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2PHPfrontintropv9j0# Introduction to Philippians<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of the Philippians<br><br>1. Greeting, thanksgiving and prayer (1:1-11)<br>1. Pauls report on his ministry (1:12-26)<br>1. Instructions<br> - To be steadfast (1:27-30)<br> - To be united (2:1-2)<br> - To be humble (2:3-11)<br> - To work out our salvation with God working in you (2:12-13)<br> - To be innocent and light (2:14-18)<br>1. Timothy and Epaphroditus (2:19-30)<br>1. Warning about false teachers (3:1-4:1)<br>1. Personal instruction (4:2-5)<br>1. Rejoice and do not be anxious (4:4-6)<br>1. Final remarks<br> - Values (4:8-9)<br> - Contentment (4:10-20)<br> - Final Greetings (4:21-23)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book Philippians?<br><br>Paul wrote Philippians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome.<br><br>### What is the Book of Philippians about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to the believers in Philippi, a city in Macedonia. He wrote it to thank the Philippians for the gift they had sent him. He wanted to tell them about how he was doing in prison and to encourage them to rejoice even if they are suffering. He also wrote to them about a man named Epaphroditus. He was the one who brought the gift to Paul. While visiting Paul, Epaphroditus became ill. So, Paul decided to send him back to Philippi. Paul encouraged the believers in Philippi to welcome and to be kind to Epaphroditus when he returns.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Philippians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Pauls Letter to the Church in Philippi,” or “A Letter to the Christians in Philippi.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the city of Philippi like?<br><br>Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, founded Philippi in the region of Macedonia. This meant that the citizens of Philippi were also considered citizens of Rome. The people of Philippi were proud of being citizens of Rome. But Paul told the believers that they are citizens of heaven (3:20).<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Paul. The word “you” is almost always plural and refers to the believers in Philippi. The exception to this is 4:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### Who were the “enemies of the cross of Christ” (3:18) in this letter?<br><br>The “enemies of the cross of Christ” were probably people who called themselves believers, but they did not obey Gods commands. They thought that freedom in Christ meant that believers could do whatever they desired and God would not punish them (3:19).<br><br>### Why were the words “joy” and “rejoice” frequently used in this letter?<br><br>Paul was in prison when he wrote this letter (1:7). Even though he suffered, Paul said many times that he was joyful because God had been kind to him through Jesus Christ. He wanted to encourage his readers to have the same trust in Jesus Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])<br><br>### What does Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?<br><br>This kind of expression occurs in 1:1, 8, 13, 14, 26, 27; 2:1, 5, 19, 24, 29; 3:1, 3, 9, 14; 4:1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 19, 21. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Philippians?<br><br>Some versions have “Amen” at the end of the final verse in the letter (4:23). The ULT, UST, and other many modern versions do not. If “Amen” is included, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the Book of Philippians.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
3PHP1introkd3g0# Philippians 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul includes a prayer in the beginning of this letter. At that time, religious leaders sometimes began informal letters with a prayer.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The day of Christ<br><br>This probably refers to the day when Christ returns. Paul often connected the return of Christ with motivating godly living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Paradox<br><br>A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This statement in verse 21 is a paradox: “to die is gain.” In verse 23 Paul explains why this is true. ([Philippians 1:21](../../php/01/21.md))
4PHP11xk9ztranslate-namesΠαῦλος καὶ Τιμόθεος1Paul and TimothyThese are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5PHP12uueptranslate-namesχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη1Grace to you and peaceThis is a common greeting and blessing that Paul often uses in the beginning of his letters. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing.
6PHP13ntp5ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ μνείᾳ ὑμῶν1in all my remembrance of youHere, **in all my remembrance of you** could mean: (1) Paul thanked God each time that he thought about the Philippian Christians. Alternate translation: “whenever I think about you” (2) Paul thanked God for the good things that he remembered about the Philippian Christians. Alternate translation: “because of all that I remember about you”
7PHP15yi9lfigs-metonymyἐπὶ τῇ κοινωνίᾳ ὑμῶν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον1because of your fellowship in the gospelPaul is expressing thanks to God that the Philippians have joined him in teaching people **the gospel**. He may have been referring to them praying for him and sending money so that he could travel and tell others. Alternate translation: “because you have been helping me proclaim the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
8PHP16s1l8πεποιθὼς1having been persuaded“being sure”
9PHP16jf4xὁ ἐναρξάμενος1the one having begun“God, who began”
10PHP17v7yuἐστιν δίκαιον ἐμοὶ1it is right for me“it is proper for me” or “it is good for me”
11PHP17fmc6figs-metonymyτὸ ἔχειν με ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμᾶς1I have you in my heartHere, **heart** is a metonym for a persons emotions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
12PHP17sowffigs-idiomτὸ ἔχειν με ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμᾶς1I have you in my heartThis idiom expresses strong affection. Alternate translation: “I love you very much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
13PHP17jn2sσυνκοινωνούς μου τῆς χάριτος…ὄντας1being partakers with me of grace“sharing in grace with me”
14PHP18sf3aμάρτυς…μου ὁ Θεός1God is my witness“God knows” or “God understands”
15PHP18xun1figs-idiomἐν σπλάγχνοις Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ1in the bowels of Christ JesusHere, **in the bowels** is an idiom that represents strong emotion. Alternate translation: “very intensely in Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
16PHP19v2rw0Connecting Statement:Paul prays for the believers in Philippi and talks about the joy there is in suffering for the Lord.
17PHP19l2jlfigs-metaphorπερισσεύῃ1would aboundPaul speaks of love as if it were objects that people could obtain more of. Alternate translation: “may increase” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
18PHP19l1cyfigs-explicitἐν ἐπιγνώσει καὶ πάσῃ αἰσθήσει1in knowledge and all understandingHere, **understanding** refers to understanding about God. You can state this clearly. Alternate translation: “as you learn and understand more about what pleases God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
19PHP110e17gδοκιμάζειν1may approveThis refers to examining things and taking only those that are good. Alternate translation: “may test and choose”
20PHP110s4ecτὰ διαφέροντα1what excels“what is most pleasing to God”
21PHP110siv8figs-doubletεἰλικρινεῖς καὶ ἀπρόσκοποι1pure and blamelessThe words **pure** and **blameless** mean basically the same thing. Paul combines them to emphasize moral purity. Alternate translation: “completely blameless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
22PHP111lu5nfigs-metaphorπεπληρωμένοι καρπὸν δικαιοσύνης τὸν διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1being filled with the fruit of righteousness that is through Jesus ChristHere, **being filled** with something is a metaphor that represents being characterized by it or by habitually doing it. Here, **fruit of righteousness** could mean: (1) This is a metaphor that represents righteous behavior. Alternate translation: “habitually doing what is righteous because Jesus Christ enables you” (2) This is a metaphor that represents good deeds as a result of being righteous. Alternate translation: “habitually doing good works because Jesus makes you righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
23PHP111hwg1εἰς δόξαν καὶ ἔπαινον Θεοῦ1to the glory and praise of GodThis could mean: (1) Other people will see how they honor God. (2) People will **praise** and give honor to God because of the good things they see they do. These alternate translations would require a new sentence.
24PHP112uyc60General Information:Paul says that two things have happened because of “the progress of the gospel”: many people inside and outside the palace have found out why he is in prison, and other Christians are no longer afraid to proclaim the good news.
25PHP112yrp2δὲ1NowHere the word **Now** is used to mark a new part of the letter.
26PHP112tu2tἀδελφοί1brothersHere this refers to fellow Christians, including both men and women, because all believers in Christ are members of one spiritual family, with God as their heavenly Father.
27PHP112zy4gfigs-explicitὅτι τὰ κατ’ ἐμὲ1that the things concerning mePaul is talking about his time in prison. Alternate translation: “that the things I suffered because I was put into prison for preaching about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
28PHP112q288μᾶλλον εἰς προκοπὴν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου ἐλήλυθεν1have really happened for the advancement of the gospel“have actually caused more people to hear the gospel”
29PHP113wi6nfigs-activepassiveτοὺς δεσμούς μου φανεροὺς ἐν Χριστῷ γενέσθαι, ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ πραιτωρίῳ καὶ τοῖς λοιποῖς πᾶσιν1my chains in Christ became apparent among the whole palace guard and all the othersYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the palace guards and many other people in Rome came to know that I am in chains for the sake of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
30PHP113h1lyfigs-metonymyτοὺς δεσμούς μου φανεροὺς ἐν Χριστῷ γενέσθαι1my chains in Christ became apparentHere, **chains in Christ** is a metonym for being in prison for the sake of Christ. Alternate translation: “It became known that I am in prison for the sake of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
31PHP113f8azτοὺς δεσμούς μου…ἐν Χριστῷ1my chains in ChristHere Paul uses the preposition **in** to mean “for the sake of.” Alternate translation: “my chains for the sake of Christ” or “my chains because I teach people about Christ”
32PHP113i46jfigs-metonymyτοὺς δεσμούς μου1my chainsHere the word **chains** is a metonym for imprisonment. Alternate translation: “my imprisonment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
33PHP113dm1mὅλῳ τῷ πραιτωρίῳ1the whole palace guardThis is a group of soldiers that helped protect the Roman emperor.
34PHP114gy47ἀφόβως τὸν λόγον λαλεῖν1fearlessly to speak the word“to fearlessly speak Gods message”
35PHP115vw1sτινὲς μὲν καὶ…τὸν Χριστὸν κηρύσσουσιν1Some indeed even proclaim Christ“Some people preach the good news about Christ”
36PHP115f32hδιὰ φθόνον καὶ ἔριν1because of envy and strife“because they do not want people listening to me, and they want to cause trouble”
37PHP115v1sbτινὲς δὲ καὶ δι’ εὐδοκίαν1but also some because of good will“but other people do it because they are kind and they want to help”
38PHP116qf4pοἱ1the ones“those who proclaim Christ out of good will”
39PHP116ttr2figs-activepassiveεἰς ἀπολογίαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου κεῖμαι1I am appointed for the defense of the gospelYou can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) God chose him to defend the gospel. (2) Paul is in prison because he defended the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
40PHP116st7kεἰς ἀπολογίαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου1for the defense of the gospel“to teach everyone that the message of Jesus is true”
41PHP117eq7sοἱ δὲ1but the ones“but the others” or “but the ones who proclaim Christ out of envy and strife”
42PHP117z8tyfigs-metonymyτοῖς δεσμοῖς μου1in my chainsHere, **chains** is a metonym for imprisonment. Alternate translation: “while I am imprisoned” or “while I am in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
43PHP118z5iafigs-rquestionτί γάρ?1What then?Paul uses this question to introduce how he feels about the situation he wrote about in [Philippians 1:15-17](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “This is what I think about this.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
44PHP118gcfhfigs-idiomτί γάρ?1What then?This may be an idiom that means “It does not matter.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
45PHP118wnn0figs-ellipsisτί γάρ?1What then?The words “shall I think about this” are understood as part of the question. Alternate translation: “What then shall I think about this?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
46PHP118ah9vπλὴν ὅτι παντὶ τρόπῳ, εἴτε προφάσει εἴτε ἀληθείᾳ, Χριστὸς καταγγέλλεται1Only that in every way—whether in pretext or in truth—Christ is proclaimed“As long as people preach about Christ, it does not matter if they do it for good reasons or for bad reasons”
47PHP118c8trἐν τούτῳ χαίρω1in this I rejoice“I am happy because people are preaching about Jesus”
48PHP118cf58χαρήσομαι1I will rejoice“I will celebrate” or “I will be glad”
49PHP119qp81τοῦτό μοι ἀποβήσεται εἰς σωτηρίαν1this will result to me in deliverance“because people proclaim Christ, God will deliver me”
50PHP119h9hffigs-abstractnounsμοι…εἰς σωτηρίαν1to me in deliveranceThe word **deliverance** is an abstract noun that refers to one person bringing another person to a safe place. You may have to specify that it is God whom Paul expects to deliver him. Alternate translation: “in my being brought to a safe place” or “in God bringing me to a safe place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
51PHP119x3fsδιὰ τῆς ὑμῶν δεήσεως, καὶ ἐπιχορηγίας τοῦ Πνεύματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1through your prayers and the provision of the Spirit of Jesus Christ“because you are praying and the Spirit of Jesus Christ is helping me”
52PHP119c48jτοῦ Πνεύματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1of the Spirit of Jesus Christ“of the Holy Spirit”
53PHP120fh48figs-doubletκατὰ τὴν ἀποκαραδοκίαν καὶ ἐλπίδα μου1according to my eager expectation and hopeHere the words **eager expectation** and **hope** mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them together to emphasize how strong his expectation is. Alternate translation: “I eagerly and confidently hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
54PHP120tk7lἀλλ’ ἐν πάσῃ παρρησίᾳ1but in everything have boldnessThis is part of Pauls expectation and hope. Alternate translation: “but that I will be very bold”
55PHP120jz1zfigs-metonymyμεγαλυνθήσεται Χριστὸς ἐν τῷ σώματί μου1Christ will be exalted in my bodyThe phrase **my body** is a metonym for what Paul does with his body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
56PHP120t8z9figs-activepassiveμεγαλυνθήσεται Χριστὸς ἐν τῷ σώματί μου1Christ will be exalted in my bodyYou can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) Paul will honor Christ by what he does” (2) People will praise Christ because of what Paul does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
57PHP120y78kεἴτε διὰ ζωῆς εἴτε διὰ θανάτου1whether through life or through death“whether I live or die” or “if I go on living or if I die”
58PHP121p9b7ἐμοὶ γὰρ1For to meThese words are emphatic. They indicate that this is Pauls personal experience.
59PHP121sxt5figs-metaphorτὸ ζῆν Χριστὸς1to live is ChristHere pleasing and serving **Christ** is spoken of as Pauls only purpose for living. Alternate translation: “to go on living is an opportunity to please Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
60PHP121n3jdfigs-metaphorτὸ ἀποθανεῖν κέρδος1to die is gainHere death is spoken of as **gain**. Here, **gain** could mean: (1) Pauls death will help spread the message of the gospel. (2) Paul will be in a better situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
61PHP122a21cfigs-metonymyεἰ δὲ τὸ ζῆν ἐν σαρκί1Now if to live in the fleshThe word **flesh** here is a metonym for the body, and “living in the flesh” is a metonym for being alive. Alternate translation: “But if I am to remain alive in my body” or “But if I continue to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
62PHP122mwl6figs-metaphorτοῦτό μοι καρπὸς ἔργου1this is fruitful labor for meThe word **fruitful** here refers to the good results of Pauls work. Alternate translation: “that means I will be able to work and my work will produce good results” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
63PHP123tq29figs-metaphorσυνέχομαι δὲ ἐκ τῶν δύο1But I am hard pressed between the twoPaul speaks of how hard it is for him to choose between living and dying as if two heavy objects, like rocks or logs, were pushing on him from opposite sides at the same time. Your language might prefer the objects to pull rather than push. Alternate translation: “I am under tension. I do not know if I should choose to live or to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
64PHP123f7qgfigs-euphemismτὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ἔχων εἰς τὸ ἀναλῦσαι καὶ σὺν Χριστῷ εἶναι1having the desire to depart and to be with ChristPaul here uses **to depart** as a euphemism to show that he is not afraid of dying. Alternate translation: “I would like to die because I will go to be with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
65PHP125bu8dτοῦτο πεποιθὼς1having been persuaded of this“being sure that it is better for you that I stay alive”
66PHP125kmp4οἶδα ὅτι μενῶ1I know that I will remain“I know that I will continue to live” or “I know that I will keep on living”
67PHP126i9clἵνα…ἐν ἐμοὶ1so that in me“so that because of me” or “so that because of what I do”
68PHP127cd3bfigs-parallelismὅτι στήκετε ἐν ἑνὶ πνεύματι, μιᾷ ψυχῇ συναθλοῦντες τῇ πίστει τοῦ εὐαγγελίου1that you stand firm in one spirit, with one soul striving together for the faith of the gospelThe phrases **stand firm in one spirit** and **with one soul striving together** share similar meanings and emphasize the importance of unity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
69PHP127jey6figs-metaphorμιᾷ ψυχῇ συναθλοῦντες1with one soul striving togetherAgreeing with one another is spoken of as having **one soul**. Alternate translation: “agreeing with one another and striving together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
70PHP127ej2sσυναθλοῦντες1striving together“working hard together”
71PHP127ya3hτῇ πίστει τοῦ εὐαγγελίου1for the faith of the gospelThis could mean: (1) This refers to spreading **the faith** that is based on **the gospel**. (2) This refers to believing and living as the gospel teaches us.
72PHP128i9ytfigs-youμὴ πτυρόμενοι ἐν μηδενὶ1do not be frightened in anythingThis is a command to the Philippian believers. If your language has a plural command form, use it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
73PHP128l495ἥτις ἐστὶν αὐτοῖς ἔνδειξις ἀπωλείας, ὑμῶν δὲ σωτηρίας, καὶ τοῦτο ἀπὸ Θεοῦ1This is a sign to them of their destruction, but of your salvation—and this from God“Your courage will show them that God will destroy them. It will also show you that God will save you”
74PHP128nb4bκαὶ τοῦτο ἀπὸ Θεοῦ1and this from God“and this is from God.” Here, **this** could mean: (1) This refers to the believers courage. (2) This refers to the sign. (3) This refers to destruction and salvation.
75PHP130x4z3τὸν αὐτὸν ἀγῶνα ἔχοντες, οἷον εἴδετε ἐν ἐμοὶ, καὶ νῦν ἀκούετε ἐν ἐμοί1having the same struggle which you saw in me, and now you hear in me“suffering in the same way that you saw me suffer, and that you now hear that I am still suffering”
76PHP2introixw80# Philippians 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations, like the ULT, set apart the lines of verses 6-11. These verses describe the example of Christ. They teach important truths about the person of Jesus.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Practical instructions<br><br>In this chapter Paul gives many practical instructions to the church in Philippi.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “If there is any”<br><br>This appears to be a type of hypothetical statement. However, it is not a hypothetical statement, because it expresses something that is true. The translator may also translate this phrase as “Since there is.”
77PHP21xye50Connecting Statement:Paul advises the believers to have unity and humility and reminds them of Christs example.
78PHP21b1q7εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ1If there is any encouragement in Christ“if Christ has encouraged you” or “if you are encouraged because of Christ”
79PHP21k1b2εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης1if any comfort of loveHere, **love** probably refers to Christs love for the Philippians. Alternate translation: “if his love has given you any comfort” or “if his love for you has comforted you in any way”
80PHP21m84kεἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος1if any fellowship of the Spirit“if you have fellowship with the Spirit”
81PHP21l2pxεἴ τις σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί1if any affections and compassions“if you have experienced any of Gods acts of tender mercy and compassion”
82PHP22jxq2figs-metaphorπληρώσατέ μου τὴν χαρὰν1fulfill my joyPaul speaks here of **joy** as if it were a task that can be completed. Alternate translation: “cause me to rejoice greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
83PHP23y1leμηδὲν κατ’ ἐριθείαν μηδὲ κατὰ κενοδοξίαν1Do nothing according to selfish ambition nor according to empty conceit“Do not serve yourselves or think of yourselves as better than others”
84PHP24ezk6μὴ τὰ ἑαυτῶν ἕκαστος σκοποῦντες, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ ἑτέρων ἕκαστοι1each one not considering the things of himself, but also the things of each other“not caring only about what you need, but also about what others need”
85PHP25rh98τοῦτο φρονεῖτε ἐν ὑμῖν, ὃ καὶ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1Have this attitude in you which also was in Christ Jesus“Have the same attitude that Christ Jesus had” or “Think about one another the way Christ Jesus thought of people”
86PHP26hs4qἐν μορφῇ Θεοῦ ὑπάρχων1existing in the form of God“even though everything that is true of God was true of him”
87PHP26els2figs-metaphorοὐχ ἁρπαγμὸν ἡγήσατο τὸ εἶναι ἴσα Θεῷ1did not consider being equal with God something to be graspedHere to be **equal** refers to “equal status” or “equal honor.” Grasping onto equality with God represents demanding that he continue to be honored as God is honored. Christ did not do that. Though he did not cease to be God, he ceased to act as God. Alternate translation: “did not think that he had to have the same status as God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
88PHP27yu25figs-metaphorἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν1he emptied himselfPaul speaks of Christ as if he were a container in order to say that Christ refused to act with his divine powers during his ministry on earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
89PHP27tc8nἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων1in the likeness of men“as a human being”
90PHP28t8a6figs-metaphorγενόμενος ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου1having become obedient to the point of deathPaul speaks of death here in a figurative way. The translator can understand **to the point of death** either as a metaphor of location (Christ went all the way to death) or as a metaphor of time (Christ was obedient even until the time that he died). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
91PHP28hi57θανάτου δὲ σταυροῦ1even death on a cross“even to dying on a cross”
92PHP29mvb7figs-metonymyτὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα1the name that is above every nameHere, **name** is a metonym that refers to rank or honor. Alternate translation: “the rank that is above any other rank” or “the honor that is above any other honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
93PHP29qsy9figs-metaphorὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα1above every nameHis **name** is more important, more to be praised than any other name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
94PHP210tk45figs-synecdocheἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ1at the name of Jesus every knee would bendHere, **knee** is a synecdoche for the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
95PHP210xz1ufigs-metonymyἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ1at the name of Jesus every knee would bendHere bending the knee to kneel on the ground is a metonym for worship. **In the name of** here is a metonym for the person, telling who it is they will worship. Alternate translation: “every person will worship Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
96PHP210kfb4καταχθονίων1under the earthThis could mean: (1) This refers to the place where people go when they die. (2) This refers to the place where demons dwell.
97PHP211xy4ffigs-synecdocheπᾶσα γλῶσσα1every tongueHere, **tongue** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “every person” or “every being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
98PHP211mr2ifigs-metaphorεἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ Πατρὸς1to the glory of God the FatherHere the word **to** expresses result: “with the result that they will praise God the Father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
99PHP212jnp30Connecting Statement:Paul encourages the Philippian believers and shows them how to live the Christian life before others and reminds them of his example.
100PHP212e359ἀγαπητοί μου1my beloved“my dear fellow believers”
101PHP212c1ixἐν τῇ παρουσίᾳ μου1in my presence“when I am there with you”
102PHP212u5ngἐν τῇ ἀπουσίᾳ μου1in my absence“when I am not there with you”
103PHP212j897figs-abstractnounsμετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου τὴν ἑαυτῶν σωτηρίαν κατεργάζεσθε1work out your own salvation with fear and tremblingThe abstract noun **salvation** can be expressed with a phrase about God saving people. Alternate translation: “with fear and trembling, continue to work hard to do what is proper for those whom God saves” or “with awe and reverence for God, work hard to do the good things that show that he has saved you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
104PHP212cm1sfigs-doubletμετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου1with fear and tremblingPaul uses the words **fear** and **trembling** together to show the attitude of reverence that people should have for God. Alternate translation: “trembling with fear” or “with deep reverence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
105PHP213m6b8καὶ τὸ θέλειν, καὶ τὸ ἐνεργεῖν, ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐδοκίας1both to will and to work for his good pleasure“so that you will want to do what pleases him and will be able to do what pleases him”
106PHP215z2lzfigs-doubletἄμεμπτοι καὶ ἀκέραιοι1blameless and pureThe words **blameless** and **pure** are very similar in meaning and are used together to strenghten the idea. Alternate translation: “completely innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
107PHP215p71ufigs-metaphorφαίνεσθε ὡς φωστῆρες ἐν κόσμῳ1you shine as lights in the worldLight represents goodness and truth. To **shine as lights in the world** represents living in a good and righteous way so that people in the world can see that God is good and true. Alternate translation: “you will be examples of goodness and truth in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
108PHP215jb7yfigs-doubletμέσον γενεᾶς σκολιᾶς καὶ διεστραμμένης…ἐν κόσμῳ1in the world, in the midst of a crooked and depraved generationHere the word **world** refers to the people of the world. The words **crooked** and **depraved** are used together to emphasize that the people are very sinful. Alternate translation: “in the world, among people who are very sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
109PHP216u3qbfigs-metaphorλόγον ζωῆς ἐπέχοντες1holding forth the word of lifeHere, **holding forth** represents firmly believing. Alternate translation: “continuing to firmly believe the word of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
110PHP216eq86λόγον ζωῆς1the word of life“the message that brings life” or “the message that shows how to live the way God wants you to”
111PHP216q7y8εἰς ἡμέραν Χριστοῦ1on the day of ChristThis refers to when Jesus comes back to set up his kingdom and rule over the earth. Alternate translation: “when Christ returns”
112PHP216m5aqfigs-parallelismοὐκ εἰς κενὸν ἔδραμον, οὐδὲ εἰς κενὸν ἐκοπίασα1I did not run in vain nor labor in vainThe phrases **run in vain** and **labor in vain** here mean the same thing. Paul uses them together to emphasize how hard he has worked to help people believe in Christ. Alternate translation: “I did not work so hard for nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
113PHP216m1z7figs-metaphorἔδραμον1I did … runThe scriptures often use the image of walking to represent conducting ones life. To **run** is to live life intensively. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
114PHP217bky1figs-metaphorἀλλ’ εἰ καὶ σπένδομαι ἐπὶ τῇ θυσίᾳ καὶ λειτουργίᾳ τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν, χαίρω καὶ συνχαίρω πᾶσιν ὑμῖν1But even if I am being poured out as an offering on the sacrifice and service of your faith, I am glad and rejoice with you allPaul speaks of his death as if he were a drink **offering** which is **poured out** upon the animal **sacrifice** to honor God. What Paul means is that he would gladly die for the Philippians if that would make them more pleasing to God. Alternate translation: “But, even if the Romans kill me and it is as if my blood pours out as an offering, I will be glad and rejoice with you all if my death will make your faith and obedience more pleasing to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
115PHP219dr9c0Connecting Statement:Paul tells the Philippian believers about his plan to send Timothy soon and that they should treat Epaphroditus as special.
116PHP219gml9ἐλπίζω δὲ ἐν Κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ1Now I hope in the Lord Jesus“Now I confidently expect the Lord Jesus to allow me”
117PHP220d9mwοὐδένα γὰρ ἔχω ἰσόψυχον1For I have no one like-minded“For no one else here loves you as much as he does”
118PHP221b922οἱ πάντες γὰρ1For they allHere the word **they** refers to a group of people Paul does not feel he can trust to send to Philippi. Paul is also expressing his displeasure with the group, who should have been able to go, but Paul does not trust them to fulfill their mission.
119PHP222gm8ifigs-simileὡς πατρὶ τέκνον, σὺν ἐμοὶ ἐδούλευσεν1as a child with his father, he served with meFathers and sons love each other and work together. Timothy was not really Pauls **child**, but he worked with Paul as a son works **with his father**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
120PHP222xdn5figs-metonymyεἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον1in the gospelHere, **the gospel** stands for the activity of telling people about Jesus. Alternate translation: “in telling people about the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
121PHP224yn62πέποιθα…ἐν Κυρίῳ, ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ταχέως ἐλεύσομαι1I am confident in the Lord that I myself will also come soon“I am sure, if it is the Lords will, that I will also come soon”
122PHP225k4wztranslate-namesἘπαφρόδιτον1EpaphroditusThis is the name of a man sent by the Philippian church to minister to Paul in prison. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
123PHP225c3cefigs-metaphorσυνεργὸν καὶ συνστρατιώτην1fellow worker and fellow soldierHere Paul is speaking of Epaphroditus as if he were a **fellow soldier**. He means that Epaphroditus is trained and is dedicated to serving God, no matter how great the hardship he must suffer. Alternate translation: “fellow believer who works and struggles along with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
124PHP225qsd6ὑμῶν…ἀπόστολον καὶ λειτουργὸν τῆς χρείας μου1your messenger and minister for my needs“who brings your messages to me and helps me when I am in need”
125PHP226gxn9ἐπιποθῶν ἦν πάντας ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἀδημονῶν1he is longing to be with you all and he is distressed“he wanted to be with you all and is very worried”
126PHP227itx2figs-explicitλύπην ἐπὶ λύπην1sorrow upon sorrowThe cause of the **sorrow** can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the sorrow of losing him added to the sorrow I already have from being in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
127PHP228y5gcκἀγὼ ἀλυπότερος ὦ1and I might be free from pain“I will be less anxious” or “I will not worry as much as I have been”
128PHP229y95xπροσδέχεσθε οὖν αὐτὸν1Therefore welcome him“Therefore, gladly receive Epaphroditus”
129PHP229qx14ἐν Κυρίῳ μετὰ πάσης χαρᾶς1in the Lord with all joy“as a fellow believer in the Lord with all joy” or “with the great joy we have because the Lord Jesus loves us”
130PHP230ns1yfigs-metaphorμέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν1he came near even to deathPaul here speaks of **death** as if it were a place that one could go to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
131PHP230g98zfigs-metaphorἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας1he might make up your lack of service to mePaul speaks of his needs as if they were a container that Epaphroditus filled with good things for Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
132PHP3introbtx30# Philippians 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In verses 4-8, Paul lists how he qualifies for being considered a righteous Jew. In every way, Paul was an exemplary Jew. But he contrasts this with the greatness of knowing Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Dogs<br><br>The people of the ancient Near East used dogs as an image to refer to people in a negative way. Not all cultures use the term “dogs” in this way.<br><br>### Resurrected Bodies<br><br>We know very little about what people will be like in heaven. Paul teaches here that Christians will have some kind of glorious body and will be free from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Prize<br><br>Paul uses an extended illustration to describe the Christian life. The goal of the Christian life is attempting to grow to be like Christ until a person dies. We can never achieve this goal perfectly, but we must strive for it.
133PHP31e79h0Connecting Statement:In order to warn his fellow believers about Jews who would try to get them to follow the old laws, Paul gives his own testimony about when he persecuted believers.
134PHP31s3bxτὸ λοιπόν, ἀδελφοί μου1As to the rest, my brothers“Now moving along, my brothers” or “Concerning other matters, my brothers”
135PHP31zu9lἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md).
136PHP31ymm2χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ1rejoice in the Lord“be happy because of all the Lord has done”
137PHP31qb78figs-explicitὑμῖν δὲ ἀσφαλές1and is a safeguard for youYou can state explicitly how writing these things is a **safeguard** for the Philippians. Alternate translation: “because these teachings will protect you from those who teach what is not true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
138PHP32ny6yβλέπετε1Beware“Watch out for” or “Look out for”
139PHP32zin8τοὺς κύνας…τοὺς κακοὺς ἐργάτας…τὴν κατατομήν1the dogs … the evil workers … the mutilationThese are three different ways of describing the same group of false teachers. Paul is using strong expressions to convey his feeling about these Jewish Christian teachers.
140PHP32yr9nfigs-ironyτοὺς κύνας1the dogsThe word **dogs** was used by the Jews to refer to those who were not Jews. Paul reverses this and calls the Jews “dogs.”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
141PHP32yeaxfigs-metaphorτοὺς κύνας1the dogsPaul speaks of the false teachers as though they were **dogs**, to insult them, because dogs were unclean. If you have a different animal in your culture that is considered unclean or whose name is used as an insult, you could use this animal instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
142PHP32cka6figs-hyperboleτὴν κατατομήν1the mutilationPaul is exaggerating about the act of circumcision to insult the false teachers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
143PHP32x8r2figs-metonymyτὴν κατατομήν1the mutilationHere, **mutilation** refers to the people who were circumcized, and represents the Jews who were all circumcized. The false teachers said God will only save a person who is circumcised, who cuts off the foreskin. This action was required by the law of Moses for all male Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
144PHP33y8ytfigs-exclusiveἡμεῖς γάρ ἐσμεν1For we arePaul uses **we** to refer to himself and all true believers in Christ, including the Philippian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
145PHP33xt5rἡ περιτομή1the circumcisionPaul uses this phrase to refer to believers in Christ who are not physically circumcised but are spiritually circumcised, which means they have received the Holy Spirit through faith. Alternate translation: “the truly circumcised ones” or “truly Gods people”
146PHP33k8phοὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες1having no confidence in the flesh“not trusting that only cutting our flesh will please God”
147PHP34e346figs-hypoκαίπερ1althoughPaul is introducing a hypothetical situation that could not possibly exist. Alternate translation: “although if I wanted to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
148PHP34upw5figs-hypoἐγὼ ἔχων πεποίθησιν καὶ ἐν σαρκί. εἴ τις δοκεῖ ἄλλος πεποιθέναι ἐν σαρκί, ἐγὼ μᾶλλον1I myself, having confidence even in the flesh. If anyone else seems to have confidence in the flesh, I even moreThis is a hypothetical situation that Paul does not believe is possible. Paul says if it were possible that God would save people based on what they did, then God would certainly have saved him. Alternate translation: “no one can do enough things to please God, but if anyone could do enough things to please God, I could do more good things and please God more than anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
149PHP34u4f1figs-rpronounsἐγὼ1I myselfPaul uses **myself** for emphasis. Alternate translation: “certainly I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
150PHP35yq98περιτομῇ1circumcision“I received circumcision” or “a priest circumcised me”
151PHP35am85ὀκταήμερος1on the eighth day“seven days after I was born”
152PHP35p4ikἙβραῖος ἐξ Ἑβραίων1a Hebrew of HebrewsThis could mean: (1) This refers to a Hebrew son with Hebrew parents. (2) This refers to the purest Hebrew.
153PHP35we4tκατὰ νόμον Φαρισαῖος1according to the law, a PhariseeThe Pharisees were committed to obeying all of the law. Being a **Pharisee** showed that Paul was committed to obeying all of **the law**. Alternate translation: “as a Pharisee, I was committed to obeying all of the law”
154PHP36ksr3κατὰ ζῆλος διώκων τὴν ἐκκλησίαν1according to zeal, persecuting the churchPauls zeal was his enthusiasm for honoring God. He believed that by **persecuting the church** he proved how zealous he was for God. Alternate translation: “having so much zeal for God that I persecuted the church” or “wanting so much to honor God, I persecuted the church”
155PHP36n51bδιώκων τὴν ἐκκλησίαν1persecuting the church“attacking Christians”
156PHP36hln8κατὰ δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐν νόμῳ γενόμενος ἄμεμπτος1according to righteousness that is under the law, having become blamelessThe phrase **righteousness that is under the law** refers to being righteous by obeying the law. Paul obeyed the law so carefully that he believed that no one could find any part of it that he disobeyed. Alternate Translation: “being so righteous by obeying the law that I was blameless”
157PHP37n4lgfigs-metaphorἅτινα ἦν μοι κέρδη1Whatever was a profit for mePaul is referring here to the praise he received for being an eager Pharisee. He speaks of this praise as if he had viewed it in the past as a businessmans profit. Alternate translation: “Anything that other Jews praised me for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
158PHP37lb8fκέρδη…ζημίαν1a profit … lossThese are common business terms. If many people in your culture do not understand formal business terms, you could translate these terms as “things that made my life better” and “things that made my life worse.”
159PHP37y1sgfigs-metaphorταῦτα ἥγημαι…ζημίαν1I consider this lossPaul speaks of that praise as if he were now viewing it as a business **loss** instead of a profit. In other words, Paul says that all his religious acts of righteousness are worthless before Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
160PHP38e1fpfigs-metaphorκαὶ ἡγοῦμαι πάντα ζημίαν εἶναι1I consider even all things to be lossPaul is continuing the business metaphor from [Philippians 3:7](../03/07.md), saying it is worthless to trust in anything other than Christ. Alternate translation: “I consider everything to be worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
161PHP38cv55διὰ τὸ ὑπερέχον τῆς γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου μου1because of the surpassing value of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord“because knowing Christ Jesus my Lord is worth so much more”
162PHP38afs4ἵνα Χριστὸν κερδήσω1so that I might gain Christ“so that I may have only Christ”
163PHP39iy4kfigs-idiomεὑρεθῶ ἐν αὐτῷ1be found in himThe phrase **be found** is an idiom that emphasizes the idea of “to be.” Alternate translation: “be truly united with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
164PHP39g9a9μὴ ἔχων ἐμὴν δικαιοσύνην, τὴν ἐκ νόμου1not having my own righteousness that is from the lawPaul knows that he cannot become righteous by obeying the law.
165PHP39qw6gἀλλὰ τὴν διὰ πίστεως Χριστοῦ1but that which is through faith in ChristThe word **that** refers to righteousness. Paul knows that he can become righteous only by believing in Christ. Alternate translation: “but having the righteousness that comes by believing in Christ”
166PHP310vj4sτὴν δύναμιν τῆς ἀναστάσεως αὐτοῦ1the power of his resurrection“his power that gives us life”
167PHP310xm68κοινωνίαν παθημάτων αὐτοῦ1the fellowship of his sufferings“what it is like to suffer as he suffered” or “what it is like to participate in suffering with him”
168PHP310xw42figs-metonymyσυμμορφιζόμενος τῷ θανάτῳ αὐτοῦ1being conformed to his deathThis could mean: (1) Paul wants to be like Christ by dying as Christ died. (2) Paul wants his desire to sin to become as dead as Jesus was before he was raised. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
169PHP311l4rmεἴ πως καταντήσω εἰς τὴν ἐξανάστασιν τὴν ἐκ νεκρῶν1if somehow I might attain to the resurrection that is from the deadThe word **somehow** means Paul does not know what is going to happen to him in this life, but whatever happens, it will result in eternal life. Alternate translation: “so that, no matter what happens to me now, I will come back to life after I die”
170PHP312xk5q0Connecting Statement:Paul urges the believers at Philippi to follow his present example because of heaven and the new bodies that wait for believers. He speaks of how he works as hard as he can to be like Christ, knowing that God will allow him to live forever in heaven, as if he were a runner racing for the finish line.
171PHP312ms3vἤδη ἔλαβον1I already received itThese include knowing Christ, knowing the power of his resurrection, sharing in Christs suffering, and being united with Christ in his death and resurrection ([Philippians 3:8-11](./08.md)).
172PHP312h8p7ἢ ἤδη τετελείωμαι1or have already been made perfect“or am already perfect” or “or am already fully mature”
173PHP312i5ldδιώκω δὲ1but pursuing it“but I keep trying”
174PHP312m52vfigs-activepassiveκαταλάβω, ἐφ’ ᾧ καὶ κατελήμφθην ὑπὸ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ1I might grasp that for which I was also grasped by Christ JesusYou can state this in an active form. Alternate translation: “to grasp the things for which Christ Jesus grasped me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
175PHP312fr9qfigs-metaphorκαταλάβω, ἐφ’ ᾧ καὶ κατελήμφθην ὑπὸ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ1I might grasp that for which I was also grasped by Christ JesusReceiving spiritual things from **Christ** is spoken of as if Paul could grasp them with his hands. And, **Jesus** choosing Paul to belong to him is spoken of as if Jesus **grasped** Paul with his hands. Alternate translation: “I may receive these things because that is why Jesus claimed me as his own” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
176PHP313tzg8ἀδελφοί1BrothersSee how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md).
177PHP313kqk7figs-metaphorἐγὼ ἐμαυτὸν οὐ λογίζομαι κατειληφέναι1I do not consider myself to have grasped itReceiving spiritual things from Christ is spoken of as if Paul could grasp them with his hands. Alternate translation: “I do not consider that all these things belong to me yet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
178PHP313ia2bfigs-metaphorτὰ μὲν ὀπίσω ἐπιλανθανόμενος, τοῖς δὲ ἔμπροσθεν ἐπεκτεινόμενος1forgetting what is behind and straining for what is aheadLike a runner in a race is no longer concerned about the part of the race that is completed but only focuses on what is **ahead**, Paul speaks of setting aside his religious works of righteousness and only focusing on the race of life that Christ has set before him to complete. Alternate translation: “not caring what I have done in the past; I only work as hard as I can on what is ahead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
179PHP314z39sfigs-metaphorκατὰ σκοπὸν διώκω εἰς τὸ βραβεῖον τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1I press on toward the goal to the prize of the upward calling of God in Christ JesusAs a runner presses onward to win the race and a **prize**, Paul presses onward in serving and living in obedience to **Christ**. Alternate translation: “I do all I can to be like Christ, like a runner racing to the finish line, so that I may belong to him, and God may call me to himself after I die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
180PHP314lmr6figs-metaphorτῆς ἄνω κλήσεως1of the upward callingThis could mean: (1) Paul speaks of living eternally with God as if God were to call Paul to ascend to heaven as Jesus did. (2) Paul speaks of living eternally with God as if God were to call Paul to ascend to the steps of the podium where winners of races received prizes, as a metaphor for meeting God face to face and receiving eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
181PHP315de4yὅσοι…τέλειοι, τοῦτο φρονῶμεν1as many as are perfect should think this wayPaul wants his fellow believers to have the same desires he listed in [Philippians 3:8-11](./08.md). Alternate translation: “I encourage all of us believers who are strong in the faith to think the same way”
182PHP315yy22καὶ τοῦτο ὁ Θεὸς ὑμῖν ἀποκαλύψει1God will also reveal that to you“God will also make it clear to you” or “God will make sure you know it”
183PHP316pxn9figs-exclusiveεἰς ὃ ἐφθάσαμεν, τῷ αὐτῷ στοιχεῖν1in what we have attained, we should live in itPaul uses **we** to include the Philippian believers. Alternate translation: “let us all continue obeying the same truth we have already received” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
184PHP317jed4συνμιμηταί μου γίνεσθε1Become imitators of me“Do what I do” or “Live as I live”
185PHP317uxc5ἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md).
186PHP317h4tvτοὺς οὕτω περιπατοῦντας, καθὼς ἔχετε τύπον ἡμᾶς1those who are thus walking, just as you have us as an example“those who already are living just as I live” or “those who already are doing what I do”
187PHP318ab61πολλοὶ…περιπατοῦσιν…τοὺς ἐχθροὺς τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ1many walk … as enemies of the cross of ChristThese words are Pauls main thought for this verse.
188PHP318kr19figs-metaphorπολλοὶ…περιπατοῦσιν1many walkA persons behavior is spoken of as if that person would **walk** along a path. Alternate translation: “many live” or “many conduct their lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
189PHP318x2luοὓς πολλάκις ἔλεγον ὑμῖν, νῦν δὲ καὶ κλαίων, λέγω1about whom I have often told you, but now even weeping, I sayPaul interrupts his main thought with these words that describe the “many.” You can move them to the beginning or end of the verse if you need to.
190PHP318zwp3πολλάκις ἔλεγον ὑμῖν1I have often told you“I have told you many times”
191PHP318h6pcκλαίων, λέγω1weeping, I say“telling you with great sadness”
192PHP318n8q2figs-metonymyτοὺς ἐχθροὺς τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ1as enemies of the cross of ChristHere, **the cross of Christ** refers to Christs suffering and death. The **enemies** are those who say they believe in Jesus but are not willing to suffer or die like Jesus did. Alternate translation: “in a way that shows they are actually against Jesus, who was willing to suffer and die on a cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
193PHP319v8gvὧν τὸ τέλος ἀπώλεια1whose end is destruction“but someday God will destroy them.” The last thing that happens to them is that God will destroy them.
194PHP319hn9ifigs-metaphorὧν ὁ Θεὸς ἡ κοιλία1whose god is their bellyHere, **belly** refers to a persons desires for physical pleasure. Calling it their **god** means that they want these pleasures more than they want to obey God. Alternate translation: “they desire food and other physical pleasures more than they desire to obey God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
195PHP319u9clfigs-metonymyἡ δόξα ἐν τῇ αἰσχύνῃ αὐτῶν1their glory is in their shameHere, **shame** stands for the actions that the people should be ashamed about but are not. Alternate translation: “they are proud of the things that should cause them shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
196PHP319sv5zfigs-metonymyοἱ τὰ ἐπίγεια φρονοῦντες1who are thinking about earthly thingsHere, **earthly** refers to everything that gives physical pleasure and does not honor God. Alternate translation: “All they think about is what will please themselves rather than what will please God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
197PHP320q1ccfigs-exclusive0General Information:By Pauls use of “our” and “we” here, he includes himself and the believers in Philippi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
198PHP320n2lhἡμῶν…τὸ πολίτευμα ἐν οὐρανοῖς ὑπάρχει1our citizenship exists in heavenThis could mean: (1) We are citizens of heaven. (2) Our homeland is heaven. (3) Our true home is heaven.
199PHP321eye2ὃς μετασχηματίσει τὸ σῶμα τῆς ταπεινώσεως ἡμῶν1who will transform our lowly body“who will change our weak, earthly body”
200PHP321b2bcσύμμορφον τῷ σώματι τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ1to confirmity to his glorious body“into a body like his glorious body”
201PHP321qz6pfigs-activepassiveτῷ σώματι τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ, κατὰ τὴν ἐνέργειαν τοῦ δύνασθαι αὐτὸν, καὶ ὑποτάξαι αὑτῷ τὰ πάντα1to his glorious body, according to the working of his power even to subject all things to himselfYou can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “to his glorious body. He will change our bodies with the same power he uses to control all things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
202PHP4introrp5c0# Philippians 4 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “My joy and my crown”<br><br>Paul had helped the Philippians become spiritually mature. As a result, Paul rejoiced and God honored him and his work. He considered discipling other Christians and encouraging them to grow spiritually as important to Christian living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Euodia and Syntyche<br><br>Apparently, these two women disagreed with each other. Paul was encouraging them to agree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
203PHP41zk6qfigs-you0General Information:When Paul says, “my true companion,” The word **you** is singular. Paul does not say the name of the person. He calls him that to show he worked with Paul to spread the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
204PHP41xmc40Connecting Statement:Paul continues with some specific instructions to the believers in Philippi on unity and then gives instructions to help them live for the Lord.
205PHP41fe2yἀδελφοί μου ἀγαπητοὶ καὶ ἐπιπόθητοι1my brothers, beloved and longed for“my fellow believers, I love you and I greatly desire to see you”
206PHP41ngs7ἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md).
207PHP41wx5wfigs-metonymyχαρὰ καὶ στέφανός μου1my joy and crownPaul uses the word **joy** to mean that the Philippian church is the cause of his happiness. A **crown** was made of leaves, and a man wore it on his head as a sign of honor after he won an important game. Here the word **crown** means the Philippian church brought honor to Paul before God. Alternate translation: “since you give me joy because you have believed in Jesus, and you are my reward and honor for my work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
208PHP41dz44οὕτως στήκετε ἐν Κυρίῳ, ἀγαπητοί1in this way stand firm in the Lord, beloved“so continue living for the Lord in the way that I have taught you, dear friends”
209PHP42x5qftranslate-namesΕὐοδίαν παρακαλῶ, καὶ Συντύχην παρακαλῶ1I urge Euodia, and I urge SyntycheThese are women who were believers and helped Paul in the church at Philippi. Alternate translation: “I beg Euodia, and I beg Syntyche” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
210PHP42iyq7figs-metonymyτὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖν ἐν Κυρίῳ1to think the same in the LordThe phrase **to think the same** means to have the same attitude or opinion. Alternate translation: “to agree with each other because you both believe in the same Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
211PHP43yb3ffigs-youἐρωτῶ καὶ σέ1I also ask youHere, **you** refers to the “true fellow worker” and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
212PHP43hdz7figs-metaphorγνήσιε σύνζυγε1true companionThis metaphor is from farming, where two animals would be bound to the same yoke, and so they work together. Alternate translation: “fellow worker” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
213PHP43cm3utranslate-namesμετὰ καὶ Κλήμεντος1with also Clement**Clement** was a man who was a believer and worker in the church at Philippi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
214PHP43s9h9ὧν τὰ ὀνόματα ἐν βίβλῳ ζωῆς1whose names are in the Book of Life“whose names God has written in the Book of Life”
215PHP44elt7χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ1Rejoice in the Lord“be happy because of all the Lord has done.” See how you translated this in [Philippians 3:1](../03/01.md).
216PHP45snk5ὁ Κύριος ἐγγύς1The Lord is nearThis could mean: (1) The Lord Jesus is near to the believers in spirit. (2) The day the Lord Jesus will return to the earth is near.
217PHP46h63gἐν παντὶ, τῇ προσευχῇ καὶ τῇ δεήσει μετὰ εὐχαριστίας, τὰ αἰτήματα ὑμῶν γνωριζέσθω πρὸς τὸν Θεόν1in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God“whatever happens to you, ask God for everything you need with prayer and thanks”
218PHP47u1szἡ εἰρήνη τοῦ Θεοῦ1the peace of God“the peace that God gives”
219PHP47zr4xἡ ὑπερέχουσα πάντα νοῦν1which surpasses all understanding“which is more than we can understand”
220PHP47sb6sfigs-personificationφρουρήσει τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν καὶ τὰ νοήματα ὑμῶν ἐν Χριστῷ1will guard your hearts and your minds in ChristThis presents Gods peace as a soldier who protects our **hearts** and **minds** from worrying. Alternate translation: “will be like a soldier and guard your hearts and minds in Christ”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
221PHP47tsz6figs-metonymyφρουρήσει τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν καὶ τὰ νοήματα ὑμῶν ἐν Χριστῷ1will guard your hearts and your minds in ChristHere, **hearts** is a metonym for a persons emotions. Alternate translation: “will guard your emotions and thoughts in Christ” or “will protect you in Christ and will keep you from worrying about the troubles of this life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
222PHP48b8igτὸ λοιπόν1As to the restAs Paul ends his letter, he gives a summary of how believers should live to have peace with God.
223PHP48fxn5ἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md).
224PHP48r275ὅσα προσφιλῆ1as many as lovely“whatever things are pleasing”
225PHP48pv1iὅσα εὔφημα1as many as reputable“whatever thing people admire” or “whatever things people respect”
226PHP48i5glεἴ τις ἀρετὴ1if anything is virtuous“if they are morally good”
227PHP48e9ebεἴ τις ἔπαινος1if anything is praiseworthy“and if they are things that people praise”
228PHP49m145ἃ καὶ ἐμάθετε καὶ παρελάβετε, καὶ ἠκούσατε καὶ εἴδετε, ἐν ἐμοί1And what you learned and received and heard and saw in me“And everything that I have taught and shown you”
229PHP410pwh90Connecting Statement:Paul begins to thank the Philippians for a gift that they have sent him. He begins in verse 11 to explain that he is thanking them for this gift simply because he is grateful, not because he needs them to give him anything more.
230PHP411ts2kαὐτάρκης εἶναι1to be content“to be satisfied” or “to be happy”
231PHP411ew5eἐν οἷς εἰμι1in whatever I am“no matter what my situation is”
232PHP412lgp9figs-explicitοἶδα καὶ ταπεινοῦσθαι, οἶδα καὶ περισσεύειν1I know both how to be brought low and I know how to aboundPaul knows how to live happily having either no possessions or many possessions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
233PHP412i9vpfigs-parallelismχορτάζεσθαι καὶ πεινᾶν, καὶ περισσεύειν καὶ ὑστερεῖσθαι1to being filled and to being hungry, and to abounding and to being in needThese two phrases mean basically the same thing. Paul uses them to emphasize that he has learned how to be content in any situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
234PHP412xrp3figs-merismχορτάζεσθαι καὶ πεινᾶν1to be filled and to be hungryThis phrase is a merism. Paul refers to both extremes to say that he is comfortable with any amount of food. Alternate translation: “no matter what amount of food I have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
235PHP412ufv4figs-merismπερισσεύειν καὶ ὑστερεῖσθαι1to abound and to be in needThis phrase is a merism. Paul refers to both extremes to say that he is comfortable with any amount of possessions. Alternate translation: “no matter what amount of things I have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
236PHP413z1pbπάντα ἰσχύω ἐν τῷ ἐνδυναμοῦντί με1I can do all things in him who strengthens me“I can do all things because Christ gives me strength”
237PHP414bs720Connecting Statement:Paul continues explaining that he is thanking the Philippians for their gift to him simply because he is grateful, not because he needs them to give him anything more (see [Philippians 3:11](../03/11.md)).
238PHP414fe2zfigs-metaphorμου τῇ θλίψει1in my afflictionPaul speaks of his hardships as if they were a place that he was in. Alternate translation: “when things became difficult” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
239PHP415w23wfigs-metonymyἀρχῇ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου1the beginning of the gospelPaul refers to the **gospel** here as meaning his preaching of the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
240PHP415dyf8figs-doublenegativesοὐδεμία μοι ἐκκλησία ἐκοινώνησεν εἰς λόγον δόσεως καὶ λήμψεως, εἰ μὴ ὑμεῖς μόνοι1no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you aloneYou can state this in the positive. Alternate translation: “you were the only church that sent me money or helped me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
241PHP417e9g9οὐχ ὅτι ἐπιζητῶ τὸ δόμα1Not that I seek the giftPaul is explaining that his reason for writing about gifts is not that he hopes that they will give him more gifts. Alternate Translation: “My reason for writing this is not that I want you to give me more”
242PHP417bh3tfigs-metaphorἐπιζητῶ τὸν καρπὸν τὸν πλεονάζοντα εἰς λόγον ὑμῶν1I seek the fruit that increases to your accountPaul explains his reason for writing about gifts. Here, **fruit that increases to your account** is a metaphor for either: (1) It refers to more good deeds that can be recorded for the Philippians. Alternate translation: “Rather I want God to recognize the increasing good deeds that you do” (2) It refers to more blessings for the good things that the Philippians do. Alternate translation: “Rather I want God to bless you more because of the good deeds that you do”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
243PHP418p6y10Connecting Statement:Paul finishes thanking the Philippians for their gift (see [Philippians 3:11](../03/11.md)) and assures them that God will take care of them.
244PHP418fs44ἀπέχω…πάντα1I have everything in fullThis could mean: (1) Paul has received **everything** that the Philippians sent. (2) Paul is using humor to continue the business metaphor from [Philippians 3:8](../03/08.md) and saying that this part of the letter is a receipt for commercial goods that Epaphroditus delivered.
245PHP418en6tfigs-explicitπερισσεύω1I aboundPaul means that he has plenty of the things that he needs for himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
246PHP418s68vfigs-metaphorὀσμὴν εὐωδίας, θυσίαν δεκτήν, εὐάρεστον τῷ Θεῷ1an aroma, a sweet smell, an acceptable, pleasing sacrifice to GodPaul speaks of the gift from the Philippian church as if it were a **sacrifice** offered to **God** on an altar. Paul implies that the churchs gift is very **pleasing** to God, like the sacrifices that the priests burned, which had a **smell** that pleased God. Alternate translation: “I assure you these gifts are very pleasing to God, like an acceptable sacrifice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
247PHP419r96pfigs-idiomπληρώσει πᾶσαν χρείαν ὑμῶν1will fulfill all your needsThe word for **will fulfill** is the same word translated as “have been fulfilled” in verse 18. This phrase is an idiom meaning “will provide everything you need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
248PHP419xmk2κατὰ τὸ πλοῦτος αὐτοῦ ἐν δόξῃ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1according to his riches in glory in Christ Jesus“from his glorious riches that he gives through Christ Jesus”
249PHP420fba5τῷ δὲ Θεῷ…ἡμῶν1Now to our GodThe word **Now** marks the closing prayer and the end of this section of the letter.
250PHP421h2jrοἱ…ἀδελφοί1The brothersThis refers to those people who were either ministering with or to Paul.
251PHP421z65aἀδελφοί1brothersSee how you translated this in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md).
252PHP422rg96μάλιστα…οἱ ἐκ τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας1especially those from the household of CaesarThis refers to servants who worked in Caesars palace. “especially the fellow believers who work in the palace of Caesar”
253PHP423a3f8figs-synecdocheμετὰ τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν1be with your spiritPaul refers to the believers by using the word **spirit,** which is what enables humans to relate to God. Alternate translation: “be with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])