unfoldingWord_en_tn/tn_TIT.tsv

1	Reference	ID	Tags	SupportReference	Quote	Occurrence	Note
2	front:intro	m2jl				0	# Introduction to Titus\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the book of Titus\n\n1. Paul instructs Titus to appoint godly leaders. (1:1–16)\n2. Paul instructs Titus to train people to live godly lives. (2:1–3:11)\n3. Paul ends by sharing some of his plans and sending greetings to various believers. (3:12–15)\n\n### Who wrote the book of Titus?\n\nPaul wrote the book of Titus. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.\n\n### What is the book of Titus about?\n\nPaul wrote this letter to Titus, his fellow worker, who was leading the churches on the island of Crete. Paul instructed him about selecting church leaders. Paul also described how the believers should behave towards each other. He also encouraged them all to live in a way that pleases God.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Titus.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to Titus” or “A Letter to Titus.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### In what roles can people serve within the church?\n\nThere are some teachings in the book of Titus about whether a woman or divorced man can serve in positions of leadership within the church. Scholars disagree about the meaning of these teachings. Further study on these issues may be necessary before translating this book.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Singular and plural **you**\n\nIn this book, the word **I** refers to Paul. Also, the word **you** is almost always singular and refers to Titus. The exception to this is 3:15. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])\n\n### What is the meaning of **God our Savior**?\n\nThis is a common phrase in this letter. Paul meant to make the readers think about how God forgave them in Christ for sinning against him, and by forgiving them he saved them from being punished when he judges all people. A similar phrase in this letter is **our great God and Savior Jesus Christ**.
3	1:intro	c7me				0	# Titus 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul formally introduces this letter in verses 1–4. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.\n\nIn verses 6–9, Paul lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be an elder in the church. (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns) Paul gives a similar list in 1 Timothy 3.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Elders\n\nThe church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include overseer, elder, pastor, and bishop.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Should, may, must\n\nThe ULT uses different words that indicate requirements or obligations. These verbs have different levels of force associated with them. The subtle differences may be difficult to translate. The UST translates these verbs in a more general way.
4	1:1	rtc9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	κατὰ πίστιν ἐκλεκτῶν Θεοῦ καὶ ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας	1	The words **faith**, **knowledge**, and **truth** are abstract nouns. If it would be more clear in your language, you could express those ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to help God’s chosen people to continue to trust him and to know every true thing”
5	1:1	xrtm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐκλεκτῶν Θεοῦ	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “of the people whom God has chosen”
6	1:1	tn97		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	καὶ ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας	1	Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and for their knowledge of the truth” or “and so that the chosen people of God might know the truth”
7	1:1	fyf8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	τῆς κατ’ εὐσέβειαν	1	Here, **godliness** is an abstract noun that refers to living in a way that pleases God. Alternate translation: “that is suitable for honoring God”
8	1:2	xyz9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases	ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου	1	Here **hope** could be connected to: (1) **godliness**, meaning that if we live to please God, we will have hope of eternal life. Alternate translation: “which gives us the certain hope of everlasting life” or (2) **knowledge of the truth**, meaning that this hope of eternal life is part of the truth, and that knowing the truth gives hope of eternal life. Alternate translation: “and that teaches us to expect eternal life”
9	1:2	u0gk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “which leads us to confidently expect eternal life”
10	1:2	vyuu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	ὁ ἀψευδὴς Θεὸς	1	If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression here instead of this double negative. Alternate translation: “God, who is completely trustworthy”
11	1:2	r2gj			πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων	1	Alternate translation: “before time began”
12	1:3	b22h			καιροῖς ἰδίοις	1	Alternate translation: “at the proper time”
13	1:3	swi9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐφανέρωσεν & τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ	1	Paul speaks of God’s word as if it were an object that could be visibly shown to people. Alternate translation: “he caused me to understand his message”
14	1:3	abc9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἐν κηρύγματι	1	Paul assumes that his readers will understand that **the proclamation** refers to the message of the gospel of Jesus Christ. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “by means of the proclamation of the message about Jesus”
15	1:3	m41u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὃ ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the one that he entrusted to me” or “the one that he gave me the responsibility to preach”
16	1:3	xy18		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν	1	Here, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers.
17	1:4	gu55		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	γνησίῳ τέκνῳ	1	Though Titus was not Paul’s biological **son**, they share a common faith in Christ. Paul considers relationship to Christ through faith to be more important than biological relationship. Thus, because of their relative ages and shared faith in Christ, Paul considers Titus as his own son. It may also be that Paul led Titus to faith in Christ, and so Titus is like a son in this spiritual sense. Alternate translation: “you are like a son to me”
18	1:4	wx6c		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	κατὰ κοινὴν πίστιν	1	Paul and Titus both share the same **faith** in Christ. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because we both trust in Jesus Christ”
19	1:4	h93t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη	1	This was a common greeting Paul used. He is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “May you experience grace and peace”
20	1:4	vft3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν	1	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Grace** and **peace**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “May God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior be gracious to you and give you a peaceful spirit”
21	1:4	s3yr			Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν	1	Alternate translation: “Christ Jesus who is our Savior”
22	1:4	xy17		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν	1	Here, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
23	1:5	ew8h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	τούτου χάριν	1	The phrase **For this purpose** introduces the goal that Paul wanted to accomplish when he left Titus in Crete (to ordain elders in the church). Use a phrase in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “This is why”
24	1:5	lh9b			ἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ	1	Alternate translation: “I told you to stay in Crete”
25	1:5	ga62			ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ	1	Alternate translation: “so that you would finish arranging things that needed to be done”
26	1:5	b52u			καταστήσῃς & πρεσβυτέρους	1	Alternate translation: “appoint elders” or “designate elders”
27	1:5	p56w			πρεσβυτέρους	1	In the early Christian churches, Christian **elders** gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers. This word refers to people who are mature in faith.
28	1:6	jen8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος	1	This is the beginning of the description of the character of an elder. Paul assumes that Titus understands that he is to choose men who fit the following description. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “an elder must be blameless” or “any man you choose to be an elder must be without blame”
29	1:6	ab70		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	ἀνέγκλητος	1	To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this positively. Alternate translation: “a person who has a good reputation”
30	1:6	q6uy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ	1	This means that he has only **one wife**; that is, he does not have any other wives or concubines. This also means that he does not commit adultery and may also mean that he has not divorced a previous wife. Alternate translation: “a man who has only one woman” or “a man who is faithful to his wife”
31	1:6	wd6q			τέκνα & πιστά	1	This could refer to: (1) children who believe in Jesus or (2) children who are trustworthy.
32	1:7	lz7x			τὸν ἐπίσκοπον	1	The word **overseer** is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as “elder” in 1:5. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church.
33	1:7	g2zf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Θεοῦ οἰκονόμον	1	Paul speaks of the church as if it were God’s **household**, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person in charge of taking care of God's church”
34	1:7	d6l1			μὴ πάροινον	1	Alternate translation: “not an alcoholic” or “not one who drinks much wine”
35	1:7	j1qq			μὴ πλήκτην	1	Alternate translation: “not one who is violent” or “not one who likes to fight”
36	1:8	i549		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλὰ	1	The connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the things that an elder is not to be (that Paul already stated), and the things that an elder is to be (that Paul is about to state). Indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “In contrast”
37	1:8	vkq1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	φιλάγαθον	1	Here Paul is speaking of **what is good** as if it were a person who could be someone's **friend**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person who loves to do good things”
38	1:8	xy11		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	σώφρονα & ἐγκρατῆ	1	The terms **sensible** and **self-controlled** are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms.
39	1:8	xy12		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	δίκαιον, ὅσιον	1	The terms **righteous** and **holy** are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms.
40	1:9	xwy6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἀντεχόμενον	1	Paul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with one’s hands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different metaphor or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He must carefully follow” or “He must be devoted to”
41	1:9	xy10			κατὰ τὴν διδαχὴν	1	Alternate translation: “that agrees with the things that we taught him”
42	1:9	abcj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	The connecting words **so that** introduce a goal or purpose relationship. The purpose for the elder to hold tightly to the trustworthy message is for him to be able to encourage others and rebuke those who oppose him. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is a purpose. Alternate translation: “because in this way”
43	1:9	pzi1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ	1	The word translated here as **sound** normally refers to being physically healthy. Paul is speaking of this **teaching** as if it were a living thing that could be healthy or sick. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “correct teaching”
44	1:10	w9kk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ματαιολόγοι	1	Here, **empty** is a metaphor for useless, and **empty talkers** are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: “people who say useless things”
45	1:10	ga6n			φρεναπάται	1	The word **deceivers** describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “people who convince others to believe things that are not true”
46	1:10	abcd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys	ματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται	1	Both **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refer to the same people who are also **rebellious**. These people taught false, worthless things and wanted other people to believe them. Alternate translation: “people who say wrong things so that others will believe things that are not true”
47	1:10	pu74		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς	1	Here, **circumcision** represents the Jewish Christians who taught that men must be circumcised in order to please God. This teaching is false. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones who teach that men must be circumcised in order to please God”
48	1:11	f4iy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν	1	The implication is that these people must be stopped from teaching. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “You must prevent them from spreading their false teachings” or “Someone must stop them from deceiving others by their words”
49	1:11	aqi5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν	1	The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “are ruining the faith of entire families”
50	1:11	at7c			αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν	1	Here, **shameful profit** refers to money that people are paid for doing things that are not honorable. Consider how to express this in your language.
51	1:12	tr1j			τις ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης	1	Alternate translation: “A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet”
52	1:12	y3zb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται	1	The word **always** here is an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Cretans have a reputation to be liars” or “Cretans tend to be liars”
53	1:12	h3jb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	κακὰ θηρία	1	This metaphor is speaking of **Cretans** as if they were **evil beasts**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as dangerous as wild animals”
54	1:12	xyz1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	γαστέρες ἀργαί	1	Here the part of the body that stores food is used to represent the person who eats all the time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “lazy gluttons” or “lazy people who just want to eat”
55	1:13	fif8			δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως	1	Alternate translation: “For that reason, you must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them”
56	1:13	abck		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν	1	The connecting words **For this reason** introduce a reason-result relationship. The reason is that what the Cretan prophet said about his people is true (they are liars, evil, and lazy), and the result is that Titus should rebuke them severely for behaving that way. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Therefore”
57	1:13	dlgr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	αὐτοὺς	1	Here the pronoun **them** could refer to: (1) the Cretan believers in general. This seems likely since the **testimony** is about all Cretans, and verse 14 says that they should not pay attention to “commands of people turning away from the truth.” In other words, they should not pay attention to the false teachers. Alternate translation: “the Cretan believers” or (2) the Cretan false teachers. In this case, verse 14 would be telling the false teachers not to pay attention to other false teachers. Alternate translation: “the false teachers”
58	1:13	je3r			ἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει	1	See note on **sound** in [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “so they will have a healthy faith” or “so their faith may be true” or “so that they believe only what is true about God”
59	1:13	abcl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	Here, **so that** marks being **sound in the faith**, as well as what follows in verse 14, as the goal or purpose of rebuking the Cretans. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
60	1:13	xyz2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἐν τῇ πίστει	1	Here the abstract noun **faith** represents the things that the people believe about God. Alternate translation: “in what they believe about God”
61	1:14	p28i			Ἰουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις	1	Alternate translation: “false teaching of the Jews”
62	1:14	m4a5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἀποστρεφομένων τὴν ἀλήθειαν	1	Paul speaks of the truth as if it were an object that one could turn away from or avoid. Alternate translation: “who reject the truth”
63	1:15	qtb9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs	πάντα καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς	1	Here, Paul uses or invents a proverb in order to teach that being pure or pleasing to God is a matter of a person's inward thoughts, not a matter of outward actions or rituals. Translate this proverb in a way that will be recognized as a proverb and be meaningful in your language and culture. Alternate translation: “If people are pure on the inside, everything that they do will be pure” or “When people have only good thoughts, nothing that they do will offend God”
64	1:15	nx42			τοῖς καθαροῖς	1	Alternate translation: “to those who are acceptable to God”
65	1:15	abcn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1	The connecting word **But** introduces a contrast between people who are pure and people who are corrupt and unbelieving. Indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “However,”
66	1:15	n3wk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τοῖς δὲ μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις, οὐδὲν καθαρόν	1	Paul speaks of sinners as if they were physically corrupted or dirty. Alternate translation: “But if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure” or “But when people are full of sin and unbelief, nothing that they do is acceptable to God”
67	1:16	abco		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1	The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast between what these corrupt people say (they know God) and what their actions show (they do not know God). Indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nevertheless”
68	1:16	i3l2			τοῖς & ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται	1	Alternate translation: “how they live proves that they do not know him”
69	2:intro	h3il				0	# Titus 2 General Notes\n\nPaul continues giving Titus reasons to preach God’s word, and explains how the older men, older women, young men, and slaves or servants should live as believers.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Gender roles\n\nScholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.\n\n### Slavery\n\nPaul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation.
70	2:1	tpi2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	σὺ δὲ	1	Here, **you** is singular and refers to Titus. If it is helpful, you could include the name “Titus” here, as in the UST.
71	2:1	ph2j			τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ	1	See the note about **sound teaching** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “with sound doctrine” or “with correct teachings”
72	2:2	xyz3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	πρεσβύτας & εἶναι	1	A verb is lacking here that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of “speak” in the previous verse, such as “teach” or “exhort.” Alternate translation: “Teach older men to be”
73	2:2	xy13		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	νηφαλίους & σεμνούς, σώφρονας	1	These three words are very close in meaning and may be combined into one or two terms if the target language does not have three separate terms.
74	2:2	xc6t			νηφαλίους	1	Alternate translation: “sober-minded” or “self-controlled”
75	2:2	y3j2			σώφρονας	1	Alternate translation: “in control of their desires”
76	2:2	abc1			ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ	1	Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. It applies to **faith**, **love**, and **perseverance**. See the note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1) and the note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13/je3r). Alternate translation: “unwavering in faith, in loving others, and in continuing to persevere”
77	2:2	m14y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει	1	You can state the abstract noun **faith** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “to firmly believe the true teachings about God”
78	2:2	z14y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	τῇ ἀγάπῃ	1	You can state the abstract noun **love** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “to love others well”
79	2:2	a14y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	τῇ ὑπομονῇ	1	You can state the abstract noun **perseverance** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “and to continually serve God in all circumstances”
80	2:3	gl8e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως	1	Some verbs are lacking here that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could continue the verbal ideas from the previous two verses and apply them here, as well, such as “teach … to be” or “exhort … to be.” Alternate translation: “In the same way, teach older women to be” or “Also teach older women to be”
81	2:3	g9re		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας	1	People who cannot control themselves and drink too much wine are spoken of here as if they were a slave to the wine. Alternate translation: “controlled by their desire for wine”
82	2:3	xyz4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “drinking too much wine”
83	2:3	abc4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	καλοδιδασκάλους	1	If it is helpful in your language, you can indicate the contrast between this good quality and the two preceding bad qualities. Alternate translation: “but rather teachers of what is good”
84	2:4	unh9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	Here, **so that** marks training **the younger women** as the goal or purpose of being “teachers of what is good” in verse 3. Of course, living in a good way, as verse 3 describes, helps the older women to be teachers of what is good. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is the purpose.
85	2:4	abc5			φιλάνδρους	1	Alternate translation: “lovers of their own husbands”
86	2:4	abca			φιλοτέκνους	1	Alternate translation: “and lovers of their own children”
87	2:5	abcb			ὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν	1	Alternate translation: “and to obey their own husbands”
88	2:5	papr		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	Here, **so that** marks not insulting **the word of God** as a goal or purpose of the good behavior described in verses 4 and 5. This is not the only purpose of living well, but if the young women of the church do not do these things, people will consider God's message to be worthless. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a purpose of what came before.
89	2:5	abcq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “so that no one insults the word of God” or “so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message”
90	2:5	t5v6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Here, **word** stands for “message.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the message from God”
91	2:6	i3hv			ὡσαύτως	1	Paul's instructions for the different groups of believers are similar. See how you translated this phrase in verse 3.
92	2:7	tn76			περὶ πάντα	1	It is possible that this phrase is part of the previous sentence instead of this one. If the Bible used in your area uses this phrase to end the previous sentence, you may choose to do the same.
93	2:7	x73u			σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος	1	Alternate translation: “show yourself to be” or “you yourself must serve as”
94	2:7	ym6x			τύπον καλῶν ἔργων	1	Alternate translation: “as an example of one who does right and proper things”
95	2:7	cp3t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἐν τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ ἀφθορίαν, σεμνότητα	1	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **incorruption** and **dignity**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “In your teaching, be honest and serious”
96	2:8	xy14			ὑγιῆ	1	Here the word **sound** applies to Titus's **message** and means “accurate” or “correct,” as it does in [Titus 1:9](../01/09) and [2:1](../02/01) where it also applies to teaching. Alternate translation: “correct” or “true”
97	2:8	qe1k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is a purpose of what came before. Having a sound message will make any opponent ashamed of opposing such a message. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a purpose of what came before. Alternate translation: “in that way”
98	2:8	xt6v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	ἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐντραπῇ	1	This presents a hypothetical situation in which someone opposes Titus and then becomes ashamed for having done so. Alternate translation: “so that if anyone opposes you, he may be ashamed” or “so that when people oppose you, they may be ashamed”
99	2:8	xy15		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν	1	Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers.
100	2:9	xyz5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	δούλους ἰδίοις δεσπόταις ὑποτάσσεσθαι	1	As in 2:2 and 2:3, Paul is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could apply the verbal idea from verse 6 to here, which is “urge” or “exhort.” Alternate translation: “Exhort slaves to be subject to their own masters” or “Exhort slaves to obey their own masters”
101	2:9	if6v			ἐν πᾶσιν	1	Alternate translation: “in every situation” or “always”
102	2:9	id15		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	εὐαρέστους εἶναι	1	The implication is that the slaves are to be pleasing to their masters. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to please their masters” or “to satisfy their masters”
103	2:10	abc6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	μὴ νοσφιζομένους	1	The implication is that they would be tempted to steal from their masters. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “not to steal from their masters”
104	2:10	fhwk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλὰ	1	Here the phrase **but instead** indicates a strong contrast between stealing and demonstrating good faith. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but rather”
105	2:10	t87j			πᾶσαν πίστιν ἐνδεικνυμένους ἀγαθήν	1	Alternate translation: “to show that they are worthy of their masters’ trust”
106	2:10	s1ni		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1	Here, **so that** marks bringing **credit to the teaching that is about God** as a goal or purpose of slaves demonstrating **all good faith** with their masters. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is a purpose.
107	2:10	h2n6			ἐν πᾶσιν	1	Alternate translation: “in everything that they do”
108	2:10	f8jy			τὴν διδασκαλίαν τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ, κοσμῶσιν	1	Alternate translation: “they may make the teaching about God our Savior attractive” or “they may cause people to understand that the teaching about God our Savior is good”
109	2:10	xy16		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν	1	Here, **our** is inclusive of Paul, Titus, and all believers.
110	2:11	tlbm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1	The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “They should do this because”
111	2:11	gp2z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἐπεφάνη & ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Paul speaks of **the grace of God** as if it were a person who has arrived. See the UST for other ways to express this. Alternate translation: “God is now offering his grace”
112	2:11	czny		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἐπεφάνη γὰρ ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “For God has been extremely kind”
113	2:11	n08x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	σωτήριος πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις	1	Here the word **salvific** describes God's **grace**, meaning that it is like a person who has the characteristic of saving people. Alternate translation: “able to save all men” or “working to save all men”
114	2:11	r94i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις	1	Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “all people”
115	2:12	qy8k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	παιδεύουσα ἡμᾶς	1	Paul speaks of the grace of God (2:11) as if it were a person who trains other people how to live holy lives. Alternate translation: “by which God trains us”
116	2:12	abce		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμᾶς	1	Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers.
117	2:12	lxb3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	τὴν ἀσέβειαν	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **godlessness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “things that dishonor God”
118	2:12	n3k5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	τὰς κοσμικὰς ἐπιθυμίας	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **passions**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “living for the things of this world” or “persuing sinful pleasures”
119	2:12	xy19			ἀσέβειαν & εὐσεβῶς	1	These terms are direct opposites, meaning “God-dishonoring” and “God-honoring,” respectively.
120	2:12	fk8j			ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι	1	Alternate translation: “while we live in this world” or “during this time”
121	2:13	rz93			προσδεχόμενοι	1	Alternate translation: “while we wait to welcome”
122	2:13	xyz6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys	τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα, καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης	1	These two phrases connected with **and** express a single event. The words **blessed hope** describes how Paul feels about the **appearing** of Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use **and**. Alternate translation: “the blessing for which we hope, which is the appearing of the glory” or “what we are longing for, the blessed and glorious appearing”
123	2:13	tpx8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	τὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα, καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης	1	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **hope** and **glory**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “what we are longing for, the blessed and glorious appearing”
124	2:13	pss7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης τοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	Here, **glory** represents Jesus himself who will appear gloriously. Alternate translation: “that is the glorious appearance of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ”
125	2:13	xyz7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys	τοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	Both **our great God** and **Savior** refer to the one person, **Jesus Christ**. Alternate translation: “of Jesus Christ, our great God and Savior”
126	2:14	niu4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ὃς ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν	1	This refers to Jesus dying willingly. Alternate translation: “gave himself to die for us”
127	2:14	xy20		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν	1	Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
128	2:14	gxe7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	λυτρώσηται ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀνομίας	1	Paul speaks of Jesus as if he were setting slaves free from their evil master.
129	2:14	xy21		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμᾶς	1	Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
130	2:14	fjy1			λαὸν περιούσιον	1	Alternate translation: “a group of people that he treasures”
131	2:14	ii18			ζηλωτὴν καλῶν ἔργων	1	Alternate translation: “who are eager to do good deeds”
132	2:15	abc7			παρακάλει	1	Alternate translation: “encourage them to do these things”
133	2:15	b94z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἔλεγχε, μετὰ πάσης ἐπιταγῆς	1	If it is helpful, the people whom Titus should **rebuke** can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “correct with all authority those people who do not do these things”
134	2:15	h15y			μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω	1	Alternate translation: “Do not allow anyone to ignore you”
135	2:15	xy22		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	μηδείς σου περιφρονείτω	1	You can state this positively: “Make sure that everyone listens to you”
136	2:15	jbu1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	σου περιφρονείτω	1	The way that people would disregard Titus can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Let … refuse to listen to your words” or “Let … refuse to respect you”
137	3:intro	zh6x				0	# Titus 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul gives Titus personal instructions in this chapter.\n\nVerse 15 formally concludes this letter. This is a common way of ending a letter in the ancient Near East.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Genealogies\n\nGenealogies (verse 9) are lists that record a person’s ancestors or descendants, and show from what tribe and family a person came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron. Some of these lists included stories of ancestors and even of spiritual beings. These lists and stories were used to argue about where things came from and about how important various people were.
138	3:1	y9tr			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul continues giving Titus instructions on how to teach the elders and people under his care in Crete.
139	3:1	j2sa			ὑπομίμνῃσκε αὐτοὺς & ὑποτάσσεσθαι	1	Alternate translation: “Tell our people again what they already know, to submit” or “Keep reminding them to submit”
140	3:1	w3fy			ἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις, ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν	1	Alternate translation: “to do as the political rulers and government authorities say by obeying them”
141	3:1	wa9x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	ἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις	1	The words **rulers** and **authorities** have similar meanings and both refer to anyone who holds authority in the government. If the target language has only one term for this, then just use that term.
142	3:1	xy25		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν	1	The words **submit** and **obey** have similar meanings and both refer to doing what someone tells you to do. If the target language has only one term for this, then just use that term.
143	3:1	in7u			πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἑτοίμους εἶναι	1	Alternate translation: “to be ready to do good whenever there is opportunity”
144	3:2	lug7			βλασφημεῖν	1	Alternate translation: “to speak evil of”
145	3:2	abcx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	ἀμάχους εἶναι	1	You can state this positively: “to be peaceful”
146	3:3	m9zd			ἦμεν γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς	1	Alternate translation: “This is because we ourselves were once”
147	3:3	me7b			ποτε	1	Alternate translation: “formerly” or “at some time” or “previously”
148	3:3	bl8e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς	1	Here, **we** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians, referring to the time before they trusted in Christ. Alternate translation: “even we” or “we ourselves”
149	3:3	rrx9			ἦμεν & ἀνόητοι	1	Alternate translation: “were thoughtless” or “were unwise”
150	3:3	qt8f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις	1	Here, **passions** and **pleasures** are spoken of as if they were masters over people and had made those people into slaves by lying to them. Alternate translation: “We had allowed ourselves to believe the lie that various passions and pleasures could make us happy, and then we were unable to control our feelings or stop doing things we thought would give us pleasure”
151	3:3	xy27		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις	1	You can translate this in active form. Alternate translation: “Various passions and pleasures had lied to us and so led us astray”
152	3:3	tl5n			ἐπιθυμίαις	1	Alternate translation: “lusts” or “desires”
153	3:3	dec4			ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ διάγοντες	1	Here, **evil** and **envy** describe sin. The word **evil** is general and **envy** is a specific kind of sin. Alternate translation: “We were always doing evil things and wanting what others have”
154	3:3	y5lp			στυγητοί	1	Alternate translation: “causing others to hate us”
155	3:4	xy28		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1	**But** is used here to mark the important contrast here between the evil way that people are (verses 1–3) and the goodness of God (verses 4–7)
156	3:4	ba5a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ὅτε & ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ	1	Paul speaks of God’s **kindness** and **love** as if they were people that came into our sight. Alternate translation: “when God our Savior showed us his kindness and love for people”
157	3:4	abcg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ὅτε & ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ	1	You can state the abstract nouns **kindness** and **love** as adjectives. Alternate translation: “when God, who saves us, showed how kind and loving he would be to mankind”
158	3:4	abch		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν	1	Here, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
159	3:5	n4ug			κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος	1	Alternate translation: “because he had mercy on us”
160	3:5	k1a6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	λουτροῦ παλινγενεσίας	1	Paul combines two metaphors here. He is speaking of God’s forgiveness for sinners as if he were physically **washing** them clean from their sin. He is also speaking of sinners who become responsive to God as if they had been born again.
161	3:6	fby9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οὗ ἐξέχεεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς πλουσίως	1	It is common for New Testament writers to speak of the Holy Spirit as a liquid that God can pour out in large amounts. Alternate translation: “whom God gave to us generously”
162	3:6	xy24		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμᾶς	1	Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
163	3:6	q9ze			διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν	1	Alternate translation: “when Jesus Christ saved us”
164	3:6	xy23		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν	1	Here, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
165	3:7	di3g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	δικαιωθέντες	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “since God has declared us to be without sin”
166	3:7	q1cm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	κληρονόμοι γενηθῶμεν, κατ’ ἐλπίδα ζωῆς αἰωνίου	1	The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit the things promised, just as a person inherits property or possessions from a family member. Alternate translation: “we might expect to receive the eternal life that God has promised us”
167	3:8	j8md			ὁ λόγος	1	This **message** is the one just expressed in verses 4–7, that God freely gives the Holy Spirit and eternal life to believers through Jesus.
168	3:8	xy29			τούτων	1	Here, **these things** refers to the teachings that Paul has talked about in verses 1–7. Alternate translation: “these teachings that I have just talked about”
169	3:8	kqm6			φροντίζωσιν καλῶν ἔργων, προΐστασθαι	1	Alternate translation: “may seek to do good works”
170	3:9	tzh9			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul explains what Titus should avoid and how to treat those who cause contention among the believers.
171	3:9	j1hf			δὲ & περιΐστασο	1	Alternate translation: “So avoid” or “Therefore, avoid”
172	3:9	xnf9			μωρὰς & ζητήσεις	1	Alternate translation: “arguments concerning unimportant matters”
173	3:9	qk66			γενεαλογίας	1	The word **genealogies** refers to the study of family kinship relationships. See the Introduction to Titus.
174	3:9	xu7f			ἔρεις	1	Alternate translation: “arguments” or “fights”
175	3:9	ky3n			νομικὰς	1	Alternate translation: “about the law of Moses”
176	3:10	x3fh			αἱρετικὸν ἄνθρωπον & παραιτοῦ	1	Alternate translation: “Stay away from a person who causes division”
177	3:10	xzx1			μετὰ μίαν καὶ δευτέραν νουθεσίαν	1	Alternate translation: “after you have warned that person once or twice”
178	3:11	r7pc			ὁ τοιοῦτος	1	Alternate translation: “a person like that”
179	3:11	inh5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐξέστραπται	1	Paul speaks of someone who chooses to do wrong things as if he were leaving the **right** path to walk in the wrong direction.
180	3:11	p81k			ὢν αὐτοκατάκριτος	1	Alternate translation: “bringing judgment on himself”
181	3:12	z7i4			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul closes the letter by telling Titus what to do after he appoints elders in Crete and by giving greetings from those with him.
182	3:12	mba6			ὅταν πέμψω	1	Alternate translation: “After I send”
183	3:12	c32w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Ἀρτεμᾶν & Τυχικόν	1	**Artemas** and **Tychicus** are men’s names.
184	3:12	knt1			σπούδασον ἐλθεῖν	1	Alternate translation: “come quickly”
185	3:12	xy30			σπούδασον	1	The verb **hurry** is singular and directed at Titus alone. Artemas or Tychicus would stay in Crete, probably to take Titus’ place.
186	3:12	gdw9			παραχειμάσαι	1	Alternate translation: “to stay for the winter”
187	3:13	a46f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Ζηνᾶν & Ἀπολλῶν	1	**Zenos** is a man's name.
188	3:13	s757			καὶ Ἀπολλῶν	1	Alternate translation: “and also Apollos”
189	3:13	j496			σπουδαίως πρόπεμψον	1	Alternate translation: “Do not delay in sending”
190	3:13	xy31		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	ἵνα μηδὲν αὐτοῖς λείπῃ	1	You can state this positively: “so that they have everything that they need”
191	3:14	v7wg			Connecting Statement:	0	# Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul explains that it is important for all believers to provide for those who have needs.
192	3:14	fw98			οἱ ἡμέτεροι	1	Here, **our own** refers to the believers in Crete. Alternate translation: “our own people”
193	3:14	xy33		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	οἱ ἡμέτεροι	1	Here, **our** includes Paul and Titus. The form should be either dual or inclusive.
194	3:14	tn24			εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας	1	Alternate translation: “that enable them to help people who lack necessary things”
195	3:14	mji4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι	1	Paul speaks of people doing good work as if they were trees bearing good fruit. Alternate translation: “so that they will not lead useless lives”
196	3:14	xy32		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι	1	You can state this positively: “in this way they will be fruitful” or “in this way they will be productive”
197	3:15	j3y2				0	# General Information:\n\nPaul ends his letter to Titus.
198	3:15	abci			ἀσπάζονταί σε	1	Here, **you** is singular. This is a personal greeting to Titus.
199	3:15	k1sa			οἱ μετ’ ἐμοῦ πάντες	1	Alternate translation: “All the people who are with me” or “All of the believers who are here with me”
200	3:15	f4vc			τοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἐν πίστει	1	This could refer to: (1) the believers who love us. (2) the believers who love us because we share the same belief.
201	3:15	xy35		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	ἡμᾶς	1	Here, **us** is probably exclusive and refers to Paul and the group of Christians with him. Paul is sending greetings from this group to the group of Christians that is with Titus on Crete.
202	3:15	kx83			ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν	1	This was a common Christian greeting. Alternate translation: “May God’s grace be with you” or “I ask that God will be gracious to all of you”
203	3:15	xy34			ὑμῶν	1	Here, **you** is plural. This blessing is for Titus and all of the believers there in Crete.