unfoldingWord_en_tn/en_tn_49-GAL.tsv

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2GALfrontintroi6u90# Introduction to Galatians\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Galatians\n\n1. Paul declares his authority as an apostle of Jesus Christ; he says that he is surprised by the false teachings that the Christians in Galatia have accepted from other people (1:1-10).\n1. Paul says that people are saved by trusting in Christ alone, not by keeping the law (1:11-2:21).\n1. God puts people right with himself only when they trust in Christ; the example of Abraham; the curse which the law brings (and not a means of salvation); slavery and freedom compared and illustrated by Hagar and Sarah (3:1-4:31).\n1. When people are joined to Christ, they become free from having to keep the law of Moses. They are also free to live as the Holy Spirit guides them. They are free to refuse the demands of sin. They are free to bear each others burdens (5:1-6:10).\n1. Paul warns the Christians not to trust in being circumcised and in keeping the law of Moses. Instead, they must trust in Christ (6:11-18).\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Galatians?\n\nPaul wrote the book of Galatians. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he began to trust in Jesus Christ, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus and establishing churches.\n\nIt is uncertain when Paul wrote this letter and where he was when he wrote it. Some Bible scholars think Paul was in the city of Ephesus and wrote this letter after the second time he traveled to tell people about Jesus and establish churches. Other scholars think Paul was in the city of Antioch in Syria and wrote the letter soon after the first time he traveled.\n\n### What is the Book of Galatians about?\n\nPaul wrote this letter to both Jewish and non-Jewish Christians in the region of Galatia. He wanted to write against the false teachers who said that Christians need to follow the law of Moses. Paul defended the gospel by explaining that a person is saved by believing in Jesus Christ. In the book of Galatians Paul explains that people are saved as result of believing in Jesus and not as a result of obeying the law of Moses and he proves this by using various Old Testament passages to illustrate this truth. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Galatians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Pauls Letter to the Church in Galatia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What does it mean to “live like Jews” (2:14)?\n\nTo “live like Jews” means to obey the law of Moses, even though one trusts in Christ. The people who taught that it was necessary to follow the law of Moses in addition to believing in Jesus were called “Judaizers.”\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How did Paul use the terms “law” and “grace” in the Book of Galatians?\n\nThese terms are used in a unique way in Galatians. There is an important teaching in Galatians about Christian living. Under the law of Moses, righteous or holy living required a person to obey a set of rules and regulations. As Christians, holy living is now motivated by grace. This means that Christians have freedom in Christ and are not required to obey a specific set of rules. Instead, Christians are to live a holy life because they are thankful that God has been so kind to them. This is called “the law of Christ.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])\n\n### What did Paul mean by the expressions “in Christ,” and “in Christ Jesus?” \n\nPaul uses the spatial metaphor “in Christ” or the related phrase “in Christ Jesus” very frequently in this letter. This expression occurs with a metaphorical meaning in 1:22; 2:4,17; 3:14, 26, 28; and 5:6. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union between Christ and the people who believe in him. This metaphor emphasizes that believers are as closely united to Christ as if they were inside him. Paul believes that this is true for all believers, and sometimes he uses “in Christ” simply to identify that what he is speaking about is true for those who believe in Jesus. Other times, he emphasizes union with Christ as the means or the basis for some statement or exhortation. Sometimes when Paul uses the phrase “in Christ” he intends a different meaning. See, for example, 2:16 where Paul says “we also believed in Christ Jesus, so that we might be justified by faith in Christ” and see 2:17 where Paul spoke of Christ being the object of faith when he said “when we seek for God to justify us in Christ.” See the notes on specific verses for help in understanding the contextual meaning of “in Christ” and related phrases. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\nPlease see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.\n\n\n### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Galatians?\n* “Foolish Galatians, whose evil eye has harmed you? Was not Jesus Christ depicted as crucified before your eyes” (3:1)? The ULT, UST, and the other modern versions have this reading. However, older versions of the Bible add, “[so] that ye should not obey the truth.” Translators are advised not to include this expression. However, if in the translators region there are older Bible versions that have the passage, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
3GAL1introf3n50# Galatians 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul started this letter differently than his other letters. He adds that he was “not an apostle from men nor by human agency, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead ones.” Paul probably included these words because false teachers were opposing him and trying to undermine his authority.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Heresy\n\nGod eternally saves people only through the true, biblical gospel. God condemns any other version of the gospel. Paul asks God to curse those who teach a false gospel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])\n\n### Pauls qualifications\n\nSome people in the early church were teaching that Gentiles needed to obey the law of Moses. To refute this teaching, in verses 13-16 Paul explains how he was formerly a zealous Jew. But Paul still needed God to save him through believing in Jesus. As a Jew, and the apostle to Gentile people, Paul was uniquely qualified to address this issue. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “You are turning so quickly to a different gospel”\n\nThe Book of Galatians is one of Pauls earliest letters in Scripture. It shows that heresies troubled even the early church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4GAL11o4nsΠαῦλος1Here, Paul is introducing himself as the author of this letter. Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter. Use that here. Alternate translation: “This letter is from me, Paul”
5GAL11uhhpfigs-123personΠαῦλος1Paul is speaking of himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the first person. Alternate translation: “This letter is from me, Paul” or “I, Paul” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person)
6GAL11m4ssfigs-doublenegativesοὐκ ἀπ’ ἀνθρώπων, οὐδὲ δι’ ἀνθρώπου1General Information:If your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate this phrase using only one negative word. Alternate translation: “not from men or through man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
7GAL11rcnwfigs-explicitοὐκ ἀπ’ ἀνθρώπων1Here, the word **from** indicates source. The phrase **not from men** means that humans are not the source of Pauls apostleship and that he was not commissioned or appointed an apostle by humans. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “not through the commissioning of humans” or “not through human commission” or “not sent out by people” or “not because I was appointed and sent by a group of people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8GAL11yqmafigs-gendernotationsἀνθρώπων…ἀνθρώπου1Although the terms **men** and **man** are masculine, Paul uses them here in a generic sense to refer to humans in general. Alternate translation: “humans … humans” or “people … a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
9GAL11k2dwδι’ ἀνθρώπου, ἀλλὰ διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς1Both times that the word **through** is used in this verse it indicates agency/means and refers to the agency/means by which Pauls was commissioned as an apostle. Choose the best word in your language to indicate the meaning of the word **through** here. Alternate translation: “through the agency of man, but through the agency of Jesus Christ and God the Father”
10GAL11pvdpgrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1Here, the word **but** introduces a contrast between different potential agents or means of Pauls commission. The word **but** is introducing a contrast between Pauls apostleship being **not through man** but rather being **through Jesus Christ and God the Father**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “but rather” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
11GAL11fyu8figs-distinguishΘεοῦ Πατρὸς τοῦ ἐγείραντος αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν1The phrase **the one having raised him from the dead** gives further information about **God the Father**. It is not making a distinction between **God the Father** and **the one having raised him from the dead** as if they are two separate entities. If this is not understood in your language, you can make the relationship between these phrases more clear. Alternate translation: “God the Father who is the same one who made Jesus Christ live again after he died” or “God the Father who caused Jesus Christ to live again after he had died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
12GAL11wmljfigs-extrainfoΘεοῦ Πατρὸς1Here, the phrase **the Father** could be (1) a general title for God which identifies him as the first person in the Christian Trinity. If you choose this option then you should not define whose **Father** God is in your translation but rather you should use a more an expression like the ULT does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) (2) referring to Gods relationship to those who believe in Christ. Alternate translation: “God our Father”
13GAL11w3grfigs-nominaladjἐκ νεκρῶν1Paul is using the adjective **dead** as a noun in order to indicate a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “from among the people who have died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
14GAL11g5asfigs-metonymyἐκ νεκρῶν1Here, the phrase **the dead** could be a figurative way of referring to a place, in which case it would be referring to “the place of the dead” or “the realm of the dead.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from the place of the dead” or “from the realm of the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
15GAL12d737figs-gendernotationsἀδελφοί1brothersHere, although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using it in a generic sense to refer to fellow Christians, which includes both men and women. Paul views all those who believe in Jesus, as members of one spiritual family, with God as their heavenly Father. If your readers would misunderstand the use of **brothers** in this context, you can indicate explicitly what it means. Alternate translation: “fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
16GAL12wmd2figs-explicitΓαλατίας1Here, the word **Galatia** could refer to: (1) the Roman political province called **Galatia**. Alternate translation: “in the province of Galatia” or (2) the geographical region known as **Galatia**. Alternate translation: “in the region of Galatia” If it would help your readers you could state explicitly what the word **Galatia** refers to here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
17GAL12aa9vfigs-possessionτῆς Γαλατίας1Paul uses the possessive form here to describe churches that are in Roman political province called **Galatia** or in the geographical region known as **Galatia**. If this use of the possessive form is not clear in your language, you could clarify the meaning using a form that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “in the province of Galatia” or “in the region of Galatia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
18GAL13nxtztranslate-blessingχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη1This is a common blessing that Paul often uses in the beginning of his letters. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ give you grace and peace.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
19GAL13psjzfigs-abstractnounsχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **Grace** and **peace**, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **grace** and **peace** with adjectives such as “gracious” and “peaceful.” Alternate translation: “May God our Father and our Lord Jesus Christ be gracious to you and make you peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
20GAL13nykrfigs-youὑμῖν1Here, the word **you** is plural and refers to the Galatians. Unless noted otherwise, all instances of “you” and “your” in this letter refer to the Galatians and are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
21GAL13c1xfΘεοῦ Πατρὸς1See how you chose to translate the phrase **God the Father** in [1:1](../01/01.md).
22GAL13eivdfigs-exclusiveἡμῶν1Here, the word **our** refers to Paul, the believers in Galatia, and all believers in Jesus and so is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. In this book, unless otherwise stated, the word “our” refers to Paul, the believers in Galatia, and all believers and is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
23GAL14onj6figs-distinguishτοῦ δόντος ἑαυτὸν περὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν, ὅπως ἐξέληται ἡμᾶς ἐκ τοῦ αἰῶνος τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος πονηροῦ1The phrase **the one having given himself for our sins so that he might deliver us from the present evil age** gives us further information about “our Lord Jesus Christ.” It is not making a distinction between them as if they were two different entities. If this might confuse your readers, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “who is the one having given himself for our sins so that he might deliver us from the present evil age” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
24GAL14yk9gfigs-metonymyπερὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν1for our sinsHere, **sins** figuratively refers to the punishment for sin and the phrase **for our sins** refers to Christ giving his life “as a substitution for the punishment that our sins deserved.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “as a substitution for the punishment that our sins deserved” or “to take the punishment we deserved because of our sins” or “to take the punishment for our sins” or “as a substitution for the punishment that our sins deserved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
25GAL14f2pmἡμῶν…ἡμῶν1See the note on **our** in [1:3](../01/03.md).
26GAL14haibfigs-abstractnounsτῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **sins**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “sinful,” as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
27GAL14d8m2grammar-connect-logic-goalὅπως1The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which Christ gave himself for our sins. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
28GAL14f6d5figs-metonymyἐκ τοῦ αἰῶνος τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος πονηροῦ1that he might deliver us from this present evil ageHere, the phrase **the present evil age**, refers not only to a time period but also refers to the sinful attitudes and actions that characterize **the present evil age**. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from this present time that is dominated by sinfulness” or “from this present evil age with its evil attitudes and desires” or “from the evil powers at work in the world today” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
29GAL14mg01figs-distinguishτοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν1The phrase **and Father** gives further information about **our God**. It is not making a distinction between **God** and **Father** as if they are two separate entities. If this is not understood in your language, you can make the relationship between these words more clear. Alternate translation: “of our God who is our Father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
30GAL15y7mjfigs-abstractnounsἡ δόξα1The phrase **be the glory** is an expression of praise. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “praise”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
31GAL15mijutranslate-transliterateἀμήν1**Amen** is a Hebrew word. Paul spelled it out using Greek letters so his readers would know how it sounded. He assumes that they know that it means “so be it” or “yes indeed.” In your translation, you can spell it the way it sounds in your language. If your readers would not know what **Amen** means, you could also explain its meaning. Alternate translation: “Amen, which means, So be it!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
32GAL16f74pθαυμάζω1I am amazedAlternate translation: “I am surprised” or “I am shocked”
33GAL16v438figs-explicitοὕτως ταχέως, μετατίθεσθε1you are turning away so quickly from himHere, the phrase **turning away** means “to desert” and refers to turning ones heart or mind away from believing and following something. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “you are so quickly deserting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
34GAL16ficffigs-explicitμετατίθεσθε1The phrase **you are turning away** is in the present tense and is portraying the action of **turning away** as in process, but not yet completed. Make sure that you express this phrase in your language in a way that shows that the Galatians **turning away** is currently happening but not complete. (Paul is writing this letter in order to encourage the Galatians to not turn away to **a different gospel**).
35GAL16cw1jfigs-explicitοὕτως ταχέως1Here, the phrase **so quickly** means that the Galatians were turning away from faith in the true gospel shortly after they accepted it. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “from the true gospel so soon after accepting it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
36GAL16ht94figs-explicitἀπὸ τοῦ καλέσαντος ὑμᾶς1Here, the phrase **the one** refers to “God.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and from God, who is the one who has called you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
37GAL16qy93figs-explicitκαλέσαντος1Here, the phrase **called** refers to being “chosen” by God. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
38GAL16ghhsἐν1Here, the word **in** could (1) refer to the Galatians being called “into” the sphere or realm of grace. Alternate translation: “into” or “to live in” (2) refer to the means by which the Galatians were saved. Alternate translation: “by” or “through”
39GAL16cizkfigs-abstractnounsχάριτι1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea with an adverb such as “graciously”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
40GAL17l5epfigs-ellipsisἄλλο1Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “another gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
41GAL17rg69grammar-connect-exceptionsεἰ μή τινές εἰσιν οἱ ταράσσοντες ὑμᾶς, καὶ θέλοντες μεταστρέψαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ1If, in your language, the use of the word **except** makes it appear as if Paul is making a statement and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “instead certain people are causing you trouble and want to pervert the gospel of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
42GAL17wnfeτινές1Alternate translation: “certain people”
43GAL17kswufigs-abstractnounsταράσσοντες ὑμᾶς1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **trouble**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “troubling,” or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “troubling you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
44GAL17tec2μεταστρέψαι1Alternate translation: “to twist the truth of” or “to change”
45GAL17k9d1figs-possessionτὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Χριστοῦ1By using the possessive form here, Paul is either using it to: (1) describe the gospel that is about Christ, in which case the possessive form is being used to describe the content of the gospel. Alternate translation: “the gospel about Christ” (2) designate Christ as the one who proclaimed the gospel message he is referring to in which case Paul is referring to the gospel message that Christ preached. Alternate translation: “the gospel that Christ proclaimed” or “the gospel that Christ preached” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
46GAL18rltxgrammar-connect-condition-hypotheticalκαὶ ἐὰν ἡμεῖς ἢ ἄγγελος ἐξ οὐρανοῦ εὐαγγελίζηται ὑμῖν παρ’ ὃ εὐηγγελισάμεθα ὑμῖν, ἀνάθεμα ἔστω1The word **if** introduces a hypothetical situation. Paul is using a hypothetical situation to warn the Galatians against any teaching that is contrary to the original gospel message that they were taught. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “if it were to happen that we or an angel from heaven might proclaim to you a gospel other than the one we proclaimed to you, let whoever would do that be cursed” or “suppose it were to happen that we or an angel from heaven might proclaim to you a gospel other than the one we proclaimed to you, let whoever would do that be cursed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
47GAL18wnx5figs-exclusiveἡμεῖς1When Paul says **we**, he is not including the Galatians, so **we** would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
48GAL18ebyiἡμεῖς1Alternate translation: “I or my co-laborers in the gospel”
49GAL18f1efεὐαγγελίζηται ὑμῖν1Alternate translation: “proclaim to you a gospel message” or “a message of good news”
50GAL18s5uqfigs-explicitπαρ’ ὃ εὐηγγελισάμεθα1other than the oneHere, the phrase **the one** refers to the gospel message that Paul and his co-laborers had proclaimed to the Galatians. If your readers might misunderstand this you can state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “different from the gospel we proclaimed” or “different from the message we proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
51GAL18xb2cἀνάθεμα ἔστω1let him be cursedIf your language has a common way of asking God to curse someone, or of calling down a curse on someone, and it would be appropriate to use in this context, consider using it here.
52GAL18kv9hfigs-abstractnounsἀνάθεμα ἔστω1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of someone being **cursed**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “curse.” Alternate translation: “let God curse him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
53GAL18pifkfigs-activepassiveἀνάθεμα ἔστω1If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, Paul implies that “God” is the one who will do it. Alternate translation: “let God curse him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
54GAL18g7zzfigs-gendernotationsἀνάθεμα ἔστω1Although the term **him** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “let God curse that person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
55GAL19anxefigs-exclusiveπροειρήκαμεν1When Paul says **we**, he is not including the Galatians, so **we** would be exclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
56GAL19h1htgrammar-connect-condition-hypotheticalεἴ τις ὑμᾶς εὐαγγελίζεται1The word **If** introduces a hypothetical situation. Paul is using a hypothetical situation to warn the Galatians against any teaching that is contrary to the original gospel message that they were taught. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a hypothetical situation. Alternate translation: “If it were to happen that someone proclaims to you a gospel” or “Suppose it were to happen that someone proclaims to you a gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
57GAL19i2wkfigs-explicitπαρ’ ὃ 1See how you translated the phrase **other than the one** in [1:8](../01/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
58GAL19mrv9figs-activepassiveἀνάθεμα ἔστω1See how you translated the phrase **let him be cursed** in [1:8](../01/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
59GAL19eta3figs-gendernotationsἀνάθεμα ἔστω1Although the term **him** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. See how you translated the phrase **let him be cursed** in [1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “let God curse that person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
60GAL110ifodgrammar-connect-words-phrasesγὰρ1Here, the word **For** is being used to introduce Pauls argument against an implied assertion that he altered the content of his gospel message in order to make it more acceptable to people. If it would help your readers, you could express the implied assertion explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
61GAL110b2vcfigs-rquestionἄρτι γὰρ ἀνθρώπους πείθω ἢ τὸν Θεόν? ἢ ζητῶ ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσκειν1For am I now seeking the approval of men or God? Am I seeking to please men?By using these two rhetorical questions Paul is not asking the Galatians for information, but is using the question form for emphasis and to engage his readers thinking. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “For I do not seek to persuade men, but instead I only seek the approval of God! I am not seeking to please men!” or “For I do not seek the approval of men, but instead I only seek the approval of God! I am not seeking to please men!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
62GAL110xhrnfigs-gendernotationsἄρτι…ἀνθρώπους πείθω ἢ τὸν Θεόν? ἢ ζητῶ ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσκειν? εἰ ἔτι ἀνθρώποις ἤρεσκον1Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women, and refers to “people” in general. Alternate translation: “do I now persuade people, or God? Or do I seek to please people? If I were still pleasing people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
63GAL110fl3cgrammar-connect-condition-hypotheticalεἰ ἔτι ἀνθρώποις ἤρεσκον, Χριστοῦ δοῦλος οὐκ ἂν ἤμην1If I am still trying to please men, I am not a servant of ChristThe word **if** introduces a hypothetical condition. Paul is using a hypothetical situation to teach the Galatians. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a hypothetical situation or if it would help your readers you can state Pauls meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “I am not still trying to please men because I am a servant of Christ” or “If I were still pleasing people, then I would not be serving Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
64GAL111xve4grammar-connect-words-phrasesγὰρ1Here, the word **For** is used to introduce a supporting statement that further supports and gives reason for Pauls prior statement. Use a form that would be natural in your language for introducing a statement that supports a prior statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
65GAL111cnicfigs-gendernotationsἀδελφοί1Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women and refers to those who believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: “fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
66GAL111o5cufigs-activepassiveτὸ εὐαγγελισθὲν ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ1If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that I proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
67GAL111hew1figs-gendernotationsὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν κατὰ ἄνθρωπον1Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women, and refers to “humans.” Alternate translation: “did not come from a human” or “is not a human message” or “is not a message that people made up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
68GAL112zfxjgrammar-connect-words-phrasesγὰρ1Here, the word **For** could be being used to introduce: (1) the grounds or basis for Pauls assertion in [1:11](../01/11.md), in which case what follows the word **For** is support for what Paul said in [1:11](../01/11.md). Use a form that would be natural for introducing a statement which gives supporting evidence. Alternate translation: “In support of my claim that the gospel I proclaimed is not according to man, I want you to know that” (2) a statement which explains and builds on Pauls assertion in [1:11](../01/11.md). Use a form that would be natural for introducing a statement which further clarifies and explains a prior statement. Alternate translation: “To explain further, I want you to know” or “That is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
69GAL112kdolfigs-parallelismοὐδὲ…ἐγὼ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου παρέλαβον αὐτό, οὔτε ἐδιδάχθην1The phrase **I did not receive it from man** and the phrase **nor was I taught it** mean basically the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I did not receive the gospel that I proclaim from any person” or “no human being taught me the gospel that I proclaim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
70GAL112er9cfigs-gendernotationsἀνθρώπου1Although the term **man** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women, and refers to “humans.” See how you translated the word **man** in [1:11](../01/11.md) where it is used with a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “people” or “humans” or “a human source” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
71GAL112y2amfigs-activepassiveἐδιδάχθην1If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form, as modeled by the UST, or in another way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
72GAL112hlg6figs-explicitαὐτό…ἐδιδάχθην1Here, both occurrences of the word **it** refer back to “the gospel” which Paul “proclaimed” which he mentioned in [1:11](../01/11.md). If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the gospel that I proclaimed … was I taught the gospel that I proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
73GAL112qohzfigs-ellipsisἐδιδάχθην1Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “was I taught it by any person” or “was I taught it by man” or “was I taught it by a human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
74GAL112g1o6grammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1What follows the word **but** is in contrast to the phrases **receive it from man** and **taught it**. In contrast to Paul receiving the message he proclaimed from a human source or being **taught it** Paul received it from a divine source. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “rather” or “instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
75GAL112leqsδι’1Alternate translation: “through a”
76GAL112uybtfigs-abstractnounsἀποκαλύψεως1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **revelation**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “revealed”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
77GAL112wed1figs-possessionδι’ ἀποκαλύψεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1it was by revelation of Jesus Christ to mePaul could be using the possessive form here to mean: (1) that God revealed Jesus Christ to Paul. This would mean that God is the one who did the revealing and Jesus Christ is the one who God revealed. See the phrase “to reveal his Son in me” in [1:16](../01/16.md). Alternate translation: “God revealed Jesus Christ to me” or “God made me know the gospel when he showed Jesus Christ to me” (2) that it was Jesus Christ who made the revelation to Paul. Alternate translation: “by what Jesus Christ revealed to me” (3) both option 1 and 2 together. Alternate translation: “Jesus Christ revealed himself to me and taught me the gospel about himself” or “Jesus Christ revealed himself to me and taught me the gospel concerning himself”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
78GAL112nee4figs-ellipsisἀλλὰ δι’ ἀποκαλύψεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “but I received it by a revelation of Jesus Christ” or “but I was taught it by a revelation of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
79GAL113f3glfigs-abstractnounsτὴν ἐμὴν ἀναστροφήν ποτε1former lifeIf your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **manner** and **life**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase such as “how I formerly lived”, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “how I formerly lived” or “how I formerly conducted myself” or “how I formerly behaved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
80GAL113r8olfigs-explicitἐν τῷ Ἰουδαϊσμῷ1Here, the phrase **in Judaism** refers to following the Jewish religious guidelines. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “following the Jewish religion” or “following the Jewish religious guidelines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
81GAL113ydx9figs-idiomκαθ’ ὑπερβολὴν1The phrase **beyond measure** is an idiom meaning “excessively.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “excessively” or “to an extreme degree” or “intensely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
82GAL114vtugfigs-explicitἐν τῷ Ἰουδαϊσμῷ1See how you translated the phrase **in Judaism** in [1:13](../01/13.md) where it is used with a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “in the Jewish religion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
83GAL114aecdτῷ γένει1Alternate translation: “nation”
84GAL114gdwigrammar-collectivenounsτῷ γένει μου1The word **race** is a singular noun that refers to a group of people. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “my ethnic group the Jews” or “my people the Jews” or “the Jewish people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
85GAL114bcdofigs-metaphorτῶν πατρικῶν μου1Here, the word **fathers** figuratively means “ancestors.” If your readers would not understand what **fathers** means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “of my ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
86GAL115w6zigrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1What follows the word **But** here is in contrast to what was expected. What would be expected is that Paul would continue thinking and acting according to the way he formerly did as described in [1:14](../01/14.md). Instead, God **called** Paul, and as the next verse says, God revealed Jesus to him, so that he might teach the Gentiles about Jesus. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “But then” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
87GAL115ofqmfigs-explicit1Here, the phrase **the one** refers to God. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
88GAL115qu8sfigs-distinguishὅτε…εὐδόκησεν ὁ, ἀφορίσας με ἐκ κοιλίας μητρός μου, καὶ καλέσας διὰ τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ1The statement **having set me apart from the womb of my mother and having called {me} through his grace** gives us further information about the **the one** (God). It is not making a distinction. If this might confuse your readers, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “when God, who is the one who set me apart from my mothers womb and called me through his grace, was pleased” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
89GAL115iyc1figs-idiomἐκ κοιλίας μητρός μου1The phrase **from the womb of my mother** is a Hebrew idiom which means either “from the day of my birth” or “from before birth.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “from the day I was born” or “from before I was born.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
90GAL115wd26figs-explicitκαλέσας1who called me through his graceHere, the word **called** means “to choose and summon.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “having chosen and summoned me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
91GAL115wlphfigs-abstractnounsτῆς χάριτος1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea with an adverb such as “kindly”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
92GAL116l97hἀποκαλύψαι τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ1to reveal his Son in meThe phrase **reveal his Son in me** could mean: (1) that God revealed his Son “to” Paul and refer to God revealing to Paul who Jesus really was so that Paul had an inward knowledge of who Jesus really was. Alternate translation: “to reveal to me his Son” (2) that God revealed his Son to others “through” Paul. Alternate translation: “to reveal his Son to others through me” or “to reveal his Son to others by me”
93GAL116z800grammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. After the phrase **so that** Paul states the purpose for which God revealed his Son to Paul, namely so that he **might preach him among the Gentiles**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
94GAL116xx4cεὐαγγελίζωμαι αὐτὸν1preach himAlternate translation: “I might proclaim the good news about Gods Son”
95GAL116qme5figs-synecdocheσαρκὶ καὶ αἵματι1consult with flesh and bloodPaul refers figuratively to “human beings” by naming a few of the things that a human being is made of, specifically **flesh and blood**. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “any human being” or “any person” or “anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
96GAL117qh88figs-goἀνῆλθον εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα1go up to Jerusalem**Jerusalem** was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for people to speak of going **up** to Jerusalem and going down from it. Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “did I come up to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
97GAL117w82agrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1What follows the word **Instead** is in contrast to what was expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
98GAL117zqihfigs-goἀπῆλθον εἰς1Your language may say “came” rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I came to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
99GAL118c7gbgrammar-connect-time-sequentialἔπειτα1The word **Then** indicates that the events Paul will now relate came after the events just described. Use a natural form in your language for indicating this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
100GAL118rej5figs-goἀνῆλθον εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα1**Jerusalem** was higher than almost any other place in Israel, so it was normal for people to speak of going **up** to Jerusalem and going down from it. Your language may say “came” rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I came up to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
101GAL119av43grammar-connect-exceptionsἕτερον…τῶν ἀποστόλων οὐκ εἶδον, εἰ μὴ Ἰάκωβον1I saw none of the other apostles except JamesIf it would appear in your language that Paul was making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “the only other apostles I saw were James” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions]])
102GAL120d9yvfigs-exclamationsἰδοὺ1**behold** is an exclamation word which is used to draw attention to the words that come next. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “pay attention to this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
103GAL120h3cbfigs-litotesοὐ ψεύδομαι1In what I write to you, I assure you before God, that I am not lyingHere, Paul uses a phrase that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “I am telling you the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
104GAL120pp11figs-explicitἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ1Here, the phrase **before God** is an oath. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an oath from your language that would be appropriate in this context or you could make it clear in your translation that Paul is making an oath. Alternate translation: “I solemnly testify before God” or “in Gods presence I testify” or “I swear with God as my witness” or “I swear before God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
105GAL121ny6zgrammar-connect-time-sequentialἔπειτα ἦλθον εἰς1The word **then** indicates that the events Paul will now relate came after the events Paul has just described in [1:18-19](../01/18.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could show this relationship by using a fuller phrase or by expressing the meaning in some other way that is natural to your readers. Alternate translation: “After I left Jerusalem I went to” or “After that I went to” or “Afterwards I went to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
106GAL122y6l4figs-activepassiveἤμην…ἀγνοούμενος τῷ προσώπῳ ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τῆς Ἰουδαίας, ταῖς ἐν Χριστῷ1I was still not personally known to the churches of Judea that are in ChristIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “none of the people in the churches of Judea that are in Christ had ever met me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
107GAL122wleqfigs-synecdocheἤμην…ἀγνοούμενος τῷ προσώπῳ ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τῆς Ἰουδαίας, ταῖς ἐν Χριστῷ1Paul uses the main feature of his appearance, his **face**, to refer figuratively to seeing his entire person. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or plain language as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
108GAL122sr0yfigs-metaphorἐν Χριστῷ1Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in Christ** to describe the union believers have with Christ and here it is specifically describing/modifying **the churches of Judea**. If it would help your readers you could use a fuller phrase to describe what the phrase “in Christ” means here. See the discussion of this phrase in “Part 3: Important Translation Issues” in the “Introduction to 1 Corinthians” section. Alternate translation: “in union with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
109GAL123bdmzgrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast between what the Judean believers did know about Paul (they were **hearing** that he was **now proclaiming the faith**) with what they did not know about Paul (how he looked, [1:22](../01/22.md)). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
110GAL123hw08μόνον…ἀκούοντες ἦσαν1Alternate translation: “all that the believers in the region of Judea knew about me was that people were saying” or “all that the people belonging to the churches in the region of Judea knew about me was that people were saying”
111GAL123ss1efigs-explicit1Here, the phrase **The one** refers to Paul. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
112GAL123bh1mfigs-abstractnounsτὴν πίστιν1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
113GAL123lo0rfigs-metonymyτὴν πίστιν1Paul is figuratively describing the message about Jesus (the gospel) by association with **faith**, which is the response that the message about Jesus requires or solicits. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the good news about Jesus” or “the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
114GAL123y5udfigs-explicitἐπόρθει1Here, the word **destroying** refers to trying to stop the spread of the Christian message. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
115GAL124qp4tgrammar-connect-logic-resultἐν ἐμοὶ1Here, the phrase **in me** means “because of me” and is giving the reason why the Judean believers were praising God, namely because of Paul. If it would help your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
116GAL124cpniἐν ἐμοὶ1The phrase **in me** means “because of me” and the phrase “because of me” could mean: (1) both option 2 and 3 at the same time, in which case “because of me” would mean both that the Judean believers were praising God because God had caused Paul to believe in Jesus and because Paul was now proclaiming the good news about Jesus. If you decide to use this meaning you could use a general phrase that allows for both meanings at the same time such as “because of me.” Alternatively you could clarify in your translation that “because of me” refers to both meanings simultaneously as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “because of me” or “because of what God had done in me and was doing through me” or “because God had caused me to believe in Jesus and was now using me to proclaim the good news about Jesus” (2) because of what God was doing through Paul, that he was proclaiming the gospel. Alternate translation: “because of what God is doing through me” or “because I am now proclaiming the good news about Jesus” or “because I am now proclaiming the faith which I formerly tried to destroy” (3) because of what happened to Paul, that God caused him to believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: “because of what God has done in me” or “because God caused me to believe in his son” or “because of what had happened to me”
117GAL2introxe280# Galatians 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul continues to defend the true gospel. This began in [Galatians 1:11](../../gal/01/11.md).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Freedom and slavery\n\nThroughout this letter, Paul contrasts freedom and slavery. The Christian is free in Christ to do many different things. But the Christian who attempts to follow the law of Moses needs to follow the whole law. Paul describes trying to follow the law as a type of slavery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “I do not negate the grace of God”\n\nPaul teaches that, if a Christian attempts to follow the law of Moses, they do not understand the grace God has shown to them through the work of Christ. This is a fundamental error. But Paul uses the words “I do not negate the grace of God” as a type of hypothetical situation. The purpose of this statement could be seen as, “If you could be saved by following the law, then it would negate the grace of God.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
118GAL21mtgjgrammar-connect-time-sequentialἔπειτα1The word **Then** indicates that the events Paul will now relate came after the events just described. See how you translated the word **Then** in [1:18](../01/18.md) where it is used with the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
119GAL21zt61ἀνέβην εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα1Connecting Statement:See how you translated the similar phrase “I went up to Jerusalem” in [1:18](../01/18.md).
120GAL21zth5ἀνέβην1went upYour language may say “came” rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I came up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
121GAL22e8xugrammar-connect-time-backgroundδὲ1Here, the word **Now** introduces background information. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
122GAL22ll4jfigs-goἀνέβην1See how you translated the **I went up** in [2:1](../02/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
123GAL22szwlκατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν1The phrase **according to** could: (1) indicate that Pauls reason for going to Jerusalem was the **revelation**. Alternate translation: “because God told me to” or “because God revealed to me that I should” or “because God showed me that I should” (2) indicate Pauls response to the **revelation**. Alternate translation: “in response to a revelation” or “in accord with what God had revealed to me”
124GAL22zvkgfigs-abstractnounsκατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **revelation**, you could express the same idea with a verb such as “revealed”, as modeled by the UST, or you could express the meaning in some other way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
125GAL22g384figs-explicitἀνεθέμην αὐτοῖς1Here, the phrase **set before** means to communicate something to someone for the purpose of receiving their opinion regarding it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “communicated to them” or “related to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
126GAL22ypg1figs-ellipsisκατ’ ἰδίαν δὲ τοῖς1Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “but privately I set it before the ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
127GAL22msv4τοῖς δοκοῦσιν1those who seemed to be importantAlternate translation: “to the men who seemed to be influential” or “to those who were recognized as leaders of the believers in Jerusalem” or “to those who were leaders of the church in Jerusalem”
128GAL22t6wefigs-doublenegativesμή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον1in vainIf your readers would misunderstand this double negative, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “to ensure I was doing profitable work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
129GAL22ejb8figs-metaphorτρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον1I was not running—or had not run—in vainHere, Paul uses the word **run** to mean “work.” Paul specifically means working for the advancement of the gospel. Paul uses the word **run** to bring to the Galatians minds the image of a runner who is running a race in order to win a prize. If this image is familiar to people in your culture, consider using this metaphor. If this image is not familiar to your readers, consider stating this idea in plain language. Alternate translation: “I might work for the advancement of the gospel—or had” or “I might not work for the spread of the good news—or had worked for it” ( See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
130GAL22svvyεἰς κενὸν1Alternate translation: “for no purpose” or “without positive results” or “for nothing”
131GAL23wyrrgrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλ’1Here, the word **But** is introducing an idea that is in contrast to an idea that was presented in [2:2](../02/02.md). Paul is probably presenting the fact that **not even Titus … was forced to be circumcised** as being in contrast to the idea in [2:2](../02/02.md) that he might have “run in vain” (labored in vain). Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]
132GAL23ybwwfigs-distinguishὐδὲ Τίτος ὁ σὺν ἐμοί, Ἕλλην ὤν1The phrase **the one with me** and the phrase **being a Greek** both give further information about **Titus**. Neither of these phrases is making a distinction between **Titus** and some other person. If this might confuse your readers, you can make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “my non-Jewish ministry partner, Titus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
133GAL23xs8kfigs-activepassiveοὐδὲ Τίτος ὁ σὺν ἐμοί, Ἕλλην ὤν, ἠναγκάσθη περιτμηθῆναι1to be circumcisedThe phrase **was forced to be circumcised** is passive. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the leaders of the church in Jerusalem did not even require my Greek ministry partner, Titus, to be circumcised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
134GAL24kwozδιὰ δὲ…ἵνα ἡμᾶς καταδουλώσουσιν1The word **But** could: (1) be connected to [2:1-2](../02/01.md) and be giving the reason why Paul “went up again to Jerusalem” (2:1) and privately “set before” (communicated to) the church leaders in Jerusalem the gospel that he proclaimed among the Gentiles (2:2). Alternate translation: “But we went to Jerusalem because of” (2) be connected to [2:3](../02/03.md) and be giving the reason why some people were demanding that Titus be circumcised. Alternate translation: “But this problem occurred because of” (3) be beginning a sentence which Paul never completes. Alternate tranlsation (notice that only the punctuation differs from the ULT. The closing “—” indicates that Paul does not complete his thought before moving onto the next verse): “But it was because of … so that they will enslave us—”
135GAL24j5kafigs-metaphorπαρεισάκτους ψευδαδέλφους, οἵτινες παρεισῆλθον κατασκοπῆσαι1The false brothers came in secretlyPaul speaks figuratively of these people as if they were spies. He means that they came pretending to be fellow believers with the intent of observing what Paul and the other believers were doing. By using this metaphor Paul means that these people had bad motives for wanting to observe the believers. If your readers would not understand what **spy on** means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “people who pretended to be Christians, who came into our midst in order to watch us closely,” or “people who said they were Christians but were not, who came into our group to view closely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
136GAL24jx0qπαρεισάκτους1In the language that Paul wrote this letter in the phrase **brought in** could mean: (1) that these **false brothers** were invited in by someone. Alternate translation: “secretly invited” or (2) that they came into the midst of the believers by their own initiative. Alternate translation: “deceptive coming of”
137GAL24fpkcfigs-explicitψευδαδέλφους1Here, the word **brothers** does not refer to biological brothers but rather to believers in Jesus. The phrase **false brothers** refers to those who pretended to be fellow believers in Jesus. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
138GAL24etlofigs-abstractnounsκατασκοπῆσαι τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἡμῶν, ἣν ἔχομεν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **freedom**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “free,” or with a verb such as **freed** as modeled by the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
139GAL24lyqjfigs-exclusiveἔχομεν1When Paul says **we**, he is speaking of himself, his traveling companions, and the Galatian believers, so **we** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
140GAL24uvjwfigs-metaphorἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1Paul uses the spatial metaphor **in Christ** to describe the union that believers have with Christ. See the discussion of this phrase in “Part 3: Important Translation Issues” in the “Introduction to 1 Corinthians” section. If it would help your readers you could use a fuller phrase to describe Pauls meaning. Alternate translation: “in union with Christ Jesus” or “through our union with Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
141GAL24v9fpgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. Paul is stating the purpose for which the **false brothers** spied on their freedom, to **enslave them**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause. Alternate translation: “in order that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
142GAL24l7n7figs-metaphorἵνα ἡμᾶς καταδουλώσουσιν1to make us slavesPaul is speaking about how these people wanted to force the Galatian believers to follow the Jewish rituals that the law commanded. He is speaking about following the law as if it were slavery. If your readers would not understand what **enslave** means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “to force us to obey the law”or “in order to make us slaves to the law” [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
143GAL25bba7εἴξαμεν τῇ ὑποταγῇ1yield in submissionAlternate translation: “submit,” or “listen,” or “accept what they were saying,” or “agreed with that they wanted to do”
144GAL26afy6figs-metonymyἐμοὶ…οὐδὲν προσανέθεντο1added nothing to meHere, **me** represents what Paul was teaching. Alternate translation: “added nothing to what I teach” or “did not add anything to my message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
145GAL29he6qfigs-metaphorδοκοῦντες στῦλοι εἶναι1built up the churchHere, **pillars** refers to men who were leaders of the believers in Jerusalem and taught people the word of God. Alternate translation: “who were like pillars of the church” or “who were recognized as important leaders” or “who were considered to have authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
146GAL29ie72figs-abstractnounsγνόντες τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι1understood the grace that had been given to meThe abstract noun *grace** refers to how God gave Paul the task to proclaim the gospel to the non-Jews. Alternate translation: “understood that God had been kind to me and gave me this work” or “understood the work God was kind to give me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
147GAL29e5rmtranslate-symactionδεξιὰς ἔδωκαν…κοινωνίας1gave…the right hand of fellowshipHere, **gave the right hand of fellowship** is an action that symbolizes a pledge of friendship or agreement. Alternate translation: “welcomed…as fellow workers” or “welcomed…with honor” or “shook hands...as a sign that they agreed with us” or “agreed that were partners in this work”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
148GAL210kqq6figs-explicitτῶν πτωχῶν…μνημονεύωμεν1remember the poorYou may need to make explicit how they were to **remember the poor**. Alternate translation: “remember to take care of the needs of the poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
149GAL211c9h4figs-metonymyκατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην1I opposed him to his faceThe phrase **to his face** is a metonym. Alternate translation: “I confronted him in person” or “I challenged his actions in person” or “I opposed him in front of everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
150GAL212z1kgfigs-explicitφοβούμενος τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς1He was afraid of those who were demanding circumcisionThe reason Peter was **afraid** can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “He was afraid that these men who required circumcision would judge that he was doing something wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
151GAL212fy79τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς1those who were demanding circumcisionHere, **those from the circumcision** represents Jews who had become Christians, but who demanded that those who believe in Christ live according to Jewish customs like circumcision.
152GAL212a6gvἀφώριζεν ἑαυτόν1kept away fromAlternate translation: “stayed away from” or “avoided”
153GAL214sg53οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσιν πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου1not following the truth of the gospelAlternate translation: “they were not living like people who believe the true gospel” or “they were not obeying the true gospel”
154GAL214z4fpfigs-rquestionπῶς τὰ ἔθνη ἀναγκάζεις Ἰουδαΐζειν1how can you force the Gentiles to live like Jews?This rhetorical question is a rebuke and can be translated as a statement. The word **you** is singular and refers to Peter. Alternate translation: “you are wrong to force the Gentiles to live like Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
155GAL215tz45οὐκ ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἁμαρτωλοί1not Gentile sinnersThe term **sinners** was used by Jews as a synonym for non-Jews. Alternate translation: “We are not Gentiles, those people who do not know God” or “We are not people who do not follow the law”
156GAL216j6l1figs-exclusiveεἰδότες1weThe word **knowing** could refer to: (1) Paul and others, but not the Galatians (exclusive), who were primarily Gentiles (2) Paul and includes the Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
157GAL216j7g5figs-synecdocheοὐ…σάρξ1no fleshThe word **flesh** is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “no person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
158GAL217vnp6ζητοῦντες δικαιωθῆναι ἐν Χριστῷ1while we seek to be justified in ChristThe phrase **to be justified in Christ** means justified because we are united with Christ and justified by means of what Christ has done.
159GAL217sge2εὑρέθημεν καὶ αὐτοὶ ἁμαρτωλοί1we too, were found to be sinnersThe phrase **were also found to be sinner** could mean: (1) they admit they are sinners (2) they are no longer following the law (3) others view them as sinners for not following the law or eating with non-Jews.
160GAL217yy9sfigs-rquestionμὴ γένοιτο1Absolutely not!Alternate translation: “Of course, that is not true!” or “no, never!” This expression gives the strongest possible negative answer to the preceding rhetorical question **is Christ a minister of sin?** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
161GAL218r52xπαραβάτην ἐμαυτὸν συνιστάνω1**I prove myself to be a transgressor** could mean: (1) Paul sinned by trying to obey the law again (2) Paul sinned by leaving the law for a time when he believed in the Messiah (3) the law proves Paul is a sinner when he tries to follow it.
162GAL218p6hefigs-metaphorεἰ γὰρ ἃ κατέλυσα, ταῦτα πάλιν οἰκοδομῶ1**For if I again rebuild those things which I destroyed** is a metaphor for someone who returns to trying to obey the law after they trusted in the Messiah. He compares trying to follow the law with someone trying to build a building. He compares someone who trusts in the Messiah with someone who destroys the building they are trying to build. He compares someone who returns to trying to follow the law after trusting the Messiah with someone who wants to rebuild the building they destroyed. Alternate translation: “If I believe in Christ to be justified before God instead of following the law, and then I change my mind and start following the law again for justification.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
163GAL219xe23διὰ νόμου1The phrase **through the law** could refer to: (1) Pauls experience in trying to obey the law (2) how Christ paid the requirements of the law. Alternate translation: “When the Messiah completed the law”
164GAL219r55dfigs-rquestionἐγὼ...νόμῳ ἀπέθανον1The phrase, **I...died to the law** means that the law no longer has any power or authority over Paul. Alternate translation: “I am separated from the law”
165GAL219xg5qfigs-rquestionΧριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι;1**I have been crucified with Christ** could mean (1) by the Messiahs death, Paul was now separated from the law (2) Paul died spiritually and escaped the dominion of sin and the law.
166GAL220bb2xguidelines-sonofgodprinciplesΥἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ1Son of GodThis is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
167GAL221tj6lfigs-litotesοὐκ ἀθετῶ1I do not set asidePaul states a negative to emphasize the positive. Paul is defending a charge others made against him. He does not reject Gods grace when he rejects following the law. This phrase can be translated positively. Alternate translation: “I confirm the value of” or “I do not reject Gods kindness” or “I do not ignore Gods kindness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
168GAL221yl3cfigs-hypoεἰ…διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη, ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν1if righteousness could be gained through the law, then Christ died for nothingPaul is describing a situation that never existed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
169GAL221k6bgεἰ…διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη1if righteousness could be gained through the lawAlternate translation: “if people could become righteous by obeying the law” or “if it were possible for a person to become righteous in Gods sight by obeying the law”.
170GAL221rku5ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν1then Christ died for nothingAlternate translation: “then Christ would have accomplished nothing by dying” or “then it was pointless for Christ to die”
171GAL3introxd920# Galatians 3 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Equality in Christ<br><br>All Christians are equally united to Christ. Ancestry, gender, and status do not matter. All are equal with each other. All are equal in the eyes of God.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br><br>Paul uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to convince the Galatians of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br>This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. “Flesh” is used in this chapter to contrast with that which is spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])<br><br>### “Those of faith are children of Abraham”<br>Scholars are divided on what this means. Some believe Christians inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham, so Christians replace the physical descendants of Israel. Others believe Christians spiritually follow Abraham, but they do not inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham. In light of Pauls other teachings and the context here, Paul is probably writing about the Jewish and Gentile Christians sharing the same faith as Abraham did. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
172GAL31p7uw0General Information:Paul is rebuking the Galatians by asking rhetorical questions.
173GAL31ryu7figs-ironyτίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν1Who has put a spell on you?Paul is using irony and a rhetorical question to say that the Galatians are acting as though someone has put a spell on them. He does not really believe that someone has put a spell on them. Alternate translation: “You behave as if someone has put a spell on you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
174GAL31xvjiἀνόητοι1Alternate translation: “without understanding” or “stupid”
175GAL31dc2jὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν1put a spell on youAlternate translation: “done magic on you” or “done witchcraft on you”
176GAL31gwv2figs-metaphorοἷς κατ’ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος1It was before your eyes that Jesus Christ was publicly displayed as crucifiedThis metaphor describes how the Galatian believers heard the gospel message preached so clearly that it was if Jesus was crucified before their own eyes. Alternate translation: “You yourselves heard the clear teaching about Jesus being crucified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
177GAL32m1zdfigs-ironyτοῦτο μόνον θέλω μαθεῖν ἀφ’ ὑμῶν1This is the only thing I want to learn from youThis continues the irony from verse 1. Paul knows the answers to the rhetorical questions he is about to ask. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
178GAL32wq9gfigs-rquestionἐξ ἔργων νόμου τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐλάβετε, ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως1Did you receive the Spirit by the works of the law or by believing what you heard?Alternate translation: “You received the Spirit, not by doing what the law says, but by believing what you heard.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
179GAL33f96ufigs-rquestionοὕτως ἀνόητοί ἐστε1Are you so foolish?Alternate translation: “You are very foolish!” or “Dont be so foolish!” or “are you crazy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
180GAL33xu4dfigs-metonymyσαρκὶ1by the fleshThe word **flesh** is a metonym and refers to an independent reliance on ones own effort through outward deeds . Alternate translation: “by your own effort” or “by your own work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
181GAL34iyj1figs-rquestionτοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ1Have you suffered so many things for nothing…?Paul uses this rhetorical question to remind the Galatians that when they were suffering, they believed that they would receive some benefit. Alternate translation: “Surely you did not think that you were suffering so many things for nothing…!” or “Surely you knew that there was some good purpose for suffering so many things…!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
182GAL34xujzἐπάθετε1This could refer to: (1) suffering from persecution (2) the spiritual benefits they have experienced.
183GAL34qn1afigs-explicitτοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ1Have you suffered so many things for nothingIt can be stated clearly that they had suffered these things because of people who opposed them for their faith in Christ. Alternate translation: “Have you suffered so many things by those who opposed you for your faith in Christ for nothing” or “You believed in Christ, and you suffered many things by those who oppose Christ. Were your belief and suffering for nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
184GAL34nq68εἰκῇ1for nothingAlternate translation: “uselessly” or “in vain”
185GAL34xl9lfigs-rquestionεἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ1if indeed it was for nothing?This could mean: (1) Paul warns them not to let their experiences be for nothing. Alternate translation: “Do not let it be for nothing!” or “Do not stop believing in Jesus Christ and let your suffering be for nothing.” (2) their suffering was already in vain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
186GAL35s3bcfigs-rquestionἐξ ἔργων νόμου ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως1Does he…do so by the works of the law, or by hearing with faith?Paul asks another rhetorical question to remind the Galatians how people receive the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
187GAL35j4vzἐξ ἔργων νόμου1by the works of the lawThis represents people doing the works that the law requires. Alternate translation: “because you do what the law tells us to do”
188GAL35e17qfigs-explicitἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως1by hearing with faithYour language may require that what the people heard and whom they trusted be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “because you heard the message and had faith in Jesus” or “because you listened to the message and trusted in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
189GAL36ahy90Connecting Statement:Paul reminds the Galatian believers that even Abraham received righteousness by faith and not by the law.
190GAL36f7svἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην1it was credited to him as righteousnessGod saw Abrahams faith in God, so then God considered Abraham righteous.
191GAL37i9x4figs-abstractnounsοἱ ἐκ πίστεως1those of faithAlternate translation: “those who believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
192GAL37kq1hfigs-metaphorοὗτοι υἱοί εἰσιν Ἀβραὰμ1children of AbrahamSince Abraham was saved by faith, Abrahams true children are those who are also saved by faith as he was.This phrase goes against the opponents who claimed that the Galatian believers mustbe circumcised and obey the law in order to be a genuine son of Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
193GAL38vs1mfigs-personificationπροϊδοῦσα δὲ ἡ Γραφὴ1foreseeingHere, **the scripture** is a personification and is equivalent to saying “the Lord” or “God”. Alternate translation: “God predicted” or “the Lord saw ahead of time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
194GAL38k9tpfigs-youἐν σοὶ1In youThe word **you** refers to Abraham and is singular. Alternate translation: “Because of you” or “Because of what you have done” or “Because I have blessed you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
195GAL38j83jπάντα τὰ ἔθνη1all the nationsGod was emphasizing that he was not favoring only the Jewish people, his chosen group. His plan of salvation was for both Jews and non-Jews.
196GAL310mxe7ὅσοι γὰρ ἐξ ἔργων νόμου1the works of the lawAlternate translation: “All people who follow the law” or “Everyone who tries to be justified through obeying the law”
197GAL310jhr2figs-metaphorὅσοι γὰρ ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἰσὶν ὑπὸ κατάραν εἰσίν1All who rely on…the law are under a curseHere, **under a curse** represents being cursed by God. Here it refers to eternal punishment. Alternate translation: “are cursed” or “God will eternally punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
198GAL311sn9hδῆλον1Now it is clearAlternate translation: “it is obvious that” or “it is evident that”
199GAL311k6k5ἐν νόμῳ, οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ1no one is justified before God by the lawAlternate translation: “God justifies no one by the law”
200GAL311i537figs-nominaladjὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται1the righteous will live by faithThe nominal adjective **righteous**” refers to people who righteous. Alternate translation: “Righteous people will live by faith” or “The person who is righteous because he believes will live” “It is through believing that a person becomes righteous and obtains eternal life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
201GAL312rep5ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς1must live by themAlternate translation: “will live because of them” or “will because he obeyed them”
202GAL313ml63ἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου1from the curse of the lawThe word **curse** is a metonym for God condemning the person whom he has cursed. Alternate translation: “from God condemn us because we broke the law” or “from being cursed because of the law” or “from being cursed for not obeying the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
203GAL313mt6zὁ κρεμάμενος ἐπὶ ξύλου1hangs on a treePaul expected his audience to understand that he was referring to Jesus hanging on the cross.
204GAL314brf7ἵνα…ἡ εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ γένηται1so that the blessing of Abraham might comeAlternate translation: “Because Christ became a curse for us, the blessing of Abraham will come”
205GAL314h46qfigs-exclusiveλάβωμεν1weThe word **we** includes the people who would read the letter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
206GAL315al9bἀδελφοί1BrothersSee how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
207GAL315c3gsκατὰ ἄνθρωπον1in human termsAlternate translation: “from a human standpoint” or “with a human analogy”
208GAL316f1xuδὲ1NowThis word shows that Paul has stated a general principle and is now beginning to introduce a specific case.
209GAL316w3wlὡς ἐπὶ πολλῶν1referring to manyAlternate translation: “referring to many descendants”
210GAL316t25efigs-youτῷ σπέρματί σου1to your descendantThe word **your** is singular and refers to a specific person who is a descendant of Abraham (and that descendant is identified as “Christ”). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
211GAL317h36mtranslate-numbersὁ μετὰ τετρακόσια καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτη1430 yearsAlternate translation: “four hundred and thirty years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
212GAL318ujg2figs-hypoεἰ γὰρ ἐκ νόμου ἡ κληρονομία, οὐκέτι ἐξ ἐπαγγελίας1For if the inheritance comes by the law, then it no longer comes by promisePaul is speaking of a situation that did not exist to emphasize that the inheritance came only by means of the promise. Alternate translation: “the inheritance comes to us by means of the promise, because we could not keep the demands of Gods law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
213GAL318c8fufigs-metaphorκληρονομία1inheritanceReceiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were an **inheritance** of property. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
214GAL319kx2eτί οὖν ὁ νόμος1What, then, was the purpose of the law?This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will tell you what the purpose of the law is.” or “Let me tell you why God gave the law.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
215GAL319uk9mfigs-activepassiveπροσετέθη1It was addedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God added it” or “God added the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
216GAL319cf66figs-activepassiveδιαταγεὶς δι’ ἀγγέλων ἐν χειρὶ μεσίτου1The law was put into force through angels by a mediatorGod used angels to give the law to Moses. Moses is referred here as a **mediator** between God and the people of Israel. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God issued the law with the help of angels, and a mediator put it into force” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
217GAL319bgi6χειρὶ μεσίτου1a mediatorAlternate translation: “given through a middleman”
218GAL320x9l1ὁ δὲ μεσίτης ἑνὸς οὐκ ἔστιν, ὁ δὲ Θεὸς εἷς ἐστιν1Now a mediator implies more than one person, but God is oneGod gave his promise to Abraham without a mediator, but he gave the law to Moses, who was a mediator between God and the people of Israel.
219GAL321wes3figs-exclusive0General Information:The word **us** in this section is inclusive and refers to all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
220GAL321e43uκατὰ τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν1against the promisesAlternate translation: “opposed to the promises” or “in conflict with the promises”
221GAL321iyg9ἐν νόμου ἂν ἦν ἡ δικαιοσύνη1righteousness would certainly have come by the lawAlternate translation: “we could have become righteous by obeying that law”
222GAL322jbn7figs-personificationἡ Γραφὴ1scriptureThis could refer to: (1) a particular passage of Scripture (2) all of scripture (3) a metonymy for God himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
223GAL323su16figs-activepassiveὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα, συνκλειόμενοι1we were held captive under the law, imprisonedThe way the law controlled us is spoken of as if the law were a prison guard holding us as captives. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the law held us captive in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
224GAL323t32jfigs-activepassiveεἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι1until faith should be revealedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until God would reveal that he justifies those who have faith in Christ” or “until God would reveal that he justifies those who trust in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
225GAL324ln1sfigs-personificationπαιδαγωγὸς1guardianA **guardian** was usually a slave who was responsible for enforcing rules and behaviors given by the parent and would report to the parent on the childs actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
226GAL324s8g5figs-activepassiveἵνα…δικαιωθῶμεν1so that we might be justifiedBefore Christ came, God had planned to justify us. When Christ came, he carried out his plan to justify us. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that God would declare us to be righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
227GAL327v6n1ὅσοι γὰρ εἰς Χριστὸν ἐβαπτίσθητε1For as many of you who were baptized into ChristAlternate translation: “For all of you who were baptized into Christ”
228GAL327di9vfigs-metaphorΧριστὸν ἐνεδύσασθε1have clothed yourselves with ChristThis is a metaphor that means they have been united to Christ and have put on his character of righteousness and virtue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
229GAL329qp4zfigs-metaphorκληρονόμοι1heirsThe people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
230GAL4introh6gw0# Galatians 4 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 27, which is quoted from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sonship<br><br>Sonship is a complex issue. Scholars have many views on Israels sonship. Paul uses sonship to teach how being under the law differs from being free in Christ. Not all of Abrahams physical descendants inherited Gods promises to him. Only his descendants through Isaac and Jacob inherited the promises. And God only adopts into his family those who follow Abraham spiritually through faith. They are children of God with an inheritance. Paul calls them “children of promise.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Abba, Father<br>“Abba” is an Aramaic word. In ancient Israel, people used it to informally refer to their fathers. Paul “transliterates” its sounds by writing them with Greek letters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
231GAL41fr5u0Connecting Statement:Paul continues to remind the Galatian believers that Christ came to redeem those who were under the law, and that he rescued them from their enslavement to the law and to sin and has made them Gods children.
232GAL42bd5aἐπιτρόπους1guardiansThe word **guardians** refers to people with legal responsibility for the personal life of a child. Alternate translation: “people supervise the child”.
233GAL42v5g9οἰκονόμους1trusteesThe word **stewards** refers to people who watch over the property and finances of the child. Alternate translation: “people manage the childs possessions”.
234GAL43d6v9figs-exclusiveἦμεν1General Information:The word **we** here refers to all Christians, including Pauls readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
235GAL43n21qfigs-metaphorὅτε ἦμεν νήπιοι1when we were childrenHere **children** is a metaphor for the time before someone trusts in the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
236GAL43u462τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου1the elemental principles of the worldThis could refer to: (1) the laws, knowledge, or moral principles of the world (2) the spiritual beings, which some people thought control what happens on earth (3) the Jewish religion.
237GAL43cd2wfigs-metaphorἤμεθα δεδουλωμένοι1we were enslaved to the elemental principles of the worldHere, **we were being enslaved** is a metaphor for being unable to stop ones self from doing something. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the spirits that ruled the world had made us their slaves,” or “the spirits that ruled the world had caused us to serve them like slaves.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
238GAL44l5tfguidelines-sonofgodprinciplesτὸν Υἱὸν1SonThis is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
239GAL44ujfpτὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου1Here, **the fullness of time** shows that God was working his purposes throughout history. It emphasizes a time designated by God to deliver people from their helplessness and enslavement to the Law and to those forces that are opposed to God. Alternate translation: “at the proper time” or “at the designated time”
240GAL45v5cbfigs-metaphorἐξαγοράσῃ1redeemPaul uses the metaphor of a person buying back lost property or buying the freedom of a slave as a picture of Jesus paying for his peoples sins by dying on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
241GAL46a274ἐστε υἱοί1you are sonsPaul uses the word for male child here because the subject is inheritance. In his culture and that of his readers, inheritance passed most commonly, but not always, to male children. He was neither specifying nor excluding female children here.
242GAL46xhe6guidelines-sonofgodprinciplesτοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ1his SonThis is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) The Holy Spirit is intimately linked to Gods Son. The Spirit was the promise of the Son (Jn. 14) as well as of the Father. It is by the Spirit that Christ lives in our hearts.
243GAL46nei3figs-metonymyεἰς τὰς καρδίας ἡμῶν1sent the Spirit of his Son into our heartsThe heart is metonym for the center and source of the whole inner life of a person. It is the source of thinking, feeling, and volition. Alternate translation: “to live in us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
244GAL46s54rκρᾶζον1who callsThe Spirit is the subject of the one “crying out.” Yet this also expresses the believers attitude as well. it is important to avoid translating this verb in a way that would suggest either shouting or weeping.
245GAL46eqx5Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ1God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, who calls out, “Abba, Father.”By calling out **Abba, Father** the Spirit assures us that we are Gods children and he loves us. **Abba** is an Aramaic word that was used by a child to address their father.
246GAL47e7tcυἱός1you are no longer a slave, but a sonPaul uses **son** here because the subject is inheritance. In his culture and that of his readers, inheritance passed most commonly, but not always, to male children. He was neither specifying nor excluding female children here.
247GAL47akb8figs-youεἶ1you are no longer a slave…you are also an heirPaul is addressing his readers as though they are one person, so **you** here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
248GAL47d5hufigs-metaphorκληρονόμος1heirThe word **heir** refers to how believers inherit the promises God made to Abraham like a person inherits property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
249GAL48ukf50Connecting Statement:Paul reminds the Galatian believers that they are again trying to live under Gods laws rather than living by faith.
250GAL48cj5iτοῖς φύσει μὴ οὖσι θεοῖς1those who areThe phrase, **those, by nature, not being gods** refers to the beings which the Galatians served when they were pagans and were considered by them to be gods, but they were not really gods
251GAL49b8uefigs-metaphorἐπιστρέφετε πάλιν1how is it that you are turning back to…principles?Here, **turning again** is a metaphor for starting to follow and obey their former false religion practices. This is the first of two rhetorical questions Paul gives. Alternate translation: “you should not start obeying again.” or “you should not follow again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
252GAL49n5ieτὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα1elemental principlesSee how you translated this phrase in [Galatians 4:3](../04/03.md).
253GAL49w28kfigs-rquestionοἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε1Do you want to be enslaved all over again?Paul uses this rhetorical question to rebuke the Galatian believers for behaving in a way that would make them like slaves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
254GAL49s77efigs-metaphorοἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε1Do you want to be enslaved all over again?Here, **to be enslaved again** is a metaphor for being obligated to obey certain rules or customs. Alternate translation: “Do you want to have to obey rules again like a slave must obey his master?” or “It seems that you want to be controlled by these rules all over again!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
255GAL410w7d5ἡμέρας παρατηρεῖσθε, καὶ μῆνας, καὶ καιροὺς, καὶ ἐνιαυτούς1You observe days and new moons and seasons and yearsPaul is speaking of their being careful to celebrate certain times, thinking that doing that will make them right with God. Alternate translation: “You carefully celebrate days and new moons and seasons and years”
256GAL411bsv1εἰκῇ1may have been for nothingAlternate translation: “may have been useless” or “has not had any effect”
257GAL412ql140Connecting Statement:Paul reminds the Galatian believers how kindly they treated him when he was with them, and he encourages them to continue to trust him while he is not there with them.
258GAL412p9gnἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md) and [Galatians 3:15](../03/15.md).
259GAL412n3wfοὐδέν με ἠδικήσατε1You did me no wrongThis can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “You treated me well” or “You treated me as you should have”
260GAL414tk1lκαὶ τὸν πειρασμὸν ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου1Though my physical condition put you to the testThis could mean: (1) they endured the difficulty of welcoming Paul when he was sick (2) they resisted the temptation to reject Paul when he was sick.
261GAL414v9xaοὐκ ἐξουθενήσατε1despiseAlternate translation: “you did not scorn” or “you did not hate”
262GAL417s9knἀλλὰ ἐκκλεῖσαι ὑμᾶς1to shut you outAlternate translation: “to shut you out from us” or “to make you stop being loyal to us”
263GAL417iv1dαὐτοὺς ζηλοῦτε1zealous for themAlternate translation: “you would be devoted to them” or “you would be attached to them”.
264GAL419u3ebfigs-metaphorτέκνα μου1My little childrenThis is a metaphor and points to the fact that it was through Paul that the Galatians had become Christians. Alternate translation: “You who are disciples because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
265GAL419yf9efigs-metaphorοὓς…ὠδίνω, μέχρις οὗ μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν1I am in the pains of childbirth for you until Christ is formed in youPaul uses childbirth as a metaphor for his concern about the Galatians. Alternate translation: “I am in pain as though I were a woman giving birth to you, and I will continue to be in pain until Christ truly controls you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
266GAL421z1umλέγετέ μοι1Tell meAlternate translation: “I want to ask a question” or “I want to tell you something”.
267GAL421u6fsfigs-rquestionτὸν νόμον οὐκ ἀκούετε1do you not listen to the law?Paul is introducing what he will say next. Alternate translation: “you need to learn what the law really says.” or “let me tell you what the law really says.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
268GAL424k5quἀλληγορούμενα1as an allegoryAn **allegory** is a historical event that represents something else. In Pauls allegory, the two women referred to in [Galatians 4:22](../04/22.md) represent two different covenants.
269GAL424u4hrfigs-synecdocheὌρους Σινά1Mount Sinai**Mount Sinai** is a synecdoche for the law that Moses gave to the Israelites there. Alternate translation: “Mount Sinai, where Moses gave the law to Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
270GAL424u3u9figs-metaphorδουλείαν γεννῶσα1she gives birth to children who are slavesPaul treats the law as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “The people under this covenant are like slaves who have to obey the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
271GAL425u1ccσυνστοιχεῖ1she representsAlternate translation: “represents” or “is similar”.
272GAL425ck7vfigs-metaphorδουλεύει…μετὰ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς1she is in slavery with her childrenHagar is a slave and her children are slaves with her. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem, like Hagar, is a slave, and her children are slaves with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
273GAL427jql2εὐφράνθητι1RejoiceAlternate translation: “Be happy”.
274GAL428ad75ἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this word in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
275GAL428ct63ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα1children of promiseHere, **children of promise** could refer to: (1) Abrahams children (2) Gods children.
276GAL429c9lffigs-metaphorκατὰ σάρκα1according to the fleshThis refers to how Abraham became Ishmaels father by taking Hagar as a wife. Alternate translation: “by means of human action” or “the natural way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
277GAL429gt1eκατὰ Πνεῦμα1according to the SpiritHere, **according to Spirit** means Isaac was born in a supernatural way, through the power of the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “because of the Spirit” or “because of the work of the Spirit”
278GAL431sy8uἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
279GAL5introbcg30# Galatians 5 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul continues writing about the law of Moses as something that traps or enslaves a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fruit of the Spirit<br>The phrase “the fruit of the Spirit” is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. Translators should keep the singular form if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Illustrations<br>Paul uses several metaphors in this chapter to illustrate his points and help explain complicated issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “You are cut off from Christ, you who would be justified by the law; you no longer experience grace.”<br>Some scholars think Paul teaches that being circumcised causes a person to lose their salvation. Other scholars think Paul means that obeying the law to try to get right with God will keep a person from being saved by grace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])
280GAL51up160Connecting Statement:Paul applies the allegory of the two women to remind believers that the are free from having to obey the law.
281GAL51kuu9figs-explicitτῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ, ἡμᾶς Χριστὸς ἠλευθέρωσεν1For freedom Christ has set us free**For freedom Christ set us free** implies that Christ sets believers free from the law and that they are not obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: “Christ has set us free from the old covenant so that we might be free” or “Christ has set us free from the law so that we might live as free people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
282GAL51j679figs-metaphorστήκετε1Stand firm**Stand firm** figuratively refers to staying strongly resolute for a certain task. Here, it is implied that the Galatian believers are continue to be determined to live a life free from the law. Alternate translation: “Do not give in to the arguments of people who teach something else” or “Be determined to stay free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
283GAL51ovu1figs-metaphorμὴ πάλιν ζυγῷ δουλείας ἐνέχεσθε1Here, **do not again be subjected to a yoke of slavery** figuratively refers to being obligated to obey the law. Alternate translation: “do not live like one who is controlled like being under a yoke of slavery to the law” or “do not go back again to being a slave of the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
284GAL52lrsxἐὰν περιτέμνησθε1Alternate translation: “if you let someone circumcise you” or “if you receive circumcision”
285GAL52vk9oΧριστὸς ὑμᾶς οὐδὲν ὠφελήσει.1Paul means that if a person is circumcised in order to receive salvation, then all that Christ has done for them is for nothing. No one can be justified by faith in Christ and at the same time by their own efforts.
286GAL53h4q5μαρτύρομαι δὲ1I testifyAlternate translation: “I declare” or “I serve as a witness” or “I tell you” or “I warn you”
287GAL54h4yufigs-metaphorκατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ1You are cut off from ChristHere **cut off** is a metaphor for separation from Christ. Alternate translation: “You have ended your relationship with Christ” or “You are no longer united with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
288GAL54ipf7οἵτινες ἐν νόμῳ δικαιοῦσθε1you who would be justified by the lawThe phrase **being justified by the law** describes the attempt or pursuit to be justified by the law. Alternate translation: “all of you who think you can be justified by doing the deeds required by the law” or “you who want to be justified by the law”
289GAL54k6xefigs-explicitτῆς χάριτος ἐξεπέσατε1you no longer experience graceAlternate translation: “you have turned your back on the grace of God” or “God will not be gracious to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
290GAL55pdm1figs-exclusive0General Information:Here, **we** refers to Paul and those who do not trust in the law, but in the Messiah. And exclusive form of “we” fits the context better in this case. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
291GAL55vvk6Πνεύματι1For through the SpiritAlternate translation: “by the power of the Spirit” or “by the help of the Spirit”
292GAL55qg9mἡμεῖς…ἐκ πίστεως ἐλπίδα δικαιοσύνης ἀπεκδεχόμεθα1by faith, we eagerly wait for the hope of righteousnessThis could mean: (1) “we are waiting by faith for the hope of righteousness” (2) “we are waiting for the hope of righteousness that comes by faith”
293GAL56y2wwfigs-metonymyοὔτε περιτομή…οὔτε ἀκροβυστία1neither circumcision nor uncircumcisionThe words **circumcision** and **uncircumcision** refer to being a Jew or a non-Jew. Alternate translation: “neither being a Jew nor not being a Jew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
294GAL56qp6bτι ἰσχύει1means anythingAlternate translation: “makes no difference” or “is meaningless”
295GAL57jj48figs-metaphorἐτρέχετε1You were runningPaul uses the metaphor of **running** to describe the spiritual progress the Galatian believers were making. Alternate translation: “You were making excellent progress” or “you were doing so well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
296GAL58sx6uπεισμονὴ1persuasionHere, **persuasion** refers to the idea of getting a person to change what they believe and act differently. Alternate translation: “This teaching which persuaded you to stop trusting in the Messiah” or “This way of thinking”
297GAL59q926μικρὰ ζύμη1**A little leaven** describes the teaching of circumcision, which threaten to ruin the entire lives of the Galatian believers.
298GAL510enp1οὐδὲν ἄλλο φρονήσετε1you will take no other viewAlternate translation: “you will not believe anything different from what I am telling you” or “you will not think differently than what I believe”
299GAL510jc72ταράσσων ὑμᾶς1is troubling youAlternate translation: “is causing you to be uncertain about the truth” or “stirs up trouble among you”
300GAL510llh5ὅστις ἐὰν ᾖ1whoever he isThis could mean: (1) Paul does not know the names of the people who are telling the Galatians that they need to obey the law of Moses (2) Paul does not want the Galatians to care about whether they are important or influential.
301GAL511d4mmfigs-hypoἐγὼ δέ, ἀδελφοί, εἰ περιτομὴν ἔτι κηρύσσω, τί ἔτι διώκομαι1Brothers, if I still proclaim circumcision, why am I still being persecuted?Paul is describing a situation that does not exist to emphasize the fact that people are persecuting him. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
302GAL511nv5xἀδελφοί1BrothersSee how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md), [Galatians 3:15](../03/15.md), [Galatians 4:12](../04/12.md).
303GAL511y3ugfigs-activepassiveκατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ1the stumbling block of the cross has been removedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the teaching about the cross has no stumbling block” or “there is nothing in the teaching of the cross that would cause people to stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
304GAL511arj5figs-metaphorκατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ1the stumbling block of the cross has been removedStumbling represents sinning, and a stumbling block represents something that causes people to sin. In this case the sin is to reject the truth of the teaching that in order to be made right with God, people only need to believe that Jesus died on the cross for us. Alternate translation: “the teaching about the cross that causes people to reject the truth has been removed” or “there is nothing in the teaching about Jesus dying on the cross that would lead people to reject the teaching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
305GAL512sfl2figs-metaphorἀποκόψονται1castrate themselvesThis could be: (1) literal, to cut off their male organs so as to become eunuchs (2) metaphorical, completely withdraw from the Christian community. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
306GAL513y1g7γὰρ1ForPaul is giving the reason for his words in [Galatians 5:12](../05/12.md).
307GAL513ekb2figs-metaphorὑμεῖς…ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἐκλήθητε1you were called to freedomIt is implied that Christ has set believers free from the old covenant. Here freedom from the old covenant is a metaphor for not being obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: “You were called to freedom from the old covenant” or “Christ has chosen you to not be obligated to the old covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
308GAL513yp6rἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).
309GAL513viv6figs-explicitἀφορμὴν τῇ σαρκί1an opportunity for the sinful natureThe word *flesh** refers to the part of human nature that does not submit to God. This word sums up the impelling motive of the natural man, and is the moral bias of the man who is not ruled by the Holy Spirit. The relationship between **opportunity** and **the flesh** can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “an opportunity for you to behave according to your sinful nature” or “an opportunity to follow the evil desires of your hearts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
310GAL514ct8iὁ…πᾶς νόμος ἐν ἑνὶ λόγῳ πεπλήρωται1the whole law is fulfilled in one commandThis could mean: (1) “you can state the whole law in just one commandment” (2) “by obeying one commandment, you obey all the commandments”
311GAL514qt9cfigs-yousingularἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν1You must love your neighbor as yourselfThe words **your** and **yourself** are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
312GAL516yb58figs-metaphorΠνεύματι περιπατεῖτε1walk by the SpiritHere, **walk** is a metaphor for living. Alternate translation: “conduct your life in the power of the Holy Spirit” or “live your life in dependence on the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
313GAL516dyj7figs-idiomἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς οὐ μὴ τελέσητε1you will not carry out the desires of the sinful natureThe phrase **you would certainly not fulfill the desires of the flesh**” is an idiom that means “to do what someone desires.” Alternate translation: “You will not do what your sinful nature desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
314GAL516rl5sfigs-personificationἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς1the desires of the sinful natureThe sinful nature is spoken of as if it were a person and wanted to sin. Alternate translation: “what you want to do because of your sinful nature” or “the things you want to do because you are sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]). See how you translated this **flesh** in [Galatians 5:13].
315GAL518san8οὐκ ἐστὲ ὑπὸ νόμον1not under the lawAlternate translation: “you are not obligated to obey the law of Moses”
316GAL519yf2afigs-personificationτὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός1the works of the sinful natureThe word **flesh** is used as if it were a person. The abstract noun **works** can be translated with the verb “does.” Alternate translation: “what the sinful nature does” or “the deeds if we follow the sinful desires of our hearts” or “what people do because of their sinful nature.” See how you translated **flesh** in [Galatians 5:13] and [Galatians 5:16].
317GAL521rs9bfigs-metaphorκληρονομήσουσιν1inheritThe word **inherit** figuratively refers to how believers will receive what God has promised believers like someone who inherits property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
318GAL522hez3figs-metaphorὁ δὲ καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματός1the fruit of the Spirit is love…faithHere, **fruit** is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “But what the Spirit produces” or “But the Spirit makes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
319GAL524l6uxfigs-personificationτὴν σάρκα ἐσταύρωσαν σὺν τοῖς παθήμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις1have crucified the sinful nature with its passions and desiresPaul speaks of Christians who refuse to live according to their sinful nature as if it were a person and they have killed it on a cross. Alternate translation: “refuse to live according the sinful nature with its passions and desires, as if they killed it on a cross.” See how you translated **flesh** in [Galatians 5:13], [Galatians 5:16], and [Galatians 5:19]. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
320GAL525h9hdεἰ ζῶμεν Πνεύματι1If we live by the SpiritAlternate translation: “Since Gods Spirit has caused us to be alive”
321GAL525sq7bfigs-metaphorΠνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν1walk by the SpiritHere, **walk** is a metaphor for how a person lives. Alternate translation: “then we should allow the Holy Spirit to guide how we live” or “let us follow the Holy Spirit in every part of our lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
322GAL6introbv8h0# Galatians 6 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter concludes Pauls letter. His final words address some issues that do not seem to be connected to the rest of his letter.<br><br>### Brothers<br>Paul writes the words in this chapter to Christians. He calls them “brothers.” This refers to Pauls Christian brothers and not his Jewish brothers.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### New Creation<br><br>People who are born again are a new creation in Christ. Christians have been given new life in Christ. They have a new nature in them after they come to faith in Christ. To Paul, this is more significant than a persons ancestry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bornagain]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br><br>This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is contrasted with “spirit.” In this chapter, flesh is also used to refer to the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])
323GAL61x8zg0Connecting Statement:Paul teaches believers how they should treat other believers and how God rewards someone who is faithful.
324GAL61ss7lἀδελφοί1BrothersSee how you translated **brothers** in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md), [Galatians 3:15](../03/15.md), [Galatians 4:12](../04/12.md), and [Galatians 5:11](../05/11.md).
325GAL61vm8fἐὰν…ἄνθρωπος1if someoneAlternate translation: “if anyone among you” or “if one of you”
326GAL61vts8ἐὰν καὶ προλημφθῇ ἄνθρωπος ἔν τινι παραπτώματι1if someone is caught in any trespassThis could mean: (1) a fellow believers catches the person committing a sin. Alternate translation: “if someone is discovered in an act of sin” (2) a sin overcomes a person so that they sin. Alternate translation: “if someone among you sins” or “if someone is led astray to sin”
327GAL61t4rmὑμεῖς, οἱ πνευματικοὶ1you who are spiritualAlternate translation: “those of you who are guided by the Spirit” or “you who submit to the Spirit”
328GAL61hdj8καταρτίζετε τὸν τοιοῦτον1restore himAlternate translation: “exhort the person who sinned to return to a correct relationship with God” or “you should humbly help bring that person to the right path”
329GAL61tr5rἐν πνεύματι πραΰτητος1in a spirit of gentlenessThis could refer to: (1) the persons attitude and disposition. Alternate translation: “with an attitude of gentleness” or “in a kind way” (2) the Holy Spirit who is characterized by gentleness is directing the one offering correction. Alternate translation: “through the Holy Spirit of gentleness” or “by following the Holy Spirit who is gentle”
330GAL61rrg9figs-yousingularσκοπῶν σεαυτόν1Be concerned about yourselfThese words treat the Galatians as though they are all one person to emphasize that he is talking to each of them. Alternate translation: “Be concerned about yourselves” or “I say to each one of you, Be careful for yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
331GAL61ljx6figs-activepassiveμὴ καὶ σὺ πειρασθῇς1so you also may not be temptedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that you are tempted and also sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
332GAL62m6jzἀναπληρώσετε τὸν νόμον τοῦ Χριστοῦ1Here, **the law of Christ** does not refer to a set of rules, but most likely to the Messiahs command to love one another in [John 13:34](../1jn/13/34). It involves submission to the person of Jesus and not to a code or list of commandments. This is similar to Pauls statement that the law can be summarized by loving one another in [Galatians 5:14].
333GAL63v6tsεἰ γὰρ1For if**For** could be connected to: (1) **carry one anothers burdens** ([Galatians 6:2](../06/02.md)) (2) **lest you also might be tempted** ([Galatians 6:1](../06/01.md)) (3) *Let us not become conceited** ([Galatians 5:26](../05/26.md)).
334GAL63m4wkεἶναί τι1he is somethingAlternate translation: “he is better than others”
335GAL63zz1gμηδὲν ὤν1he is nothingAlternate translation: “he is not better than others”
336GAL65ee8vτὸ ἴδιον φορτίον βαστάσει1each one will carry his own loadThe could mean: (1) each person has their own responsibilities and tasks. Alternate translation: “each person must do the work that God has given him” or “each person is responsible for only his work” (2) each person is responsible for their own weaknesses and sins. Alternate translation: “each person is responsible for their own weaknesses”
337GAL67x5pifigs-metaphorὃ γὰρ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει1for whatever a man plants, that he will also gather inHere, **sow** represents doing things that end in some kind of result, and **reap** represents experiencing the results of what one has done. Alternate translation: “for just as a farmer gathers in the fruit of whatever kind of seeds he plants, so everyone experiences the results of whatever he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
338GAL67gii9figs-gendernotationsὃ γὰρ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος1whatever a man plantsAlternate translation: “whatever a person plants” or “whatever someone plants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
339GAL68lzz8figs-metaphorὁ σπείρων εἰς τὴν σάρκα ἑαυτοῦ1plants seed to his own sinful natureHere, **sowing** is a metaphor for doing deeds that will have consequences later. In this case, **sowing to his own flesh** refers to a person doing sinful actions because of his sinful nature. Alternate translation: “the person who continually does deeds following the evil desires of their heart” or “the person who does the things he wants to do because of his sinful nature” or “the person who does what pleases his sinful self” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
340GAL68dge9figs-metaphorθερίσει φθοράν1will gather in destructionHere, **destruction** refers to God punishing the person as if the person were harvesting a crop. Alternate translation: “will receive punishment for what he did” or “he will harvest death” or “he will harvest punishment that is forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
341GAL68aqz2figs-metaphorὁ δὲ σπείρων εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα1plants seed to the SpiritHere, **sowing** is a metaphor for doing deeds that will have consequences later. In this case, **sowing to the Spirit** refers to a person who does good actions because he is obeying and following Gods Spirit. Alternate translation: “the person who does the things Gods Spirit loves” or “the person who lives to please the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
342GAL68k1p7ἐκ τοῦ Πνεύματος θερίσει ζωὴν αἰώνιον1will gather in eternal life from the SpiritHere, **eternal life** refers to God rewarding the person as if the person were harvesting a crop. Alternate translation: “will receive eternal life as a reward from Gods Spirit” or “he will harvest eternal life from the Holy Spirit”
343GAL69u77cκαιρῷ γὰρ ἰδίῳ1for at the right timeAlternate translation: “for at the proper time” or “when the right time arrives”
344GAL610ax66ἄρα οὖν1So thenAlternate translation: “As a result of this” or “Because of this”
345GAL610jz9iτοὺς οἰκείους τῆς πίστεως1those who belong to the household of faithAlternate translation: “those who are members of Gods family through faith in Christ”
346GAL611i7ap0Connecting Statement:As Paul closes this letter, he gives one more reminder that the law does not save and that they should remember the cross of Christ.
347GAL611d6rkτῇ ἐμῇ χειρί1with my own handThis could mean: (1) Paul had someone write most of this letter as Paul told him what to write, but Paul himself wrote this last part of the letter (2) Paul wrote the whole letter himself.
348GAL612kmd7εὐπροσωπῆσαι ἐν σαρκί1make a good impressionAlternate translation: “others will think well of them” or “others will think that they are good people”
349GAL612r5p1ἐν σαρκί1in the fleshHere, **in the flesh** refers to their desire to circumcise the Galatian believers. Alternate translation: “outwardly” or “by the way their bodies appear”
350GAL612jd4xfigs-metonymyτῷ σταυρῷ1the crossHere, **for the cross** represents what Christ did for us when he died on the cross. Alternate translation: “the work Jesus did on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
351GAL614v2qsfigs-ellipsisκἀγὼ κόσμῳ1I to the worldThe words **has been crucified** are understood from the previous phrase. This means that the natural world has stopped having any claims or influence on Paul. Alternate translation: “and I have been crucified to the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
352GAL615n6n7καινὴ κτίσις1a new creationHere, **a new creation** refers to the whole process of conversion when someone trusts in the Messiah and the Holy Spirit gives that person new life.
353GAL616b4alτὸν Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ Θεοῦ1peace and mercy be upon them, even upon the Israel of GodThis could refer to: (1) believers in general are the Israel of God (2) Jewish believers are the Israel of God (3) the Jews in general are the Israel of God
354GAL617cz8aκόπους μοι1trouble meThis means Paul does not want the Galatian believers to doubt his authority or continue to cause him trouble by following teachers who demand them to become circumcised.
355GAL617j729ἐγὼ γὰρ τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματί μου βαστάζω1for I carry on my body the marks of JesusHere, **the marks** were scars from people who beat and whipped Paul because they did not like him teaching about Jesus. Alternate translation: “for the scars on my body show that I serve Jesus”
356GAL618pk25ἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md).