὐταῖς ἐξουσία, ὡς ἔχουσιν ἐξουσίαν οἱ σκορπίοι	1	power like that of scorpions	These **scorpions** have the ability to sting and poison people. Alternate translation: “they have the ability to sting people as scorpions do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	9	3	mjf1	translate-unknown	σκορπίοι	1	scorpions	A scorpion is a small insect with a poisonous stinger on its tail. Its sting is extremely painful and the pain lasts a long time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	9	4	cl6p		ἐρρέθη αὐταῖς, ἵνα μὴ ἀδικήσουσιν τὸν χόρτον τῆς γῆς, οὐδὲ πᾶν χλωρὸν, οὐδὲ πᾶν δένδρον	1	They were told not to damage the grass on the earth or any green plant or tree	Ordinary locusts were a terrible threat to people because when they swarm, they can eat up all the grass and all the leaves on plants and trees. These locusts were told not to do this.
REV	9	4	pb9q	figs-ellipsis	εἰ μὴ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους	1	but only the people	The phrase “to damage” or “to harm” is understood. Alternate translation: “but only to harm the men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
REV	9	4	gi1a	figs-metonymy	τὴν σφραγῖδα τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	the seal of God	Here, **seal** refers to a tool that is used to press a mark onto a wax seal. In this case the tool would be used to put a mark on God’s people. See how you translated “seal” in [Revelation 7:3](../07/03.md). Alternate translation: “the marker of God” or “stamp of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	9	4	tl6n		μετώπων	1	foreheads	The **forehead** is the top of the face, above the eyes.
REV	9	5	rui1		ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς	1	They were not given permission	Here, **them** refers to the locusts. ([Revelation 9:3](../09/03.md))
REV	9	5	vfj7		αὐτούς	1	them	Here, **them** refers to the people whom the locusts were stinging.
REV	9	5	nm7q	figs-activepassive	βασανισθήσονται μῆνας πέντε	1	to torture them for five months	If your readers would misunderstand this passive phrase **will be tormented**, you can state it in active form. Alternate translation: “the locusts will torment the people for five months” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	9	5	a3dw		βασανισθήσονται	1	to torture them	Alternate translation: “will suffer terrible pain”
REV	9	5	qtk9		βασανισμὸς σκορπίου	1	the sting of a scorpion	A **scorpion** is a small insect with a poisonous stinger at the end of its long tail. The sting can cause severe pain or even death.
REV	9	6	p4mb	figs-abstractnouns	ζητήσουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τὸν θάνατον, καὶ οὐ μὴ εὑρήσουσιν αὐτόν	1	people will seek death, but will not find it	If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **death**, you can express it with a verb. Alternate translation: “people will try to find a way to die, but will not find it” or “people will try to kill themselves, but will not find a way to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	9	6	f1b4	figs-personification	φεύγει ὁ θάνατος ἀπ’ αὐτῶν	1	death will flee from them	John speaks of **death** as if it were a person or animal that could run away. Alternate translation: “they will not be able to die” or “they will not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV	9	7	zh82			0	General Information:	These locusts did not look like ordinary locusts. John describes them by telling how parts of them looked like other things.
REV	9	10	mac3		ἔχουσιν οὐρὰς	1	They had tails	Here, **they** refers to the locusts.
REV	9	10	qdc3	figs-simile	ὁμοίας σκορπίοις καὶ κέντρα	1	with stingers like scorpions	A scorpion is a small insect with a poisonous stinger at the end of its long tail. The sting can cause severe pain or even death. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 9:6](../09/06.md). Alternate translation: “with stingers like scorpion stingers” or “with stingers that could cause terrible pain as scorpion stingers can” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	9	10	lim1		ἐν ταῖς οὐραῖς αὐτῶν ἡ ἐξουσία αὐτῶν ἀδικῆσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους μῆνας πέντε	1	in their tails they had power to harm people for five months	This could mean: (1) they had power for five months to harm people. (2) they could sting people and the people would be in pain for five months.
REV	9	11	fiu6		τῆς Ἀβύσσου	1	the bottomless pit	The **abyss** is an extremely deep narrow hole. This could mean: (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever. (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md).
REV	9	11	bkg6	translate-names	Ἀβαδδών…Ἀπολλύων	1	Abaddon … Apollyon	Both **Abaddon** and **Apollyon** mean “Destroyer.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV	9	12	ts26	figs-metaphor	ἔρχεται ἔτι δύο οὐαὶ	1	there are still two disasters to come	Existing in the future is spoken of as **coming**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	9	13	cyb6			0	Connecting Statement:	The sixth of the seven angels begins to sound his trumpet.
REV	9	13	x4md	figs-synecdoche	ἤκουσα φωνὴν μίαν ἐκ	1	I heard a voice from	The **voice** refers to the one who was speaking. John does not say who the speaker was, but it may have been God. Alternate translation: “I heard someone speaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV	9	13	q3a3		τῶν κεράτων τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τοῦ χρυσοῦ	1	horns of the golden altar	These are horn-shaped extensions at each of the four corners of the top of the **altar**.
REV	9	14	iq5t	figs-synecdoche	λέγουσαν	1	The voice said	This one who is speaking is the voice in verse 13. Alternate translation: “the voice said” or “the speaker said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV	9	14	su17	figs-activepassive	τοὺς τέσσαρας ἀγγέλους, τοὺς δεδεμένους	1	the four angels who are bound	The text does not say who has **bound** the **angels**, but it implies that God told someone to bind them. If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the four angels whom God has commanded them to bind” or “the four angels whom God has commanded someone to bind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	9	15	ijx2	figs-activepassive	ἐλύθησαν οἱ τέσσαρες ἄγγελοι, οἱ ἡτοιμασμένοι εἰς τὴν ὥραν, καὶ ἡμέραν, καὶ μῆνα, καὶ ἐνιαυτόν	1	The four angels who had been prepared for … that year, were released	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the angel released the four angels who had been prepared for that hour and day and month and year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	9	15	p3w1	figs-activepassive	οἱ τέσσαρες ἄγγελοι, οἱ ἡτοιμασμένοι	1	The four angels who had been prepared	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the four angels whom God had prepared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	9	15	b3d6	figs-parallelism	εἰς τὴν ὥραν, καὶ ἡμέραν, καὶ μῆνα, καὶ ἐνιαυτόν	1	for that hour, that day, that month, and that year	These words are used to show that there is a specific, chosen time and not just any time. Alternate translation: “for that exact time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
REV	9	16	h8uf			0	General Information:	Suddenly, a huge number of soldiers on horseback appear in John’s vision. John is no longer speaking about the four angels mentioned in the previous verse.
REV	9	16	ays5	translate-numbers	δύο μυριάδες μυριάδων	1	200000000	Some ways to express **two myriads** are: “two hundred million” or “two hundred thousand thousand” or “twenty thousand times ten thousand.” If your language does not have a specific number for this, you could also see how you translated a similar large number in [Revelation 5:11](../05/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV	9	17	j5n9		πυρίνους	1	fiery red	See how you translated this in [Revelation 6:3](../06/03.md). Alternate translation: “red like fire” or “bright red”
REV	9	17	pqe8		θειώδεις	1	sulfurous yellow	Alternate translation: “yellow like sulfur” or “bright yellow like sulfur”
REV	9	18	x4fr	translate-fraction	τὸ τρίτον τῶν ἀνθρώπων	1	A third of the people	See how you translated “A third” in [Revelation 8:7](../08/07.md). Alternate translation: “One third of the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
REV	9	20	xf3t	figs-activepassive	οἳ οὐκ ἀπεκτάνθησαν ἐν ταῖς πληγαῖς ταύταις	1	those who were not killed by these plagues	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom the plagues had not killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	9	20	d3vn	figs-distinguish	ἃ οὔτε βλέπειν δύνανται, οὔτε ἀκούειν, οὔτε περιπατεῖν	1	things that cannot see, hear, or walk	This phrase reminds us that idols are not alive and do not deserve to be worshiped. But the people did not stop worshiping them. Alternate translation: “even though these idols cannot see, hear, or walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
REV	10	intro	ys3l			0		# Revelation 10 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Seven thunders<br><br>John here describes the seven thunders as making sounds that he could understand as words. However, translators should use their normal word for “thunder” when translating these verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>### “The mystery of God”<br><br>This refers to some aspect of the hidden plan of God. It is not necessary to know what this mystery is to translate it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Simile<br><br>John uses similes to help him describe the face, legs, and voice of the mighty angel. Translators should understand other objects in this chapter, such as the rainbow and the cloud, with their normal meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	10	1	xr6f			0	General Information:	John begins to describe a vision of a mighty angel holding a scroll. In John’s vision he is viewing what is happening from earth. This takes place between the blowing of the sixth and seventh trumpets.
REV	10	1	jj2e	figs-metaphor	περιβεβλημένον νεφέλην	1	He was robed in a cloud	John speaks of the angel as if he were wearing **a cloud** as his clothing. This expression may be understood as metaphor. However, because very unusual things were often seen in visions, it might be understood as a literally true statement in its context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	10	1	qax6	figs-simile	τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ὡς ὁ ἥλιος	1	His face was like the sun	John compares the brightness of **his face** with the brightness of **the sun**. Alternate translation: “his face was bright like the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	10	1	p81x	figs-metonymy	οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὡς στῦλοι πυρός	1	his feet were like pillars of fire	Here, **feet** refers to the legs. Alternate translation: “his legs were like pillars of fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	10	3	ubb9		καὶ ἔκραξεν	1	Then he shouted	Alternate translation: “then the angel shouted”
REV	10	3	r4j6		ἐλάλησαν αἱ ἑπτὰ βρονταὶ	1	the seven thunders spoke out	The **seven thunders** are described as if they were people who could speak. Alternate translation: “the seven thunders made a loud noise” or “the thunder sounded very loudly seven times”
REV	10	3	qag8		ἑπτὰ βρονταὶ	1	seven thunders	This may refer to thunder occurring **seven** times, yet being spoken of as if it were **seven** different **thunders**.
REV	10	4	az1z	figs-synecdoche	καὶ ἤκουσα φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ	1	but I heard a voice from heaven	Here, **voice** refers to words spoken by someone other than the angel. Alternate translation: “but I heard someone speaking from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV	10	5	l5xy	translate-symaction	ἦρεν τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ τὴν δεξιὰν εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν	1	raised his right hand to heaven	He **raised his right hand to heaven** to show that he was swearing by God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
REV	10	6	t2f6		ὤμοσεν τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων	1	He swore by the one who lives forever and ever	Alternate translation: “and he asked that what he was going to say would be confirmed by the one who lives forever and ever”
REV	10	6	gmm8		τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων	1	the one who lives forever and ever	Here, **the one who lives forever and ever** refers to God.
REV	10	6	egm1		χρόνος οὐκέτι ἔσται	1	There will be no more delay	Alternate translation: “There will be no more waiting” or “God will not delay”
REV	10	7	c5gy	figs-activepassive	ἐτελέσθη τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	the mystery of God will be accomplished	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God will accomplish his mystery” or “God will complete his secret plan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	10	8	t61f			0	Connecting Statement:	John hears the voice from heaven, which he had heard in [Revelation 10:4](../10/04.md), speak to him again.
REV	10	8	v6a9	figs-synecdoche	ἡ φωνὴ ἣν ἤκουσα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ	1	The voice I heard from heaven	Here, **voice** refers to the speaker. Alternate translation: “the one I heard speak from heaven” or “the one who had spoken to me from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV	10	8	tkq7		ἤκουσα	1	I heard	John heard.
REV	10	9	x13b		λέγει μοι	1	He said to me	Alternate translation: “the angel said to me”
REV	10	9	tg31		πικρανεῖ σου τὴν κοιλίαν	1	make … bitter	This refers to a bad taste from the **stomach** after eating something that is not good. Alternate translation: “it will make your stomach sour”
REV	10	11	ahb4	figs-metonymy	γλώσσαις	1	languages	Here, **tongues** refers to the people who speak the languages. Alternate translation: “many language communities” or “many groups of people who speak their own languages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	11	intro	s117			0		# Revelation 11 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 15 and 17-18.<br><br>### Woe<br><br>John describes several “woes” in the book of Revelation. This chapter describes a second and third “woe” announced at the end of Chapter 8.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Gentiles<br><br>The word “Gentiles” here refers to ungodly people groups and not Gentile Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>### Two witnesses<br><br>Scholars have suggested many different ideas about these two witnesses. Translators do not need to understand this passage to accurately translate it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>### Bottomless pit<br><br>This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])
REV	11	1	ba9b			0	General Information:	John begins to describe a vision about receiving a measuring rod and two witnesses that God appointed. This vision also takes place between the blowing of the sixth and seventh trumpets.
REV	11	1	lkn6	figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη μοι κάλαμος ὅμοιος ῥάβδῳ	1	A reed was given to me	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “sSomeone gave me a reed like a measuring rod” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	11	1	tl86		ἐδόθη μοι…λέγων	1	given to me … I was told	Here, **me** refers to John.
REV	11	1	ha6e		τοὺς προσκυνοῦντας ἐν αὐτῷ	1	those who worship in it	Alternate translation: “count those who worship in the temple”
REV	11	2	jae6		πατήσουσιν	1	trample	To **trample** to treat something as worthless by walking on it.
REV	11	3	h8vh	figs-explicit	περιβεβλημένοι σάκκους	1	days, clothed in sackcloth	You can make it explicit why they will wear **sackcloth**. Alternate translation: “wearing rough mourning clothes” or “wearing scratchy clothes to show that they are very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	11	4	pa44	writing-symlanguage	οὗτοί εἰσιν αἱ δύο ἐλαῖαι καὶ αἱ δύο λυχνίαι, αἱ ἐνώπιον τοῦ Κυρίου τῆς γῆς ἑστῶτες	1	These witnesses are the two olive trees and the two lampstands that have stood before the Lord of the earth	The **two olive trees** and the **two lampstands** symbolize these people, but they are not literally the people. Alternate translation: “The two olive trees and the two lampstands that have stood before the Lord of the earth represent these witnesses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	11	4	p6mi	figs-explicit	αἱ δύο ἐλαῖαι καὶ αἱ δύο λυχνίαι, αἱ	1	the two olive trees and the two lampstands that	John expects his readers to know about the **two olive trees and the two lampstands** because many years earlier another prophet had written about them. Alternate translation: “the two olive trees and the two lampstands, told about in scripture, that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	11	5	nr2s		πῦρ ἐκπορεύεται ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτῶν, καὶ κατεσθίει τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτῶν	1	fire comes out of their mouth and devours their enemies	Because this is about future events, you can state this in the future tense. Alternate translation: “fire will come out of their mouth and devour their enemies”
REV	11	5	ab6b	figs-metaphor	πῦρ…κατεσθίει τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτῶν	1	fire … devours their enemies	Here, **fire** burning and killing people is spoken of as if it were an animal that could eat them up. Alternate translation: “fire … will destroy their enemies” or “fire … will completely burn up their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	11	6	cac1	figs-metaphor	κλεῖσαι τὸν οὐρανόν, ἵνα μὴ ὑετὸς βρέχῃ	1	to close up the sky so that no rain will fall	John speaks of **the sky** as if it had a door that someone can open to let **rain** **fall** or close to stop the rain. Alternate translation: “to keep rain from falling from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	11	6	a7ed		στρέφειν	1	to turn	Alternate translation: “to change”
REV	11	6	kth7	figs-metaphor	πατάξαι τὴν γῆν ἐν πάσῃ πληγῇ	1	to strike the earth with every kind of plague	John speaks of the plagues as if they were a stick that someone could hit the earth with. Alternate translation: “to cause all kinds of trouble to occur on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	11	7	i679		Ἀβύσσου	1	bottomless pit	The **abyss** is an extremely deep narrow hole. This could mean: (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever. (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md).
REV	11	8	r45p		τὰ πτώματα αὐτῶν	1	Their bodies	Here, **their corpses** refers to the bodies of the two witnesses.
REV	11	8	p9fu		ἐπὶ τῆς πλατείας τῆς πόλεως τῆς μεγάλης	1	in the street of the great city	The city had more than one **street**. This was a public place where people could see them. Alternate translation: “in one of the streets of the great city” or “in the main street of the great city”
REV	11	8	iea1		ὁ Κύριος αὐτῶν	1	their Lord	They served the **Lord**, and like him, would die in that city.
REV	11	9	h3i2	translate-numbers	ἡμέρας τρεῖς καὶ ἥμισυ	1	three and a half days	Alternate translation: “three full days and one half day” or “3.5 days” or “3-1/2 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV	11	9	bp61		τὰ πτώματα αὐτῶν οὐκ ἀφίουσιν τεθῆναι εἰς μνῆμα	1	They will not permit them to be placed in a tomb	They will leave their bodies in the street as a sign of disrespect.
REV	11	10	dm89		χαίρουσιν ἐπ’ αὐτοῖς, καὶ εὐφραίνονται	1	will rejoice over them and celebrate	Alternate translation: “will rejoice and celebrate that the two witnesses have died”
REV	11	10	trs2	translate-symaction	δῶρα πέμψουσιν ἀλλήλοις	1	even send gifts to one another	Sending **gifts to one another** shows how happy the people were. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
REV	11	10	h4pq		ὅτι οὗτοι οἱ δύο προφῆται ἐβασάνισαν τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς	1	because these two prophets tormented those who lived on the earth	This is the reason that the people will be so happy that the witnesses have died.
REV	11	11	x3gn	translate-numbers	τὰς τρεῖς ἡμέρας καὶ ἥμισυ	1	three and a half days	Alternate translation: “three full days and one half day” or “3.5 days” or “3-1/2 days.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 11:9](../11/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV	11	11	al5w	figs-metaphor	πνεῦμα ζωῆς ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτούς	1	a breath of life from God will enter them	The ability to breathe is spoken of as if it were something that can go into people. Alternate translation: “God will cause the two witnesses to breathe again and live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	11	11	u265	figs-metaphor	φόβος μέγας ἐπέπεσεν ἐπὶ τοὺς θεωροῦντας αὐτούς	1	Great fear will fall on those who see them	Here, **fear** is spoken of as if it were a object that can fall on people. Alternate translation: “those who see them will be extremely afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	11	12	f8ze		καὶ ἤκουσαν	1	Then they will hear	Here, **they heard** could mean: (1) the two witnesses will hear. (2) the people will hear what is said to the two witnesses.
REV	11	12	mkq9	figs-metonymy	φωνῆς μεγάλης ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ	1	a loud voice from heaven	Here, **a loud voice** refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: “someone speak loudly to them from heaven and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	11	12	l1x7		λεγούσης αὐτοῖς	1	say to them	Alternate translation: “saying to the two witnesses”
REV	11	13	fa14		οἱ λοιποὶ	1	the survivors	Alternate translation: “those who do not die” or “those who are still living”
REV	11	13	f4r2		ἔδωκαν δόξαν τῷ Θεῷ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ	1	give glory to the God of heaven	Alternate translation: “said that the God of heaven is glorious”
REV	11	14	l7jp		ἡ οὐαὶ ἡ δευτέρα ἀπῆλθεν	1	The second woe is past	See how you translated “The first woe is past” in [Revelation 9:12](../09/12.md). Alternate translation: “The second terrible event is over”
REV	11	14	j1m5	figs-metaphor	ἡ οὐαὶ ἡ τρίτη ἔρχεται ταχύ	1	The third woe is coming quickly	Existing in the future is spoken of as **coming**. Alternate translation: “The third woe will happen soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	11	15	l1be			0	Connecting Statement:	The last of the seven angels begins to sound his trumpet.
REV	11	15	sxx9	translate-ordinal	ὁ ἕβδομος ἄγγελος	1	the seventh angel	This is the last of the seven angels. See how you translated **seventh** in [Revelation 8:1](../08/01.md). The word **seventh** is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “the final angel” or “angel number seven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
REV	11	15	zt2f		ἐγένοντο φωναὶ μεγάλαι ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ λέγουσαι	1	loud voices spoke in heaven and said	The phrase **loud voices** represents speakers who spoke loudly. Alternate translation: “speakers in heaven spoke loudly and said”
REV	11	15	jsm2	figs-metonymy	ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ	1	The kingdom of the world … the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ	Here, **kingdom** refers to the authority to rule **the world**. Alternate translation: “The authority to rule the world has become the authority that belongs to our Lord and his Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	11	15	en51	figs-metonymy	τοῦ κόσμου	1	the world	Here, **the world** refers to every person in **the world**. Alternate translation: “everyone in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	11	15	sw4u		ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ	1	The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ	Alternate translation: “Our Lord and his Christ are now the rulers of the world”
REV	11	16	s2nv	figs-idiom	ἔπεσαν ἐπὶ τὰ πρόσωπα αὐτῶν	1	fell upon their faces	Here, **fell upon their faces** is an idiom that means they lay down facing the ground. See how you translated “prostrated themselves” in [Revelation 4:10](../04/10.md). Alternate translation: “they bowed down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	11	17	dw6v	figs-distinguish	σοι, Κύριε ὁ Θεός ὁ Παντοκράτωρ, ὁ ὢν, καὶ ὁ ἦν	1	you, Lord God Almighty, the one who is and who was	You can state these phrases as sentences. Alternate translation: “you, Lord God, the ruler over all. You are the one who is, and you are the one who was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
REV	11	17	fq4b		ὁ ὢν	1	the one who is	Alternate translation: “the one who exists” or “the one who lives”
REV	11	17	ea29		ὁ ἦν	1	who was	Alternate translation: “who has always existed” or “who has always lived”
REV	11	17	fe2b	figs-explicit	εἴληφας τὴν δύναμίν σου τὴν μεγάλην	1	you have taken your great power	If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, you can state explicitly what God did with his **great power**. Alternate translation: “you have defeated with your power everyone who has rebelled against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	11	18	qw72			0	General Information:	The words **you** and **your** refer to God.
REV	11	18	iv5k	figs-metaphor	ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σου	1	your wrath has come	Existing in the present is spoken of as having **come**. Alternate translation: “you are ready to show your anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	11	18	h833	figs-activepassive	τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι	1	for the dead to be judged	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “for God to judge the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	11	18	zk1u	figs-nominaladj	τῶν νεκρῶν	1	the dead	If your readers would misunderstand the nominal adjective **dead**, you can state it as a verb or adjective. Alternate translation: “for those who have died” or “for the dead people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
REV	11	18	k3ba	figs-metonymy	τοῖς φοβουμένοις τὸ ὄνομά σου	1	the prophets, those who are believers, and those who feared your name	Here, **name** is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “to those who fear you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	11	19	c7pd	figs-activepassive	καὶ ἠνοίγη ὁ ναὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ ὁ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ	1	Then God’s temple in heaven was opened	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Then someone opened God’s temple in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	11	19	d9z7	figs-activepassive	ὤφθη ἡ κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης τοῦ Κυρίου ἐν τῷ ναῷ αὐτοῦ	1	the ark of his covenant was seen within his temple	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “I saw the ark of his covenant in his temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	11	19	b6ly		ἀστραπαὶ	1	flashes of lightning	Use your language’s way of describing what **lightning** looks like each time it appears. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md).
REV	11	19	ap5g		φωναὶ, καὶ βρονταὶ	1	rumblings, crashes of thunder	Here, **loud sounds and crashes of thunder** refers to the loud noises that thunder makes. Use your language’s way of describing the sound of thunder. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md).
REV	12	intro	cq7x			0		# Revelation 12 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 10-12.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Serpent<br><br>The Book of Revelation uses imagery from the Old Testament. For example, John refers to Satan as the serpent. This image comes from the account of the Garden of Eden when Satan tempted Eve. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “A great sign was seen in heaven”<br><br>By using the passive voice here, John does not say who saw this great sign in heaven. The translation may be difficult when the subject is unclear, if your language does not have a passive voice. Many English translations use the past tense here and say “A great sign appeared in heaven.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
REV	12	1	n4ii			0	General Information:	John begins to describe a woman who appears in his vision.
REV	12	1	j9yl	figs-activepassive	γυνὴ περιβεβλημένη τὸν ἥλιον, καὶ ἡ σελήνη ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν αὐτῆς	1	a woman clothed with the sun, and with the moon under her feet	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “a woman who was wearing the sun and had the moon under her feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	12	3	y4c1			0	Connecting Statement:	John describes a dragon that appears in his vision.
REV	12	3	s1j6	writing-symlanguage	δράκων	1	dragon	The **dragon** was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	12	4	ii1k	translate-fraction	τὸ τρίτον	1	a third	See how you translated this in [Revelation 8:7](../08/07.md). Alternate translation: “one third” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
REV	12	5	zr5q	figs-metaphor	ποιμαίνειν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ	1	rule all the nations with an iron rod	Here, ruling harshly is spoken of as ruling **with an iron rod**. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:27](../02/27.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	12	5	kfr1	figs-activepassive	ἡρπάσθη τὸ τέκνον αὐτῆς πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν	1	Her child was snatched away to God	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God quickly took her child to himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	12	7	wh37	writing-symlanguage	δράκοντος	1	dragon	The **dragon** was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	12	8	uj6a		οὐδὲ τόπος εὑρέθη αὐτῶν ἔτι ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ	1	So there was no longer any place in heaven for him and his angels	Alternate translation: “so the dragon and his angels could no longer stay in heaven”
REV	12	9	pk5u	figs-distinguish	ὁ δράκων ὁ μέγας, ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος, ὁ καλούμενος, Διάβολος, καὶ ὁ Σατανᾶς, ὁ πλανῶν τὴν οἰκουμένην ὅλην; ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ἐβλήθησαν	1	dragon—that old serpent called the devil or Satan, who deceives the whole world—was thrown down to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him	You can give the information about the serpent in a separate sentence after the statement that it was thrown down to the earth. Alternate translation: “the great dragon was thrown down to earth, and his angels were thrown down with him. He is the old serpent who deceives the world and is called the devil or Satan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
REV	12	9	v1tp	figs-activepassive	ἐβλήθη ὁ δράκων ὁ μέγας, ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος, ὁ καλούμενος, Διάβολος, καὶ ὁ Σατανᾶς, ὁ πλανῶν τὴν οἰκουμένην ὅλην; ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ἐβλήθησαν	1	The great dragon … was thrown down to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God threw the great dragon—the ancient serpent, who people also call the devil and Satan—and his angels out of heaven and sent them to the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	12	10	jb7z		ἤκουσα	1	I heard	The word **I** refers to John.
REV	12	10	i112	figs-metonymy	ἤκουσα φωνὴν μεγάλην ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ	1	I heard a loud voice in heaven	Here, the **voice** refers to someone who speaks. Alternate translation: “I heard someone saying loudly from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	12	10	nt1j	figs-metaphor	ἄρτι ἐγένετο ἡ σωτηρία, καὶ ἡ δύναμις, καὶ ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν, καὶ ἡ ἐξουσία τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ	1	Now have come the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God, and the authority of his Christ	God saving people by his power is spoken of as if his **salvation** and **power** were things that **have come**. God’s ruling and Christ’s authority are also spoken of as if they have come. Alternate translation: “Now God has saved his people by his power, God rules as king, and his Christ has all authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	12	10	a5fm		ἐγένετο	1	have come	God is revealing these things because their time to occur has **come**. It is not that they did not exist before. Alternate translation: “have begun to really exist” or “have appeared” or “have become real”
REV	12	10	yg1a		ἐβλήθη ὁ κατήγορος τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν	1	the accuser of our brothers has been thrown down	Here, **the accuser of our brothers** is the dragon that was thrown down in [Revelation 12:9](../12/09.md).
REV	12	10	a9wf	figs-metaphor	τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν	1	our brothers	Fellow believers are spoken of as if they were **brothers**. Alternate translation: “our fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	12	10	jn6q	figs-merism	ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτός	1	day and night	These two parts of the day are used together to mean “all the time” or “without stopping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV	12	11	qmg8		αὐτοὶ ἐνίκησαν αὐτὸν	1	They conquered him	Alternate translation: “they conquered the accuser”
REV	12	11	zt7v	figs-metonymy	διὰ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	by the blood of the Lamb	Here, **the blood** refers to the death of the Lamb. Alternate translation: “because the Lamb had shed his blood and died for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	12	11	lht6	figs-abstractnouns	διὰ τὸν λόγον τῆς μαρτυρίας αὐτῶν	1	by the word of their testimony	If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **testimony**, you can express it with the verb “testify” and you can state who they testified. Alternate translation: “by what they said when they testified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	12	11	kuj5	figs-explicit	διὰ τὸν λόγον τῆς μαρτυρίας αὐτῶν	1		If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, you can state explicitly what they testified. Alternate translation: “by what they said when they testified to others about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	12	11	n6wk		ἄχρι θανάτου	1	even to death	The believers told the truth about Jesus, even though they knew that their enemies might try to kill them because of it. Alternate translation: “but they kept testifying even though they knew that they might die for it”
REV	12	13	x7st	figs-activepassive	εἶδεν ὁ δράκων ὅτι ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν	1	the dragon realized he had been thrown down to the earth	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the dragon realized that God had thrown him out of heaven and sent him to earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	12	13	kgv9	writing-symlanguage	ὁ δράκων	1	the dragon	The **dragon** was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	12	14	sxw1		τοῦ ὄφεως	1	the serpent	Here, **the serpent** is another way of referring to the dragon.
REV	12	15	c73v		ὄφις	1	serpent	Here, **the serpent** is the same being as the dragon mentioned earlier in [Revelation 12:9](../12/09.md).
REV	12	15	y5ml	figs-simile	ὡς ποταμόν	1	like a river	The water flowed from his mouth **like a river** flows. Alternate translation: “in large volume” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	12	15	a9wh	figs-activepassive	αὐτὴν ποταμοφόρητον ποιήσῃ	1	to sweep her away	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “he might sweep her away with a flood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	12	16	i4u5	figs-personification	ἤνοιξεν ἡ γῆ τὸ στόμα αὐτῆς, καὶ κατέπιεν τὸν ποταμὸν, ὃν ἔβαλεν ὁ δράκων ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ	1	The earth opened its mouth and swallowed the river that the dragon was pouring out of his mouth	Here, **the earth** is spoken of as if it were a living thing, and a hole in the earth is spoken of as if it were a **mouth** that could drink up the water. Alternate translation: “a hole in the ground opened up and the river from the dragon went down into the hole” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV	12	16	lgt7	writing-symlanguage	δράκων	1	dragon	The **dragon** was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	12	17	t6jf	figs-abstractnouns	ἐχόντων τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ	1	hold to the testimony about Jesus	If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **testimony**, you can express it as a verb. Alternate translation: “who continue to testify about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	13	intro	c9mw			0		# Revelation 13 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 10, which are from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Similes<br><br>John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Unknown animals<br><br>John uses different animals to try to describe what he saw. Some of these animals may not be known in the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	13	1	su49			0	General Information:	John begins to describe a beast who appears in his vision. Here, **I** refers to John.
REV	13	2	k6qh	writing-symlanguage	δράκων	1	dragon	The **dragon** was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	13	2	xa3a		ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ ὁ δράκων τὴν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ	1	The dragon gave his power to it	The **dragon** made the beast as powerful as he was. He did not lose **his power**, however, by giving it to the beast.
REV	13	2	c4wx		ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ ὁ δράκων τὴν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐξουσίαν μεγάλην	1	his power … his throne, and his great authority to rule	The words **power**, **throne**, and **authority** are three ways of referring to the dragon’s authority, and together they emphasize that the authority was great.
REV	13	2	gyv9	figs-metonymy	τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ	1	his throne	Here, **throne** refers to the dragon’s authority to rule as king. Alternate translation: “his royal authority” or “his authority to rule as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	13	3	yt22	figs-activepassive	καὶ ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ ἐθεραπεύθη	1	but its fatal wound was healed	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “but its fatal wound healed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	13	3	ba2z		ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου	1	fatal wound	This is an injury that is serious enough to cause a person to die. Alternate translation: “deadly wound”
REV	13	3	jc7x	figs-metonymy	ὅλη ἡ γῆ	1	The whole earth	Here, **the whole earth** refers to all the people who live anywhere on it. Alternate translation: “all the people on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	13	3	xx3h		ὀπίσω τοῦ θηρίου	1	followed the beast	Alternate translation: “obeyed the beast”
REV	13	4	t15f	writing-symlanguage	δράκοντι	1	dragon	The **dragon** was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	13	4	yuu8		ἔδωκεν τὴν ἐξουσίαν τῷ θηρίῳ	1	he had given his authority to the beast	Alternate translation: “he had caused the beast to have as much authority as he had”
REV	13	4	ep4n	figs-rquestion	τίς ὅμοιος τῷ θηρίῳ, καὶ τίς δύναται πολεμῆσαι μετ’ αὐτοῦ?	1	Who is like the beast?	This question shows how amazed they were about the beast. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can translate it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one is as powerful as the beast or able to fight against it and win!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
REV	13	5	p2n5	figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ…ἐδόθη αὐτῷ	1	The beast was given … It was permitted	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God gave the beast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	13	5	y29e	figs-metonymy	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ στόμα λαλοῦν	1	The beast was given a mouth that could speak	Being **given a mouth** refers to being allowed to speak. Alternate translation: “the beast was allowed to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	13	6	ru6v		εἰς βλασφημίας πρὸς τὸν Θεόν	1	to speak blasphemies against God	Alternate translation: “to say disrespectful things about God”
REV	13	6	k71y		βλασφημῆσαι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὴν σκηνὴν αὐτοῦ, τοὺς ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ σκηνοῦντας	1	blaspheming his name, the place where he lives, and those who live in heaven	These phrases tell how the beast spoke blasphemies against God.
REV	13	7	fyp6	figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ ἐξουσία	1	authority was given to it	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God gave authority to the beast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	13	7	f5rl		πᾶσαν φυλὴν, καὶ λαὸν, καὶ γλῶσσαν, καὶ ἔθνος	1	every tribe, people, language, and nation	This means that people from every ethnic group are included. See how you translated a similar list in [Revelation 5:9](../05/09.md).
REV	13	8	nr7r		προσκυνήσουσιν αὐτὸν	1	will worship it	Alternate translation: “will worship the beast”
REV	13	8	vyy8	figs-activepassive	ὧν οὐ γέγραπται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς	1	everyone whose name was not written … in the Book of Life	This phrase clarifies who on the earth will worship the beast. If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone whose names the Lamb did not write in the Book of Life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	13	8	nj7e		ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου	1	since the creation of the world	Alternate translation: “when God created the world”
REV	13	8	vac6	writing-symlanguage	τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	the Lamb	A lamb is a young sheep. Here is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	13	8	bcu5	figs-activepassive	τοῦ ἐσφαγμένου	1	who had been slaughtered	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “whom the people slaughtered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	13	9	tdy8			0	General Information:	These verses are a break from John’s account of his vision. Here he give a warning to the people reading his account.
REV	13	9	rr9a	figs-metonymy	εἴ τις ἔχει οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	If anyone has an ear, let him hear	Jesus is emphasizing that what he has just said is important and may take some effort to understand and put into practice. Here, **has an ear** is a metonym for the willingness to understand and obey. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If anyone is willing to listen, listen” or “If anyone is willing to understand, let him understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	13	9	tx89	figs-123person	εἴ τις ἔχει οὖς, ἀκουσάτω	1	If anyone … let him hear	Since Jesus is speaking directly to his audience, you may prefer to use the second person here. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 2:7](../02/07.md). Alternate translation: “If you are willing to listen, listen” or “If you are willing to understand, then understand and obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
REV	13	10	r6sx	figs-explicit	εἴ τις εἰς αἰχμαλωσίαν	1	If anyone is to be taken	This expression means that someone has decided who should be taken. If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, you may state explicitly who decided it. Alternate translation: “If God has decided that someone should be taken captive” or “If it is God’s will that someone should be taken into captivity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	13	10	ilzz	figs-abstractnouns	εἴ τις εἰς αἰχμαλωσίαν	1		If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **captivity**, you can express it with the verb “capture.” Alternate translation: “If it is God’s will for a certain person to captured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	13	10	ipw7	figs-activepassive	εἴ τις εἰς αἰχμαλωσίαν	1	If anyone is to be taken into captivity	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “If it is God’s will for the enemy to capture a certain person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	13	10	mtu9	figs-activepassive	εἴ τις ἐν μαχαίρῃ ἀποκτενεῖ	1	If anyone is to be killed with the sword	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “If it is God’s will for the enemy to kill a certain person with a sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	13	10	cdi9	figs-metonymy	ἐν μαχαίρῃ	1	with the sword	Here, **the sword** represents war. Alternate translation: “in war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	13	10	d2rw	figs-activepassive	δεῖ αὐτὸν…ἀποκτανθῆναι	1	he will be killed	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy will kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	13	10	pk8r		ὧδέ ἐστιν ἡ ὑπομονὴ καὶ ἡ πίστις τῶν ἁγίων	1	Here is a call for the patient endurance and faith of the saints	Alternate translation: “God’s holy people must endure patiently and be faithful”
REV	13	11	pg7g			0	Connecting Statement:	John begins to describe another beast who appears in his vision.
REV	13	11	e7aw	figs-simile	ἐλάλει ὡς δράκων	1	it spoke like a dragon	Harsh speech is spoken of as if it were the roar of **a dragon**. Alternate translation: “it spoke harshly like a dragon speaks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	13	11	k9g8	writing-symlanguage	δράκων	1	dragon	The **dragon** was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	13	12	a2fp		τὴν γῆν καὶ τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ κατοικοῦντας	1	the earth and those who live on it	Alternate translation: “everyone on the earth”
REV	13	12	ys3n	figs-activepassive	οὗ ἐθεραπεύθη ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ	1	the one whose lethal wound had been healed	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the one who had a lethal wound that healed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	13	12	jc77		ἡ πληγὴ τοῦ θανάτου	1	lethal wound	This was an injury that was serious enough that it could have made him die. Alternate translation: “deadly wound”
REV	13	13	z2ws		ποιεῖ	1	It performed	Alternate translation: “the beast from the earth performed”
REV	13	15	dl87	figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ	1	It was permitted	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God permitted the beast from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	13	15	cw55	figs-metonymy	δοῦναι πνεῦμα τῇ εἰκόνι τοῦ θηρίου	1	to give breath to the beast’s image	Here, **breath** represents life. Alternate translation: “to give life to the beast’s image” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	13	15	dey8		τῇ εἰκόνι τοῦ θηρίου	1	the beast’s image	This is **the image** of the first **beast** that had been mentioned.
REV	13	15	ruk5	figs-activepassive	ποιήσῃ ὅσοι ἐὰν μὴ προσκυνήσωσιν τῇ εἰκόνι τοῦ θηρίου ἀποκτανθῶσιν	1	cause all who refused to worship the beast to be killed	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “might put to death anyone who refused to worship the first beast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	13	16	h9u9		καὶ ποιεῖ πάντας	1	It also forced everyone	Alternate translation: “And the beast from the earth also forced everyone”
REV	13	17	t7wm	figs-explicit	μή τις δύνηται ἀγοράσαι ἢ πωλῆσαι, εἰ μὴ ὁ ἔχων τὸ χάραγμα, τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ θηρίου	1	It was impossible for anyone to buy or sell unless he had the mark of the name of the beast	The implicit information is that the beast from the earth commanded these things. If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, you can state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “he commanded that people could buy or sell things only if they had the mark of the beast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	13	17	j8x4		τὸ χάραγμα, τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ θηρίου	1	the mark of the name of the beast	The **mark** indicated that the person who received it worshiped **the beast**.
REV	13	18	i46m			0	General Information:	This verse is a break from John’s account of his vision. Here he gives another warning to the people reading his account.
REV	13	18	uk74		ὧδε ἡ σοφία ἐστίν	1	Here is wisdom	Alternate translation: “Wisdom is needed” or “You need to be wise about this”
REV	13	18	z8tz	figs-abstractnouns	ὁ ἔχων νοῦν ψηφισάτω	1	If anyone has understanding	If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **insight**, you can express it with the verb “understand.” Alternate translation: “If anyone is able to understand things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	13	18	ri1y		ψηφισάτω τὸν ἀριθμὸν τοῦ θηρίου	1	let him calculate the number of the beast	Alternate translation: “he should discern what the number of the beast means” or “he should figure out what the number of the beast means”
REV	13	18	bbn2		ἀριθμὸς…ἀνθρώπου ἐστίν	1	is the number of a human being	The **number** could represent: (1) one person. (2) all of humanity.
REV	14	intro	q71v			0		# Revelation 14 General Notes<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Harvest<br><br>Harvest is when people go out to gather ripe food from plants. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about him so those people can be part of God’s kingdom. This chapter uses the metaphor of two harvests. Jesus gathers in his people from the whole earth. Then an angel gathers in wicked people whom God will punish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
REV	14	1	e7u7			0	General Information:	The word **I** refers to John.
REV	14	1	ck6y			0	Connecting Statement:	John begins to describe the next part of his vision. There are 144,000 believers standing before the Lamb.
REV	14	1	a3kz	writing-symlanguage	τὸ Ἀρνίον	1	the Lamb	A lamb is a young sheep. Here, **the Lamb** it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	14	1	uc96	translate-numbers	ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες	1	144000	See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:4](../07/04.md). Alternate translation: “one hundred forty-four thousand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV	14	1	z963	figs-activepassive	ἔχουσαι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς αὐτοῦ, γεγραμμένον ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων αὐτῶν	1	who had his name and his Father’s name written on their foreheads	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “on whose foreheads the Lamb and his Father had written their names” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	14	1	rf47	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ Πατρὸς αὐτοῦ	1	his Father	**Father** is an important title for God that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
REV	14	2	hwu4		φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ	1	a voice from heaven	Alternate translation: “a sound from heaven”
REV	14	3	sz1f		ᾄδουσιν ᾠδὴν καινὴν	1	They sang a new song	This phrase explains what the sound was that John heard in verse 2. Alternate translation: “that sound was a new song that they sang” or “the sound was the 144,000 people singing a new song”
REV	14	3	ii11		τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων	1	the four living creatures	See how you translated “living creature” in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md)
REV	14	3	m75y		τῶν πρεσβυτέρων	1	the elders	Here, **the elders** refers to the twenty-four elders around the throne. See how you translated “elders” in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md).
REV	14	3	q6fc	translate-numbers	ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες	1	144000	See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:4](../07/04.md). Alternate translation: “one hundred forty-four thousand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV	14	4	jet6		μετὰ γυναικῶν οὐκ ἐμολύνθησαν	1	have not defiled themselves with women	This could mean: (1) they have never had immoral sexual relations with a woman. (2) they have never had sexual relations with a woman. Defiling oneself with women may be a symbol of worshiping idols.
REV	14	4	a7ir		παρθένοι	1	virgins	This could mean: (1) they did not have sexual relations with a woman who was not their wife. (2) they are virgins.
REV	14	4	q3hg	figs-metaphor	οἱ ἀκολουθοῦντες τῷ Ἀρνίῳ ὅπου ἂν ὑπάγει	1	the ones who follow the Lamb wherever he goes	Doing what the Lamb does is spoken of as following him. Alternate translation: “they do whatever the Lamb does” or “they obey the Lamb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	14	4	mlw3	figs-metaphor	ἠγοράσθησαν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπαρχὴ	1	redeemed from among mankind as firstfruits	Here, **firstfruits** is a metaphor for the first offering to be made to God in celebration of harvest. Alternate translation: “have been purchased out of the midst of the rest of mankind as a special celebration of salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	14	5	ga8p	figs-metonymy	ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτῶν οὐχ εὑρέθη ψεῦδος	1	No lie was found in their mouth	Here, **their mouth** refers to “what they said.” Alternate translation: “they never lied when they spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	14	6	n1fr			0	Connecting Statement:	John begins to describe the next part of his vision. This is the first of three angels who proclaim judgment on the earth.
REV	14	6	pp1l		πᾶν ἔθνος, καὶ φυλὴν, καὶ γλῶσσαν, καὶ λαόν	1	every nation, tribe, language, and people	This means that people from every ethnic group are included. See how you translated a similar list in [Revelation 5:9](../05/09.md).
REV	14	7	cj5z	figs-metaphor	ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα τῆς κρίσεως αὐτοῦ	1	the hour of his judgment has come	Here, **the hour** represents the time that has been chosen for something, and the hour having **come** is a metaphor for now being the chosen time. Alternate translation: “now is the time that God has chosen for judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	14	7	reu7	figs-abstractnouns	ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα τῆς κρίσεως αὐτοῦ	1		If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **judgment**, you can express it with a verb. Alternate translation: “it is now the time for God to judge people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	14	8	b18s	figs-metaphor	ἔπεσεν, ἔπεσεν, Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη	1	Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great	The angel speaks of **Babylon** having been destroyed as if it had **fallen**. Alternate translation: “Babylon the great has been destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	14	8	jh3r	writing-symlanguage	Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη	1	Babylon the great	This was probably a symbol for the city of Rome, which was large, wealthy, and sinful. Alternate translation: “Babylon the large city” or “the important city of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	14	8	kg1i	figs-metonymy	ἣ…πεπότικεν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη	1	who persuaded	Babylon is spoken of as if it were a person, instead of a city filled with people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	14	8	ldz2	writing-symlanguage	ἣ ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς, πεπότικεν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη	1	to drink the wine of her immoral passion	Here, **to drink from the wine** is a symbol for participating in her sexually **immoral passion**. Alternate translation: “to be sexually immoral like her” or “to get drunk like her in sexual sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	14	8	v3zk	figs-personification	τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς	1	her immoral passion	Babylon is spoken of as if it were a prostitute who has caused other people to sin along with her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV	14	8	bey2	figs-metaphor	τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς	1		Here, **immoral passion** may well have a double meaning: literal sexual immorality and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	14	10	qw28	writing-symlanguage	καὶ αὐτὸς πίεται ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	her will drink some of the wine of God’s wrath	Here, **to drink from the wine of the wrath of God** is a symbol for being punished by God. Alternate translation: “will also drink some of the wine that represents God’s wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	14	10	fe83	figs-activepassive	τοῦ κεκερασμένου ἀκράτου	1	that has been poured undiluted	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “that God has poured full strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	14	10	bb38	writing-symlanguage	τοῦ κεκερασμένου ἀκράτου	1	that has been poured undiluted	This means that the wine has no water mixed into it. It is strong, and a person who drinks much of it will get very drunk. As a symbol, it means that God will be extremely angry, not just a little angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	14	10	zl4g	writing-symlanguage	τῷ ποτηρίῳ τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ	1	the cup of his anger	This symbolic **cup** holds the wine that represents God’s **anger**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	14	11	dds6	figs-metonymy	ὁ καπνὸς τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῶν	1	The smoke from their torment	The phrase **their torment** refers to the fire that torments them. Alternate translation: “the smoke from the fire that torments them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	14	11	z5ea		οὐκ ἔχουσιν ἀνάπαυσιν	1	they have no rest	Alternate translation: “they have no relief” or “the torment does not stop”
REV	14	12	me1j		ὧδε ἡ ὑπομονὴ τῶν ἁγίων ἐστίν	1	Here is the patient endurance of the saints	See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 13:10](../13/10.md).
REV	14	13	x62q		οἱ νεκροὶ οἱ…ἀποθνῄσκοντες	1	the dead who die	Alternate translation: “those who die”
REV	14	13	hy1a		οἱ ἐν Κυρίῳ ἀποθνῄσκοντες	1	who die in the Lord	This may refer to believers who are killed by their enemies. Alternate translation: “who are united to the Lord and die” or “who die because they are united to the Lord”
REV	14	13	v4xz	figs-personification	τὰ…ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ’ αὐτῶν	1	their deeds will follow them	These **deeds** are spoken of as if they were alive and able to **follow** those who did them. This could mean: (1) others will know the good deeds these people have done. (2) God will reward them for their deeds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV	14	14	ft6v	writing-symlanguage		0	Connecting Statement:	John begins to describe the next part of his vision. This part is about the Son of Man harvesting the earth. Harvesting the grain is a symbol of God’s judging people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	14	14	gvw8	figs-simile	ὅμοιον Υἱὸν Ἀνθρώπου	1	one like a son of man	Here, the expression **a son of man** describes a human figure, someone who looks human. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:13](../01/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	14	14	l89c	translate-unknown	δρέπανον ὀξύ	1	sickle	A **sickle** is a tool with a curved blade used for cutting grass, grain, and vines (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	14	15	v6dy		ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ	1	came out of the temple	Alternate translation: “came out of the heavenly temple”
REV	14	15	v2xf	figs-metaphor	ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα θερίσαι	1	the time to reap has come	Existing in the present is spoken of as having **come**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	14	16	nt7k	figs-activepassive	ἐθερίσθη ἡ γῆ	1	the earth was harvested	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “he harvested the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	14	18	jp7l		ὁ ἔχων ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τοῦ πυρός	1	who had authority over the fire	Here, **authority over** refers to responsibility to tend **the fire**.
REV	14	19	f3mn		τὴν ληνὸν τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὸν μέγαν	1	the great wine vat of God’s wrath	Alternate translation: “the large wine vat where God will show his wrath”
REV	14	20	b1bw		ληνὸς	1	winepress	This is “the great winepress” of [Revelation 14:19](../14/19.md).
REV	14	20	xt4z		ἄχρι τῶν χαλινῶν τῶν ἵππων	1	up to the height of a horse’s bridle	Alternate translation: “as high as the bridle in a horse’s mouth”
REV	14	20	m2i9		τῶν χαλινῶν	1	bridle	A **bridle** is device made of leather straps that goes around a horse’s head and is used for directing the horse.
REV	14	20	gdl8	translate-numbers	σταδίων χιλίων ἑξακοσίων	1	1,600 stadia	Alternate translation: “one thousand six hundred stadia” or “sixteen hundred stadia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV	14	20	dbz1	translate-bdistance	σταδίων χιλίων ἑξακοσίων	1		A “stadium” is 185 meters. The plural form of “stradium” is **stadia**. In modern measures this would be about “300 kilometers” or “200 miles.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
REV	15	intro	zxt7			0		# Revelation 15 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In this chapter, John describes events and pictures that occur in heaven.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 3-4.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “Victorious over the beast”<br><br>These people are spiritually victorious. While most spiritual battles cannot be seen, the Book of Revelation pictures spiritual battles as openly occurring. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>### “The temple having the tent of witness, was open in heaven”<br><br>Scripture elsewhere indicates the earthly temple copied God’s perfect dwelling place in heaven. Here John seems to refer to God’s heavenly dwelling place or temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>### Songs<br><br>The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped.
REV	15	1	p98c			0	General Information:	This verse is a summary of what will happen in 15:6-16:21.
REV	15	1	l345	figs-doublet	μέγα καὶ θαυμαστόν	1	great and marvelous	The words **great** and **marvelous** have similar meanings and are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “something that greatly amazed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
REV	15	1	w6lf		ἀγγέλους ἑπτὰ ἔχοντας πληγὰς ἑπτὰ	1	seven angels with seven plagues	Alternate translation: “seven angels who had authority to send seven plagues on the earth”
REV	15	1	mw7g		τὰς ἐσχάτας	1	the final plagues	Alternate translation: “and after them, there will not be any more plagues”
REV	15	1	ij3d	figs-activepassive	ὅτι ἐν αὐταῖς ἐτελέσθη ὁ θυμὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	for with them the wrath of God will be completed	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “for these plagues will complete the wrath of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	15	1	gdt5		ὅτι ἐν αὐταῖς ἐτελέσθη ὁ θυμὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	for with them the wrath of God will be completed	This could mean: (1) these plagues will show all of God’s anger. (2) after these plagues, God will no longer be angry.
REV	15	2	ytq6			0	General Information:	Here John begins to describe his vision of the people who had been victorious over the beast and who are praising God.
REV	15	2	n9yj	figs-metaphor	θάλασσαν ὑαλίνην	1	sea of glass	You can state explicitly how it was like **glass** or **a sea**. This could mean: (1) a sea is spoken of as if it were glass. Alternate translation: “a sea that was as smooth as glass” (2) glass if spoken of as if it were a sea. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md). Alternate translation: “glass that was spread out like a sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	15	2	pt8v	figs-explicit	τοὺς νικῶντας ἐκ τοῦ θηρίου, καὶ ἐκ τῆς εἰκόνος αὐτοῦ	1	Those who had been victorious over the beast and over his image	You can state explicitly how they were **victorious**. Alternate translation: “who had been victorious over the beast and his image by not worshiping them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	15	2	dbz9	figs-explicit	ἐκ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ	1	over the number representing his name	You can state explicitly how they were victorious over **the number**. Alternate translation: “over the number representing his name by not being marked with that number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	15	2	lra7		τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ	1	the number representing his name	This refers to **the number** described in [Revelation 13:18](../13/18.md).
REV	15	3	l5hu		ᾄδουσιν	1	They were singing	Alternate translation: “those who had been victorious over the beast were singing”
REV	15	4	hh87	figs-rquestion	τίς οὐ μὴ φοβηθῇ, Κύριε, καὶ δοξάσει τὸ ὄνομά σου, ὅτι μόνος ὅσιος?	1	Who will not fear you, Lord, and glorify your name that alone is holy?	This question is used to show their amazement at how great and glorious the Lord is. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Lord, everyone will fear you and glorify your name because you are holy!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
REV	15	4	j9gj	figs-metonymy	δοξάσει τὸ ὄνομά σου	1	glorify your name	The phrase **your name** refers to God. Alternate translation: “glorify you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	15	4	ei9k	figs-activepassive	τὰ δικαιώματά σου ἐφανερώθησαν	1	your righteous deeds have been revealed	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “you have made everyone know about your righteous deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	15	5	v4ye			0	Connecting Statement:	The seven angels with the seven plagues come out of the most holy place. They were spoken of previously in [Revelation 15:1](../15/01.md).
REV	15	5	da6n		μετὰ ταῦτα	1	After these things	Alternate translation: “after the people finished singing”
REV	15	6	f9gq		οἱ ἑπτὰ ἄγγελοι οἱ ἔχοντες τὰς ἑπτὰ πληγὰς	1	the seven angels holding the seven plagues	These **seven angels** were seen as **holding** **seven plagues** because in [Revelation 17:7](../17/07.md) they are given seven bowls full of the wrath of God.
REV	15	6	nei2		λίθον	1	linen	Linen is a fine, expensive cloth made from flax.
REV	15	6	w9kw		ζώνας χρυσᾶς	1	sashes	A sash is a decorative piece of cloth worn on the upper body.
REV	15	7	s4dj		τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων	1	the four living creatures	See how you translated **living creatures** in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md)
REV	15	7	z1wz	writing-symlanguage	ἑπτὰ φιάλας χρυσᾶς, γεμούσας τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	seven golden bowls full of the wrath of God	The word **wrath** here refers to punishment. Alternate translation: “seven gold bowls full of something that represents the wrath of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	15	8	s67r	figs-activepassive	ἄχρι τελεσθῶσιν αἱ ἑπτὰ πληγαὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀγγέλων	1	until the seven plagues of the seven angels were completed	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “until the seven angels finished sending the seven plagues to the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	16	intro	v1cm			0		# Revelation 16 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues the vision of chapter 15. Together they give the seven plagues that complete the wrath of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]])<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 5-7.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “I heard a loud voice call out of the temple”<br><br>This is the same temple that was mentioned in chapter 15.<br><br>### Seven bowls of God’s wrath<br><br>This chapter reveals severe judgments. They are pictured as angels pouring out seven bowls of God’s wrath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>The tone of this chapter is meant to astonish the reader. Translations should not minimize the vivid language expressed in this chapter.<br><br>### Armageddon<br><br>This is a Hebrew word. It is the name of a place. John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate it using the letters of the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
REV	16	1	nj83			0	Connecting Statement:	John continues to describe the part of the vision about the seven angels with the seven plagues. The seven plagues are the seven bowls of God’s wrath.
REV	16	1	t995		ἤκουσα	1	I heard	Here, **I** refers to John.
REV	16	1	k2nq	writing-symlanguage	φιάλας τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	bowls of God’s wrath	See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 15:7](../15/07.md). Alternate translation: “bowls full of something that represents God’s wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	16	2	n7mw	figs-metonymy	ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ	1	poured out his bowl	The word **bowl** refers to what is in it. Alternate translation: “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	16	2	e66u		ἕλκος κακὸν καὶ πονηρὸν	1	painful sores	These could be infections from diseases or injuries that have not healed.
REV	16	2	nux1		τὸ χάραγμα τοῦ θηρίου	1	the mark of the beast	The **mark of the beast** was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast. See how you translated this in [Revelation 13:17](../13/17.md).
REV	16	3	nc6a	figs-metonymy	ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ	1	poured out his bowl	The word **bowl** refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	16	3	sx66	figs-synecdoche	τὴν θάλασσαν	1	the sea	Here, **the sea** refers to all the salt water lakes and oceans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV	16	4	p4ae	figs-metonymy	ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ	1	poured out his bowl	The word **bowl** refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	16	4	xu1y	figs-synecdoche	τοὺς ποταμοὺς καὶ τὰς πηγὰς τῶν ὑδάτων	1	the rivers and the springs of water	This refers to all bodies of fresh **water**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
REV	16	5	f35a		τοῦ ἀγγέλου τῶν ὑδάτων	1	the angel of the waters	This could refers to: (1) the third **angel** who was in charge of pouring out God’s wrath on the rivers and springs of water. (2) another **angel** who was in charge of all the waters.
REV	16	5	e45u	figs-you	δίκαιος εἶ	1	You are righteous	Here, **You** refers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
REV	16	5	itg7		ὁ ὢν, καὶ ὁ ἦν	1	the one who is and who was	See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “God who is and who was”
REV	16	6	b6wa	figs-metonymy	αἷμα ἁγίων καὶ προφητῶν ἐξέχεαν	1	they poured out the blood of the saints and prophets	Here, **poured out the blood** means they killed them. Alternate translation: “they murdered God’s holy people and the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	16	6	jy6a		καὶ αἷμα αὐτοῖς ἔδωκας πιεῖν	1	you have given them blood to drink	God will make the evil people **drink** the waters that he turned to **blood**.
REV	16	7	p4c5	figs-metonymy	ἤκουσα τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου λέγοντος	1	I heard the altar reply	Here, **altar** here refers perhaps to someone at the altar. “I heard someone at the altar reply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	16	8	nne6	figs-metonymy	ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ	1	poured out his bowl	The word **bowl** refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	16	8	l6n2	figs-personification	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ καυματίσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους	1	it was given permission to scorch the people	John speaks about the sun as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV	16	8	jf31	figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ καυματίσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους	1		If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “and caused the sun to severely burn the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	16	9	i2du	figs-activepassive	ἐκαυματίσθησαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι καῦμα μέγα	1	the people were scorched by the terrible heat	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the extreme heat burned them badly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	16	9	pr4e	figs-metonymy	ἐβλασφήμησαν τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	they blasphemed the name of God	Here, **the name of God** represents God. Alternate translation: “they blasphemed God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	16	9	aza1	figs-distinguish	τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ, τοῦ ἔχοντος τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τὰς πληγὰς ταύτας	1	God, who has the power over these plagues	This phrase reminds readers of something they already know about **God**. It helps to explain why the people were blaspheming God. Alternate translation: “God because he has the power over these plagues” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
REV	16	9	rd4f	figs-metaphor	τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τὰς πληγὰς ταύτας	1	the power over these plagues	This refers to the power to inflict **these plague** on people, and the power to stop the plagues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	16	10	f1pm	figs-metonymy	ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ	1	poured out his bowl	The word **bowl** refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	16	10	a2ud	figs-metonymy	τὸν θρόνον τοῦ θηρίου	1	the throne of the beast	The **throne of the beast** is where the beast reigns from. It may refer to the capital city of his kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	16	10	hit6	figs-activepassive	ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ ἐσκοτωμένη	1	darkness covered its kingdom	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the contents of the bowl made the kingdom of the beast dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	16	10	pb1u		ἐμασῶντο	1	They chewed	Here, **they** refers to the people in the beast’s kingdom.
REV	16	11	kna6		ἐβλασφήμησαν	1	They blasphemed	Here, **they** refers to the people in the beast’s kingdom.
REV	16	12	kv5y	figs-metonymy	ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ	1	poured out his bowl	The word **bowl** refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	16	12	amf1	figs-activepassive	τὸν Εὐφράτην, καὶ ἐξηράνθη τὸ ὕδωρ αὐτοῦ	1	the Euphrates. Its water was dried up	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. You can also make it into two sentences. Alternate translation: “the Euphrates, and caused its water to dry up” or “the Euphrates. Its water dried up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	16	13	bb6d		ὡς βάτραχοι	1	looked like frogs	A frog is a small animal that lives near water. Jews considered them unclean animals.
REV	16	13	ai28	writing-symlanguage	τοῦ δράκοντος	1	dragon	A **dragon** is a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. The dragon is also identified in verse 9 as “the devil or Satan.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:3](../12/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	16	15	u3v8			0	General Information:	Verse 15 is a break from the main story line of John’s vision. These are words spoken by Jesus. The story line continues in verse 16.
REV	16	15	l16g	figs-explicit	(ἰδοὺ, ἔρχομαι ὡς κλέπτης; μακάριος ὁ γρηγορῶν καὶ τηρῶν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ, ἵνα μὴ γυμνὸς περιπατῇ, καὶ βλέπωσιν τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην αὐτοῦ.)	1	Look! I am coming … his shameful condition	This is in parentheses to show that it is not part of the story line in the vision. Rather, this is something that the Lord Jesus said. You can state explicitly that the Lord Jesus said this, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	16	15	lgi6	figs-simile	ἔρχομαι ὡς κλέπτης	1	I am coming as a thief	Jesus will **come** at a time when people do not expect him, just as **a thief** comes when not expected. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 3:3](../03/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	16	15	an84	figs-metaphor	τηρῶν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ	1	keeping his garments on	Living the right way is spoken of as keeping one’s clothes on. Alternate translation: “doing what is right, like keeping his clothes on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	16	15	cia7		τηρῶν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ	1	keeping his garments on	Some versions translate this phrase as, “keeps his garments with him.”
REV	16	15	qwa2		βλέπωσιν τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην αὐτοῦ	1	they might see his shameful condition	Here the word **they** refers to other people.
REV	16	16	m2v7		συνήγαγεν αὐτοὺς	1	They brought them together	Alternate translation: “the spirits of the demons brought the kings and their armies together”
REV	16	16	cdx1	figs-activepassive	τὸν τόπον τὸν καλούμενον	1	the place that is called	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the place that people call” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	16	16	x6ff	translate-names	Ἁρμαγεδών	1	Armageddon	**Armageddon** is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
REV	16	17	ny8p			0	Connecting Statement:	The seventh angel pours out the seventh bowl of God’s wrath.
REV	16	17	nhs7	figs-metonymy	ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ	1	poured out his bowl	The word **bowl** refers to what is in it. See how you translated this in [Revelation 16:2](../16/02.md). Alternate translation: “poured out God’s wrath from his bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	16	17	a15p	figs-metonymy	καὶ ἐξῆλθεν φωνὴ μεγάλη ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ θρόνου	1	Then a loud voice came out of the temple and from the throne	This means someone sitting on **the throne** or someone standing near the throne spoke loudly. It is unclear who is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	16	18	x586		ἀστραπαὶ	1	flashes of lightning	Use your language’s way of describing what **lightning** looks like each time it appears. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md).
REV	16	18	c9fa		φωναὶ, καὶ βρονταί	1	rumbles, crashes of thunder	These **sounds and crashes** are the loud noises that **thunder** makes. Use your language’s way of describing the sound of thunder. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:5](../04/05.md).
REV	16	19	q8lg	figs-activepassive	ἐγένετο ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη εἰς	1	The great city was split	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the earthquake split the great city into” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	16	19	r2vh	figs-activepassive	Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη ἐμνήσθη ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Then God called to mind	This does not mean that God remembered something he had forgotten. Alternate translation: “then God remembered Babylon the Great” or “then God thought of Babylon the Great” or “then God started to pay attention to Babylon the Great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	16	19	g6s8	writing-symlanguage	δοῦναι αὐτῇ τὸ ποτήριον τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ	1	he gave that city the cup filled with the wine made from his furious wrath	Here, **the wine** is a symbol of his **wrath**. Making people drink it is a symbol of punishing them. Alternate translation: “he made the people of that city drink the wine that represents his wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	16	20	byn4	figs-metonymy	ὄρη οὐχ εὑρέθησαν	1	the mountains were no longer found	The inability to see any **mountains** is metonymy expressing the idea that no mountains existed any longer. Alternate translation: “there were no longer any mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	16	21	i43r	translate-bweight	ταλαντιαία	1	a talent	You may convert the **talent** to a modern measure. Alternate translation: “33 kilograms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
REV	17	intro	ysn1			0		# Revelation 17 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins to describe how God will destroy Babylon.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prostitute<br><br>Scripture often pictures idolatrous Jews as adulterous people and sometimes as prostitutes. This is not the reference here. The translator should allow this illustration to be vague. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>### Seven hills<br><br>This possibly refers to the city of Rome, which was known as the city on seven hills. However, the translator should not attempt to identify Rome in the translation.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br><br>John uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He explains some of their meanings, but allows them to remain relatively unclear. The translator should attempt to do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “The beast you saw existed, does not exist now, but is about to come up”<br><br>This and similar phrases in this chapter contrast the beast with Jesus. Jesus is called “the one who is, and who was, and who is to come” elsewhere in the Book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### Paradox<br><br>A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in 17:11 is a paradox: “the beast … is itself also an eighth king; but it is one of those seven kings.” The translator should not attempt to resolve this paradox. It should remain a mystery. ([Revelation 17:11](../rev/17/11.md))
REV	17	1	ppd7			0	General Information:	John begins to describe the part of his vision about the great prostitute.
REV	17	1	c6f4	figs-abstractnouns	τὸ κρίμα τῆς πόρνης τῆς μεγάλης	1	the condemnation of the great prostitute	If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun “judgment”, you can express it with a verb. Alternate translation: “how God will judge the great prostitute” or “how God will condemn the great prostitute”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	17	1	f7ry	writing-symlanguage	τῆς πόρνης τῆς μεγάλης	1	the great prostitute	Here, **the great prostitute** represents a certain sinful city. Alternate translation: “the prostitute that everyone knows about” or “a certain sinful city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	17	1	crs4	figs-explicit	ἐπὶ ὑδάτων πολλῶν	1	on many waters	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a more specific word for the kind of water. Alternate translation: “on many rivers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	17	2	paa4	writing-symlanguage	ἐμεθύσθησαν οἱ κατοικοῦντες τὴν γῆν ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς	1	It is with the wine of her sexual immorality that the earth’s inhabitants became drunk	Here to be **drunk from the wine of her sexual immorality** represents fully giving themselves over to doing sexually immoral acts. Alternate translation: “the people of the earth fully engaged in every kind of sexual immorality” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	17	2	f1yb	figs-distinguish	τοῦ οἴνου τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς	1		Here, **the wine** represents **sexual immorality**. Alternate translation: “her wine, that is, they were sexually immoral” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
REV	17	2	ayw3	figs-metaphor	τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς	1	her sexual immorality	This may well have a double meaning: **sexual immorality** among people and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	17	3	hf43	writing-background	ἀπήνεγκέν με εἰς ἔρημον ἐν Πνεύματι	1	carried me away in the Spirit to a wilderness	The setting changes from John being in heaven to being in **a wilderness**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
REV	17	4	rw19	translate-unknown	μαργαρίταις	1	pearls	A pearl is a beautiful and valuable white bead that is formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	17	5	az5b	figs-activepassive	ἐπὶ τὸ μέτωπον αὐτῆς ὄνομα γεγραμμένον	1	On her forehead was written a name	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had written on her forehead a name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	17	5	l75t	figs-explicit	Βαβυλὼν ἡ Μεγάλη	1	Babylon the great	If it needs to be made explicit that the name refers to the woman, it can be put in a new sentence. Alternate translation: “I am Babylon, the powerful one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	17	6	iq7b			0	General Information:	The angel begins to explain to John the meaning of the prostitute and the red beast. The angel explains these things through verse 18.
REV	17	6	iwz1		μεθύουσαν ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος…καὶ ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος	1	was drunk with the blood … and with the blood	Alternate translation: “was drunk because she had drunk the blood … and had drunk the blood”
REV	17	6	yqi7		τῶν μαρτύρων Ἰησοῦ	1	the martyrs for Jesus	Alternate translation: “of the believers who have died because they told others about Jesus”
REV	17	6	ydi9		ἐθαύμασα	1	I marveled	Alternate translation: “I was amazed” or “I was surprised”
REV	17	7	j412	figs-rquestion	διὰ τί ἐθαύμασας?	1	Why are you astonished?	The angel used this question to gently scold John. If your readers would misunderstand thuis question, you could express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not be astonished!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
REV	17	8	upm7		τῆς Ἀβύσσου	1	the bottomless pit	The **abyss** is an extremely deep narrow hole. This could mean: (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever. (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md).
REV	17	8	usl4	figs-abstractnouns	καὶ εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει	1	Then it will go on to destruction	If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **destruction**, you can express it with a verb. Alternate translation: “and then he will be destroyed” or “and God will destroy him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	17	8	glf1	figs-metaphor	εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει	1	it will go on to destruction	The certainty of what will happen in the future is spoken of as if the beast were going to it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	17	8	r6h4	figs-activepassive	ὧν οὐ γέγραπται τὰ ὀνόματα	1	those whose names have not been written	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “those whose names God did not write” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	17	9	p6lr	figs-abstractnouns	ὧδε ὁ νοῦς ὁ ἔχων σοφίαν	1	Here is the mind that has wisdom	If your readers would misunderstand the abstract nouns **mind** and **wisdom**, you can express them with “think” and “wise” or “wisely.” Alternate translation: “You need to think wisely in order to understand this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	17	9	xcyo	figs-explicit	ὧδε ὁ νοῦς ὁ ἔχων σοφίαν	1		You can state explicitly why a wise **mind** is needed. Alternate translation: “A wise mind is needed in order to understand this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	17	9	nr42		αἱ ἑπτὰ κεφαλαὶ ἑπτὰ ὄρη εἰσίν	1	The seven heads are seven hills	Here, **are** means “stand for” or “represent.”
REV	17	10	yk93	figs-metaphor	οἱ πέντε ἔπεσαν	1	Five kings have fallen	The angel speaks of dying as falling. Alternate translation: “five kings have died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	17	10	d2wx		ὁ εἷς ἔστιν	1	one is	Alternate translation: “one is king now” or “one king is alive now”
REV	17	10	kw95	figs-metaphor	ὁ ἄλλος οὔπω ἦλθεν	1	the other has not yet come; when he comes	Not having existed yet is spoken of as not yet having **come**. Alternate translation: “the other has not yet become king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	17	10	v8vx	figs-metaphor	ὅταν ἔλθῃ, ὀλίγον αὐτὸν δεῖ μεῖναι	1	he can remain only for a little while	The angel speaks of someone continuing to be king as if he were remaining in a place. Alternate translation: “he can be king only for a little while” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	17	11	b1ct		ἐκ τῶν ἑπτά ἐστιν	1	is one of those seven kings	This could mean: (1) the beast rules twice: first as one of the seven kings, and then as the eighth king. (2) the beast belongs to that group of seven kings because he is like them.
REV	17	11	w7sk	figs-metaphor	εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει	1	it is going to destruction	The certainty of what will happen in the future is spoken of as if the beast were **going** to it. Alternate translation: “it will certainly be destroyed” or “God will surely destroy it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	17	12	gq2m			0	Connecting Statement:	The angel explains the meaning of the ten horns of the beast.
REV	17	12	n2rd	translate-unknown	μίαν ὥραν	1	for one hour	If your language does not divide the day into 24 hours, you may need to use a more general expression. Alternate translation: “for a very short time” or “for a very small part of a day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	17	13	w7jb		οὗτοι μίαν γνώμην ἔχουσιν	1	These are of one mind	Alternate translation: “These all think the same thing” or “These all agree to do the same thing”
REV	17	14	wt9k	writing-symlanguage	τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	the Lamb	A lamb is a young sheep. Here, **Lamb** is used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	17	14	abb5	figs-activepassive	κλητοὶ, καὶ ἐκλεκτοὶ, καὶ πιστοί	1	the called ones, the chosen ones, and the faithful ones	This refers to one group of people. If your language does not use this passive form, you can state the words **called** and **chosen** in active form. Alternate translation: “the called, chosen, and faithful ones” or “the ones whom God has called and chosen, who are faithful to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	17	15	f5x6	figs-metaphor	τὰ ὕδατα ἃ εἶδες, οὗ ἡ πόρνη κάθηται, λαοὶ καὶ ὄχλοι εἰσὶν, καὶ ἔθνη καὶ γλῶσσαι	1	The waters you saw, where the prostitute is seated, are peoples, multitudes, nations, and languages	Here, **are** stands for “represent.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	17	15	kq1e	figs-explicit	τὰ ὕδατα	1	The waters	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a more specific word for the kind of **water**. See how you translated “many waters” in [Revelation 17:1](../17/01.md). Alternate translation: “The rivers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	17	15	zsh5		ὄχλοι	1	multitudes	large groups of people
REV	17	15	ua3s	figs-metonymy	γλῶσσαι	1	languages	Here, **tongues** refers to people who speak the languages. See how you translated this in [Revelation 10:11](../10/11.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	17	16	j157		ἠρημωμένην ποιήσουσιν αὐτὴν καὶ γυμνήν	1	make her desolate and naked	Alternate translation: “they will steal everything that she has and leave her with nothing”
REV	17	16	f9as	figs-metaphor	τὰς σάρκας αὐτῆς φάγονται	1	they will devour her flesh	Destroying her completely is spoken of as eating all **her flesh**. Alternate translation: “they will destroy her completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	17	17	y8cn		ὁ γὰρ Θεὸς ἔδωκεν εἰς τὰς καρδίας αὐτῶν ποιῆσαι τὴν γνώμην αὐτοῦ, καὶ ποιῆσαι μίαν γνώμην, καὶ δοῦναι τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτῶν τῷ θηρίῳ, ἄχρι τελεσθήσονται οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	For God has put it into their hearts to carry out his purpose by agreeing to give … until God’s words are fulfilled	They would agree to give their power **to the beast**, but it would not be that they want to obey **God**. Alternate translation: “For God has put it into their hearts to agree to give their kingdom to the beast until God’s words are fulfilled, and by doing this, they would carry out God’s purpose”
REV	17	17	sb1d	figs-metonymy	ὁ γὰρ Θεὸς ἔδωκεν εἰς τὰς καρδίας αὐτῶν ποιῆσαι	1	God has put it into their hearts	Here, **heart** is a metonym for desires. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	17	17	j0ts	figs-metaphor	ὁ γὰρ Θεὸς ἔδωκεν εἰς τὰς καρδίας αὐτῶν ποιῆσαι	1		Making them want to do something is spoken of as putting it **into their hearts** to do it. Alternate translation: “God has made them want to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	17	17	ku6m		τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτῶν	1	their kingdom	Alternate translation: “their authority” or “their kingly authority”
REV	17	17	el9y	figs-activepassive	ἄχρι τελεσθήσονται οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	until God’s words are fulfilled	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “until God fulfills what he said will happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	17	18	w2lu			0	Connecting Statement:	The angel finishes speaking to John about the prostitute and the beast.
REV	17	18	md61	figs-metaphor	ἔστιν	1	is	Here, **is** stands for “represents.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	17	18	uy1m	figs-metonymy	ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη, ἡ ἔχουσα βασιλείαν	1	the great city that rules	When it says that the **city** rules, it means that the leader of the city rules. Alternate translation: “the great city whose leader rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	18	intro	j5qc			0		# Revelation 18 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 1-8.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecy<br><br>The angel prophesies about Babylon falling, which here means being destroyed. It is spoken of as having already happened. This is common in prophecy. It emphasizes that the coming judgment will certainly happen. The angel also prophesies that the people will lament over Babylon falling. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br><br>Prophecy frequently uses metaphors. This chapter has a slightly different apocalyptic style than the Book of Revelation overall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	1	xxe5			0	Connecting Statement:	Another angel comes down from heaven and speaks. This is a different angel than the one in the previous chapter, who spoke about the prostitute and the beast.
REV	18	2	a2f5	figs-metaphor	ἔπεσεν, Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη	1	Fallen is Babylon the great	The angel speaks of **Babylon** having been destroyed as if it had fallen. See how you translated this in [Revelation 14:8](../14/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	2	fl3m	figs-personification	Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη	1		The angel speaks of the city of Babylon as if it were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV	18	3	l5jq	figs-metonymy	πάντα τὰ ἔθνη	1	all the nations	Here, **the nations** is a metonym for the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “the people of all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	18	3	kpp1	writing-symlanguage	ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς, πέπτωκαν	1	have drunk the wine of her immoral passion	Here, drinking **from the wine of her immoral passion** is a symbol for participating in her sexually immoral passion. Alternate translation: “have become sexually immoral like her” or “have become drunk like her in sexual sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	18	3	j1at	figs-metaphor	τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς	1		This may well have a double meaning: literal sexual immorality and also the worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	3	kp3p	figs-personification	μετ’ αὐτῆς ἐπόρνευσαν	1	her immoral passion	Babylon is spoken of as if it were a prostitute who has caused other people to sin along **with her**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV	18	3	ejc5		ἔμποροι	1	merchants	A merchant is a person who sells things.
REV	18	3	ql37		ἐκ τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ στρήνους αὐτῆς	1	from the power of her sensual way of living	Alternate translation: “because she spent so much money on sexual immorality”
REV	18	4	nz77	figs-metonymy	ἄλλην φωνὴν	1	another voice	Here, **voice** refers to the speaker, which is probably either Jesus or the Father. Alternate translation: “someone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	18	5	e32w	figs-metaphor	ἐκολλήθησαν αὐτῆς αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἄχρι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ	1	her sins have piled up as high as heaven	The voice speaks of Babylon’s **sins** as if they were objects that could form a pile. Alternate translation: “her sins are so many they are like a pile that reaches heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	5	u2yu		ἐμνημόνευσεν	1	has remembered	This does not mean that God **remembered** something he had forgotten. See how you translated “called to mind” in [Revelation 16:19](../16/19.md). Alternate translation: “has thought of” or “has started to pay attention to”
REV	18	6	ec42	figs-metaphor	ἀπόδοτε αὐτῇ ὡς καὶ αὐτὴ ἀπέδωκεν	1	Pay her back as she has paid others back	The voice speaks of punishment as if it were repayment. Alternate translation: “Punish her as she has punished others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	6	pa62	figs-metaphor	διπλώσατε τὰ διπλᾶ	1	repay her double	The voice speaks of punishment as if it were repayment. Alternate translation: “punish her twice as much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	6	xba5	figs-metaphor	ἐν τῷ ποτηρίῳ ᾧ ἐκέρασεν, κεράσατε αὐτῇ διπλοῦν	1	in the cup she mixed, mix double the amount for her	The voice speaks of causing others to suffer as preparing strong wine for them to drink. Alternate translation: “prepare for her the wine of suffering that is twice as strong as what she made for others” or “make her suffer twice as much as she made others suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	6	l3n5		κεράσατε…διπλοῦν	1	mix double the amount	Here, **mix double** could mean: (1) they should prepare twice the amount. (2) they should make it twice as strong.
REV	18	7	we2t		ἐδόξασεν αὑτὴν	1	she glorified herself	Alternate translation: “the people of Babylon glorified themselves”
REV	18	7	yt32	figs-metonymy	ὅτι ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς λέγει	1	For she says in her heart	Here, **heart** is a metonym for a person’s mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: “For she says to herself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	18	7	m3mg	figs-simile	κάθημαι βασίλισσα	1	I am seated as a queen	She claims to be a ruler, having her own authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	18	7	dy5k	figs-metaphor	χήρα οὐκ εἰμί	1	I am not a widow	She implies that she will not be dependent on other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	7	eh5r	figs-metaphor	πένθος οὐ μὴ ἴδω	1	I will never see mourning	Experiencing mourning is spoken of as seeing **mourning**. Alternate translation: “I will never mourn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	8	u6r9	figs-metaphor	ἥξουσιν αἱ πληγαὶ αὐτῆς	1	her plagues will come	Existing in the future is spoken of as coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	8	vkk2	figs-metaphor	ἐν πυρὶ κατακαυθήσεται	1	She will be consumed by fire	Being burned up by fire is spoken of as being eaten up **by fire**. Alternate translation: “she will be completely burned up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	8	tjd9	figs-activepassive	ἐν πυρὶ κατακαυθήσεται	1		If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “fire will completely burn her up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	18	9	lj14			0	General Information:	In these verses the word **her** refers to the city of Babylon.
REV	18	9	wk13		μετ’ αὐτῆς πορνεύσαντες καὶ στρηνιάσαντες	1	committed sexual immorality and went out of control with her	Alternate translation: “sinned sexually and did whatever they wanted just as the people of Babylon did”
REV	18	10	j3ln	figs-abstractnouns	διὰ τὸν φόβον τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῆς	1	because of the fear of her torment	If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **torment**, you can express it with a verb. Alternate translation: “because they were afraid that they would be tormented like Babylon” or “because they were afraid that God would torment them as he torments Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	18	10	qn81		οὐαὶ, οὐαί	1	Woe, woe	The word **Woe** is repeated for emphasis.
REV	18	10	hkd8	figs-metaphor	ἦλθεν ἡ κρίσις σου	1	your judgement has come	Existing in the present is spoken of as having **come**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	11	fe7u		πενθοῦσιν ἐπ’ αὐτήν	1	mourn for her	Alternate translation: “mourn for the people of Babylon”
REV	18	12	krs3		λίθου τιμίου, καὶ μαργαριτῶν	1	precious stone, pearls	See how you translated these in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). Alternate translation: “many kinds of expensive stones”
REV	18	12	hnk1		βυσσίνου	1	fine linen	The **fine linen** is an expensive cloth made from flax. See how you translated “linen” in [Revelation 15:6](../15/06.md).
REV	18	12	xm9u	translate-unknown	πορφύρας, καὶ σιρικοῦ, καὶ κοκκίνου	1	purple, silk, scarlet	Purple cloth is a very dark red cloth that was very expensive at that time. Silk is a soft, strong cloth made from the fine string that silkworms make when they make their cocoons. Scarlet cloth was an expensive red cloth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	18	12	hir4		πᾶν σκεῦος ἐλεφάντινον	1	every vessel of ivory	Alternate translation: “all kinds of containers made of ivory”
REV	18	12	yri7	translate-unknown	σκεῦος ἐλεφάντινον	1	ivory	Ivory is a beautiful hard, white material that people get from the tusks or teeth of very large animals such as elephants or walruses. Alternate translation: “container made from tusks” or “container made from valuable animal teeth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	18	12	b8xc	translate-unknown	μαρμάρου	1	marble	Marble is a precious stone that is used for building and to make statues, furniture, and many other things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	18	13	gz3v		κιννάμωμον	1	cinnamon	Cinnamon is a spice that smells nice and comes from the bark of a certain kind of tree.
REV	18	13	z894		ἄμωμον	1	spice	Spice is a substance used to add flavor to food or a good smell to oil.
REV	18	14	x3kl	figs-metaphor	ἡ ὀπώρα	1	The fruit	The **autumn fruit** refers to fruit that ripens in the fall. Here, it is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “result” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	14	a1aa		τῆς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ψυχῆς	1	the desire of your soul	Alternate translation: “what you wanted very much”
REV	18	14	p7f7	figs-metaphor	ἀπώλετο ἀπὸ σοῦ, καὶ οὐκέτι οὐ μὴ αὐτὰ εὑρήσουσιν	1	vanished, never to be found again	Not to **be found** stands for not existing. Alternate translation: “has vanished, and they will never exist again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	14	z9rv	figs-activepassive	ἀπώλετο ἀπὸ σοῦ, καὶ οὐκέτι οὐ μὴ αὐτὰ εὑρήσουσιν	1		If your readers would misunderstand this figure of speech, you can state it in active form. Alternate translation: “has vanished; you will never have them again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	18	15	s4iq	figs-abstractnouns	διὰ τὸν φόβον τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῆς	1	because of the fear of her torment	If your readers would misunderstand the abstract nouns **fear** and **torment**, you can express them as verbs. Alternate translation: “because they will be afraid of God tormenting them they way he torments her” or “because they will be afraid of suffering the way she is suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	18	15	ii7v		κλαίοντες καὶ πενθοῦντες	1	weeping and mourning loudly	The merchants are the ones who will be **weeping and mourning loudly**. Alternate translation: “and the merchants will weep and mourn loudly”
REV	18	16	i7ip	figs-metaphor	ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη, ἡ περιβεβλημένη βύσσινον	1	the great city that was dressed in fine linen	Throughout this chapter, Babylon is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the great city, which was like a woman dressed in fine linen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	16	qlo3	figs-metonymy	ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη, ἡ περιβεβλημένη βύσσινον	1		The merchants speak of Babylon as being **dressed in fine linen** because its people were dressed in fine linen. Alternate translation: “the great city, whose women were dressed in fine linen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	18	16	nji6	figs-activepassive	ἡ περιβεβλημένη βύσσινον	1	that was dressed in fine linen	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “that wore fine linen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	18	16	v6q3	figs-activepassive	κεχρυσωμένη ἐν χρυσίῳ	1	was adorned with gold	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “adorned herself with gold” or “adorned themselves with gold” or “wore gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	18	16	i5uy		λίθῳ τιμίῳ	1	precious jewels	Alternate translation: “valuable gems” or “treasured gems”
REV	18	16	rtm9	translate-unknown	μαργαρίτῃ	1	pearls	Pearls are beautiful and valuable white beads that are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	18	17	ap3v	figs-metonymy	τὴν θάλασσαν ἐργάζονται	1	whose living is made from the sea	The phrase **work the sea** refers to what they do on the sea. Alternate translation: “who travel on the sea to make their living” or “who sail on the sea to different places in order to trade things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	18	18	v7qe	figs-rquestion	τίς ὁμοία τῇ πόλει τῇ μεγάλῃ?	1	What city is like the great city?	This question shows the people the importance of the **city** of Babylon. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you could translate it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No other city is like the great city, Babylon!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
REV	18	20	ld6c	figs-abstractnouns	ἔκρινεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ κρίμα ὑμῶν ἐξ αὐτῆς	1	God has brought your judgment on her	If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **judgment**, you can express it with the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “God has judged her for you” or “God has judged her because of the bad things she did to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
REV	18	21	b94u			0	Connecting Statement:	Another angel begins to speak about Babylon. This is a different angel than the ones who have spoken previously.
REV	18	21	el4e		μύλινον μέγαν	1	millstone	A **millstone** large round stone used to crush grain.
REV	18	21	dlp4	figs-metaphor	ὁρμήματι βληθήσεται Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη πόλις, καὶ οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἔτι	1	Babylon, the great city, will be thrown down with violence and will not be seen anymore	To be **thrown down** and **not be seen anymore** speaks of complete destruction of the **city**. Alternate translation: “Babylon will be completely destroyed and will no longer exist” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	21	kwsy	figs-activepassive	ὁρμήματι βληθήσεται Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη πόλις, καὶ οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἔτι	1		If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God will violently throw down Babylon, the great city, and it will no longer exist” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	18	21	kre6	figs-metonymy	οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἔτι	1	will not be seen anymore	Not being **seen** here means that it will not exist. Alternate translation: “it will not exist anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	18	22	j6aq	figs-activepassive	φωνὴ κιθαρῳδῶν, καὶ μουσικῶν, καὶ αὐλητῶν, καὶ σαλπιστῶν, οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι	1	The sound made by harpists, musicians, flute players, and trumpeters will not be heard anymore in you	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “no one in your city will ever again hear the sound that harpists, musicians, flute players, and trumpeters make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	18	22	da3h	figs-apostrophe	ἐν σοὶ	1	in you	The angel speaks as if Babylon were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “in Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
REV	18	22	c88l	figs-metonymy	οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι	1	will not be heard anymore in you	Not being **heard** here means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: “they will not be in your city anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	18	22	cu19	figs-metonymy	πᾶς τεχνίτης οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἐν σοὶ	1	No craftsman … will be found in you	Not being **found** there means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: “no craftsman of any kind will be in your city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	18	22	c7p2	figs-metonymy	φωνὴ μύλου οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι	1	No sound of a mill will be heard anymore in you	The sound of something not being **heard** means that no one will make that sound. Alternate translation: “no one will use a mill in your city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	18	23	d3yq			0	Connecting Statement:	The angel who threw the millstone finishes talking.
REV	18	23	d67i	figs-activepassive	φωνὴ νυμφίου καὶ νύμφης οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι	1	The voices of the bridegroom and the bride will not be heard in you anymore	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever again hear in Babylon the happy voices of a bridegroom and a bride” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	18	23	ja6m	figs-metonymy	οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ ἐν σοὶ ἔτι	1	will not be heard in you anymore	Not being **heard** here means that they will not be there. Alternate translation: “will not be in your city anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	18	23	q8qm	figs-metaphor	οἱ ἔμποροί σου ἦσαν οἱ μεγιστᾶνες τῆς γῆς	1	your merchants were the princes of the earth	The angel speaks of important and powerful people as if they were **princes**. Alternate translation: “your merchants were like princes of the earth” or “your merchants were the most important men in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	18	23	j3iy	figs-activepassive	ἐν τῇ φαρμακείᾳ σου ἐπλανήθησαν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη	1	all the nations were deceived by your sorcery	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “you deceived the people of the nations with your magic spells” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	18	24	s8bp	figs-metonymy	ἐν αὐτῇ αἷμα προφητῶν καὶ ἁγίων εὑρέθη, καὶ πάντων τῶν ἐσφαγμένων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς	1	In her the blood of prophets and saints was found, and the blood of all who have been killed on the earth	Here, **blood** being **found** means that the people of the city were guilty of killing people. Alternate translation: “in her is the guilt for the death of the prophets and saints, along with all the other people in the world who were killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	18	24	btz5	figs-activepassive	ἐν αὐτῇ αἷμα προφητῶν καὶ ἁγίων εὑρέθη, καὶ πάντων τῶν ἐσφαγμένων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς	1		If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Babylon is guilty of killing the prophets and believers and all the other people in the world who were killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	19	intro	h785			0		# Revelation 19 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The beginning of chapter 19 concludes the topic of Babylon falling.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 1-8.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Songs<br><br>The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])<br><br>### Wedding celebration<br><br>The wedding celebration or feast is an important image in Scripture. Jewish culture often pictured paradise, or life with God after death, as a feast. Here, the wedding feast is for the Lamb, who is Jesus, and his bride, who is all his people.
REV	19	1	qu5h			0	General Information:	This is the next part of John’s vision. Here he describes the rejoicing in heaven over the fall of the great prostitute, who is the city of Babylon.
REV	19	1	lr94		ἤκουσα	1	I heard	Here, **I** refers to John.
REV	19	1	nk8x		ἁλληλουϊά	1	Hallelujah	The word **Hallelujah** means “Praise God” or “Let us praise God.”
REV	19	2	u1rp	figs-metaphor	τὴν πόρνην τὴν μεγάλην	1	the great prostitute	Here John refers to the city of Babylon whose wicked people rule over all the people of the earth and lead them to worship false gods. He speaks of the wicked people of Babylon as if they were a **great prostitute**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	19	2	ky99	figs-metonymy	ἥτις ἔφθειρεν τὴν γῆν	1	who corrupted the earth	Here, **the earth** is a metonym for its inhabitants. Alternate translation: “who corrupted the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	19	2	d9j7	figs-metonymy	τὸ αἷμα τῶν δούλων αὐτοῦ	1	the blood of his servants	Here, **the blood** is a metonym that represents murder. Alternate translation: “the murder of his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	19	2	cj3t	figs-rpronouns	ἐκ χειρὸς αὐτῆς	1	from her hand	Here, **he** refers to Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
REV	19	3	jm9m		εἴρηκαν	1	They spoke	Here, **they** refers to the crowd of people in heaven.
REV	19	3	h1k4		ἁλληλουϊά	1	Hallelujah	The word **Hallelujah** means “Praise God” or “Let us praise God.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:1](../19/01.md).
REV	19	3	zy6e		καπνὸς αὐτῆς ἀναβαίνει	1	smoke rises from her	The word **her** refers to the city of Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a prostitute. The **smoke** is from the fire that destroys the city. Alternate translation: “smoke rises from that city”
REV	19	4	r43f	translate-numbers	οἱ πρεσβύτεροι οἱ εἴκοσι τέσσαρες	1	The twenty-four elders	See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV	19	4	y4qd		τὰ τέσσερα ζῷα	1	the four living creatures	See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md) Alternate translation: “the four living beings” or “the four living things”
REV	19	4	dns7	figs-activepassive	τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ	1	who was seated on the throne	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “who sat on the throne” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	19	5	w9qe	figs-personification	φωνὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ θρόνου ἐξῆλθεν	1	a voice came out from the throne	Here John speaks of a **voice** as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “someone spoke from the throne” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV	19	5	c3lm	figs-exclusive	αἰνεῖτε τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν	1	Praise our God	Here, **our** refers to the speaker and all God’s servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
REV	19	5	cck3	figs-explicit	οἱ φοβούμενοι αὐτόν	1	those who fear him	Here, **fear** does not mean to be afraid of God, but to honor him. Alternate translation: “all you who honor him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	19	5	qdb3	figs-merism	οἱ μικροὶ καὶ οἱ μεγάλοι	1	both the small and the great	The speaker uses the words **small** and **great** together to include all of God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV	19	6	kq7n	figs-simile	καὶ ἤκουσα ὡς φωνὴν ὄχλου πολλοῦ, καὶ ὡς φωνὴν ὑδάτων πολλῶν, καὶ ὡς φωνὴν βροντῶν ἰσχυρῶν	1	Then I heard what sounded like the voice of a great number of people, like the roar of many waters, and like loud crashes of thunder	John speaks of what he is hearing as if it were like the sound made by a very large **crowd** of people, a large body of rushing water, and very loud **thunder**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	19	6	mdj6		ἁλληλουϊά	1	Hallelujah	The word **Hallelujah** means “Praise God” or “Let us praise God.” See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:1](../19/01.md).
REV	19	6	e3ua		ὅτι…Κύριος	1	For the Lord	Alternate translation: “Because the Lord”
REV	19	7	hi52			0	Connecting Statement:	The voice of the crowd from the previous verse continues speaking.
REV	19	7	api6		χαίρωμεν	1	Let us rejoice	Here, **us** refers to all of God’s servants.
REV	19	7	m5av		δῶμεν τὴν δόξαν αὐτῷ	1	give him the glory	Alternate translation: “give God the glory” or “honor God”
REV	19	7	bwf9	figs-metaphor	ὁ γάμος τοῦ Ἀρνίου…ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ ἡτοίμασεν ἑαυτήν	1	wedding celebration of the Lamb … his bride has made herself ready	Here John speaks of the joining of Jesus and his people together forever as if it were a **wedding celebration** and his people were **his bride**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	19	7	r5xt	writing-symlanguage	τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	Lamb	A lamb is a young sheep. Here, **the Lamb** used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	19	7	j6d7	figs-metaphor	ἦλθεν	1	has come	Existing in the present is spoken of as having **come**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	19	7	q9e4	figs-metaphor	ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ ἡτοίμασεν ἑαυτήν	1	his bride has made herself ready	John speaks of God’s people as if they were a **bride** who has gotten **herself ready** for her wedding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	19	8	pz72	figs-metaphor	ἐδόθη αὐτῇ ἵνα περιβάληται βύσσινον λαμπρὸν καθαρόν	1	She was permitted to be dressed in bright and clean fine linen	Here, **her** and **she** refer to the people of God. John speaks of the righteous acts of God’s people as if they were a bright and clean dress that a bride wears on her wedding day. Alternate translation: “and it was permitted to them to wear a dress of bright and clean fine linen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	19	8	oz7x	figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη αὐτῇ ἵνα περιβάληται βύσσινον λαμπρὸν καθαρόν	1		If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God allowed her to wear a dress of bright and clean fine linen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	19	9	ayc4			0	General Information:	An angel begins to speak to John. This is likely the same angel who began to speak to John in [Revelation 17:1](../17/01.md).
REV	19	9	l72p	figs-activepassive	οἱ…κεκλημένοι	1	those who are invited	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the people whom God invites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	19	9	q4ya	figs-metaphor	τὸ δεῖπνον τοῦ γάμου τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	the wedding feast of the Lamb	Here the angel speaks of the joining of Jesus and his people forever as if it were a **wedding supper**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	19	10	uq6h		ἔπεσα ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ	1	I fell down at his feet	This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of worship, to show respect and willingness to serve. See note in [Revelation 19:3](../19/03.md).
REV	19	10	i2yq		τῶν ἀδελφῶν σου	1	your brothers	Here the word **brothers** here refers to all believers, male and female.
REV	19	10	up6l	figs-metaphor	τῶν ἐχόντων τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ	1	who hold the testimony about Jesus	Here holding stands for believing in or announcing. Alternate translation: “who speak the truth about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	19	10	rku2	figs-explicit	ἡ γὰρ μαρτυρία Ἰησοῦ ἐστιν τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς προφητείας	1	for the testimony about Jesus is the spirit of prophecy	Here, **the spirit of prophecy** refers to God’s Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “for it is the Spirit of God who gives people the power to speak the truth about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	19	11	xx12			0	General Information:	This is the beginning of a new vision. John begins to describe a rider on a white horse.
REV	19	11	m1qn		καὶ εἶδον τὸν οὐρανὸν ἠνεῳγμένον	1	Then I saw heaven open	This imagery is used to signify the beginning of a new vision. See how you translated this idea in [Revelation 4:1](../04/01.md) and [Revelation 11:19](../11/19.md) and [Revelation 15:5](../15/05.md).
REV	19	11	hcs8		ὁ καθήμενος ἐπ’ αὐτὸν	1	The one riding it	The rider is Jesus.
REV	19	11	lp9a	figs-explicit	ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ κρίνει καὶ πολεμεῖ	1	It is with justice that he judges and wages war	Here, **righteousness** refers to what is right. Alternate translation: “he judges all people and wages war according to what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	19	12	p9ak	figs-simile	οἱ…ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτοῦ φλὸξ πυρός	1	His eyes are like a fiery flame	John speaks of the rider’s **eyes** as if they shone like a **flame** of fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	19	12	yhr7	figs-activepassive	ἔχων ὄνομα γεγραμμένον	1	He has a name written	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “and someone has written a name on him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	19	12	kk9x	figs-rpronouns	ὃ οὐδεὶς οἶδεν, εἰ μὴ αὐτός	1	that no one knows but himself	Here, **except himself** means that he is the only one. Alternate translation: “on him, and only he knows the meaning of that name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
REV	19	13	vny3	figs-activepassive	περιβεβλημένος ἱμάτιον βεβαμμένον αἵματι	1	He wears a robe that was dipped in blood	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “and blood had covered his robe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	19	13	hdk1	figs-metonymy	κέκληται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	his name is called the Word of God	Here, **Word of God** is a metonym for Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “his name is called the Message of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	19	13	p7ts	figs-activepassive	κέκληται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ	1		If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “his name is also the Word of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	19	15	m9yn		ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ ἐκπορεύεται ῥομφαία ὀξεῖα	1	Out of his mouth goes a sharp sword	The **sword** blade was sticking out of **his mouth**. The sword itself was not in motion. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md).
REV	19	15	a88t		πατάξῃ τὰ ἔθνη	1	he might strike the nations	Alternate translation: “he could destroy the nations” or “he could bring the nations under his control”
REV	19	15	uq4z	figs-metaphor	ποιμανεῖ αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ	1	shepherd them with an iron rod	John speaks of the rider’s power as if he were ruling with **an iron rod**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 12:5](../12/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	19	15	nb4y	figs-metaphor	αὐτὸς πατεῖ τὴν ληνὸν τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ Παντοκράτορος	1	He tramples in the winepress of the fury of the wrath of God Almighty	John speaks of the rider’s destroying his enemies as if they were grapes that a person **tramples** in a **winepress**. Alternate translation: “he crushes his enemies according to the wrath of God Almighty, just as a person crushes grapes in a winepress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	19	15	vhk8	figs-explicit	αὐτὸς πατεῖ τὴν ληνὸν τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ Παντοκράτορος	1		Here, **wrath** refers to God’s punishment of evil persons. Alternate translation: “he crushes his enemies according to the judgment of God Almighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	19	16	a61a	figs-activepassive	ἔχει ἐπὶ τὸ ἱμάτιον καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν μηρὸν αὐτοῦ, ὄνομα γεγραμμένον	1	He has a name written on his robe and on his thigh:	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “someone has written a name on his robe and thigh:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	19	17	m6dt	figs-metonymy	εἶδον ἕνα ἄγγελον ἑστῶτα ἐν τῷ ἡλίῳ	1	I saw an angel standing in the sun	Here, **the sun** is a metonym for the light of the sun. Alternate translation: “Then I saw an angel standing in the light of the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	19	18	khs9	figs-merism	ἐλευθέρων τε καὶ δούλων, καὶ μικρῶν καὶ μεγάλων	1	both free and slaves, and small and great	The angel uses these two sets of opposite-meaning words together to refer to all people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV	19	20	q83v	figs-activepassive	ἐπιάσθη τὸ θηρίον, καὶ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ὁ ψευδοπροφήτης	1	The beast was captured and with him the false prophet	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the rider on the white horse captured the beast and the false prophet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	19	20	gs37		τὸ χάραγμα τοῦ θηρίου	1	the mark of the beast	The **mark of the beast** was an identifying mark that indicated that the person who received it worshiped the beast. See how you translated this in [Revelation 13:17](../13/17.md).
REV	19	20	ht8g	figs-activepassive	ζῶντες ἐβλήθησαν οἱ δύο	1	The two of them were thrown alive	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God threw the beast and the false prophet alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	19	20	blr1		τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρὸς, τῆς καιομένης ἐν θείῳ	1	the fiery lake of burning sulfur	Alternate translation: “place full of fire that burns with sulfur”
REV	19	21	h6ea	figs-activepassive	οἱ λοιποὶ ἀπεκτάνθησαν ἐν τῇ ῥομφαίᾳ τοῦ καθημένου ἐπὶ τοῦ ἵππου, τῇ ἐξελθούσῃ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ	1	The rest of them were killed by the sword that came out of the mouth of the one who rode on the horse	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the rider of the horse killed the remainder of the beast’s armies with the sword that extended from his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	19	21	qk9t		τῇ ῥομφαίᾳ…τῇ ἐξελθούσῃ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ	1	the sword that came out of the mouth	The **sword** blade was sticking out of **his mouth**. The sword itself was not in motion. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 1:16](../01/16.md).
REV	20	intro	c7eh			0		# Revelation 20 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The thousand-year reign of Christ<br><br>In this chapter, Jesus is said to reign for a thousand years, at the same time that Satan is bound. Scholars are divided over whether this refers to a future period of time or to Jesus reigning now from heaven. It is not necessary to understand this passage in order to translate it accurately. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>### Final rebellion<br><br>This chapter also describes what happens after the thousand years are ended. During this time, Satan and many people will attempt to rebel against Jesus. This will result in God’s ultimate and final victory over sin and evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>### Great white throne<br><br>This chapter ends with God judging all people who ever lived. God separates people who believe in Jesus from those who do not believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Book of Life<br><br>This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Hades and the lake of fire<br><br>These appear to be two distinct places. The translator may wish to do further research to determine how to translate these two places differently. They should not be made the same as each other in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])
REV	20	1	rkv7			0	General Information:	John begins to describe a vision of an angel throwing the devil into the bottomless pit.
REV	20	1	n8b8		καὶ εἶδον	1	Then I saw	Here, **I** refers to John.
REV	20	1	c18c		τῆς Ἀβύσσου	1	bottomless pit	The **abyss** is an extremely deep narrow hole. This could mean: (1) the pit has no bottom; it continues to go down further forever. (2) the pit is so deep that it is as if it had no bottom. See how you translated this in [Revelation 9:1](../09/01.md).
REV	20	2	r6es	writing-symlanguage	τὸν δράκοντα	1	dragon	The **dragon** was a large, fierce reptile, like a lizard. For Jewish people, it was a symbol of evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	20	3	xj22	figs-explicit	ἐσφράγισεν ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ	1	sealed it over him	The angel **sealed** the abyss to keep anyone from opening it. Alternate translation: “sealed it to prevent anyone from opening it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	20	3	el4f	figs-metonymy	μὴ πλανήσῃ…τὰ ἔθνη	1	deceive the nations	Here, **nations** is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “he would not deceive the people-groups” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	20	3	y9xd	figs-activepassive	δεῖ αὐτὸν λυθῆναι	1	he must be set free	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God will command the angel to free him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	20	4	lw2r			0	General Information:	This is the next part of John’s vision. He describes suddenly seeing thrones and the souls of believers.
REV	20	4	qzt1	figs-activepassive	κρίμα ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς	1	judgment was given to them	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God had given authority to them to judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	20	4	u3u8	figs-activepassive	τῶν πεπελεκισμένων	1	those who had been beheaded	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “whose heads others had cut off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	20	4	tut2		διὰ τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ, καὶ διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	for the testimony about Jesus and for the word of God	Alternate translation: “because they had spoken the truth about Jesus and about the word of God”
REV	20	4	xz5l	figs-metonymy	διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	for the word of God	Here, **the word of God** is a metonym for the message from God. Alternate translation: “for what they taught about the scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	20	4	cc1v		ἔζησαν	1	They came to life	Alternate translation: “they came back to life” or “they became alive again”
REV	20	5	cw4j		οἱ λοιποὶ τῶν νεκρῶν	1	The rest of the dead	Alternate translation: “All of the other dead people”
REV	20	5	e1pm	translate-numbers	τελεσθῇ τὰ χίλια ἔτη	1	the thousand years were ended	Alternate translation: “the end of the thousand years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
REV	20	6	f3gz	figs-personification	ἐπὶ τούτων ὁ δεύτερος θάνατος οὐκ ἔχει ἐξουσίαν	1	Over these the second death has no power	Here John describes **the second death** as a person with power. Alternate translation: “These people will not experience the second death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV	20	6	v4z3	writing-symlanguage	ὁ δεύτερος θάνατος	1	the second death	The **second death** is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the final death in the lake of fire” or “dying a second time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	20	7	y1vw	figs-activepassive	λυθήσεται ὁ Σατανᾶς ἐκ τῆς φυλακῆς αὐτοῦ	1	Satan will be released from his prison	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God will release Satan from his prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	20	8	g429	figs-simile	ὧν ὁ ἀριθμὸς αὐτῶν ὡς ἡ ἄμμος τῆς θαλάσσης	1	The number of them will be like the sand of the sea	The comparison to **the sand of the sea** emphasizes the extremely large **number** of soldiers in Satan’s army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	20	9	jlc6		ἀνέβησαν	1	They went up	Alternate translation: “Satan’s army went up”
REV	20	9	f4t7		τὴν πόλιν τὴν ἠγαπημένην	1	the beloved city	Here, **the beloved city** refers to Jerusalem.
REV	20	9	jhq8	figs-personification	κατέβη πῦρ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ κατέφαγεν αὐτούς	1	fire came down from heaven and devoured them	Here John speaks of **fire** as if it were alive. Alternate translation: “God sent fire from heaven to burn them up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV	20	10	pif3	figs-activepassive	ὁ διάβολος, ὁ πλανῶν αὐτοὺς, ἐβλήθη εἰς	1	The devil, who deceived them, was thrown into	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God threw the devil, who had deceived them, into” or “God’s angel threw the devil, who had deceived them, into” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	20	10	rjv1		τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρὸς καὶ θείου	1	the lake of fire and sulfur	See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:20](../19/20.md). Alternate translation: “the lake of fire that burns with sulfur” or “place full of fire that burns with sulfur”
REV	20	10	t5h2	figs-activepassive	βασανισθήσονται	1	They will be tormented	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God will torment them” or “the fire will torment them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	20	11	n8h9			0	General Information:	This is the next part of John’s vision. He describes suddenly seeing a great white throne and the dead being judged.
REV	20	11	pm1z	figs-personification	οὗ ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου ἔφυγεν ἡ γῆ καὶ ὁ οὐρανός	1	The earth and the heaven fled away from his presence, but there was no place for them to go	John describes **the earth and the heaven** as if they were people who were trying to escape God’s judgment. This means that God completely destroyed the old heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV	20	11	slhm	figs-metaphor	ἔφυγεν ἡ γῆ καὶ ὁ οὐρανός, καὶ τόπος οὐχ εὑρέθη αὐτοῖς	1		Here, not having a **place** means that God completely destroyed the old heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	20	12	gap2	figs-activepassive	βιβλία ἠνοίχθησαν	1	the books were opened	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “someone opened the books” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	20	12	lt7k	figs-activepassive	ἐκρίθησαν οἱ νεκροὶ	1	The dead were judged	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God judged the people who had died and now lived again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	20	12	vvc4	figs-activepassive	ἐκ τῶν γεγραμμένων	1	from the things that were written	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “by what he had recorded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	20	13	ea2h	figs-personification	ἔδωκεν ἡ θάλασσα τοὺς νεκροὺς…ὁ θάνατος καὶ ὁ ᾍδης ἔδωκαν τοὺς νεκροὺς	1	The sea gave up the dead … Death and Hades gave up the dead	Here John speaks of **the sea**, **Death**, and **Hades** as if they were living persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
REV	20	13	bg4u	figs-activepassive	ἐκρίθησαν ἕκαστος	1	were judged	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God judged each of the dead people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	20	13	pk3k	figs-metonymy	ὁ ᾍδης	1	Hades	Here, **Hades** is a metonym that represents the place where unbelievers go when they die, to wait for God’s judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	20	14	lw6b	figs-activepassive	ὁ θάνατος καὶ ὁ ᾍδης ἐβλήθησαν	1	Death and Hades were thrown	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God threw Death and Hades” or “God’s angel threw Death and Hades” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	20	14	qv55	writing-symlanguage	ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερός	1	the second death	The **second death** is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the final death in the lake of fire” or “dying a second time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	20	15	c9pb	figs-activepassive	εἴ τις οὐχ εὑρέθη…γεγραμμένος	1	If anyone’s name was not found written	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “if God’s angel did not find a person’s name written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	20	15	wq31	figs-activepassive	ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρός	1	he was thrown into the lake of fire	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the angel threw him into the lake of fire” or “the angel threw him into the place where fire burns forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	21	intro	pai8			0		# Revelation 21 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter gives a detailed picture of the new Jerusalem.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Second death<br><br>Death is a type of separation. The first death is physically dying, when the soul is separated from the body. The second death is being eternally separated from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/soul]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Book of Life<br><br>This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### New heaven and new earth<br><br>It is unclear whether this is an entirely new heaven and earth or if it is remade out of the present heaven and earth. The same is also true of the new Jerusalem. It is possible this will affect translation in some languages. The word “new” in the original language means different and better than the old. It does not mean new in time.
REV	21	1	tj16			0	General Information:	John begins to describe his vision of the new Jerusalem.
REV	21	1	vks1		εἶδον	1	I saw	Here, **I** refers to John.
REV	21	2	er4u	figs-simile	ὡς νύμφην, κεκοσμημένην τῷ ἀνδρὶ αὐτῆς	1	like a bride adorned for her husband	John compares the new Jerusalem to **a bride** who has made herself beautiful for her bridegroom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	21	3	i8za	figs-metonymy	φωνῆς μεγάλης ἐκ τοῦ θρόνου λεγούσης	1	a great voice from the throne saying	The **great voice** refers to the one who speaks. Alternate translation: “someone speak loudly from the throne saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	21	3	gk3m		ἰδοὺ	1	Look!	The word **Behold** here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
REV	21	3	hpt1	figs-parallelism	ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ σκηνώσει μετ’ αὐτῶν	1	The dwelling place of God is with human beings, and he will live with them	These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God will, indeed, live among men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
REV	21	4	w39g	figs-metonymy	ἐξαλείψει πᾶν δάκρυον ἐκ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν	1	He will wipe away every tear from their eyes	Here, tears represent sadness. See how you translated this in [Revelation 7:17](../07/17.md). Alternate translation: “God will wipe away their sadness, like wiping away tears” or “God will cause them to not be sad anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	21	5	rq2q	figs-metonymy	οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί εἰσιν	1	these words are trustworthy and true	Here, **these words** refers to the message that they formed. Alternate translation: “this message is trustworthy and true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	21	6	dq8n	figs-parallelism	τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος	1	the alpha and the omega, the beginning and the end	These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize God’s eternal nature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
REV	21	6	mfc7	figs-merism	τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος	1		These two phrases mean that God exists from the beginning of everything to the end of it, including everything in between. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV	21	6	li7s	figs-metaphor	τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ	1	the alpha and the omega	The **alpha** and the **omega** are first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and who ends all things. (2) the one who has always lived and who always will live. If your readers would misunderstand this, you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the A and the Z” or “the first and the last” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	21	6	bf1p		ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος	1	the beginning and the end	This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end. (2) the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things.
REV	21	6	wk2c	figs-metaphor	τῷ διψῶντι δώσω ἐκ τῆς πηγῆς τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς δωρεάν	1	To the one who thirsts … water of life	God speaks of a person’s desire for eternal life as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving **water**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	21	7	vms6			0	Connecting Statement:	The one seated on the throne continues to speak to John.
REV	21	8	hma7		τοῖς…δειλοῖς	1	the cowards	Alternate translation: “those who are too afraid to do what is right”
REV	21	8	k8yp		ἐβδελυγμένοις	1	the detestable	Alternate translation: “those who do terrible things”
REV	21	8	zu27		τῇ λίμνῃ τῇ καιομένῃ πυρὶ καὶ θείῳ	1	the fiery lake of burning sulfur	See how you translated this in [Revelation 19:20](../19/20.md). Alternate translation: “the lake of fire that burns with sulfur” or “place full of fire that burns with sulfur”
REV	21	8	k1hl	writing-symlanguage	ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος	1	the second death	The **second death** is described as eternal punishment in the lake of fire in [Revelation 20:14](../20/14.md) and [Revelation 21:8](../21/08.md). See how you translated this in [Revelation 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the final death in the lake of fire” or “dying a second time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	21	9	cf2m	figs-metaphor	τὴν νύμφην, τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	the bride, the wife of the Lamb	The angel speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a **bride** who is about to marry her groom, **the Lamb**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	21	9	bil2	writing-symlanguage	τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	the Lamb	A **lamb** is a young sheep. Here, **Lamb** is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	21	10	czp2	writing-background	ἀπήνεγκέν με ἐν Πνεύματι	1	carried me away in the Spirit	The setting changes as **the Spirit** takes John to a high mountain where he can see the city of Jerusalem. See how you translated this phrase in [Revelation 17:3](../17/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
REV	21	10	fq8f	figs-metonymy	Ἰερουσαλὴμ	1		Jerusalem is a metonymy for those believers who will inhabit it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	21	11	g44j		ἔχουσαν	1	It had	This refers to the “Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven” that he described in the previous verse and not to the physical Jerusalem.
REV	21	11	xvg6	figs-parallelism	ὁ φωστὴρ αὐτῆς ὅμοιος λίθῳ τιμιωτάτῳ, ὡς λίθῳ ἰάσπιδι κρυσταλλίζοντι	1	like a very precious jewel, like a stone of crystal-clear jasper	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the **brilliance** of Jerusalem by naming a specific jewel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
REV	21	11	n51z		κρυσταλλίζοντι	1	crystal-clear	Alternate translation: “extremely clear”
REV	21	11	vvq1	translate-unknown	ἰάσπιδι	1	jasper	Jasper is a valuable stone. This **jasper** may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	21	12	qgh3	figs-activepassive	ἐπιγεγραμμένα	1	were written	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	21	14	mm12		τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	the Lamb	Here, **the Lamb** refers to Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md).
REV	21	16	fs8z	translate-bdistance	σταδίων δώδεκα χιλιάδων	1	twelve thousand stadia	You may convert **12,000 stadia** to modern measures. Alternate translation: “2,200 kilometers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
REV	21	17	eut1	translate-bdistance	ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τεσσάρων πηχῶν	1	144 cubits	You may convert **144 cubits** to modern measures. Alternate translation: “66 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
REV	21	18	n3hu	figs-simile	χρυσίον καθαρὸν, ὅμοιον ὑάλῳ καθαρῷ	1	pure gold, like clear glass	The **gold** was so **clear** that it is spoken of as if it were **glass**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	21	18	h239	translate-unknown	ἴασπις	1	jasper	Jasper is a valuable stone. It may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated this in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	21	19	ick5	figs-activepassive	οἱ θεμέλιοι τοῦ τείχους τῆς πόλεως…κεκοσμημένοι	1	The foundations of the wall were adorned	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone adorned the foundations of the city wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	21	19	ke4b	translate-unknown	ἴασπις…σάπφειρος…χαλκηδών…σμάραγδος	1	jasper … sapphire … agate … emerald	These are valuable stones. Jasper may have been clear like glass or crystal. See how you translated it in [Revelation 4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	21	20	a2tm	translate-unknown	σαρδόνυξ…σάρδιον…χρυσόλιθος…βήρυλλος…τοπάζιον…χρυσόπρασος…ὑάκινθος…ἀμέθυστος	1	onyx … chrysolite … beryl … topaz … chrysoprase … jacinth … amethyst	These are all precious gems. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	21	21	yn6i	translate-unknown	μαργαρῖται	1	pearls	Pearls are beautiful and valuable white beads that are formed inside the shell of a certain kind of small animal that lives in the ocean. See how you translated this in [Revelation 17:4](../17/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
REV	21	21	g75r	figs-activepassive	ἀνὰ εἷς ἕκαστος τῶν πυλώνων ἦν ἐξ ἑνὸς μαργαρίτου	1	each of the gates was made from a single pearl	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “someone had made each of the gates from a single pearl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	21	21	vp22	figs-simile	χρυσίον καθαρὸν ὡς ὕαλος διαυγής	1	pure gold, like transparent glass	The **gold** was so **pure** that it is spoken of as if it was clear glass. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 21:18](../21/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
REV	21	22	m2ew	figs-metaphor	ὁ…Κύριος ὁ Θεός ὁ Παντοκράτωρ ναὸς αὐτῆς ἐστιν, καὶ τὸ Ἀρνίον	1	Lord God … and the Lamb are its temple	The **temple** represented God’s presence. This means the new Jerusalem does not need a temple because **God** and **the Lamb** will live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	21	23	v2m9	figs-metaphor	ὁ λύχνος αὐτῆς τὸ Ἀρνίον	1	its lamp is the Lamb	Here the glory of Jesus, **the Lamb**, is spoken of as if it were a **lamp** that gives light to the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	21	24	j3lk	figs-metonymy	περιπατήσουσιν τὰ ἔθνη	1	The nations will walk	Here, **the nations** are a metonym for the people who live in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people from all the different nations will walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	21	24	ma5n	figs-metaphor	περιπατήσουσιν τὰ ἔθνη	1		Here, **walk** here is a metaphor for “live.” Alternate translation: “the people from all the different nations will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	21	25	lq1z	figs-activepassive	οἱ πυλῶνες αὐτῆς οὐ μὴ κλεισθῶσιν	1	Its gates will not be shut	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever shut the gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	21	26	ps25		οἴσουσιν	1	They will bring	Alternate translation: “the kings of the earth will bring”
REV	21	27	n3nh	figs-doublenegatives	οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθῃ εἰς αὐτὴν πᾶν κοινὸν, καὶ ὁ	1	nothing unclean will ever enter into it, nor anyone	If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you can state it in positive form. Alternate translation: “only what is clean will ever enter, and never anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
REV	21	27	g7fr	figs-activepassive	εἰ μὴ οἱ γεγραμμένοι ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	but only those whose names are written in the Lamb’s Book of Life	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “but only those whose names the Lamb wrote in his book of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	21	27	cw99	writing-symlanguage	τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	the Lamb	A lamb is a young sheep. Here, **the Lamb** is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	22	intro	e1ya			0		# Revelation 22 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter emphasizes that Jesus is coming soon.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Tree of life<br><br>There is probably an intended connection between the tree of life in the Garden of Eden and the tree of life mentioned in this chapter. The curse that began in Eden will end at this time.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Alpha and omega<br><br>These are the names of the first and last letters in the Greek alphabet. The ULT spells out their names in English. This strategy can serve as a model for translators. Some translators, however, may decide to use the first and last letters in their own alphabet. This would be “A and Z” in English.
REV	22	1	b1ad			0	Connecting Statement:	John continues to describe the new Jerusalem as the angel shows it to him.
REV	22	1	uu7b		ἔδειξέν μοι	1	showed me	Here, **me** refers to John.
REV	22	1	vl23		ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς	1	the river of the water of life	Alternate translation: “the river flowing with life-giving water”
REV	22	1	yn2p	figs-metaphor	ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆς	1	the water of life	Eternal **life** is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving **water**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	22	1	mxp4	writing-symlanguage	τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	the Lamb	A lamb is a young sheep. Here, **the Lamb** is it used symbolically to refer to Christ. See how you translated this in [Revelation 5:6](../05/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
REV	22	2	l2aq	figs-metonymy	τῶν ἐθνῶν	1	the nations	Here, **the nations** refers to the people who live in every nation. Alternate translation: “the people of all nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	22	3	d5fq		πᾶν κατάθεμα οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι	1	There will no longer be any curse	This could mean: (1) there will never be anyone there that God will **curse**. (2) there will not be anyone there who is under God’s **curse**.
REV	22	3	by36		οἱ δοῦλοι αὐτοῦ λατρεύσουσιν αὐτῷ	1	his servants will serve him	Here, **his** and **him** could refer to: (1) God the Father. (2) both God and the Lamb, who rule together as one.
REV	22	4	zy4x	figs-idiom	ὄψονται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ	1	They will see his face	Here, **see his face** is an idiom that refers to being in God’s presence. Alternate translation: “they will be in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
REV	22	6	j51i	figs-explicit		0	General Information:	This is the beginning of the end of John’s vision. In verse 6 the angel is speaking to John. In verse 7, Jesus is speaking. You can state this explicitly as is in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	22	6	xaw8	figs-metonymy	οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί	1	These words are trustworthy and true	Here, **words** refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:5](../21/05.md). Alternate translation: “This message is trustworthy and true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	22	6	cr31	figs-metonymy	ὁ Θεὸς τῶν πνευμάτων τῶν προφητῶν	1	the God of the spirits of the prophets	Here, **spirits** refers to: (1) the inward disposition of the **prophets** and indicates that God inspires them. Alternate translation: “God who inspires the prophets” (2) the Holy Spirit who inspires the **prophets**. Alternate translation: “God who gives his Spirit to the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	22	7	p72h		ἰδοὺ	1	Look!	Here Jesus begins to speak. The word **behold** adds emphasis to what follows.
REV	22	7	afr9	figs-explicit	ἔρχομαι ταχύ	1	I am coming quickly!	It is understood that he is **coming** in order to judge. See how you translated this in [Revelation 3:11](../03/11.md). Alternate translation: “I am coming to judge soon!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	22	8	xr17			0	General Information:	John tells his readers about how he responded to the angel.
REV	22	8	uvk3		ἔπεσα προσκυνῆσαι ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ποδῶν	1	I fell down to worship at the feet	This means that John purposely lay on the ground and stretched himself out in reverence or submission. This action was an important part of **worship**, to show respect and willingness to serve. See how you translated similar words in [Revelation 19:10](../19/10.md).
REV	22	10	gqa8			0	Connecting Statement:	The angel finishes speaking to John.
REV	22	10	ct48	figs-explicit	μὴ σφραγίσῃς τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου	1	Do not seal up … this book	To **seal** a **book** was to keep it closed with something that makes it impossible for anyone to read what was inside without breaking the seal. The angel is telling John not to keep the message a secret. Alternate translation: “Do not keep secret … this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	22	10	xc15	figs-metonymy	τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου	1	the words of the prophecy of this book	Here, **words** refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: “This prophetic message of this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	22	12	idc6	writing-endofstory		0	General Information:	As the book of Revelation is ending, Jesus gives a closing greeting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
REV	22	13	f5jl	figs-parallelism	τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος	1	the alpha and the omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end	These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Jesus has existed and will exist for all time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
REV	22	13	uup6	figs-merism	τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος	1	the alpha and the omega	These three phrases are merisms. They each represent everything included between the two ends. The first and last letters of the Greek alphabet are **alpha** and **omega**. They represent all the letters in between. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the A and the Z, the first and the last, the beginning and the end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
REV	22	13	c9e8	figs-metaphor	τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ	1		This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and who ends all things. (2) the one who has always lived and who always will live. If your readers would misunderstand this, you may consider using the first and last letters of your alphabet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	22	13	cpl9	figs-metaphor	ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος	1	the first and the last	This refers to the eternal nature of Jesus. See how you translated this in [Revelation 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	22	13	nnm2	figs-metaphor	ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος	1	the beginning and the end	This could refer to: (1) the one who began all things and the one who will cause all things to end. (2) the one who existed before all things and who will exist after all things. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	22	14	i54w	figs-metaphor	οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν	1	those who wash their robes	Becoming righteous is spoken of as if it were washing one’s clothing. See how you translated as similar phrase in [Revelation 7:14](../07/14.md). Alternate translation: “those who have become righteous, as if they have washed their robes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	22	15	aw1h		ἔξω	1	Outside	This means they are outside the city and not allowed to enter.
REV	22	15	tkd7	figs-explicit	οἱ κύνες	1	are the dogs	In that culture, **dogs** were considered to be unclean, despised animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	22	15	h0ih	figs-metaphor	οἱ κύνες	1		Here the word **dogs** is derogatory and refers to people who are wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	22	16	pu85	figs-you	μαρτυρῆσαι ὑμῖν	1	to testify to you	Here the word **you** is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
REV	22	16	t2v9	figs-doublet	ἡ ῥίζα καὶ τὸ γένος Δαυείδ	1	the root and the descendant of David	The words **root** and **descendant** mean basically the same thing. Together the words emphasize that Jesus belongs to the family of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
REV	22	16	afw1	figs-metaphor	ἡ ῥίζα καὶ τὸ γένος Δαυείδ	1		Jesus speaks of being a **descendant** as if he were a **root** that grew out of David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	22	16	g9uj	figs-metaphor	ὁ ἀστὴρ ὁ λαμπρός, ὁ πρωϊνός	1	the bright morning star	Jesus speaks of himself as if he were the **bright** **star** that sometimes appears early in the **morning** and indicates that a new day is about to begin. See how you translated “morning star” in [Revelation 2:28](../02/28.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	22	17	gig5			0	Connecting Statement:	This verse is a response to what Jesus said.
REV	22	17	lt8j	figs-metaphor	ἡ νύμφη	1	the Bride	Believers are spoken of as if they were a **Bride** about to be married to her groom, Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	22	17	m9at	figs-explicit	ἔρχου	1	Come!	Here, **Come** could mean: (1) this is an invitation for people to come and drink the water of life. Alternate translation: “Come and drink!” (2) this is a polite request for Jesus to return. Alternate translation: “Please come!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
REV	22	17	e2m5	figs-metaphor	ὁ διψῶν ἐρχέσθω; ὁ θέλων λαβέτω ὕδωρ ζωῆς δωρεάν	1	the one who is thirsty … the water of life	A person’s desire for eternal **life** is spoken of as if it were thirst and of that person receiving eternal life as if he were drinking life-giving **water**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	22	17	dwb6	figs-metaphor	ὕδωρ ζωῆς	1	the water of life	Eternal **life** is spoken of as if it were provided by life-giving **water**. See how you translated this in [Revelation 21:6](../21/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
REV	22	18	fd5l			0	General Information:	John gives his final remarks about the book of Revelation.
REV	22	18	d95j		μαρτυρῶ ἐγὼ	1	I testify	Here, **I** refers to John.
REV	22	18	s36m	figs-metonymy	τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου	1	the words of the prophecy of this book	Here, **the words** refers to the message that they formed. See how you translated this in [Revelation 22:7](../22/07.md). Alternate translation: “this prophetic message of this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
REV	22	18	jzu8		ἐάν τις ἐπιθῇ ἐπ’ αὐτά, ἐπιθήσει ὁ Θεὸς ἐπ’ αὐτὸν τὰς πληγὰς τὰς γεγραμμένας ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ	1	If anyone adds to them … God will add	This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy.
REV	22	18	d4sc	figs-activepassive	τὰς γεγραμμένας ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ	1	that are written about in this book	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “which I have written about in this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
REV	22	19	ss3y		ἐάν τις ἀφέλῃ ἀπὸ τῶν λόγων τοῦ βιβλίου τῆς προφητείας ταύτης, ἀφελεῖ ὁ Θεὸς τὸ μέρος αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ ξύλου τῆς ζωῆς καὶ ἐκ τῆς πόλεως τῆς ἁγίας, τῶν γεγραμμένων ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ	1	If anyone takes away … God will take away	This is a strong warning to not change anything about this prophecy.
REV	22	20	u6mb			0	General Information:	In these verses John gives his and Jesus’ closing greetings.
REV	22	20	y9p2		ὁ μαρτυρῶν	1	The one who testifies	Alternate translation: “Jesus, who testifies”