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Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note front:intro rx9u 0 # Introduction to Psalms\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Psalms\n\n1. Book One (Psalms 1-41)\n1. Book Two (Psalms 42-72)\n1. Book Three (Psalms 73-89)\n1. Book Four (Psalms 90-106)\n1. Book Five (Psalms 107-150)\n\n### What is the Book of Psalms?\n\nThe Book of Psalms is a collection of songs. People called psalmists wrote them for different reasons. In some psalms, the psalmists expressed their praise for God. In other psalms, they asked God for help and expressed confidence in his love and power. In others, they confessed their sins and begged for mercy. The Israelites wrote some psalms to ask Yahweh to defeat their enemies. Other psalms celebrated the event of a new king beginning his reign. Psalmists also wrote to praise the city of Jerusalem. They wrote some psalms to instruct people on how to be wise by honoring Yahweh and obeying his law. Also, pilgrims sang some of the psalms while traveling to Jerusalem to worship there. Some psalms became songs of praise in the temple worship of Yahweh.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators can use the traditional title of this book, “The Book of Psalms” or just “Psalms.” Another title of this book is “Songs of Praise.” Translators may express this meaning in their own languages, or they may choose to use or transliterate the name from another language version if it is well known. For example, the French title “Les Psaumes” might be understood by everyone in a project language, if French is the language of wider communication in the region. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])\n\n### When was the Book of Psalms written?\n\nThe Psalms were written over a long period of time. Moses probably wrote the earliest psalm around 1400 B.C. David and Asaph wrote their psalms between 1020 and 975 B.C. The Korahites may have written their psalms before Jerusalem was destroyed and the Jews were exiled to Babylon in 587 B.C. Psalm 126 appears to come from the period after the exile, which ended in 538 B.C.\n\n### What are the Messianic psalms?\n\nSome psalms are called “Messianic psalms.” New Testament writers considered these psalms to prophesy about the Messiah, Jesus Christ. They cited Psalms 2, 8, 16, 22, 34, 40, 41, 45, 68, 69, 89, 102, 109, 110, and 118 at least one time each in the New Testament.\n\n### What are superscriptions in the Psalms?\n\nMany psalms give some information called superscriptions before the beginning of the psalm. Some of the expressions in the superscriptions are difficult to understand, so modern versions often have different interpretations of them.\n\nSeventy-three psalms are called “A psalm of David.” This may mean they were written by King David. Or, it could mean someone wrote them for David or in the style that David used when he composed poetry. The superscriptions of some psalms give the historical situations in which they were written.\n\nSome superscriptions give instructions about how they should be played and sung. They tell which instruments, singers, or melodies that should be used for that psalm. Fifty-five psalms are addressed “to the choirmaster” or “chief musician.” The psalmists seem to have meant them to be used in temple worship.\n\nTraditionally, English versions do not give verse numbers to the superscriptions. But many versions in other languages do. Whether or not translators give them verse numbers, they should consider the superscriptions in the Psalms as part of the divinely inspired biblical text.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What are some important ways in which Yahweh is pictured in the Book of Psalms?\n\nThe psalmists often pictured Yahweh as:\n\n* a king who rules over the nation of Israel and over all the nations\n* a shepherd who leads the people of Israel and also the individual psalm writers\n* a “rock,” that is, a high rocky mountain on which people can be completely safe from their enemies\n* a strong warrior who always defeats his enemies.\n\n### What is the importance of honor and shame in the Book of Psalms?\n\nWhen people honor someone, they think well of him and may even admire him. On the other hand, if people shame someone, that person loses honor and is disgraced.\n\nPsalmists often expressed a great desire that Yahweh would be honored by the Israelites and also by the rest of the world.\n\nAlso, psalmists often expressed fear that they would be shamed by their enemies. When they felt this way, the psalmists wrote of their trust that Yahweh would not allow this to happen.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Why do the ULT and UST display the Book of Psalms as poetry, but some modern versions do not?\n\nThe psalmists wrote the Psalms as Hebrew poetry. The ULT and UST set each line farther to the right on the page than regular text is placed to show that the writing is poetry rather than prose.\n\nThis style typically uses pairs of poetic lines that relate to each other in different ways. Usually, poetic lines are said to be “parallel” to each other. A line that is indented farther to the right is paired with the line above it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\nTranslators will have to decide whether to present the Psalms as poetry or as prose in their own language. Translators will need to consider whether their language has poetic forms that are suitable for expressing the Psalms.\n\n### Why do some versions number the Psalms differently than others?\n\nFrom ancient times, people have numbered the Psalms in different ways. The Jews numbered the Psalms in Hebrew in one way. When they translated the Psalms into Greek, they numbered them in a different way. As a result, the Hebrew numbering and the Greek numbering of Psalms were both passed down through the centuries. They are both still in use today. Translators will probably want to number the Psalms in the same way that most versions in their own country do.\n\n### How should the translator view the terms Selah and Higgaion that occur in various psalms?\n\n“Selah” and “Higgaion” seem to be musical terms inserted as directions for singers and musicians. Scholars do not agree as to their meaning. For this reason, translators may decide to transliterate them or leave them out but not try to translate them. 1:intro fan4 0 # Psalm 01 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 1 is usually considered to be a “wisdom psalm,” which gives advice to those who hear it read or sung. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Blessed\n\nA main theme in this psalm is what it means to be blessed. Here “blessed” refers to anyone who is well off because of a good relationship to God. The contrasting theme is that there are ungodly people, those who refuse to honor God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])\n\n### People who opposed Yahweh\n\nThere are several words in this psalm for those who oppose God: “the wicked” (those who do evil), “sinners” (those who ignore God’s law), and “mockers” (those who mock God and the righteous people). (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 1:1 c8cc אַ֥שְֽׁרֵי 1 The **man** described as happy is someone that others admire and desire to be like. **Happy** here can be a congratulatory term. Alternate translation: “Admirable” or “Praised” 1:1 n9y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אַ֥שְֽׁרֵי־הָאִ֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֤ר ׀ לֹ֥א הָלַךְ֮ בַּעֲצַ֪ת רְשָׁ֫עִ֥ים וּבְדֶ֣רֶךְ חַ֭טָּאִים לֹ֥א עָמָ֑ד וּבְמוֹשַׁ֥ב לֵ֝צִ֗ים לֹ֣א יָשָֽׁב 1 In some languages it may be more natural to place the declaration of the state of the man at the end of the verse, after the description of the characteristics that he avoids. However, starting the psalm with the exclamation **Happy** was an intentional poetic decision by the author intended to set the mood of the psalm. Translators should consider how their language might start the pslam with the same sort of praising exclamation. Alternate translation: “The man who does not walk in the advice of the wicked ones, and stands not in the pathway with sinners, and sits not in the seat of mockers is happy.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]]) 1:1 a5wm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הָאִ֗ישׁ 1 The **man** here may refer first to the ideal Israelite king while also having a general meaning referring to a typical righteous person. If your readers would not understand **the man** in a general way you may choose a term that gives a broader interpretation. One possible way to do this may be by not using a definite article. Alternate translation: “is a man” or “is the person” or “is a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 1:1 ma8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֥א הָלַךְ֮ בַּעֲצַ֪ת רְשָׁ֫עִ֥ים 1 Here, **walks** is a metaphor for a man doing the things that wicked ones suggest that he does. It suggests beginning a pattern of doing wrong. If your readers would not understand that **walks in the advice** means to listen to advice and then to do what is suggested, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “never does what wicked people suggest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1:1 x0do לֹ֥א הָלַךְ֮ בַּעֲצַ֪ת רְשָׁ֫עִ֥ים וּבְדֶ֣רֶךְ חַ֭טָּאִים לֹ֥א עָמָ֑ד וּבְמוֹשַׁ֥ב לֵ֝צִ֗ים לֹ֣א יָשָֽׁב 1 It may be helpful to read these three phrases in an inverted way. That way the negative trajectory that the happy man avoids can be more clearly seen. Consider: “Unhappy is the man who walks in the advice of the wicked ones, and then who stands in the pathway of sinners, and then who sits in the seat of scoffers.” The meaning of each of these metaphors is expanded in later notes, but translators should see a downward trajectory of worsening character that a **happy man** avoids. 1:1 aerb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רְשָׁ֫עִ֥ים 1 The author is using the adjective **wicked** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. (Note: **ones** has been supplied in the ULT to mark that this adjective is plural.) Alternate translation: “wicked people” or “people who are wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 1:1 y9ow rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבְדֶ֣רֶךְ חַ֭טָּאִים לֹ֥א עָמָ֑ד 1 Here, **stands not in the pathway of sinners** refers to not copying how sinners continually live their lives, that is, their sinful habits. Standing means joining with sinners. The **pathway** means habits or how they live. Not only does the happy man not do what the wicked say, doing what sinners do does not become how he lives his life. If your readers would not understand that imitating someone’s habitual lifestyle is meant by **stands … in the pathway** in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and does not make sinning a habit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1:1 b9ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבְמוֹשַׁ֥ב לֵ֝צִ֗ים לֹ֣א יָשָֽׁב 1 Here, **sits not in the seat of scoffers** means to not become like people who spend their time mocking people, things, and God. By avoiding the previous two progressions towards a sinful life, the happy man avoids this final state where he would be just like the wicked. If your readers would not understand that becoming like scoffing people is meant by **sits … in the seat** in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “so he never becomes like wicked mockers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1:2 x7b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast כִּ֤י אִ֥ם 1 The author uses the word **But** here to indicate a strong contrast between what the does and does not do. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Rather” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]) 1:2 zvgc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns חֶ֫פְצ֥וֹ 1 Here, **his** refers to the happy man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) 1:2 fhfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֶ֫פְצ֥וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **delight**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “he delights” or “he rejoices” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1:2 nbop rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וּֽבְתוֹרָת֥וֹ 1 Here, **his** refers to Yahweh. That is, Yahweh’s instruction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) 1:2 ikjs rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יֶהְגֶּ֗ה 1 Here, **he** refers to the happy man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) 1:2 u4ur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יוֹמָ֥ם וָלָֽיְלָה 1 Here, **day and night** is used figuratively to mean continually. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “all the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1:3 q40p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְֽהָיָ֗ה כְּעֵץ֮ שָׁת֪וּל עַֽל־פַּלְגֵ֫י מָ֥יִם אֲשֶׁ֤ר פִּרְי֨וֹ ׀ יִתֵּ֬ן בְּעִתּ֗וֹ וְעָלֵ֥הוּ לֹֽא־יִבּ֑וֹל וְכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֣ה יַצְלִֽיחַ 1 The point of this verse’s comparison between the happy man and a well-watered tree is that just like the streams of water cause the tree to flourish, learning Yahweh’s instructions cause the man to flourish. (In Hebrew the phrases even sound similar.) Both a positive and negative comparison are given to strengthen the force of the point. The tree, fruit, and leaf references connect both back to Eden and forward to the end of Revelation. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could make the argument a little more explicit as the “Like … so” connection does in the UST. See PSA 92:12-92:14 for another use of this imagry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 1:3 ovv7 שָׁת֪וּל 1 The point of the choice of the word **transplanted** is to emphasize the intentional placement of a tree so that it gets abundant water. Translators could use a word meaning “planted” if their readers would understand that this was intentional. Alternate translation: “deliberately planted” or “cultivated” 1:3 bet7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive שָׁת֪וּל 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that someone transplanted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 1:3 j6o3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְעָלֵ֥הוּ לֹֽא־יִבּ֑וֹל 1 The author is referring figuratively to the tree dying by association with the way the leaves on a tree **wither** when a tree is dead or dying. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and it will not die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1:3 s609 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְעָלֵ֥הוּ לֹֽא־יִבּ֑וֹל 1 Here the author uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “and its leaves are strong and green” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 1:3 zo3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֣ה יַצְלִֽיחַ 1 Here, both instances of **he** refer to the happy man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]]) 1:4 s4jq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases לֹא־כֵ֥ן 1 The **so** here refers to everything in the first three verses. The **wicked** are not in any way like the happy man. If your language has a way to indicate that **so** refers back not just to the last line about success but to the wider context of the first three verses, consider using it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 1:4 as72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כַּ֝מֹּ֗ץ 1 The word **chaff** refers to the parts of a wheat or other grain plant that are not food. The husk that surrounds the edible seed is very light and blows away when the wheat is threshed to separate out the edible seed. The stalks are collected and burned. Thus the chaff is with the grain until harvest but then separated and burned or blown away. If your readers would not be familiar with this process you could describe the chaff or use another light and worthless material to describe the wicked. Alternate translation: “like dried seed husks” or “like fallen leaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 1:4 evr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּ֥י אִם־כַּ֝מֹּ֗ץ אֲֽשֶׁר־תִּדְּפֶ֥נּוּ רֽוּחַ 1 The idea of **the wicked** as waste material gathered at the harvest that is then eliminated in some way is a common biblical image of God judging the wicked. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider how to make the connection to the next verse show this more clearly, because there the author makes this explicit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1:5 xo05 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases עַל־כֵּ֤ן 1 **Thus** indicates that the connection between the previous statements and this is one of similarity. Just like the chaff is removed from the good harvest and destroyed, thus the wicked will be removed from Yahweh’s righteous people and destroyed. Alternate translation: “In the same way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 1:5 kt0k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָקֻ֣מוּ רְ֭שָׁעִים בַּמִּשְׁפָּ֑ט 1 To **stand in the judgment** is to be innocent. Unlike the man in [PSA 24:3-4](../24/03.md), the wicked will be judged by Yahweh, and will not rise again as in [PSA 140:10](../140/10.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1:5 h9cj יָקֻ֣מוּ 1 The word translated **stand** here is translated as “arise” in [PSA 140:10](../140/10.md) and in many other places. This hints at resurrection imagery which helps to clarify which judgment is in the mind of the author. 1:5 dhfv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בַּמִּשְׁפָּ֑ט 1 This refers to the time when Yahweh will finally judge the whole world. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1:5 yb22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ֝חַטָּאִ֗ים 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “nor will sinners stand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1:5 ys17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj צַדִּיקִֽים 1 The author is using the adjective **righteous** as a noun in order to describe a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. (Note: **ones** has been supplied in the ULT to mark that this adjective is plural.) Alternate translation: “righteous people” or “people who are righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 1:6 c4kq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 **For** here introduces an explanation of the contrast throughout this psalm. If possible, use a connector here that can refer back to more than just the immediate context. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) 1:6 pyo9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יוֹדֵ֣עַ 1 Here, **knows** refers to Yahweh’s intimate and active involvement in the life of the righteous. Alternate translation: “guards” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2:intro z14u 0 # Psalm 2 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 2 is usually considered a royal psalm because it is about the king. It was probably first sung when a new person became the king. While there are (from the perspective of the New Testament) clear references to Jesus, the Anointed (Messiah) Son of God (Yahweh), translators should avoid bringing this fuller understanding into the translation of this psalm, which was written almost 1,000 years before Christ.\n\n\n## Structure\n\n1. v. 1-3 Rebellion - Earthly kings plot rebellion\n2. v. 4-6 Response - The Heavenly King laughs\n3. v. 7-9 Decree - The King on Zion recounts Yahweh's covenant\n4. v. 10-12 Ultimatum - Earthly kings, “Serve Yahweh … Kiss the son!”\n(based on Psalms Layer by Layer released CCBYSA4.0)\n\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\n\nAs in most psalms, parallelism is used throughout this psalm. Often the second line emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. In many cases, differences between the lines serve to intensify the point being made. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n- In verse nine this comment may be helpful: “One of the most common techniques to achieve intensification in biblical parallelism is the use of the simile in the second clause.” - Robert G. Bratcher and William David Reyburn, A Translator’s Handbook on the Book of Psalms, UBS Handbook Series (New York: United Bible Societies, 1991), 30. 2:1 e4gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֭מָּה רָגְשׁ֣וּ גוֹיִ֑ם וּ֝לְאֻמִּ֗ים יֶהְגּוּ־רִֽיק 1 [Verses 4](../02/04.md) and following provide the proper understanding of the questions that make up this verse. They are not true questions, they are statements of mocking disbelief. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Nations are in turmoil and peoples are complaining uselessly.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2:1 hd4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy גוֹיִ֑ם 1 Here, **nations** represents either the people of the nations or the leaders of the nations. If **nations** could not be understood to **conspire**, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. However, it is best to not narrow the meaning to leaders yet, as the psalm will do that in the next verse. Alternate translation: “people from other nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2:1 xqez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo 0 What the **nations** are conspiring and the **peoples** are plotting is not mentioned in this verse, but since it becomes clear from the next two verses, you do not need to explain its meaning further here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]]) 2:2 ag3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יִ֥תְיַצְּב֨וּ ׀ מַלְכֵי־אֶ֗רֶץ וְרוֹזְנִ֥ים נֽוֹסְדוּ־יָ֑חַד 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “The kings of the earth take their stand, indeed, the rulers conspire together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2:3 bvs1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נְֽ֭נַתְּקָה אֶת־מֽוֹסְרוֹתֵ֑ימוֹ וְנַשְׁלִ֖יכָה מִמֶּ֣נּוּ עֲבֹתֵֽימוֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Let us tear apart their bonds, truly, let us cast their cords away from us.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2:3 xw9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נְֽ֭נַתְּקָה אֶת־מֽוֹסְרוֹתֵ֑ימוֹ וְנַשְׁלִ֖יכָה מִמֶּ֣נּוּ עֲבֹתֵֽימוֹ 1 The people of other nations speak of Yahweh and his anointed's rule over them as if it were **bonds**and **cords**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “We should free ourselves from their control; we should not let them rule over us any longer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2:4 vz39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יוֹשֵׁ֣ב בַּשָּׁמַ֣יִם יִשְׂחָ֑ק אֲ֝דֹנָ֗י יִלְעַג־לָֽמוֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “He who sits in the heavens sneers; indeed, \nthe Lord mocks them.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2:4 t9zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יוֹשֵׁ֣ב 1 Here, **sitting** represents ruling. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He who rules” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2:5 z631 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְאַפּ֑וֹ וּֽבַחֲרוֹנ֥וֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **anger** and **fury**, you could express the same ideas in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2:6 ygss rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations 0 This verse is a quotation of Yahweh (who is mentioned before this verse as the Lord who is sitting in the heavens). If the speaker would be unclear, you may want to introduce him as the UST does. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]]) 2:6 emc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns וַ֭אֲנִי נָסַ֣כְתִּי 1 Yahweh says **I myself** to emphasize how significant it was that it was he and not someone else who was setting up this king on Zion. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “I alone have poured out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 2:6 v3q9 נָסַ֣כְתִּי 1 Scholars debate the meaning of this verb. However, all the options lead either symbolically or literally to the idea that Yahweh has made his king the ruler on Zion. Alternate translation: “installed” or “placed” 2:7 d5l7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲסַפְּרָ֗ה אֶֽ֫ל חֹ֥ק יְֽהוָ֗ה אָמַ֘ר 1 The person saying this is the king that Yahweh placed in Zion. This is a change of speaker from the previous verse, though both are unmarked in the original. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “The king says he will describe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:8 vjb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נַחֲלָתֶ֑ךָ וַ֝אֲחֻזָּתְךָ֗ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **inheritance** and **possession**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for you to inherit and … shall you possess” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2:8 cv7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism אַפְסֵי־אָֽרֶץ 1 Here, **the extremities of the earth** is referring to all of the world by naming its edges or limits. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the entire world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 2:9 at9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְּ֭רֹעֵם בְּשֵׁ֣בֶט בַּרְזֶ֑ל כִּכְלִ֖י יוֹצֵ֣ר תְּנַפְּצֵֽם 1 Here, the king is speaking of his own power and anger as if it was an **iron rod** and of nations as if they were **jar**s **of a potter.** If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning another way. Alternate translation: “Your power is like an iron rod, which will shatter the nations, which are like mere clay pots.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2:9 ggd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כִּכְלִ֖י יוֹצֵ֣ר 1 A **potter** is a person who makes clay pots and jars. These are fragile and can be broken easily. If your readers would not be familiar with this, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “like a clay jar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 2:10 j2nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הִ֝וָּסְר֗וּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “listen to this warning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2:11 yfoo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּיִרְאָ֑ה וְ֝גִ֗ילוּ בִּרְעָדָֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **fear** and **rejoice**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “fearfully and joyfully tremble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2:12 w4m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction נַשְּׁקוּ־בַ֡ר 1 To **kiss the son** is a symbolic action showing loyalty and pledged obedience. If this would not be clear to your readers, you can explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. People would show their king that they were loyal to him by kissing him, perhaps on the feet. Alternate translation: “Show the son that you are truly loyal to him” or “Bow down humbly before his son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 2:12 v3bs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְתֹ֬אבְדוּ דֶ֗רֶךְ 1 The implication is that the **son** will kill **you**. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he kill you in the way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:12 l654 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּֽי־יִבְעַ֣ר כִּמְעַ֣ט אַפּ֑וֹ 1 The **son**’s anger is spoken of as if it were a fire that could burn. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when he suddenly becomes very angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2:12 ty9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַ֝שְׁרֵ֗י כָּל־ח֥וֹסֵי בֽוֹ 1 The protection that submitting to the **son** provides is spoken of as if the son himself were a safe place (**refuge**) within which people could be protected. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Everyone who asks the king to protect them is happy ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:intro py7j 0 # Psalm 03 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 3 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a morning song intended to be sung in the temple accompanied by musical instruments during morning worship. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n- **Selah**: This psalm contains the first instances of the Hebrew word **Selah** the meaning of which is unknown. The Septuagint translates the term as διάψαλμα (diapsalma) “musical interlude.” Your translation team should decide if you will (1) transliterate **Selah** (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) (2) omit **Selah** or (3) follow the Septuagint and translate something like “pause” into your language. 3:front g1yb לְדָוִ֑ד 1 This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 3:1 xp7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations יְ֭הוָה מָֽה־רַבּ֣וּ צָרָ֑י 1 The **how** marks this as an exclamation that is emphasizing to Yahweh by an emotional outburst how desperate the author’s situation is. Use an exclamation that would communicate that meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “Oh Yahweh, I have so many enemies!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 3:1 cj3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom קָמִ֥ים עָלָֽי 1 Here, **risers against me** is an idiom that means “people who rebel against me” or “people who wish to fight me.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Those who rebel against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 3:2 lhxm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֵ֤ין יְֽשׁוּעָ֓תָה לּ֬וֹ בֵֽאלֹהִ֬ים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Surely God will not save him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 3:2 oya5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate סֶֽלָה 1 This is the first instance of the Hebrew word **Selah** the meaning of which is unknown. The Septuagint translates the term as διάψαλμα (diapsalma) “musical interlude.” Your translation team should decide if you will (1) transliterate **Selah** (2) omit **Selah** or (3) follow the Septuagint and translate something like “pause” into your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) 3:3 mj2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מָגֵ֣ן בַּעֲדִ֑י 1 Here, **shield** represents protection. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, protect me like a shield” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 3:3 llc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כְּ֝בוֹדִ֗י 1 Because **Yahweh** is the actor in all the other actions in this verse, calling **Yahweh** his **glory** probably means that **Yahweh** gives the writer **glory** or honor. Since the writer has just spoken about his enemies and Yahweh being his protector, he probably means that Yahweh gives him glory by giving him victory over his enemies. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you are the one who gives me glory” or “you are the one who gives me victory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 3:3 hj6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּמֵרִ֥ים רֹאשִֽׁי 1 Lifting the writer’s **head** could mean (1) giving him courage or (2) giving him victory over his enemies or (3) restoring him to being king of Israel (given the context of David fleeing from his son’s usurping). If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the one who encourages me” or “and the one who lifts me over my enemies” or “and the one who lifts me to the throne” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 3:4 bz2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶקְרָ֑א וַיַּֽעֲנֵ֨נִי 1 The implication is that the author is calling to Yahweh for help and that Yahweh’s answer takes the form of giving help. You can include this information if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I call for help … and he helped me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:6 q7wy have set themselves against me on every side 0 Alternate translation: “have surrounded me to destroy me” 3:7 zax2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Rise up 0 David speaks of starting to do something as getting up. Alternate translation: “Take action” or “Do something” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 3:7 az5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism hit all my enemies & break the teeth of the wicked 0 These phrases say very similar things. The phrases “my enemies” and “the wicked” refer to the same group of people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 3:7 r6xe rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction For you will hit all my enemies on the jaw 0 This was a way of insulting people. David speaks as if Yahweh would come and physically hit his enemies. Alternate translation: “For you will insult all my enemies like someone hitting them on the jaw” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:7 k36i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will break the teeth of the wicked 0 Animals attack with their teeth. Breaking their teeth takes away their power to attack. David speaks as if Yahweh would come and physically fight against the wicked. Alternate translation: “you will make the wicked unable to harm me like someone breaking the teeth of a ferocious animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:8 x9bn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Salvation comes from Yahweh 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh saves his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 4:intro b2qk 0 # Psalm 04 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 4 is a psalm of deliverance. It is an evening song, intended to be sung in the temple accompanied by musical instruments during evening worship. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust\n\nGod protects all those who truly trust in him for protection. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 4:1 zjj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 4:1 q28k For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 4:1 k7md on stringed instruments 0 Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song” 4:1 f3xk Answer me when I call 0 Alternate translation: “Respond to me when I call” or “Help me when I call” 4:1 dd31 God of my righteousness 0 Alternate translation: “God, who shows that I am righteous” 4:1 n99c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor give me room when I am hemmed in 0 Being in danger is spoken of as being in a narrow space. Alternate translation: “rescue me when I am in danger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 4:2 r39v General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nDavid sings this part of the song as if he is speaking to his enemies. 4:2 p3x5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion You people, how long will you turn my honor into shame? 0 David uses this question to rebuke his enemies. Alternate translation: “You people continually turn my honor into shame!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 4:2 vy7i turn my honor into shame 0 Shaming him instead of honoring him is spoken of as making his honor become shame. Alternate translation: “shame me instead of honoring me” or “bring me shame when you should be honoring me” 4:2 i8ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long will you love that which is worthless and seek after lies? 0 David uses this question to rebuke his enemies. Alternate translation: “You continue to love things that are worthless and seek after lies.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 4:2 mvp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism love that which is worthless & seek after lies 0 These two phrases are very similar in meaning. The lies are worthless. Alternate translation: “love worthless lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 4:3 w2gh Yahweh has set apart the faithful ones for himself 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh chooses godly people for himself” 4:4 api1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Tremble in fear 0 The relationship between “tremble” and “fear” and who people should fear can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Fear Yahweh so much that you tremble” or “Stand in awe of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:4 u9p9 Tremble 0 shake from fear 4:4 l67w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Meditate in your heart 0 The heart represents a person’s thoughts. Thinking carefully is spoken of as meditating in one’s heart. Alternate translation: “Think carefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 4:5 h8tj Offer the sacrifices of righteousness 0 Alternate translation: “Offer the right sacrifices” 4:5 ul9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor put your trust in Yahweh 0 Here “trust” is spoken of as if it were an object that could be put somewhere. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trust**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “trust in Yahweh” or “trust Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 4:6 k53m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who will show us anything good? 0 This question is used either to ask for something or to express a wish about something that has not happened. Alternate translation: “Please show us something good!” or “We wish someone would show us something good!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 4:6 uvl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Who will show us anything good? 0 This could mean: (1) showing something good represents bringing good things. Alternate translation: “Who will bring good things to us?” or (2) showing something good represents saying that good things have happened. Alternate translation: “Who will say that anything good has happened?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 4:6 stu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lift up the light of your face on us 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 4:7 v4vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche You have given my heart more gladness 0 The heart represents the person. Alternate translation: “You have given me more gladness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 4:7 b9ht rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You have given my heart more gladness than others have 0 Here “gladness” is spoken of as if it is an object that can be given. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **gladness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “glad.” Alternate translation: “You have made me more glad than others are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 4:7 izx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy when their grain and new wine abound 0 “New wine” may represent grapes. Alternate translation: “when they reap plentiful harvests of grain and grapes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 4:8 b57u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor It is in peace that I will lie down and sleep 0 Peace is spoken of as if it were a place. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word ****, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will be peaceful when I lie down and sleep” or “I will not be afraid of danger when I lie down and sleep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 4:8 p2ce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet make me safe and secure 0 The words “safe” and “secure” mean basically the same thing and emphasize complete safety. Alternate translation: “make me completely safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 5:intro e67h 0 # Psalm 05 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 5 is a psalm of deliverance. Notice how the psalmist both praises God and asks Him for help in defeating the wicked. It was intended to be sung accompanied by flutes. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\n\nGod does not help people who do evil but he blesses those who are good and trust in him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 5:1 k92k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 5:1 q7tu For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 5:1 tu54 with wind instruments 0 Alternate translation: “This song should be accompanied by people who play wind instruments.” 5:1 xts1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Listen to my call to you 0 This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “Listen to me as I call to you for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 5:1 i566 groanings 0 low sounds that people make with the voice when they are suffering 5:3 i42x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism in the morning you hear my cry & in the morning I will bring my petition to you 0 These two phrases are very similar in meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 5:3 q5qw I will bring my petition to you 0 Alternate translation: “I will make my request” or “I will ask you for what I need” 5:3 rk6n wait expectantly 0 Alternate translation: “wait, expecting you to do what I ask you to do” 5:6 qjt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Yahweh despises violent and deceitful men 0 Since David is speaking to God in this psalm, this sentence can be stated with the word “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you despise violent and deceitful men” or “Yahweh, you hate men who do violent acts and deceive others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 5:7 xxs4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns because of your great covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 5:7 wus9 your house 0 This refers to God’s temple. Alternate translation: “your temple” 5:8 nj5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lead me in your righteousness 0 David speaks of righteousness as if it were a path and of teaching as leading. The phrase “your righteousness” means that God is righteous Alternate translation: “teach me to do what is righteous as you do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:8 f99i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor make your path straight before me 0 David speaks of righteousness as if it were a path. A straight path is easy to see or walk on. Alternate translation: “show me clearly how to live in the right way” or “make it easy for me to do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:9 vyp8 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nDavid talks about his enemies. 5:9 yu9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy For there is no truth in their mouth 0 Truth being in the mouth represents speaking truthfully. Alternate translation: “For they never say what is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 5:9 w7sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy their inward being is wicked 0 The inward being represents people’s thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “their thoughts and desires are wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 5:9 t93l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy their throat 0 The throat represents people’s speech. Alternate translation: “their speech” or “what they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 5:9 aj6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their throat is an open tomb 0 Their throat is spoken of as if it were an open tomb, ready for dead bodies to put into it. This could mean: (1) “they say that they will kill people” or (2) “What they say kills people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:9 c5lk they flatter with their tongue 0 Alternate translation: “they say nice things about people without really meaning it” 5:9 w8tw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy their tongue 0 The tongue represents what people say. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 5:10 b8gr may their schemes be their downfall 0 Alternate translation: “may their schemes cause them to experience disasters” or “may they become less important because of their schemes” 5:10 llj1 schemes 0 plans to harm people 5:10 se86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor downfall 0 This is something that causes a person to experience disasters or to lose power. Experiencing disaster or becoming less important is spoken of as falling. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:11 p2xk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor may all those who take refuge in you rejoice 0 God is spoken of as if he were a refuge, a place where people can be protected. Alternate translation: “May all those who go to you for protection rejoice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:11 w32e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism those who take refuge in you rejoice & shout for joy because you defend them 0 These two clauses express similar thoughts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 5:11 h7eq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor take refuge in you 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:11 jnt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy those who love your name 0 God’s name represents him. Alternate translation: “those who love you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 5:12 t1zz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile you will surround them with favor as with a shield 0 God’s favor is spoken of as if it were a shield. Alternate translation: “you will favor them and protect them as a soldier protects himself with his shield” or “because you are kind to them, you will protect them (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 6:intro gpl3 0 # Psalm 06 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 6 is a deliverance psalm: a call to God for help. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trouble\n\nHe is in deep trouble and needs God to help him in his difficult situation. But then God hears his prayer and scatters his enemies.\n\n### First Person\n\nThis psalm is written using first person making its perspective very personal. There are many uses of the first person in this Psalm. 6:1 qy9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 6:1 z78f For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 6:1 w19w on stringed instruments 0 Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song” 6:1 p2j3 set to the Sheminith style 0 This may refer to a style of music. 6:2 at9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my bones are shaking 0 The bones represent the whole body. His body may have been shaking because he was sick or extremely tired. Alternate translation: “my whole body is shaking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 6:3 sd1q very troubled 0 Alternate translation: “terrified” or “worried” 6:3 vw88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion how long will this continue? 0 David uses this question to show that he does not want to continue feeling weak and troubled. Alternate translation: please, do not let this continue!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 6:4 rce3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Return, Yahweh 0 David speaks of God being kind to him as God returning to him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, come back to me” or “Have mercy on me, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 6:4 fuw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Save me because of your covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Save me because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 6:5 qb7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism For in death there is no remembrance of you. In Sheol who will give you thanks? 0 These two sentences express similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 6:5 pn4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy For in death there is no remembrance of you 0 Here, **remembrance** represents praise. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **remembrance**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “For when people die, they no longer praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 6:5 mb1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion In Sheol who will give you thanks? 0 David uses this question to emphasize that no one in Sheol thanks God. Alternate translation: “No one in Sheol will give you thanks!” or “The dead cannot praise you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 6:6 ge93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I am weary with my groaning 0 His groaning represents the pain or distress that he feels. Alternate translation: “I am very tired because of my pain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 6:6 bay4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism I drench my bed with tears; I wash my couch away with my tears 0 These two sentences express the same meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 6:6 c1qb I drench my bed with tears 0 Alternate translation: “I make my bed wet with my tears” or “My bed is very wet because of my tears” 6:6 isr5 I wash my couch away with my tears 0 Alternate translation: “I make my couch wet with my tears” 6:7 fup4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy My eyes grow dim 0 The ability to see is spoken of in terms of the eyes. Alternate translation: “My vision is blurry” or “I cannot see clearly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 6:7 gny4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from grief 0 Grief here represents crying. Alternate translation: “from crying” or “because I cry so much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 6:9 j23z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Yahweh has heard my appeal for mercy & Yahweh has accepted my prayer 0 These two lines have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 6:9 dq36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh has accepted my prayer 0 Being willing to do what David has prayed for is spoken of as accepting his prayer. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will respond to my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 7:intro zey1 0 # Psalm 07 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 7 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\n\nThe author had not wronged anyone, yet his enemy was trying to attack him. But he knew that God would protect him.\n\n### Cush the Benjamite\n\nNote the superscription and the specific circumstances. There is no other reference to this incident in the Scriptures. But there are references to David being opposed by those of the tribe of Benjamin during the time he was serving King Saul. 7:1 wzv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 7:1 v239 A musical composition of David 0 Alternate translation: “This is a song that David wrote” 7:1 huv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor take refuge in you! 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 7:2 rzk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile they will rip me apart like a lion, tearing me in pieces 0 David speaks of his enemies attacking him as if they would rip his body apart and tear it in pieces as a lion would. Alternate translation: “they will violently kill me like a lion ripping apart its victim’s body and tearing it in pieces” or “they will violently kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 7:2 x9fh with no one else able to bring me to safety 0 Alternate translation: “and no one else will be able to save me” 7:5 ej18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my life 0 The life represents the person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:5 us9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy overtake me 0 This represents capturing him. Alternate translation: “capture me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:5 txr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy let him trample my life to the ground 0 Here “my life” represents the writer. Alternate translation: “allow him to destroy me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:5 hav6 lay my honor in the dust 0 This refers to lying dead and unburied in disgrace. 7:6 phd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Arise, Yahweh, in your anger 0 Arising represents doing something or taking action. Alternate translation: “Do something in your anger” or “Be angry at my enemies and take action: (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:6 a9lp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy stand up against the rage of my enemies 0 Fighting against people is spoken of as standing up against them. Alternate translation: “fight against the rage of my enemies” or “attack my enemies who rage against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:6 q1qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the rage of my enemies 0 Their rage represents their attacks. Alternate translation: “the attacks of my enemies” or “my enemies who attack me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:6 x2us rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor wake up 0 Waking up represents starting to do something or take action. Alternate translation: “Take action” or “Do something” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 7:6 sml1 for my sake 0 Alternate translation: “for me” or “to help me” 7:7 pk8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The countries are assembled 0 Here the word “countries” represents all of the armies that have gathered to attack. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 7:7 rb6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor take once more your rightful place over them 0 Ruling people is spoken of as being over them. Yahweh’s rightful place refers either to heaven or to ruling in general. Alternate translation: “Rule over them from heaven” or “Rule over them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 7:8 e8kb vindicate me 0 Alternate translation: “show them that I am not guilty” 7:9 pw1n establish the righteous people 0 Alternate translation: “make the righteous people strong” or “make the righteous people prosper” 7:9 zql9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you who examine hearts and minds 0 The hearts and minds represent people’s desires and thoughts. Alternate translation: “you who know our inner thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:10 c7u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My shield comes from God 0 The word “shield” represents God’s protection. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 7:11 j5zn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit a God who is indignant each day 0 Who God is angry with can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “a God who is angry with the wicked every day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 7:12 y4zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God will sharpen his sword and will prepare his bow for battle 0 In verses 12 and 13, David speaks of God deciding to punish the wicked as if God were a warrior preparing to fight against them with weapons. Alternate translation: “God will take action against him like a warrior who sharpens his sword and prepares his bow for battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 7:14 l54a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor one who is pregnant with wickedness & conceives destructive plans & gives birth to harmful lies 0 David speaks of the things that a wicked person does as if the person were pregnant and wickedness was the baby. Alternate translation: “the wicked person. He makes plans to destroy people and produces harmful lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 7:16 p524 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor His own destructive plans return to his own head, for his violence comes down on his own head 0 Destruction and violence are spoken of as if they hit a person’s head or fall down on it. Alternate translation: “His own destructive plans destroy him, for his violence attacks him” or “When he plans to destroy others, others destroy him; when he attacks others, others attack him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 8:intro rs24 0 # Psalm 08 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 8 is a psalm of worship and praise to God. This was to be sung by a choir.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s creation\n\nGod has made awesome things in the universe and has exalted humans to be rulers over this creation. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/exalt]])\n\n### A Little Lower than the Heavenly Beings\n\n[Psalms Psalm 8:4-6](./003.md) is quoted in [Hebrews 2:6-8](../../heb/02/06.md), where it is applied to Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) 8:1 lk7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 8:1 i9hb For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 8:1 ye1p set to the gittith style 0 This may refer to a style of music. 8:1 hn59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy how magnificent is your name in all the earth 0 God’s “name” represents his whole being. Alternate translation: “people all over the world know that you are very great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 8:2 u11e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Out of the mouth of babies and infants you have established praise 0 This could mean: (1) praise is spoken of as a solid object that God takes out of babies’ mouths and sets up as a defensive wall or (2) God has created the world so that true praise comes to him from babies. Alternate translation: “You have given babies and infants the ability to praise you” or “It is babies and infants who truly praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 8:3 uj2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your heavens, which your fingers have made 0 God’s fingers represent him. Alternate translation: “the heavens which you have made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 8:4 yhh5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Of what importance is the human race that you notice them, or mankind that you pay attention to them? 0 These remarks have been expressed in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “It is amazing that you think about people and are concerned about them!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 8:4 k9i2 the human race & mankind 0 Both of these phrases refer to people in general. 8:5 sr48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor have crowned them with glory and honor 0 Glory and honor are spoken of as if they were crowns. The words “glory” and “honor” are similar in meaning. Alternate translation: “have given them glory and honor” or “have caused them to be like kings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 8:6 x6z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism You make him to rule over the works & you have put all things under his feet 0 These two clauses express similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 8:6 rc4e You make him & under his feet 0 “you make them … under their feet.” The words “him” and “his” here refer to people. 8:6 xti1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the works of your hands 0 The hands represent what God has done. Alternate translation: “the things that you made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 8:6 py2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have put all things under his feet 0 Having authority to rule others or control things is spoken of as having them under one’s feet. This means God gave people authority over all that he created. Alternate translation: “you have given him authority over all things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 8:9 y339 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations how magnificent is your name in all the earth 0 With this exclamation, David shows his joy and awe about how great God is. Alternate translation: “your name is wonderfully magnificent in all the earth” or “people in all the earth know how magnificent you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 8:9 dvi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your name 0 God’s “name” represents him or his reputation. Alternate translation: “your reputation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 8:9 bf2u magnificent 0 excellent, great 9:intro zq96 0 # Psalm 09 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 9 is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\n\nGod is a protector. He is all-powerful and his enemies cannot withstand him.\n\n### Acrostic Psalm\n\nThis psalm along with Psalm 10 form an acrostic. Which means that each unit begins with a successive letter of the Hebrew alphabet.\n\n### One Psalm or two\n\nThis psalm has a superscription but Psalm 10 doesn’t. This fact and the acrostic nature of the two psalms has lead some scholars to believe these two psalms may have originally been written as one psalm. 9:1 xxu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 9:1 w9iy For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 9:1 nqw5 set to Muth Labben 0 This may refer to a style of music. 9:1 lr4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person I will give thanks to Yahweh with my whole heart 0 Since this song is addressed to Yahweh, Yahweh can be referred to as “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I will give thanks to you with all my heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 9:1 f4r1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns all your marvelous deeds 0 The noun “deeds” can be expressed with the verb “do.” Alternate translation: “all the marvelous things you do” or “all the marvelous things you have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 9:2 vh6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will sing praise to your name 0 Here God’s name represents God. Alternate translation: “I will sing praise to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:3 j685 turn back 0 Alternate translation: “retreat” or “flee in fear” 9:4 nvz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you sit on your throne, a righteous judge 0 Kings had authority to judge people, and they would sit on their throne when they judged. David speaks as if God were an earthly king. Alternate translation: “you judge like a king who sits on his throne, and you are righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:5 cw1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have blotted out their name forever and ever 0 Causing people to be forgotten is spoken of as blotting out their name. Alternate translation: “you have caused them to be forgotten as if their name was blotted out” or “no one will ever remember them again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:5 bs94 blotted out 0 Alternate translation: “erased” 9:6 dj3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The enemy crumbled like ruins 0 The enemy is spoken of as if it were a city full of broken down buildings. Alternate translation: “Our enemies were destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 9:6 b9n1 when you overthrew their cities 0 Alternate translation: “when you destroyed their cities” 9:6 pi7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor All remembrance of them has perished 0 Here “remembrance” is spoken of as if it were a living being that could die. Alternate translation: “All remembrance of them has stopped” or “There is no longer any remembrance of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:6 c6yp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns All remembrance of them has perished 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **remembrance**, you could express the same idea with the verb “remember.” Alternate translation: “No one remembers them at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 9:7 x7xg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh remains forever 0 “Remain” probably represents sitting on the throne as king. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sits on his throne forever” or “Yahweh rules forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:7 h8nu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he has established his throne for justice 0 The phrase “his throne” represents God’s rule. This could mean: (1) “He rules in order to judge people” or (2) “He rules over people justly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:8 pgg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He will judge the world with righteousness & he will execute judgment for the nations with fairness 0 These two clauses express the same meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 9:8 dz3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy He will judge the world with righteousness 0 Here “the world” refers to all the people in the world. Alternate translation: “He will judge all the people of the world righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:9 y7hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh also will be a stronghold for the oppressed 0 God is spoken of as if he were a place that people could go to for safety. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will also protect the oppressed” or “Yahweh will also provide safety for those who are oppressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:10 mb1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Those who know your name 0 Here the words “your name” represent God. Alternate translation: “Those who know you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:10 dj61 do not abandon 0 Alternate translation: “do not forsake” or “do not leave” 9:11 nb7x who rules in Zion 0 Alternate translation: “who lives in Jerusalem” 9:11 i7js rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy tell the nations 0 Here “the nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:12 lcs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit For the God who avenges bloodshed remembers 0 What he remembers can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “For the God who avenges bloodshed remembers those who were killed” or “For God remembers those who were killed and he punishes the killers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 9:12 wk9a he does not forget the cry 0 Alternate translation: “He does not ignore the cry” 9:13 j8i9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive see how I am oppressed by those who hate me 0 This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “see how those who hate me oppress me” or “see how badly my enemies treat me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 9:13 p41p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you who can snatch me from the gates of death 0 Death is spoken of as if it were a city that had gates through which people enter it. If someone is near the gates of death, it means that he will die soon. Keeping someone from dying is spoken of as taking him away from the gates of that city. Alternate translation: “you who can rescue me from death” or “you who can keep me from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:15 re95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The nations have sunk down into the pit that they made 0 People dig pits so they can catch animals that fall into them. Here digging a pit represents making plans to destroy people. Alternate translation: “The nations are like people who dig a pit for others and then fall into it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:15 g4gq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their feet are caught in the net that they hid 0 People hide nets so they can catch animals that get caught in them. Here hiding a net represents making plans to destroy people. Alternate translation: “they are like people who hide a net and get trapped in it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:16 fy3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked is ensnared by his own actions 0 Here “wicked” is a nominal adjective that refers to any wicked person. A wicked person acting to harm other people is spoken of as if the wicked person had made a trap and then fallen into it and been unable to escape. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when a wicked person tries to harm other people, his actions will end up harming him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:16 z41t is ensnared 0 Alternate translation: “is trapped” 9:17 bw3u turned back 0 Alternate translation: “rejected” 9:17 wmb4 all the nations that forget God 0 This refers to “the wicked.” 9:18 f28n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive For the needy will not always be forgotten 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will not always forget the needy” or “God will remember the needy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 9:18 ln7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor nor will the hope of the oppressed be forever dashed 0 Hopes are spoken of as if they were objects that could be broken or destroyed. Hopes being destroyed represents the things that people hope for never happening. Alternate translation: “and the oppressed will not hope forever without results” or “and someday what the oppressed hope for will happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:19 zrv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Arise 0 Getting up represents starting to do something. Alternate translation: “Do something” or “Take action” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:19 dw6d man 0 people 9:19 f879 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy be judged 0 Here judging represents punishing. Alternate translation: “be punished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:19 dca3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in your sight 0 Here sight represents presence. Alternate translation: “in your presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:19 xin9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive may the nations be judged in your sight 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “judge the nations in your presence” or “take the nations into your presence and punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 10:intro h366 0 # Psalm 010 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 10 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Evil people\n\nThe wicked people are prospering and think that God does not care. They think that he is not involved in these affairs. They destroy the innocent. The godly need God to come to their rescue and to punish the wicked people for the evil that they are doing to the good people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/innocent]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]])\n\n### Second half of Psalm 9\n\nAs noted in the intro to the last psalm, this one is part of an acrostic poem. This psalm covers the last half on the Hebrew alphabet. It also does not have a superscription to introduce it. However, the psalms do separate well on the subjects they address. One addresses thanksgiving and praise whereas Psalm 10 is a lament. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) 10:1 he97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 10:1 l729 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why, Yahweh, do you stand far off? Why do you hide yourself in times of trouble? 0 The speaker uses these questions to express his distress that God has not helped him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, it seems as though you are far away from me and you hide from me whenever I am in trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:2 ml6r schemes 0 evil plans 10:3 hd9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the wicked person 0 This refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 10:3 lk5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his deepest desires 0 The noun “desires” can be expressed with the verb “want. “Alternate translation: “the things that he wants very much to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 10:3 bcd9 the greedy 0 Alternate translation: “greedy people” 10:4 nkz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun The wicked man 0 This refers here to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 10:4 es9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor has a raised face 0 A raised face represents pride or arrogance. Alternate translation: “has an arrogant attitude” or “is proud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:4 je9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he does not seek God 0 Here, seeking **God** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “he does not ask God for help” or “he does not think about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:5 h3lz He is secure at all times 0 “He is safe at all times.” He is not really safe, but he thinks that he is. 10:5 ee2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your righteous decrees are too high for him 0 Something that is hard to understand is spoken of as if it were too high to reach. Alternate translation: “he cannot understand your righteous decrees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:5 bbt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction he snorts at all his enemies 0 People snort at their enemies when they think that their enemies are weak and worthless. Alternate translation: “he thinks that all his enemies are weak and worthless” or “he sneers at all his enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 10:5 dxb3 he snorts 0 This means that he blows air out noisily through his nose. 10:6 j7qk He says 0 Alternate translation: “The wicked man says” 10:6 xus1 throughout all generations 0 This probably simply means “forever.” 10:6 y26y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will not meet adversity 0 Experiencing adversity is spoken of as meeting it. Alternate translation: “I will not have any troubles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:7 d42j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy His mouth is full of curses and lies and oppression 0 What people say is spoken of as being in their mouth. Alternate translation: “He always curses people, tells lies, and threatens to harm people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 10:7 xj9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy under his tongue are mischief and evil 0 Here the tongue represents speaking. Alternate translation: or “what he says injures and destroys people” or “he speaks words that threaten and hurt people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 10:8 x2zt He waits in ambush 0 The word “he” refers to the wicked man. 10:8 urg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his eyes look for some helpless victim 0 The eyes represent him. Alternate translation: “he looks for some helpless victim” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 10:9 sd5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile He lurks in secret like a lion in the thicket 0 This speaks of the wicked person as if he were a lion. Alternate translation: “He hides while he waits for the weak to walk near him, the same way a lion quietly waits in the bush for the animal it wants to attack” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 10:9 jkf7 lurks 0 This means to hide or wait with intent to harm or kill. 10:9 ug79 he lies in wait 0 Alternate translation: “lies down waiting” or “he hides and waits” 10:9 g5jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He catches the oppressed when he pulls in his net 0 The writer speaks of the wicked person catching people as if he were a hunter using a net to catch animals. Alternate translation: “He catches the oppressed like a hunter that catches an animal in a net and drags it away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:10 bcg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they fall into his strong nets 0 The writer continues to speak of the wicked person catching people as if he were a hunter, his plans were nets, and the people were animals that fall into his net. Alternate translation: “his victims are caught by his plans like animals that fall into a hunter’s strong nets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:11 y4zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun He says 0 The word “He” refers to the wicked person, and to wicked people in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 10:11 ty8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God has forgotten 0 Refusing to pay attention to what people do is spoken of as forgetting. Alternate translation: “God does not pay attention” or “God does not care about what I do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:11 vdi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he covers his face 0 Refusing to pay attention to what someone does is spoken of as covering one’s face. Alternate translation: “God refuses to see what is happening” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:11 xd2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will not bother to look 0 Paying attention to what someone does is spoken of as looking at it. Alternate translation: “he will not bother to pay attention” or “he will not care” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:12 l9k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Arise 0 Starting to do something is spoken of as getting up. Alternate translation: “Do something” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:12 k3kx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Lift up your hand 0 Here lifting the hand to hit someone represents punishing him. Alternate translation: “Hit him hard” or “Punish the wicked person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 10:13 w9gj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why does the wicked man reject God and say & “You will not hold me accountable”? 0 The speaker uses this question to show that he is very sad that wicked people do these things. Alternate translation: “Wicked people are always rejecting God and saying … ‘You will not hold me accountable.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 10:13 tfq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy You will not hold me accountable 0 “You will not require me to tell you why I do what I do.” Holding someone accountable here represents punishing him. Alternate translation: “You will not punish me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 10:15 v9ju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Break the arm of the wicked and evil man 0 Here “arm” represents power. Alternate translation: “Destroy the power of the wicked and evil man” or “Make the wicked and evil man weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 10:15 z4yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet wicked and evil 0 These words have the same meaning. You can use one word to express both concepts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 10:15 m5mv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Make him account for his evil deeds 0 Making someone account for his evil deeds represents punishing him. Alternate translation: “Punish him for the evil things he has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 10:16 zc2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the nations are driven out of his land 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. “Yahweh forces the people of other nations to leave his land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 10:17 d6nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit you have heard the needs of the oppressed 0 It is implied that the oppressed people cried out to God. Alternate translation: “when oppressed people cried out to you, you listened to them tell you what they need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 10:17 yqz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you strengthen their heart 0 A strong heart represents courage, and making people’s hearts strong represents encouraging them. Alternate translation: “you encourage them” or “you make them confident” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 10:18 w3s1 no man & will cause terror again 0 Alternate translation: “no one … will cause people to be afraid again” 11:intro zn9r 0 # Psalm 011 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 11 is a worship psalm. It tells how great God is and that God delivers the good people from the evil people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Justice\n\nThe wicked people try to destroy the good people but God knows everything that is being done and he saves the good people and destroys the evil people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 11:1 t2nr rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 11:1 ca3b For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 11:1 i5j2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor take refuge in Yahweh 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to Yahweh for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 11:1 dp1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion how will you say to me, “Flee like a bird to the mountain”? 0 This question is asked to provide emphasis. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “So do not ask me to run away!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 11:2 lc13 For see! The wicked prepare their bows. They make ready their arrows on the strings to shoot in the darkness at the upright in heart 0 Alternate translation: “Look! the wicked are preparing to attack upright people” 11:2 td66 upright in heart 0 Here “upright in heart” refers to godly or righteous people. 11:3 dyu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion For if the foundations are ruined, what can the righteous do? 0 Here “the foundations” may refer to law and order. This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Righteous people cannot do anything when evil people are not punished when they disobey the laws!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 11:4 je8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his eyes watch, his eyes examine the children of mankind 0 Here Yahweh is represented by his “eyes.” Yahweh is aware of everything that happens. Alternate translation: “He examines all that humanity does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 11:4 u9bt children of mankind 0 Alternate translation: “humanity” 11:5 ars4 Yahweh examines 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh watches carefully” 11:5 qa59 do violence 0 Alternate translation: “hurt others” 11:6 t8lu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He rains burning coals and brimstone upon the wicked; a scorching wind will be their portion from his cup! 0 God’s punishment is described as if it were burning coals and brimstone from a volcano. Alternate translation: “He punishes the wicked; there will be no relief for them!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 11:6 i1h8 brimstone 0 sulphur 11:7 ai4r see his face 0 Alternate translation: “be in his presence” 12:intro c38b 0 # Psalm 012 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 12 is a judgment psalm, where the author asks God to judge and punish the wicked people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh saves\n\nThere are so many wicked people now and they are proud of their evil. But God will save the poor who call out to him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]])\n\n### Words\n\nThis relatively short psalm focuses on the words people use. 12:1 lrn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 12:1 l7ap For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 12:1 d3jh set to the Sheminith 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 6:1](../006/001.md). 12:1 w9wb Help, Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh, come to my aid” 12:1 ckb5 those who have integrity have vanished 0 Alternate translation: “faithful people have all vanished” 12:2 p59u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole Everyone says & everyone speaks 0 The two occurrences of “everyone” are exaggerations, used to emphasize that this is true of very many people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 12:2 k6d8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy everyone speaks with flattering lips and a double heart 0 Here “lips” is a metonym for what people say, and “a double heart” is a metaphor for deception. Alternate translation: “everyone speaks with flattering words and deception” or “everyone praises people falsely and tells lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 12:3 cis2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cut off all flattering lips 0 Here “flattering lips” is a metonym for people who flatter others. This could mean: (1) “cut off” is a metaphor for killing. Alternate translation: “kill all who flatter others” or (2) “cut off” is a metaphor for stopping something. Alternate translation: “stop all those who flatter others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 12:3 g9k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche every tongue declaring great things 0 Here “every tongue” represents every person who declares great things. Alternate translation: “every person who boasts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 12:4 j1nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy With our tongues will we prevail 0 Here the word “tongues” represents what people say. Alternate translation: “We will prevail because of what we say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 12:4 ay1a will we prevail 0 Alternate translation: “we will succeed” or “we will win” or “we will be victorious” 12:4 n8z2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche When our lips speak 0 Here the “lips” represents the people who speak. Alternate translation: “When we speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 12:4 le51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion who can be master over us? 0 This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that they believed no one could rule over them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one can rule over us!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 12:5 bgl1 groans 0 These are deep sounds that people make because of pain or some strong emotion. 12:5 qr86 I will arise,” says Yahweh 0 This means Yahweh will do something to help the people. 12:6 jt35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like silver purified in a furnace on the earth, refined seven times 0 Yahweh’s words are compared to silver that has been purified. Alternate translation: “they are without any imperfection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 12:7 txp6 You keep them 0 Alternate translation: “You keep the righteous people safe” 12:8 q4v9 walk on every side 0 Alternate translation: “surround us” 12:8 y7uy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive when evil is exalted among the children of mankind 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when people everywhere are praising evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 12:8 lrt6 children of mankind 0 Alternate translation: “human beings” or “people” 13:intro nza7 0 # Psalm 013 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 13 is a psalm of deliverance because the psalmist is calling on God to deliver him from death and his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\n\nThe author needs God to help him because his enemies will rejoice if they are able to defeat him. The string of rhetorical questions is very effective at heightening the fear David is feeling. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) 13:1 vsr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 13:1 hwf6 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 13:1 xg9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long, Yahweh, will you keep forgetting about me? 0 This question is asked to get the reader’s attention and to add emphasis. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, it seems that you have forgotten about me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 13:1 v3px rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche How long & face from me? 0 The words “your face” represent God’s whole being. This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems like you are hiding from me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 13:2 pg6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long will my enemy triumph over me? 0 This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely my enemies will not always defeat me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 13:3 vs9y Look at me and answer me 0 Alternate translation: “Give me your attention and listen to me” 13:3 x789 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Give light to my eyes 0 This is a way of asking for strength. Alternate translation: “Make me strong again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 13:3 t9hl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism or I will sleep in death 0 To “sleep in death” means to die. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 13:4 ucm3 Do not let my enemy say & so that my enemy may not say 0 Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemy say about me … so that my enemy may not say about me” 13:4 x5p1 when I am brought down 0 Alternate translation: “when I fall” or “when they defeat me” 13:5 l1in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I have trusted in your covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I have trusted that you are faithful to your covenant” or “I have trusted you because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 13:5 s3s4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my heart rejoices in your salvation 0 Here “my heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will rejoice because you have rescued me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 14:intro a269 0 # Psalm 014 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 14 is a deliverance psalm because he is trusting God to deliver the poor. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Evil people\n\nWicked people do not even consider God when they make their plans. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) 14:1 ghg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 14:1 l8jh For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 14:1 bwz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom A fool says in his heart 0 This is an idiom that means to say to oneself or to think to oneself. Alternate translation: “A foolish person says to himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 14:1 r75x They are corrupt 0 The word “they” refers to all foolish human beings who say there is no God. 14:2 zm7b children of mankind 0 This phrase refers to all humans. 14:2 vw7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who seek after him 0 This describes those who desire to know God as if they were actually following him on a path. Alternate translation: “who desire to know him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 14:3 l4ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They have all turned away 0 This describes people who have rejected God as if they had stopped walking on the right path and had gone in another direction. Alternate translation: “They have all turned away from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 14:4 v11h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do they not know anything & who do not call on Yahweh? 0 This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “They act as if they do not know anything … who do not call on Yahweh. But they know what they are doing!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 14:4 a11q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns those who commit iniquity 0 The abstract nouns “iniquity” can be stated as “evil deeds.” Alternate translation: “those who do evil deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 14:4 amq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who eat up my people 0 This refers to those who do evil things and destroy God’s people as if they were eating food. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 14:5 g962 They tremble 0 The word “they” refers to those who do evil things. 14:5 p7fp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit God is with the righteous assembly 0 To say that “God is with” those who are righteous means that he helps them. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “God helps those who act righteously” or “God helps those who do the right things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 14:6 a6ad You want 0 The word “you” here refers to the wicked people. 14:6 eb9r to humiliate the poor person 0 Alternate translation: “to make the person who is poor feel ashamed” 14:6 ysx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh is his refuge 0 This speaks of the protection that Yahweh provides as if he were a shelter that one might seek in a storm. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is like a shelter of protection to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 14:7 uji3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come from Zion! 0 This is an exclamation. The writer is saying what he wishes or longs for God to do. Alternate translation: “I wish so much that the salvation of Israel would come from Zion!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 14:7 xxx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come from Zion! 0 Here “the salvation of Israel” is a metonym for Yahweh, the one who saves Israel. Alternate translation: “Oh, that Yahweh would come from Zion and save Israel!” or “I wish that Yahweh would come from Zion and rescue his people Israel!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 14:7 h25q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism then Jacob will rejoice and Israel will be glad 0 These two phrases mean the same thing. Here both “Jacob” and “Israel” represent the people of Israel. The two phrases can be combined in the translation. Alternate translation: “then all the people of Israel will rejoice greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 15:intro j6s2 0 # Psalm 015 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 15 is a wisdom psalm telling how people who honor God should live. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Godliness\n\nThis psalm outlines a person who is godly and sees others from a godly perspective. There are several good actions mentioned. Such a person treats his neighbor right, does not slander him, does not take a bribe or interest from him, and keeps his promises even when it is difficult to do so. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])\n\n### Moral Conditions for Worship\n\nScholars have noted that this psalm contains a list of ten different conditions for those who want to participate in worship at the temple. The list consists of three positives in verse 2, 3 negatives in verse 3, two positives in verse 4, followed by two negatives in verse 5. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) 15:1 u6j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 15:1 sql5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Who may live on your holy hill? 0 God’s “holy hill” represents God’s temple, which was on Mount Zion. Alternate translation: “Who may live in your holy place?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 15:2 jg77 speaks truth from his heart 0 Alternate translation: “speaks honestly” 15:3 n4z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy He does not slander with his tongue 0 Here “tongue” represents what a person says. The word “he” refers to the “righeous person” ([Psalms 15:2](../015/002.md)). Alternate translation: “He does not slander people with his speech” or “He does not say evil things about innocent people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 15:3 ih3s harm 0 hurt 15:4 y2jl The worthless person is despised in his eyes, but he honors those who fear Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “Righteous people hate those who have rejected God, but they honor those who respect God” 15:4 y1aw The worthless person 0 Alternate translation: “The wicked person” or “The person who has rejected Yahweh” 15:5 qq63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will never be shaken 0 Here “to be shaken” represents not living safely any longer. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will live in safety” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 16:intro hm6c 0 # Psalm 016 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 16 is a psalm of praise, thanking God for all his mercies. The New Testament considers this psalm to be a messianic psalm: a psalm about Christ. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Messiah\n\nGod has been so good to the psalmist, who will worship no other god. The New Testament considers the tenth verse to be about Christ’s resurrection when it says that he is God’s anointed one, and that God will not leave his body in the grave to decay. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]])\n\n### Superscription\n\nThe term “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this term, but in the end no one is certain what it means. So it is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you are welcome to translate it as “psalm.” 16:1 m94a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 16:1 u6cp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor take refuge in you 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 16:3 b6f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the holy people who are on the earth 0 Here “holy people” refers to God’s own people who trust him. Alternate translation: “your people who live in this land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 16:4 j4m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Their troubles will be & gods 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The troubles of those who seek other gods will increase” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 16:4 b7s4 pour out & blood to their gods 0 Alternate translation: “pour out blood as a sacrifice to their gods” 16:4 xj7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor or lift up their names with my lips 0 Lifting up their names is a metaphor for praising them, and “lips” is a metonym for what one says. Alternate translation: “or praise them with my words” or “and I will not praise their gods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 16:5 v4p8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my chosen portion 0 Here David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a portion of land that has been given to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 16:5 b3bh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my cup 0 Here David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a cup that contains many blessings. Alternate translation: “the one who blesses me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 16:5 efb4 You hold onto my lot 0 Alternate translation: “You determine my future” or “You control what will happen to me” 16:6 qf7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Measuring lines & in pleasant places 0 Here laying down measuring lines is a metonym for measuring land and giving it to someone, and here this is a metaphor for God blessing David in many great ways. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You have measured off land for me in pleasant places” or “You have given me land in pleasant places” or “You bless me like one who gives land in pleasant places” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 16:6 ag3m Measuring lines 0 These are ropes that people use to measure a plot of land and mark its boundaries. 16:6 af57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor surely a pleasing inheritance is mine 0 Here David speaks of Yahweh’s blessings as if they were an inheritance that he has received. Alternate translation: “I am delighted with all the things that he has given me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 16:8 z682 I set Yahweh before me at all times 0 Alternate translation: “I always remember that Yahweh is with me” 16:8 yj9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive so I will not be shaken from his right hand 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nothing will take me away from his side” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 16:9 p2bc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my heart is glad 0 Here the “heart” represents the speaker’s thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “Therefore I am glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 16:9 e6e1 my glory is rejoicing 0 This could mean: (1) the word “glory” represents the honor a person feels. Alternate translation: “I am honored to rejoice in God” or (2) the word translated “glory” really means “liver” and represents the speaker’s emotions. Alternate translation: “I am rejoicing” 16:11 b54u abundant joy 0 Alternate translation: “great joy” or “a large amount of joy” 16:11 hxq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification joy resides in your presence 0 The writer speaks of “joy” as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 16:11 v4yr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom in your right hand 0 The words “right hand” indicate being in God’s special presence. Alternate translation: “when I am near you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 17:intro thd2 0 # Psalm 017 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 17 is a prayer for deliverance from all his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Innocence\n\nThe psalmist is innocent and needs God to rescue him from these enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/innocent]]) 17:1 y32y rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 17:1 z6y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Give ear to my prayer from lips without deceit 0 The phrase “give ear” is a metaphor for listening, and “lips without deceit” is synecdoche for a person who does not lie. Alternate translation: “Listen to my prayer for I speak without deceit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 17:2 k4su rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Let my vindication come from your presence 0 Vindication coming from God represents God judging someone and declaring him innocent. God’s “presence” is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “Let my vindication come from you” or “Declare that I am innocent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 17:2 t9kx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche let your eyes see what is right! 0 Here “your eyes” is synecdoche for God himself, and “see” is a metaphor for paying attention and firmly deciding to do something. Alternate translation: “please see what is right” or “do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:3 pi85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom If you test my heart, if you come to me in the night 0 Here “test my heart” means to examine my thoughts and motives. Alternate translation: “If you examine my thoughts in the night” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 17:3 w51q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification my mouth will not transgress 0 Here the mouth is spoken of as if it were capable of acting on its own. It also represents the words that a person speaks. Alternate translation: “I will not tell lies or sin with my words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 17:4 u1m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy it is at the word of your lips that I have kept myself from the ways of the lawless 0 Here “the word of your lips” is a metonym for God’s instruction, and “the ways of the lawless” is a metaphor for the things that lawless people do. Alternate translation: “it is by obeying your instruction that I have kept myself from doing the things that lawless people do” or “your instruction has caused me to avoid doing wicked things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:5 nw8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism My steps have held firmly to your tracks; my feet have not slipped 0 Both of these clauses mean the same thing. The repetition adds emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 17:5 ve61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my feet have not slipped 0 The writer speaks of his obedience to God as if he were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “I am determined to follow your ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 17:6 fh7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism turn your ear to me & listen when I speak 0 These phrases mean the same thing. Here “your ear” refers to God’s willingness to hear someone who prays to him. Alternate translation: “pay attention to me … listen when I speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 17:7 m4v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Show your covenant faithfulness in a wonderful way 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Show in a wonderful way that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 17:7 g2x5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your right hand 0 The “right hand” refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “your mighty power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 17:7 ll6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor take refuge in you 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:8 ar64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Protect me like the apple of your eye 0 The “apple of your eye” refers to something that is valuable. Alternate translation: “Protect me as you would something most valuable and precious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 17:8 f3hh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor hide me under the shadow of your wings 0 David speaks of God’s protection as if he were a bird protecting its young under its wings. Alternate translation: “Keep me safe as a mother bird protects her babies by gathering them under her wing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:10 rd6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche their mouths speak with pride 0 Here “their mouths speak” represents his enemies when they speak. Alternate translation: “they speak with pride” or “they are always boasting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 17:11 yzx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy They have surrounded my steps 0 Here “surrounded my steps” represents how David’s enemies have followed him everywhere he goes in order to capture him. Alternate translation: “My enemies have surrounded me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 17:12 iq89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism like a lion eager for a victim, like a young lion crouching in hidden places 0 These two phrases express very similar ideas. The repetition adds intensity. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 17:12 c8wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile They are like a lion & like a young lion 0 The writer feels pursued the way a lion hunts its prey (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 17:13 p2s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor by your sword 0 This is a metaphor for Yahweh’s power and for violent death in war. Alternate translation: “by having them die in war” or “by killing them in battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:14 mf1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Rescue me from men by your hand, Yahweh, from men of this world 0 This clause adds intensity to the words “Rescue my life from the wicked by your sword” ([Psalms 17:13](../017/013.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 17:14 wh2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy by your hand 0 These words represent the power of Yahweh and add intensity to the words “by your sword” ([Psalms 17:13](../017/013.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 17:14 xg3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You will fill the bellies of your treasured ones with riches 0 The ancient text is hard to understand. This could mean: (1) “treasured” is a metaphor for loved, and “your treasured ones” refers to the people whom God loves. Alternate translation: “you will fill the bellies of the people you love with riches” or (2) “your treasured ones” refers to treasures that God gives to people, the “men of this world” Alternate translation: “you will fill their bellies with rich treasures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:14 knu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You will fill the bellies & with riches 0 Here “fill the bellies … with riches” is a metaphor for giving them many valuable things. This could mean: (1) “You will give many riches to the people you love” or (2) “you will give the men of this world many riches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:15 ck39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I will see your face in righteousness 0 Here “face” represents Yahweh in all of his being. David is confident he will see Yahweh. Alternate translation: “because I act in the right way, I will be with you one day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 17:15 bpx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I will be satisfied, when I awake, with a sight of you 0 David believes that after he dies, he will be with Yahweh. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “After I die, I will be happy to wake up in your presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 18:intro enj7 0 # Psalm 018 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 18 is a psalm of praise to God for his strengthening David for war.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s power\n\nGod has tremendous power and he enabled David to prosper in war. This psalm, and its superscription, also appears in 1 Samuel 22 with some minor differences. 18:1 xfk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 18:1 ig1a For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 18:1 vm1x A psalm of David 0 This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 18:1 p2da he sang to Yahweh the words of this song 0 Alternate translation: “he sang this song to Yahweh” 18:1 rhv3 on the day that Yahweh rescued him 0 Alternate translation: “after Yahweh had rescued him” 18:1 hna8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from the hand of Saul 0 Here “hand” stands for the power of Saul. Alternate translation: “from Saul’s power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:2 tcf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh is my rock 0 David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a rock. The word “rock” is a picture of a safe place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:2 bmi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet my rock, my fortress 0 Here the words “rock” and “fortress” share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh provides safety from enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:2 v8xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor take refuge in him 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to him for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:2 k49n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my shield, the horn of my salvation, and my stronghold 0 David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a “shield,” “the horn” of his salvation, and his “stronghold.” Yahweh is the one who protects him from harm. Here a similar idea is repeated three ways for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:3 d5g1 I will be saved from my enemies 0 Alternate translation: “I will be rescued from my enemies” 18:4 fsd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The cords of death surrounded me 0 David speaks of death as if it were a person who could capture him and bind him with ropes. Alternate translation: “I was about to be killed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 18:4 m5rx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rushing waters of worthlessness 0 David is as helpless as if he were being carried away by a rushing flood of waters. Alternate translation: “I felt completely helpless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:5 e9l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The cords of Sheol surrounded me; the snares of death trapped me 0 Here “Sheol,” the place of the dead, and “death” are spoken of as if they were people who could surround and trap him. These two clauses have similar meanings and the idea is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “I felt trapped and thought I was going to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 18:6 s721 In my distress 0 Alternate translation: “In my great need” or “In my despair” 18:6 jr71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification my call for help went into his presence 0 Here David speaks of his “call for help” as if it were a person who could come into the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I prayed to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 18:6 fs4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism it went into his ears 0 Here David speaks of how Yahweh heard his cry for help. The idea is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “he heard my appeal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 18:7 dal8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Then the earth & shaken because God was angry 0 God’s being angry is spoken of as if the there was a terrible earthquake. Alternate translation: “God was so angry that it was as if the earth … shaken” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:7 xka3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet the earth shook and trembled 0 The words “shook” and “trembled” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how greatly the earth shook. Alternate translation: “the land moved back and forth” or “the ground moved up and down” or “there was a violent earthquake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 18:7 svs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the foundations of the mountains also trembled and were shaken 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the foundations of the mountains also trembled and shook” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:8 al4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Smoke went up from out of his nostrils & Coals were ignited by it 0 David speaks of Yahweh as if he were breathing fire. This is a picture of how angry God was. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:8 zsk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive blazing fire came out of his mouth. Coals were ignited by it 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “blazing fire came out of his mouth and ignited coals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:9 fkd8 He opened 0 The word “He” refers to Yahweh. 18:9 aw5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification thick darkness was under his feet 0 Though Yahweh does not actually have feet, the Psalmist gives him human characteristics. Alternate translation: “thick darkness was beneath him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 18:10 wt4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification wings of the wind 0 Here the Psalmist speaks of the wind as if it had wings like an angel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:11 a2gi He made darkness & him 0 Here the words “He” and “him” refer to Yahweh. 18:11 edg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He made darkness a tent 0 Here darkness is spoken of as if it were a tent. Alternate translation: “He made darkness a covering” or “He made darkness a hiding place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:11 jnx8 heavy rainclouds 0 Alternate translation: “clouds heavy with rain” or “thick, dark rainclouds” 18:12 t3xj Hailstones 0 stones made of ice 18:13 dn6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Yahweh thundered in the heavens 0 Yahweh’s voice sounded like thunder. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 18:13 dvy3 the Most High 0 “the Most High” refers to Yahweh. 18:14 cw24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He shot his arrows and scattered his enemies & lightning bolts dispersed them 0 Both of these clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 18:14 h2p3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He shot his arrows and scattered his enemies 0 Here lighting strikes are being spoken of as if they were arrows (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:14 p7tz dispersed them 0 Alternate translation: “sent them in different directions” 18:15 jfu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Then the water channels appeared; the foundations of the world were laid bare 0 These two clauses have similar meanings. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Then the water channels appeared and the bottom of the ocean became visible; you exposed the foundations of the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:15 a125 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification at the blast of the breath of your nostrils 0 Though God does not have human physical characteristics as described here, this pictures his mighty strength. The wind is spoken of here as if it came as a mighty blast from God’s nostrils. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:16 m4pi He reached down & he took hold & He pulled me 0 The word “He” in these verses refers to Yahweh. 18:16 kef1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor surging water 0 Here the Psalmist speaks of the dangers of his enemies as if they were huge waves or forceful waters, from which Yahweh has rescued him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:18 eej1 They came against me 0 Here “They” refers to the strong enemies in verse 17. 18:18 s1sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **distress**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **support**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “protected.” Alternate translation: “Strong enemies attacked me on a day when I was distressed, but Yahweh protected me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 18:20 a3vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my hands were clean 0 Here having clean hands represents being innocent of wrongdoing. Alternate translation: “I was innocent” or “my actions were right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:21 y3m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have kept the ways of Yahweh 0 The laws of Yahweh are spoken of as if they were the paths on which one should walk. Alternate translation: “I have obeyed Yahweh’s laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:21 tu8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor have not wickedly turned away from my God 0 Here being wicked is spoken of as if one left the right path and took the wrong path. Alternate translation: “have not done wickedly by turning away from my God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:22 t97s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism For all his righteous decrees & I have not turned away from them 0 Both of these clauses have similar meanings. The writer repeats these ideas for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 18:22 gtv3 have been before me 0 Alternate translation: “have guided me” or “I have remembered” 18:23 gug9 innocent before him 0 Alternate translation: “innocent according to him” 18:23 gz4q I have kept myself from sin 0 Alternate translation: “I have not sinned” 18:24 tu18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my hands were clean 0 To have “clean hands” means that one is innocent of wrongdoing. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:20](../018/020.md): Alternate translation: “I was innocent” or “my actions were right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:24 t3bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche before his eyes 0 This refers to God’s presence. Alternate translation: “before him” or “according to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 18:25 tb5y General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer speaks to Yahweh. 18:25 h851 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit To the one who is faithful 0 Here “faithful” means to do what God commands one to do. You can state this clearly. Alternate translation: “to those who faithfully obey your commandments” or “to those who faithfully do your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 18:26 cn7t you are clever toward anyone who is twisted 0 Alternate translation: “you outwit anyone who is not honest” 18:27 v6yq you bring down 0 Alternate translation: “you humiliate” 18:27 w4ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom with proud, uplifted eyes 0 This idiom refers to those who are proud. Alternate translation: “who are proud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 18:28 w4pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For you give light to my lamp; Yahweh my God lights up my darkness 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s presence as if he were a light. These clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 18:29 jv31 For by you I can run over a barricade 0 Alternate translation: “For with your help I can cross any obstacle” 18:30 v53y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He is a shield to everyone who takes refuge in him 0 A shield protects a soldier. David speaks as if God were a shield protecting him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 3:3](../003/003.md). Alternate translation: “You, Yahweh, protect like a shield everyone who takes refuge in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:31 d8xy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion For who is God except Yahweh? Who is a rock except our God? 0 The implied answer is no one. Alternate translation: “Only Yahweh is God! Only our God is a rock!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 18:31 xn5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a rock 0 David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a rock that he could climb to get away from his enemies. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:32 w9ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile puts strength on me like a belt 0 God gives strength to David as if it were a piece of clothing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 18:32 z4ka rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor places the blameless person on his path 0 Here David speaks of living a life that is pleasing to God as if he were being placed on the right path. Alternate translation: “causes the blameless person to live a righteous life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:33 w92y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche makes my feet swift 0 This refers to enabling a person to run fast. Alternate translation: “makes me run very fast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 18:33 g696 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a deer and places me on the heights 0 The deer is especially quick and stable in the mountains. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 18:34 q1v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche He trains my hands 0 Here “my hands” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “He trains me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 18:34 tq4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my arms 0 This refers to the person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 18:35 juz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the shield of your salvation 0 Here the writer speaks of God’s protection as if it were a shield. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “your protection and saved me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 18:35 x6rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Your right hand has supported me 0 Here God’s right hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “Your power has supported me” or “You have supported me by your power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:35 yr5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your favor has made me great 0 Here God’s favor represents him acting according to his favor. Alternate translation: “You have made me great according to your favor” or “By your kindness, you have made me great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:36 ui92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a wide place for my feet beneath me 0 The writer speaks of the safety that God has provided as if it were a wide place for him to stand. Here “my feet” represent the person. Alternate translation: “a safe place for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 18:36 qhq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my feet have not slipped 0 Here “my feet” refers to the person. The writer refers to the safety of God’s protection as if he were standing on a place where he will not slip or fall. Alternate translation: “I have not slipped” or “I am doing well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:38 v638 I smashed them 0 Alternate translation: “I crushed them” or “I broke them to pieces” 18:38 z8w8 unable to rise 0 Alternate translation: “unable to stand” 18:38 af9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom they have fallen under my feet 0 This idiom means the Psalmist has defeated his enemies. Alternate translation: “I have defeated all of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 18:39 t3xr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile put strength on me like a belt 0 The Psalmist says that Yahweh has given him strength that surrounds and supports him like a belt. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:32](../018/032.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 18:39 xyh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you put under me 0 Here the Psalmist speaks of the defeat of his enemies as if he were standing on them. Alternate translation: “you defeat for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 18:39 xyp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom those who rise up against me 0 This refers to those who oppose the Psalmist. Alternate translation: “those who are my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 18:40 h5yv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy You gave me the back of my enemies’ necks 0 This represents God giving David victory over his enemies. Alternate translation: “You gave me victory over my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:40 m3tx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy You gave me the back of my enemies’ necks 0 This represents God giving David victory over his enemies. Possible images are: (1) David could cut his enemies’ heads off at the neck or (2) David could put his foot down on his enemies’ necks or (3) David could see his enemies’ backs when they ran away from him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:40 gp8b I annihilated those who hated me 0 Alternate translation: “I defeated those who hated me” or “I destroyed completely those who hated me” 18:41 whl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom but he did not answer them 0 This means Yahweh did not provide any help. Alternate translation: “but he did not help them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 18:42 tjm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I beat them into fine pieces like dust before the wind 0 The psalmists enemies are compared to dust to show how defeated they are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 18:42 vu6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I threw them out like mud in the streets 0 The psalmist’s enemies are compared to mud in the streets to show how defeated they are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 18:43 t95d disputes 0 disagreements, arguments 18:43 i9s6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy have made me the head over nations 0 Here “head” represents the ruler. Alternate translation: “appointed me to be the ruler over many nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:44 c7dv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive foreigners were forced to bow 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God forced foreigners to bow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:45 t4uc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit foreigners came trembling 0 Here “trembling” shows that they were very afraid. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “foreigners came shaking, showing that they were very afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 18:46 w5z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive may my rock be praised 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he is my rock and he should be praised” or “may people praise my rock” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:46 mv1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my rock 0 Here the writer speaks of Yahweh’s protection as if he were a rock that prevented his enemies from reaching him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:46 h9ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May the God of my salvation be exalted 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May people exalt the God of my salvation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:46 xf2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the God of my salvation 0 The abstract nouns “salvation” can be stated as “saved” or “rescued.” Alternate translation: “the God who rescued me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 18:47 v7ab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the God who executes vengeance for me 0 To “execute vengeance” means to punish people for their evil actions. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word ****, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the God who punishes people for the evil things they have done to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 18:48 l9y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive I am set free 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has set me free” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:48 z54b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you lifted me above 0 Yahweh’s protection of the writer is spoken of as if he lifted the writer up so high that his enemies could not reach him to harm him. Alternate translation: “you put me in a safe place high above” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:48 k73f who rose against me 0 Alternate translation: “who attacked me” or “who rebelled against me” 18:48 inl3 violent men 0 Alternate translation: “cruel men” or “savage men” 18:49 f8x9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit among the nations 0 Here the writer means that he will give thanks to Yahweh so that all people will hear of Yahweh’s greatness. Alternate translation: “so all the nations will hear about it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 18:49 qvh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to your name 0 Here “name” represents God himself. Alternate translation: “in honor of your name” or “to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:50 ggt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person victory to his king 0 By using the words “his king,” David is referring to himself as king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 18:50 sw5u he shows his covenant loyalty to his anointed one & to his descendants forever 0 Alternate translation: “he faithfully loves me as he promised in his covenant, and he will love my descendants forever” 19:intro sn29 0 # Psalm 019 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 19 is a praise psalm, praising God for his creation and for his law.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s law\n\nGod’s law keeps people from sinning. There are two distinct themes in this psalm. Verses 1-6 are God’s glory in the heavens and the second is praising God for his law. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) 19:1 s9h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 19:1 j4zh For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 19:1 mn6q The heavens declare 0 The heavens are described as if they were a person. Alternate translation: “The heavens show” or “The heavens look like they declare” 19:1 iz5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the skies make his handiwork known 0 The skies are described as if they were a teacher. Alternate translation: “The skies seem to make God’s handiwork known to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 19:1 a8iy his handiwork 0 Alternate translation: “his creation” or “the world that he has made” 19:2 c72h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification speech pours out 0 What is beautiful about creation is compared to speaking, as if creation were a person. Then those words are compared to water that flows everywhere. Alternate translation: “creation is like a person speaking to everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 19:3 lmv7 There is no speech or spoken words; their voice is not heard 0 These phrases express clearly that the first two verses were a metaphor. Alternate translation: “There is no real speech or spoken words; no one hears an actual voice with their ears” 19:3 pa4x their voice is not heard 0 Other translations read “where their voice is not heard,” emphasizing that creation’s “speech” is available everywhere. 19:4 w3s6 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nDavid has just said that creation shows God’s glory. 19:4 c2us their words & their speech 0 This refers to the unspoken “words” of creation that show God’s glory. 19:4 r4zj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification their words go out 0 The words are described as if they were people who go out with a message. Alternate translation: “the words that creation speaks are like people who go out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 19:4 kf9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis their speech to the end of the world 0 The implied words can be included in the translation. Alternate translation: “their speech goes out to the end of the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 19:4 bdz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He has pitched a tent for the sun 0 Here the writer speaks of the place that Yahweh created for the sun as if it were a tent. Alternate translation: “He created a place for the sun” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 19:4 n177 among them 0 The word “them” probably refers to the heavens. 19:5 s244 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The sun is like a bridegroom coming out of his chamber 0 The writer speaks of the sun’s coming out as if it were a bridegroom. Alternate translation: “The sun is like a bridegroom walking joyfully toward his bride” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 19:5 xes3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a strong man who rejoices when he runs his race 0 This compares the sun to an athlete to emphasize the strength and brightness of the sun. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 19:5 l7b8 a strong man 0 Alternate translation: “a fast runner” 19:6 tah2 horizon 0 the line where the earth and the sky meet 19:6 wz8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit to the other 0 Here “other” refers to the other horizon. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “to the other horizon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 19:6 unx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives nothing escapes its heat 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “everything feels its heat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 19:7 z9pg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche restoring the soul 0 The words “the soul” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “making a person strong again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 19:7 a789 the simple 0 Alternate translation: “those who have no experience” or “those who have not learned” 19:8 spr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the heart 0 These words refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 19:8 nuk1 are right 0 Alternate translation: “are true” or “are correct” 19:8 t8c5 bringing light to the eyes 0 This could mean: (1) “bringing understanding to a person” or (2) “making a person healthy again” 19:9 xac8 altogether right 0 Alternate translation: “completely right” 19:10 x983 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They are of greater value than gold & they are sweeter than honey 0 Yahweh’s decrees are spoken of as if they could be bought and tasted. Alternate translation: “If you could buy them, they would be of greater value than gold … if you could taste them, they would be sweeter than honey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 19:10 e6s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis even more than much fine gold 0 The word “valuable” is understood from the previous phrase and can be repeated. Alternate translation: “even more valuable than a lot of fine gold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 19:10 k6x4 fine gold 0 Alternate translation: “pure gold” or “expensive gold” 19:11 y6a9 Yes 0 This word marks that there is more to the truth than what has just been said. Alternate translation: “Moreover” 19:11 s1f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive by them your servant is warned 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they warn your servant” or “they are a warning for your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 19:11 e73b by them & in obeying them 0 The word “them” refers to Yahweh’s righteous decrees. 19:11 nk1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person your servant is warned 0 David calls himself “your servant” when speaking to God as a sign of respect. Alternate translation: “I am warned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 19:12 uj5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who can discern all his own errors? 0 This appears in the form of a question to add emphasis and can be translated as a strong statement. Alternate translation: No one can be aware of his own errors!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 19:12 gsx9 from hidden faults 0 Alternate translation: “from secret mistakes I have made” 19:13 j82u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Keep your servant also from 0 This idiom pictures the servant as being removed from the sins he does not wish to commit. Alternate translation: “Also, protect your servant from doing” or “Also, make sure that I do not commit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 19:13 z1tt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person your servant 0 David calls himself “your servant” when speaking to God as a sign of respect. See how you translated this in [Psalms 19:11](../019/011.md). Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 19:13 b3bd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification let them not rule over me 0 Sins are described as if they were a king that could rule over someone. Alternate translation: “do not let my sins become like a king who rules over me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 19:13 axe2 innocent from many transgressions 0 Alternate translation: “innocent of rebelling against you” or “innocent of committing many sins” 19:14 l16r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the words of my mouth and the thoughts of my heart 0 These expressions taken together describe everything a person says and thinks. Alternate translation: “the things I say and the things I think about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 19:14 t28d be acceptable in your sight 0 Alternate translation: “receive approval in your sight” or “be pleasing to you” 19:14 bu1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in your sight 0 Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in your judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 19:14 vn8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh, my rock 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a rock that one could climb and be protected from his enemies. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you are like my rock” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 20:intro h99t 0 # Psalm 020 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 20 is a royal psalm. It is probably a prayer for the king, perhaps when he first became king.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust\n\nTrusting God is much better than trusting in military might. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 20:1 v6pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis Psalm begins with a group of people speaking to the king of Israel. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 20:1 h9gw For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 20:1 vrb5 help you 0 The word “you” in this Psalm is singular and refers to the king. 20:1 pt3b in the day of trouble 0 Alternate translation: “in times of trouble” or “when you are in trouble” 20:1 dp3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy may the name of the God of Jacob protect you 0 This could mean: (1) here “name” is a metonym for God’s power. Alternate translation: “may the power of the God of Jacob protect you” or “may the God of Jacob protect you by his power” or (2) here “name” is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “may the God of Jacob protect you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 20:2 b9ek rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor send help from the holy place 0 God helping from his holy place is spoken of as if God were sending help. Alternate translation: “may Yahweh help you from his holy place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 20:2 y51h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet holy place & Zion 0 Both of these refer to God’s temple in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 20:3 yz44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom May he call to mind 0 The phrase “call to mind” is a way of saying “remember.” It does not mean God forgot. It means to consider or think about. Alternate translation: “May he remember” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 20:3 kyh3 May he 0 The word “he” refers to Yahweh. 20:4 r6y3 May he grant 0 Alternate translation: “May he give” 20:4 wht8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your heart’s desire 0 Here “heart” stands for the entire person. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desire**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “what you desire” or “what you want” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 20:4 u619 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns fulfill all your plans 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **plans**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “may he help you to accomplish everything that you plan to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 20:5 h4h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive we will rejoice in your victory 0 Here “we” refers to the people. They will rejoice in the king’s victory. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 20:5 bw3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the name of our God 0 Here “name” represents honor or reputation. Alternate translation: “in honor of our God” or “for the reputation of our God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 20:5 p9n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction we will raise banners 0 “we will raise victory flags.” They would do this to show that they were praising God because he gave their king victory over his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 20:5 k3dy grant all your petitions 0 Alternate translation: “give you everything you request from him” 20:6 zm9a Now 0 This word is used here to mark a break in the psalm. It transitions from the people speaking to the king speaking. 20:6 nu7b I know 0 The word “I” probably refers to the king who is speaking in this section. 20:6 d8xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person his anointed one & answer him & rescue him 0 The king is speaking about himself in the third person. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “me, his anointed one … answer me … rescue me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 20:6 bd3g from his holy heaven 0 God dwells in heaven as well as in the temple in Jerusalem ([Psalms 20:2](../020/002.md)). 20:6 xcm6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with the strength of his right hand that can rescue him 0 God’s right hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “with his great strength he will rescue him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 20:7 f9cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Some trust in chariots and others in horses 0 Here “chariots” and “horses” represent a king’s army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 20:7 xr24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis others in horses 0 The word “trust” is understood. Alternate translation: “other trust in horses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 20:7 mwu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive we call 0 Here “we” refers to the writer and the readers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 20:8 e7uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive we will rise 0 Here “we” refers to the writer and the readers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 20:8 q1tp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive They will be brought down and fall 0 The word “They” refers to the people who trust in chariots and horses. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will bring them down and make them fall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 20:8 g7uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet brought down and fall 0 Both these verbs mean basically the same thing. Both of these stand for losing in battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 20:8 y7lr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet we will rise and stand upright 0 “we will get up and stand up straight.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Both of these stand for victory in battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 20:9 c5i4 Yahweh, rescue the king 0 This could mean: (1) the people ask God to protect the king or (2) the king continues to speak about himself in the third person. 20:9 brk5 the king; help us when we call 0 Some translations understand the Hebrew differently. Some translate it as the people speaking to Yahweh their king. Alternate translation: “King, help us when we call you” 21:intro mq8x 0 # Psalm 021 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 21 is a royal psalm. The king is praying for victory. Victory in war comes from the power and help from God.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Pronouns\n\nThere is a shift in pronouns in this psalm. In verses 1-6 the psalm addresses Yahweh in second person but in verse 7 the psalmist uses third person before moving back to second person in the latter part. 21:1 k12k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 21:1 h69b For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 21:1 bt8s in your strength, Yahweh 0 It is implied that this is strength Yahweh has given the king to defeat his enemies. Alternate translation: because you, Yahweh, have made him strong enough to defeat his enemies” 21:1 bka2 How greatly he rejoices 0 Alternate translation: “He rejoices greatly” 21:1 r5nd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit in the salvation you provide 0 It is implied that God has saved the king from his enemies. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “because you have saved him from his enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 21:2 cey2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his heart’s desire 0 “his heart’s wish.” Here “heart” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “his desire” or “what he wished for” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 21:2 gez6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives have not held back 0 “have not refused him.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you have given him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 21:2 f8dh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the request of his lips 0 Here “lips” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “his request” or “what he requested of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 21:3 q3ts rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns you bring him rich blessings 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **blessings**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “bless” or “good things.” Alternate translation: “you bless him greatly” or “you give him many good things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 21:3 px6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction you placed on his head a crown of purest gold 0 To place a crown on a person’s head is a symbol of making him a king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 21:3 za3g a crown of purest gold 0 Here “purest gold” represents the great honor given to the king. 21:4 yzs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns He asked you for life; you gave it to him 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **life**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “He asked that you cause him to live for a long time; you caused it to happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 21:4 y4ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the length of his days forever and ever 0 The idiom “the length of his days” refers to the duration of his life. Alternate translation: “a long life that lasts forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 21:5 i6i4 His glory 0 Alternate translation: “The king’s honor” or “The king’s fame” 21:5 k3gt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have bestowed on him splendor and majesty 0 “you have placed on him splendor and majesty.” Causing the king to be wealthy and powerful is spoken of as if splendor and majesty are objects that are placed on him. Alternate translation: “you have made him wealthy and powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 21:6 w2zk you grant him 0 Alternate translation: “you allow him to have” or “you agree to give him” 21:6 rf4f lasting blessings 0 Alternate translation: “a blessings that will last” or “a blessings that will stay” 21:6 v3m2 the joy of your presence 0 Alternate translation: “the joy of being in your presence” or “the joy that comes from you being near to you” 21:7 mbf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns through the covenant faithfulness of the Most High 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because the Most High is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 21:7 j1gh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he will not be moved 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will remove him as king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 21:8 w7ck rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Your hand will seize 0 Here “hand” represents power. Alternate translation: “Your power will seize” or “You will powerfully seize” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 21:8 irz4 Your hand & hate you 0 Possible meaning of all occurrences of **your** and **you** are: (1) they refer to the king or (2) they refer to God. 21:8 yew7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism your right hand will seize those who hate you 0 This means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. It emphasizes that God will give the king the power to stop his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 21:9 lmc9 At the time of your anger 0 Alternate translation: “When you are angry and begin to act” 21:9 hhy3 your anger & you will burn 0 The words **your** and **you** refers to either: (1) God or (2) the king. 21:9 xdq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will burn them up as in a fiery furnace 0 Yahweh or the king destroying their enemies is spoken of as if their enemies are wood and Yahweh or the king will throw them into a furnace. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 21:9 fc6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Yahweh will consume them in his wrath, and the fire will devour them 0 Both clauses mean basically the same thing. Yahweh completely destroying his enemies is spoken of as if his wrath is a fire that completely burns up his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 21:10 wsu5 You will destroy 0 The word **you** refers to either: (1) God or (2) the king. 21:10 i3zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism from the earth & from among the human race 0 Both phrases mean the same thing. They emphasize that absolutely none of their enemies will survive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 21:11 fhu8 they intended 0 “they planned.” The word “they” refers to the enemies of God and the king. 21:11 z63c evil against you 0 Alternate translation: “to do evil things to you” 21:11 h29d they conceived a plot 0 Alternate translation: “they made a plan” or “they created a scheme” 21:12 bsd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For you will turn them back; you will draw your bow before them 0 Possible meanings for **your** and **you** are: (1) they refer to the king or (2) they refer to God and speak about him as if he were a warrior with a bow and arrows. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 21:12 ti25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you will turn them back 0 This is a way of saying that God and the king will defeat their enemies in battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 21:12 ge87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit you will draw your bow before them 0 This implies that he actually shoots his arrows at his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 21:13 aul7 Be exalted, Yahweh, in your strength 0 This could mean: (1) “Yahweh, show us that you are very strong” or (2) “Yahweh, because you are strong we will exalt you” 21:13 w52b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet we will sing and praise your power 0 The words “sing” and “praise” share similar meanings. Here the word “power” represents God and his power. Alternate translation: “with singing we will praise you because you are powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:intro y7hl 0 # Psalm 022 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 22 is a messianic psalm. It contains references to events during the crucifixion of Christ. It is also a psalm of individual lament and praise. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/crucify]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Messiah\n\nChrist was despised and taunted by his enemies; but finally people all over the earth will bow down to him.\n\n### New Testament usage\n\nThis psalm is quoted in different places in the New Testament. Verse 1a is cited in Matthew 27:46 and Mark 15:34 as the words of Christ on the cross. Many of the events in the narratives of the crucifixion are mentioned in this psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/cross]]) 22:1 lw3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 22:1 k951 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 22:1 ux16 The rhythm of the deer 0 This may refer to a style of music. 22:1 smt9 My God, my God 0 The writer repeats “My God” to emphasize that he is desperate for God to hear him. 22:1 a733 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion my God, why have you abandoned me? 0 The writer uses a question to emphasize that he feels like God has abandoned him. It may be best to leave this as a question. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “my God, I feel like you have abandoned me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 22:1 z48u you abandoned me 0 Alternate translation: “you left me all alone” 22:1 fnk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why are you so far from saving me and far from the words of my anguish? 0 Again the writer uses a question to emphasize that he feels like God is far away from him. It may be best to leave this as a question. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are far from saving me and far from the words of my anguish!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 22:1 y7ec rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor far from the words of my anguish 0 The writer feeling like God is not listening to him is spoken of as if God were far from his words of anguish. Alternate translation: “why do you not listen when I speak to you about the anguish I feel” or “I have told you about my suffering but you do not come to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:2 dzu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism in the daytime & at night 0 The writer uses the words “daytime” and “night” to mean he prays to God all the time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 22:2 j5c4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes I am not silent 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I still speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 22:3 zle3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you sit as king with the praises of Israel 0 “the praises of Israel are the throne on which you sit as king.” The praises of Israel are described as if they are a throne upon which God can sit and rule, or as a house in which God can live. Alternate translation: “you are king and the people of Israel praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:3 viy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy of Israel 0 Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:5 u4pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive were not disappointed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you did not disappoint them” or “you did not fail them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 22:5 vjq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives were not disappointed 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you saved them” or “you did for them what they needed you to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 22:6 m3yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am a worm and not a man 0 The writer speaks of himself as if he were a worm. This emphasizes that he feels worthless or that the people treat him as if he were worthless. Alternate translation: “But it is like I am a worm and not a man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:6 xml4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism disgrace to humanity and despised by the people 0 Both of these phrase mean basically the same thing. The phrase “despised by the people” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone thinks I am worthless and the people hate me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 22:7 gq6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism taunt me; they mock me; they shake their heads at me 0 These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize how much people disrespect him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 22:7 nu8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction they shake their heads at me 0 This describes an action used to mock someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 22:8 v7ta rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony He trusts in Yahweh & delights in him 0 The people are saying this to mock the writer. They do not really believe Yahweh will rescue him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) 22:8 ip8x Let him rescue him 0 Alternate translation: “Let Yahweh rescue him” 22:8 h2ys for he delights in him 0 This could mean: (1) “for Yahweh delights in him” or (2) “for he delights in Yahweh” 22:9 lz9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit For you 0 The writer uses the word “For” to begin explaining why he is confused and asking God why he is not coming to help. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:9 g6i1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you brought me from the womb 0 This is a way of saying “you caused me to be born.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 22:9 h37n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom when I was on my mother’s breasts 0 This means that he has been trusting in Yahweh since he was very young. Alternate translation: “even from the time that I drank milk from my mother’s breasts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 22:10 ua28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I have been thrown on you from the womb 0 The phrase “have been thrown on” is a way of saying that Yahweh has taken care of him as if Yahweh had adopted him as his own child. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “It was as though you had adopted me right when I was born” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 22:10 qi4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit you are my God 0 This implies that Yahweh has always taken care of the writer. Alternate translation: “you, God, have taken care of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:10 bd6c since I was in my mother’s womb 0 Alternate translation: “since before I was born” 22:11 tz1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes Do not be far away from me 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Come close to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 22:11 mc7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for trouble is near 0 The writer speaks about “trouble” as if it were an object that is near him. Alternate translation: “for my enemies are near me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:11 sub2 there is no one to help 0 Alternate translation: “there is no helper” 22:12 e14p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Many bulls surround me; strong bulls of Bashan surround me 0 The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were bulls. This emphasizes how dangerous and powerful his enemies are. Alternate translation: “I have many enemies and they are like bulls that surround me; they are like strong bulls from Bashan that surround me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 22:13 tfu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They open their mouths wide against me 0 The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions with the mouths open ready to eat him. His enemies may be speaking lies to discredit him. Or they may be threatening him and attacking him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:13 qv8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a roaring lion ripping its victim 0 The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions. This emphasizes how powerful and dangerous his enemies are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 22:14 q64m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive I am being poured out like water 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “It is like someone is pouring me out like water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 22:14 d2h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I am being poured out like water 0 The writer speaks about feeling completely exhausted and weak as if he were water being poured out of a jar. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 22:14 pjf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor all my bones are dislocated 0 “all my bones are out of place.” It is possible the writer is in some kind of physical pain. Or he may be speaking of his emotional pain as if it were physical pain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:14 ws5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile My heart is like wax & inner parts 0 The writer speaks about no longer having courage as if his heart melted like wax. Here “heart” represents “courage.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:14 y32r wax 0 a soft substance that melts at a relatively low temperature 22:14 k6ki within my inner parts 0 Alternate translation: “inside of me” 22:15 fpb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile My strength has dried up like a piece of pottery 0 The writer speaks about feeling weak as if his strength were like a dry piece of pottery that can easily break. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 22:15 w7be piece of pottery 0 an object made of baked clay that can be used in the house 22:15 g95x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my tongue sticks to the roof of my mouth 0 “my tongue sticks to the top of my mouth.” The writer may be describing his extreme thirst. Or he may be continuing to speak about being weak as if he were completely dry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:15 z793 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You have laid me in the dust of death 0 Possible meanings for **dust of death** are: (1) it refers to a person turning to dust after they die. Alternate translation: “You are about to let me die and become dust” or (2) it is a way of speaking about the grave, which would mean God is causing the writer to die. Alternate translation: “You have laid me in my grave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:15 m487 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You have laid me 0 The “you” is singular and refers to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 22:16 un7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor dogs have surrounded me 0 The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were dogs. His enemies are coming close to him like wild dogs do to a dying animal. Alternate translation: “my enemies are like dogs that have surrounded me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:16 np5i a company of evildoers 0 Alternate translation: “a group of evildoers” or “a gang of evildoers” 22:16 i2n1 encircled 0 stood in a circle 22:16 x42c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they have pierced my hands and my feet 0 This continues the dog metaphor. The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were dogs that are biting and piercing his hands and feet with their teeth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:16 ai5d pierced 0 stabbed through something with a sharp object 22:17 est5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I can count all my bones 0 This could mean: (1) the writer is so thin that he can see his bones. Alternate translation: “I can see all of my bones” or “I can feel each of my bones” or (2) this continues the dog metaphor and the writer can see his bones after the dogs have ripped his flesh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:17 ce23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet look and stare at me 0 The words “look” and “stare” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that people look at him awkwardly and make fun of him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 22:18 fb7u my garments 0 Alternate translation: “my clothes” 22:19 v12t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes Do not be far away 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Be very close” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 22:19 y71k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my strength 0 Here “strength” represents Yahweh who gives him strength. Alternate translation: “you who give me strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:20 ly82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Rescue my soul 0 Here “soul” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Rescue me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 22:20 a8wk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the sword 0 The sword is a common way of referring to a violent enemy. Alternate translation: “those who want to kill me” or “my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:20 li5b my only life 0 Alternate translation: “my precious life” or “the only life I have” 22:20 a1qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor claws of wild dogs 0 The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were dogs to emphasize how dangerous his enemies are. Also, the claws stand for the animals as a whole in a synecdoche. The writer emphasizes this part of the animal because it is what the animals would use to kill someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 22:20 h8vu wild dogs 0 The word “wild” here means that no one has captured and tamed the animal. 22:21 vl96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lion’s mouth & horns of the wild oxen 0 The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions and wild oxen to emphasize how dangerous his enemies are. Also, the mouth and horns stand for the animals as a whole in a synecdoche. The writer emphasizes these parts of the animals because they are what the animals would use to kill someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 22:21 wgw6 wild oxen 0 The word “wild” here means that no one has captured and tamed the animal. 22:22 vq9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will declare your name 0 “I will make known your name.” Here “name” stands for God’s character or reputation. Alternate translation: “I will talk about your character” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:22 k6ii my brothers 0 Here “brothers” means “my fellow Israelites” or “my fellow worshipers of Yahweh” 22:22 t5p8 in the midst of the assembly 0 Alternate translation: “when my fellow Israelites and I gather together” or “when I am surrounded by my fellow worshipers of Yahweh” 22:23 wl3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You who fear 0 Here “You” is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 22:23 yc8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism you descendants of Jacob & you descendants of Israel 0 Both of these refer to the same group of people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 22:23 rs9u Stand in awe of him 0 Alternate translation: “Be full of awe for him” or “Let God’s power amaze you” 22:24 t6pw he has not despised or abhorred the suffering of the afflicted one 0 This could mean: (1) he has not despised the afflicted one because he is suffering or (2) he has not belittled the suffering of the afflicted one 22:24 q54x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet despised or abhorred 0 These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that God has not forgotten the one who is afflicted and suffering. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 22:24 w7tf despised 0 strongly disliked or hated 22:24 h5t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he has not & abhorred the suffering of the afflicted one 0 Here, suffering is a metonym for the person who suffers. To abhor something is to think of it as horrible. Alternate translation: “he has not … thought of the afflicted one who suffers as horrible” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:24 y2dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the suffering of the afflicted one & from him & the afflicted one cried 0 This could mean: (1) the author was speaking about how God treats people who are suffering. Alternate translation: “those who suffer … from them … those who are suffering cried” or (2) the author was speaking specifically about how God treated him. Alternate translation: “my suffering because of my affliction … from me … I cried” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 22:24 r4zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor has not hidden his face from him 0 Hiding one’s face from someone represents ignoring him. Alternate translation: “has not turned his attention away from him” or “has not ignored him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:24 fci1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he heard 0 “he listened.” It is implied that he responded when he heard their cry. Alternate translation: “he answered” or “he helped” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:25 q298 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you because of you 0 Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 22:25 w4ny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I will fulfill my vows 0 This refers to sacrifices the writer promised to offer to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:25 zq18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person before those who fear him 0 Here “him” refers to Yahweh. It can be stated as “you.” Alternate translation: “in the presence of those who fear you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 22:26 fhl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The oppressed will eat and be satisfied 0 This refers to the fellowship meal which occurs after the writer offers to God the sacrifices that he promised. He will invite those who were suffering to eat a part of the animal he sacrificed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:26 jvb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who seek Yahweh 0 Those who want to know Yahweh and please him are spoken of as if they are literally seeking to find Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:26 x7ys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche May your hearts live forever 0 Here “hearts” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “May you live forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 22:26 lv3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you May your hearts 0 Here “your” is plural and refers to the oppressed people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 22:27 sti4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will remember and turn to Yahweh 0 Starting to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the people physically turn toward Yahweh. Alternate translation: “will remember Yahweh and obey him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:27 s5k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism all the families of the nations will bow down before you 0 This means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. The writer is emphasizing that everyone from every place will worship and obey Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 22:27 ves3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction will bow down before you 0 This is a sign of giving honor and respect to someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 22:27 n554 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you before you 0 Here “you” refers to Yahweh. It can be translated in the third person to match the first part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “before him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 22:28 yp9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy For the kingdom is Yahweh’s 0 “For the kingdom belongs to Yahweh.” Here “kingdom” represents God’s rule as king. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:28 y3zn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he is the ruler over the nations 0 Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. Alternate translation: “he rules the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:29 pb3y will feast 0 The people will eat together at the feast. Alternate translation: “will eat together” or “will eat a festive meal together” 22:29 b7d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism all those who are descending into the dust & those who cannot preserve their own lives 0 Both phrases refers to the same group. They both refer to all people because all people will die. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 22:29 fkt1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy those who are descending into the dust 0 Here “dust” represents the grave. The phrase “descending into the dust” is a way of referring to someone dying. Alternate translation: “those who are dying” or “those who die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 22:29 wbb7 those who cannot preserve their own lives 0 Alternate translation: “those who cannot save their own lives” or “those who cannot keep themselves from dying” 22:30 tak2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A generation to come 0 Here “A generation” represents the people of a generation. The phrase “to come” speaks about a future time as if it were something that travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “People in the future generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:30 l73k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the next generation 0 Here “generation” represents the people of that generation. Alternate translation: “the people of the next generation” or “their children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:30 j95t of the Lord 0 Alternate translation: “about the Lord” or “about what the Lord has done” 22:31 lt28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns tell of his righteousness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “tell of the righteous things he has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 23:intro r1f6 0 # Psalm 023 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 23 is a psalm of praise to God for his continued care and protection. The psalmist praises God for always being with him and for caring for him.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nPsalm 23 is an extended metaphor speaking of God as if he were a shepherd, and of the psalmist as if he were a sheep. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 23:1 h1x8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIn much of this psalm, David writes as if he were a sheep and the Lord were his shepherd. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) 23:1 t39n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh is my shepherd 0 The writer speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd. This emphasizes how God cares for people as a shepherd cares for his sheep. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is like a shepherd to me” or “Yahweh cares for me as a shepherd cares for his sheep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 23:1 gb7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes I will lack nothing 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I have everything that I need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 23:2 ez87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He makes me to lie down in green pastures 0 The writer speaks about himself as if he were a sheep, and he speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd. Alternate translation: He gives me rest like a shepherd who leads his sheep to lie down in green pastures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 23:2 p2p4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he leads me beside tranquil water 0 The writer speaks about himself as if he were a sheep, and he speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd. Alternate translation: “he provides what I need like a shepherd who leads his sheep beside tranquil water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 23:2 l7sx tranquil water 0 “calm water” or “water that flows gently.” This water is safe to drink. 23:3 ic3m He brings back my life 0 This means God makes a person who is weak and tired to be strong and rested again. 23:3 nx5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he guides me along right paths 0 Showing a person how to live in a way that pleases God is spoken of as if it were a shepherd showing a sheep the right path to take. Alternate translation: “He shows me how to live right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 23:3 ta7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for his name’s sake 0 The phrase “his name” here refers to his reputation. Alternate translation: “for his reputation” or “so that people will honor him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 23:4 fi66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Even though I walk through a valley of darkest shadow 0 The writer describes a person experiencing terrible trouble as if he were a sheep walking through a dark and dangerous valley. There a sheep could get lost or attacked by a wild animal. Alternate translation: “Though my life is like walking through a dark and dangerous valley” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 23:4 me3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I will not fear harm 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **harm**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will not be afraid of something harming me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 23:4 hqa2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you are with me 0 Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 23:4 yre6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your rod and your staff comfort me 0 The rod and staff represent protection because shepherds use them to protect their sheep from danger. Alternate translation: “I am not afraid because you protect me like a shepherd who protects his sheep with his rod and staff” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 23:5 ksk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nNow the writer tells how God is like someone who welcomes a guest into his home and protects him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) 23:5 nqn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy You prepare a table 0 A table represents a feast because people would put all the food on a table. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 23:5 b3bs in the presence of my enemies 0 The meaning here is that the writer is not worried about his enemies because he is an honored guest of the Lord and therefore protected from harm. Alternate translation: “despite the presence of my enemies” 23:5 hh1r anointed my head with oil 0 People sometimes put oil on their guests’ heads in order to honor them. 23:5 w1iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom my cup runs over 0 Here a cup of wine that overflows represents many blessings. Alternate translation: “You fill my cup so much that it overflows” or “You give me many blessings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 23:6 y8zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Surely goodness and covenant faithfulness will pursue me 0 Yahweh being good and faithful to a person is spoken of as if goodness and covenant faithfulness are things that pursue after a person. The abstract nouns “goodness” and “faithfulness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “Surely you will be good and faithful to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 23:6 ep2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns all the days of my life 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **life**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “as long as I live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 23:6 u2bl the house of Yahweh 0 This could mean: (1) this refers to Yahweh’s eternal home, or (2) this refers to Yahweh’s temple in Jerusalem. If possible, translate it so that both meanings could be understood. 23:6 u53m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom for the length of my days 0 This idiom refers to the duration of his life. Alternate translation: “as long as I live” or “forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 24:intro cw5j 0 # Psalm 024 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 24 is a psalm of praise to God as the almighty God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/almighty]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Righteous people\n\nOnly the righteous come to worship God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nThe psalmists uses several rhetorical questions. Each question forms a unit with a response. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 24:1 nne9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 24:1 hma5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns its fullness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fullness**, you could express the same idea with the verb “fills.” Alternate translation: “everything that fills it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 24:2 v6lt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism For he has founded it upon the seas and established it on the rivers 0 Here “founded it upon the seas” and “established it on the rivers” mean basically the same thing. The Hebrews of that time believed their land was supported by the oceans and deep underground rivers. Alternate translation: For he formed its foundation on the seas and built it on the deep waters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 24:2 d2bq the seas & the rivers 0 These phrases are used together to refer to the huge deep ocean below the earth. 24:2 h6kl on the rivers 0 Alternate translation: “the water that is deep below” 24:3 e3ya rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Who will ascend the mountain & in his holy place? 0 Both of these questions mean basically the same thing. The speaker is asking about who is allowed to go and worship Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 24:3 bda3 will ascend 0 Alternate translation: “will go up” or “will climb” 24:3 mz8v the mountain of Yahweh 0 This refers to Mount Zion in Jerusalem. 24:3 vj27 his holy place 0 This refers Yahweh’s temple. His temple is on Mount Zion in Jerusalem. 24:4 g1lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun He who has & who has & and has not 0 Here “He” does not refer to a specific person. Alternate translation: “Those who have … who have … and have not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 24:4 vsk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy who has clean hands 0 The word “hands” represents what a person does. For his “hands” to be clean means he does what is right. Alternate translation: “who does what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 24:4 ikc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a pure heart 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts or motives. Alternate translation: “thinks good thoughts” or “does not think about doing what is wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 24:4 u76e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy who has not lifted up a falsehood 0 Here “falsehood” represents a false idol. To “lift up” means to worship. Alternate translation: “who has not worshiped an idol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 24:5 z3wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun He will receive a blessing from Yahweh 0 The word “he” does not refer to a specific person. It refers to the ones with pure hearts mentioned in previous verse. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **blessing**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 24:5 bc4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns righteousness from the God of his salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “righteously.” And, “salvation” can be stated as “save.” Alternate translation: “God will deal righteously with him and save him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 24:6 n5aj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Such is the generation of those who seek him 0 Here “generation” represents people in general. Alternate translation: “The people who seek him are like this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 24:6 h9nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism those who seek him, those who seek the face of the God of Jacob 0 Both statements mean the same thing. They both refer to those who go to the temple to worship God. Alternate translation: “the ones who approach God, they are the ones who may worship God, the one we Israelites worship” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 24:6 fbc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who seek him 0 Going to the temple to worship Yahweh is spoken of as if the person is literally seeking to find him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 24:6 tsi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the face of the God of Jacob 0 Here “face” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “the God of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 24:7 yi4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Lift up your heads, you gates; be lifted up, everlasting doors 0 The two phases are very similar in meaning. The words “gates” and “doors” refer to the gates of the temple. The writer is speaking to the gates as if they were a person. A gatekeeper would be the one to open the gates. Alternate translation: “Open up, you ancient gates” or “Open these ancient gates” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 24:7 z61a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Lift up your heads 0 It is uncertain what specific part of the gate is the “head.” But, it stands for the gate as a whole. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 24:8 bp2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh, strong and mighty; Yahweh, mighty in battle 0 The writer speaks about Yahweh as if he were a mighty warrior who fights in battles. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 24:9 hl69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Lift up your heads, you gates; be lifted up, everlasting doors 0 The two phases are very similar in meaning. The words “gates” and “doors” refer to the gates of the temple. The writer is speaking to the gates as if they were a person. A gatekeeper would be the one to open the gates. See how you translated this in [Psalms 24:7](../024/007.md). Alternate translation: “Open up, you ancient gates” or “Open these ancient gates” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 24:9 fk49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Lift up your heads 0 It is uncertain what specific part of the gate is the “head.” But, it stands for the gate as a whole. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 25:intro utp4 0 # Psalm 025 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 25 is a prayer for God’s help.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The humble\n\nGod is very good to humble people who seek to obey him. 25:1 sq2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 25:1 z3ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I lift up my life 0 The phrase “lift up my life” is a metaphor. This could mean: (1) the writer is giving himself to Yahweh, which means he is completely depending on Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I give myself to you” or (2) he is offering prayer and adoration to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I worship and adore you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:2 m2b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Do not let me be humiliated 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies humiliate me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 25:2 ff1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom rejoice triumphantly over me 0 “rejoice in triumph over me.” The phrase “over me” implies that his enemies have defeated him and stand above in victory. Alternate translation: “defeat me and rejoice about it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 25:3 jw7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit May no one who hopes in you be disgraced 0 “Do not let those who hope in you be disgraced.” Disgrace could come from being defeated by their enemies. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not let enemies defeat those who hope in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 25:3 haz8 who hopes in you 0 Alternate translation: “who trusts you” 25:3 r1zd act treacherously 0 Alternate translation: “act deceitfully” or “act with trickery” 25:3 le6f without cause 0 Alternate translation: “without a reason” 25:4 a1rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Make known to me your ways, Yahweh; teach me your paths 0 Both statements mean the same thing. God teaching a person how they should behave is spoken of as if he were showing a person the correct path on which a person should travel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:5 ji5y I hope in you 0 Alternate translation: “I depend on you” or “I wait patiently for you” 25:5 t3bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Guide me into your truth and teach me 0 Guide and teach mean the same thing, to give instruction. Alternate translation: “Instruct me to conduct my life by obeying your truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 25:5 zz1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the God of my salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “saves.” Alternate translation: “the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:6 f922 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Call to mind 0 This is an idiom. This does not mean God forgot something. The writer is asking God to think about and consider his acts of compassion and faithfulness. Alternate translation: “Remember” or “Think about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 25:6 uw7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns your acts of compassion and of covenant faithfulness 0 The abstract nouns “compassion” and “faithfulness” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “how you have been compassionate and faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:6 y7a2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification for they have always existed 0 Here “they” personifies God’s compassion and covenant faithfulness. Alternate translation: “for that is how you have always been” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 25:7 ym66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Do not think about the sins of my youth 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sins**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “sinned.” Alternate translation: “Do not think about how I sinned against you when I was young” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:7 ayg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns or my rebelliousness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebelliousness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “rebelled.” Alternate translation: or about how I have rebelled against you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:7 rmx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Call me to mind 0 This is an idiom. This does not mean God forgot something. The writer is asking God to think about him. Alternate translation: “Remember me” or “Think about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 25:7 dzp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns with covenant faithfulness because of your goodness 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “goodness” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “and be faithful to me because of your covenant, because you are good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:8 fe3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the way 0 How God wants a person to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which a person travels. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:9 sd77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the humble 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “humble people” or “those who are humble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 25:9 g5rh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his way 0 How God wants a person to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which a person travels. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:10 y1ce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor All the paths of Yahweh are steadfast love and faithfulness 0 The word “paths” is a metaphor for ways. Alternate translation: “Yahweh always loves us because of his covenant and he is always trustworthy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:11 i29u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy For your name’s sake 0 The phrase “your name” here refers to Yahweh’s reputation. Alternate translation: “For your reputation” or “So that people will honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 25:11 zdw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns pardon my sin, for it is great 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **sin**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “sinned.” Alternate translation: “please forgive me, for I have sinned much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:12 uen3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who is the man who fears Yahweh? 0 This question introduces “the man who fears Yahweh” as a new topic. Alternate translation: “I will tell you about the man who fears Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 25:12 r5gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun is the man who fears & instruct him & he should 0 These words refer to any person who fears Yahweh, not a specific person. Alternate translation: “are those who fear … instruct them … they should” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 25:12 e57l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The Lord will instruct him in the way that he should choose 0 Yahweh teaching people how they should behave is spoken of as if Yahweh were teaching the people what way or path they should travel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:13 vwm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun His life & his descendants 0 These words refer to any person who fears Yahweh, not a specific person. Alternate translation: “Their lives … their descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 25:13 f8pb His life will go along in goodness 0 Alternate translation: “God will cause him to prosper” or “God will cause them to prosper” 25:14 m7sj The friendship of Yahweh is for those 0 “Yahweh is a friend to those.” Some translate it as “Yahweh confides in those.” His confiding in them shows the intimate friendship he has with them. 25:15 utj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy My eyes are always on Yahweh 0 Here “eyes” represents looking. It is implied that he looks to Yahweh for help. Alternate translation: “I always look to Yahweh to help me” or “I always depend on Yahweh to help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 25:15 mb6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for he will free my feet from the net 0 A net is a trap. A person who is in danger is spoken of as if their feet are tangled in a net. Alternate translation: He will rescue me from danger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:16 jm85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Turn toward me 0 Yahweh paying attention to a person and considering him is spoken of as if Yahweh were physically turning towards the person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:17 lu85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The troubles of my heart are enlarged 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “I feel more and more troubled” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 25:17 t6l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor draw me out from my distress 0 “bring me out of my distress.” This speaks of distress as if it were a place that a person can be brought out of. Alternate translation: “rescue me from my distress” or “relieve me of my distress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:17 px9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns my distress 0 The word “distress” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “the things that distress me” or “the things that cause me to be afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:18 gp57 See my affliction 0 Alternate translation: “Notice my affliction” 25:18 kwp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns my affliction 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **affliction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the things that afflict me” or “how afflicted I am” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:18 my25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns my toils 0 The word “toils” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “the things that trouble me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:19 it1s they hate me with cruel hatred 0 Alternate translation: “they hate me cruelly” or “they hate me fiercely” 25:20 zk7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive do not let me be humiliated 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies humiliate me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 25:20 y36b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor take refuge in you! 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:21 b36j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification May integrity and uprightness preserve me 0 This speaks about “integrity” and “uprightness” as if they were persons who could keep another person safe. These abstract nouns can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “May being honest and doing what is right preserve me” or “Preserve me, Lord, because I am honest and do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:21 d4fj preserve me 0 Alternate translation: “keep me safe” 25:22 vj9z Rescue Israel 0 Alternate translation: “Save Israel” or “Redeem Israel” 25:22 msf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Israel & his troubles 0 Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel … our troubles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 26:intro q9dz 0 # Psalm 026 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 26 is a teaching psalm; showing people how they should live by the example of the psalmsist.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\n\nThe psalmist delights in praising God and doing good deeds. It is striking how this psalm uses the first person pronoun. This is an individual psalm of petition. Each of the four petitions are accompanied with various claims. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) 26:1 h9z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 26:1 b9cq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have walked 0 The word “walked” is a metaphor for behavior. Alternate translation: “I have behaved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 26:1 am7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person in Yahweh 0 The third person use of “Yahweh” can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 26:1 a4v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor without wavering 0 Doubting is spoken of as if it were losing balance and waving back and forth. Alternate translation: “without doubting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 26:2 zxg5 Examine me 0 Alternate translation: “Try me” 26:2 iqe7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet test the purity of my inner parts and my heart 0 Here “inner parts” and “heart” mean motives. Alternate translation: “test whether my motives are good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 26:3 qc7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For your covenant faithfulness is before my eyes 0 Here “eyes” represent a person’s thoughts and having something before one’s eyes represents being aware of that thing. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “For I am always aware of your covenant faithfulness” or “For I am always aware that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 26:3 am2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I walk about in your faithfulness 0 The word “walk” is a metaphor for behavior. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I conduct my life according to your faithfulness” or “I behave the way I do because you are faithful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 26:4 b17j I do not associate with 0 Alternate translation: “I do not keep company with” or “I do not sit with” 26:4 j2s7 with deceitful people 0 Alternate translation: “with those who deceive others” 26:4 u6k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism nor do I mingle with dishonest people 0 This means the same as the first part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “and I do not join with dishonest people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 26:4 t3xy dishonest people 0 Alternate translation: “hypocrites” or “those who lie to others” 26:5 hc11 the assembly of evildoers 0 Alternate translation: “those who gather to do evil” 26:5 ees1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This is a nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “wicked people” or “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 26:6 idg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction I wash my hands in innocence 0 This seems to refer to a ritual washing of hands in water to symbolize freedom from sin and guilt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 26:6 u7rx I go around your altar 0 This was an action of worship that the Israelites were accustomed to doing. 26:8 ywm8 the house where you live 0 This could mean: (1) if a person wrote this after the time of David, then the writer is referring to the temple in Jerusalem or (2) if David wrote this, then this refers to the tent that God told his people to set up so that they could worship him there. 26:8 adz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the place where your glory lives 0 Here “glory” represents the presence and power of God, which is similar to a very bright light. Alternate translation: “the place where people can see the glorious light of your presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 26:9 k89i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Do not sweep me away with sinners 0 “Sweep away” here is a metaphor for destruction. Alternate translation: “Do not destroy me along with sinners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 26:9 gb7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis or my life 0 The word “sweep” is understood. Alternate translation: “or sweep my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 26:9 dsi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy people who are bloodthirsty 0 The word “bloodthirsty” represents wanting to kill people. Alternate translation: “people who are eager to shed others’ blood” or “murderers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 26:10 gku4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche in whose hands 0 “Hands” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “people in which” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 26:10 g7rx a plot 0 Alternate translation: “a wicked plan” 26:11 qm5d But as for me 0 This phrase shows that the writer is changing from speaking about wicked people to talking about himself. 26:11 vu5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will walk in integrity 0 “Walk” here is a metaphor for behavior. Alternate translation: “I will behave with integrity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 26:12 xe4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My foot stands 0 Here “foot” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I stand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 26:12 apj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor level ground 0 Here, **level ground** could mean: (1) a safe place or (2) right behavior (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 26:12 p8c6 in the assemblies will I bless Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “when I gather with the people of Israel I will praise you” 27:intro ru1e 0 # Psalm 027 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 27 is a psalm of praise to God because God keeps the psalmist safe from all his enemies.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\n\nBecause of God’s help, he has nothing to fear, no matter what happens. The psalmist shows his confidence in God; he also asks God for help. 27:1 cx3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 27:1 pgd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh is my light 0 Here “light” represents life. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the source of my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 27:1 f2iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion whom should I fear? 0 This question emphasizes that there is no one that David should fear. Alternate translation: “I will not be afraid of anyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 27:1 gdw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh is my life’s refuge 0 This speaks about Yahweh as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who keeps me safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:1 b7ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion whom should I dread? 0 This question emphasizes that there is no one that David should be afraid of. Alternate translation: “I will not dread anyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 27:2 b8ta rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to devour my flesh 0 Destroying someone completely is spoken of as if it were devouring a person’s flesh. He did not mean that they wanted to eat his body. Alternate translation: “to destroy me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:2 afd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet my adversaries and my enemies 0 These words mean the same thing. These are the evildoers who came near to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 27:2 gj21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor stumbled and fell 0 This represents the writer’s enemies failing to fulfill their plans to harm the writer. Alternate translation: “did not succeed” or “failed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:3 a7hp Though an army encamps against me 0 Alternate translation: “though an army surrounds me” or “though an army puts its tents around me” 27:3 nqv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my heart will not fear 0 Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will not be afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 27:3 bf9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor though war rises up against me 0 The writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they themselves were a war. Alternate translation: “though my enemies come to fight against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:3 z488 I will remain confident 0 Alternate translation: “I will continue to trust God to help me” 27:4 p5pc have I asked of Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “I have asked Yahweh to let me do” 27:4 vpq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will seek that 0 A person really wanting something and continually asking God for it is spoken of as if he were seeking to find something. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:4 gb9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to see the beauty of Yahweh 0 The wonderful character of God is spoken of as if it were physical beauty. Alternate translation: “to see how wonderful Yahweh is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:4 c2a9 to meditate in his temple 0 This could mean: (1) “to ask God what he wants me to do” or (2) “to think carefully about God in his temple.” 27:5 cv9f in the day of trouble 0 Alternate translation: “in times of trouble” or “when I have troubles” 27:5 vjd7 he will hide me 0 Alternate translation: “he will protect me” 27:5 cc6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism his shelter & his tent 0 Both of these refer to the tabernacle where the writer is worshiping God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 27:5 mz3d in the cover of his tent 0 The word “cover” represents something that hides and protects. 27:5 j6tu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will lift me high on a rock 0 God keeping the writer safe from his enemies is spoken of as if God were placing him on a high rock where his enemies cannot reach him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:6 a3t2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my head will be lifted up above my enemies 0 This represents the writer receiving pride or honor when he defeats his enemies. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will honor me when I win the fight against my enemies” or “God will honor me by enabling me to defeat my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 27:7 p3lq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Hear, Yahweh, my voice 0 The “voice” often represents a person who speak or calls out. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, hear me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 27:7 q1ev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit answer me 0 This implies that Yahweh hears the writer’s prayer and Yahweh will do what the writer asks. Alternate translation: “answer my prayer” or “do what I request of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 27:8 jx52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy My heart says 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: “In my heart I say” or “I say to myself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 27:8 kc98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Seek his face 0 A person going to the temple to pray to Yahweh is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Here “face” represents all of God. Alternate translation: “Go and pray to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 27:8 lv4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I seek your face, Yahweh 0 A person going to the temple to pray to Yahweh is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Here “face” represents all of God. Alternate translation: “I will come to your temple to pray to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 27:9 uv72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Do not hide your face from me 0 The face here represents Yahweh’s attention, and hiding the face represents rejecting someone. Alternate translation: “Do not reject me” or “Do not stop taking care of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:9 n49l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person do not turn your servant away in anger 0 David said “your servant” to refer to himself in a humble way. Alternate translation: “do not be angry with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 27:9 p7vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet forsake me or abandon me 0 The words “forsake” and “abandon” mean the same thing. The writer is emphasizing that he does not want God to leave him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 27:9 j546 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis or abandon me 0 The words “and do not” are understood. Alternate translation: “and do not abandon me” or “and do not leave me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 27:9 sm12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns God of my salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “saves.” Alternate translation: God who saves me” or “because you are the God who saves me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 27:10 w897 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo Even if my father and my mother forsake me 0 “Even if my father and my mother were to forsake me.” He is not saying that they actually have done this or that they would do it. His point is that even if they did that, God would not abandon him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 27:10 n75n Yahweh will take me in 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh will keep me” or “Yahweh will take care of me” 27:11 z7b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Teach me your way 0 How a person should behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path that person should travel. Alternate translation: “Teach me how you want me to live” or “Teach me to do what you want me to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:11 r72j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Lead me on a level path 0 Yahweh keeping the writer safe from his enemies is spoken of as if Yahweh leads the writer on a level path where he will not stumble and fall. Alternate translation: “Keep me safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:12 gs3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Do not give me up to the desires of my enemies 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desires**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies do to me what they desire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 27:12 s7ry rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom have risen up against me 0 “Risen up” here is an idiom meaning that a witness stood in court to present testimony. Alternate translation: “have stood up in order to speak against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 27:12 ez4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they breathe out violence 0 Here violence is spoken for as if it was something a person could breathe out. Alternate translation: “they say that they will do violent things to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:13 ts3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What would have happened to me 0 This rhetorical question can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “Something bad would have happened to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 27:13 c72l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the goodness of Yahweh 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **goodness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “the good things that Yahweh does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 27:13 wld8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom in the land of the living 0 This refers to being alive. Alternate translation: “while I am alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 27:14 g4pq Wait for Yahweh & Wait for Yahweh! 0 This verse may be: (1) the writer speaking to himself or (2) the writer speaking to others or (3) someone speaking to the writer. 27:14 m8gs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche let your heart be courageous 0 Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “be courageous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 27:14 yng1 Wait for Yahweh! 0 This line is repeated at the end of the psalm as a way of ending the psalm. 28:intro a18t 0 # Psalm 028 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 28 is a psalm of prayer to God that he is not be punished along with the wicked people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust\n\nThe psalmist trusted God completely and God rescued him. This is similar to psalm 7 and 17 because it is an individual lament psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) 28:1 p6ea rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 28:1 t7sd I cry out 0 Alternate translation: “I call out loudly” 28:1 vx2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my rock 0 This is a metaphor for strength. Alternate translation: “my strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 28:1 y82h do not ignore me 0 Alternate translation: “do not be silent to me” or “do not leave me alone” 28:1 y255 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will join those who go down to the grave 0 People who die are spoken of as if they are going down into the grave. Alternate translation: “I will die like those who are in the grave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 28:2 i4h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Hear the sound of my pleading 0 Here “sound” refers to the content of his request. Alternate translation: “Hear my strong request” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 28:2 t7ig rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction I lift up my hands toward your most holy place 0 Lifting up hands is a symbol of worship. The writer is not worshiping the holy place, but Yahweh who lives in the holy place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 28:2 a92a your most holy place 0 This could mean: (1) if David wrote this, then this refers to the tent that God told his people to set up so that they could worship him there, or (2) if a person wrote this after the time of David, then the writer is referring to the temple in Jerusalem. 28:3 r4t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Do not drag me away 0 God punishing people is spoken of as if he physically drags them away. In this metaphor Yahweh may be dragging them to prison, exile, or death. Alternate translation: “Do not remove me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 28:3 y9zp who speak peace with their neighbors 0 Here “neighbors” refers to people in general. Alternate translation: “who speak peacefully with other people” 28:3 y46g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy but have evil in their hearts 0 Here “hearts” represents a person’s mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: “but are thinking something evil about them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 28:4 g3b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Give them what their deeds deserve & repay them what their wickedness demands 0 These two phrases mean the same thing. They are used together to emphasize that they deserve for God to punish them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 28:4 z39d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the work of their hands 0 Here “hands” represent what the person has done. Alternate translation: “the things they have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 28:4 d21y render to them their due 0 Alternate translation: “give them what they deserve” 28:5 vma7 Because they do not understand & never rebuild them 0 This could mean: (1) David is confident about what God will do to wicked people or (2) David is asking God to destroy the wicked people. 28:5 b1cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit they do not understand the deeds of Yahweh 0 It is implied that “do not understand” means they ignore or do not honor Yahweh’s works. Alternate translation: “they do not regard with honor what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 28:5 a757 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the work of his hands 0 Here “hands” represents what Yahweh has done or created. Alternate translation: “what he has created” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 28:5 uqh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will tear them down and never rebuild them 0 The punishment of the wicked people is spoken of as if they were a building or a city that God would destroy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 28:6 jfr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he has heard the sound of my pleading 0 Here “sound” represents what the writer said. Alternate translation: “has heard what I said when I pleaded to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 28:7 g4ne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Yahweh is my strength 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “strong.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes me strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 28:7 vh7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my shield 0 This represents Yahweh’s protecting the writer. Alternate translation: “he protects me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 28:7 r9jp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my heart trusts 0 Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I trust” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 28:7 bl9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive I am helped 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he helps me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 28:7 uts5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my heart greatly rejoices 0 Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I greatly rejoice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 28:8 pd6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Yahweh is the strength of his people 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “strong.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes his people strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 28:8 vd99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he is the saving refuge of his anointed one 0 Yahweh keeping the king safe is spoken of as if Yahweh were a place that the king could go for safety. Alternate translation: “he keeps safe the one he appointed to be king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 28:8 yh2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his anointed one 0 The represents the king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 28:9 at1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your inheritance 0 This speaks about the people of God as if they were something God inherited. Alternate translation: “your possession” or “those who belong to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 28:9 e7e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Be their shepherd and carry them forever 0 The writer speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd and the people are his sheep. A shepherd would carry a sheep if it needed help or protection. Alternate translation: “Be like their shepherd and protect them forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 29:intro b4tt 0 # Psalm 029 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 29 is a worship psalm. It tells how Yahweh rules all nature.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s power\n\nGod is powerful. All he has to do is to speak in order to control nature.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metonymy\n\nThe voice of the Yahweh stands for Yahweh himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 29:1 kq7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 29:1 bc7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you sons of God 0 The phrase “sons of” is a way of saying “having the characteristics of.” Alternate translation: “you mighty men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 29:1 i354 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ascribe to Yahweh glory and strength 0 The abstract nouns “glory” and “strength” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh because he is glorious and strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 29:2 yv1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Ascribe to Yahweh the glory his name deserves 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **glory**, you could express the same idea with a verb or adjective. Alternate translation: “Honor Yahweh just as his name deserves” or “Proclaim that Yahweh is glorious just as his name deserves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 29:2 rcj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his name deserves 0 The phrase “his name” refers to Yahweh or his reputation. Alternate translation: “as is proper because of who he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 29:2 e4f6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Bow down to Yahweh 0 The implied information is that the people were to bow down in worship. Alternate translation: “Bow down to worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 29:2 da1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in the splendor of holiness 0 The abstract nouns “splendor” and “holiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “because he is gloriously beautiful and holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 29:3 dml8 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe psalm shows Yahweh’s power and glory. 29:3 t9g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The voice of Yahweh is heard over the waters 0 God’s voice is louder and clearer than all other sounds and noises. It can be heard over other loud sounds such as the sound of the waters. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks his voice is louder than the sound of the sea” or “Yahweh shouts louder than the sound of the waters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 29:3 z58f over the waters 0 This refers to the seas or the oceans. These waters make a very loud noise as the waves rise and fall. 29:3 u41c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The voice of Yahweh 0 All occurrences of “voice” here represent Yahweh speaking. The writer is emphasizing that when Yahweh speaks, the sound is so loud it is heard over the waters, and it is so powerful it can destroy the largest trees. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks, his voice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 29:3 b7zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the God of glory thunders 0 This speaks about God speaking as if it were the sound of thunder. Just like the sound of thunder, Yahweh’s voice can be heard over large distances. Alternate translation: “The voice of the glorious God is loud like thunder” or “When the glorious God speaks it rumbles like thunder” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 29:3 srk7 over many waters 0 Alternate translation: “over the large bodies of water” 29:6 s8av Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe writer continues describing the power of God’s voice. 29:6 kdn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile He makes Lebanon skip like a calf 0 The ground of Lebanon shaking is spoken of as if it were a young calf skipping. This emphasizes that when Yahweh speaks, the power of his voice shakes the ground. Alternate translation: “He makes the land of Lebanon shake like a calf skipping” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 29:6 y9uu skip 0 jump lightly back and forth 29:6 war4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis Sirion like a young ox 0 The words “he makes” and “skip” are understood from the first phrase. They can be repeated here. The ground of Sirion shaking is spoken of as if it were a young ox skipping. This emphasizes that when Yahweh speaks, the power of his voice shakes the ground. Alternate translation: “he makes Sirion skip like a young ox” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 29:6 n725 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Sirion 0 This is a mountain in Lebanon. It is also called Mount Hermon. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 29:7 wk16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The voice of Yahweh sends out flames of fire 0 All occurrences of “voice” here represent Yahweh speaking. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks he causes lightning to flash in the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 29:7 rc8c flames of fire 0 This refers to lightning. 29:9 ht1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The voice of Yahweh causes 0 Here “voice” represents Yahweh speaking. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks, the sound causes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 29:9 sqa7 the oaks to twist 0 Alternate translation: “the large trees to shake” 29:9 f33q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor strips the forests bare 0 Removing the leaves of the trees is spoken of as if it was removing their clothing. Alternate translation: “strips off the leaves from the trees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 29:10 mk7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh sits as king 0 This means that Yahweh rules. Alternate translation: “Yahweh rules” or “Yahweh is king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 29:10 b6k6 over the flood 0 Here “flood” refers to waters that cover the earth. 29:11 vm7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh blesses his people with peace 0 The word “peace” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “Yahweh blesses his people by causing them to prosper and to live peacefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 30:intro eee3 0 # Psalm 030 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 30 is a psalm of praise and thanksgiving to God. The psalmist was near death but God rescued him.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The psalmist’s death\n\nIf he had died, it would not have been a help to God. But since God rescued him he can praise God. 30:1 iaj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 30:1 e8py a song at the dedication of the temple 0 Alternate translation: “This song was sung when the temple was dedicated” 30:1 ig1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have raised me up 0 The writer speaks of God rescuing him and keeping him from dying as if God had drawn him up from a deep well. Alternate translation: “you rescued me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:3 gel6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy brought up my soul from Sheol 0 Since “Sheol” was the place where dead people go, it refers to death. Alternate translation: “kept me from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 30:3 sw64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche brought up my soul 0 Here “my soul” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “brought me up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 30:3 ryd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from going down to the grave 0 The “grave” represents death. Alternate translation: “from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 30:4 jui4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Give thanks when you remember his holiness 0 The abstract nouns “thanks” and “holiness” can be stated as “thank” and “holy.” Alternate translation: “Remember that God is holy and thank him” or “Remember what God has done because he is holy and thank him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 30:5 n3py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his anger is only for a moment 0 “his anger lasts only a moment.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “angry.” Alternate translation: “he is angry for only a moment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 30:5 ls29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a moment 0 Here “moment” represents a short amount of time. Alternate translation: “a short time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 30:5 zm7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns but his favor is for a lifetime 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **favor**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “good.” Alternate translation: “but he is good to us all of our lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 30:5 vw11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Weeping comes for a night, but joy comes in the morning 0 This speaks about “weeping” and “joy” as if they were something that travels and arrives at a certain time. Alternate translation: “We may cry during the night, but the next morning we will be joyful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:6 v3a5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns In confidence 0 The word “confidence” is an abstract noun. The writer recalls a time when he was prospering and felt confident and safe. Alternate translation: “When I was confident” or “When I felt safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 30:6 p1kl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will never be shaken 0 The word “shaken” is a metaphor for defeat. Alternate translation: “No one will defeat me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:7 d155 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns by your favor 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **favor**, you could express the same idea with the verb “favored” or the adjective “kind.” Alternate translation: “when you favored me” or “when you were kind to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 30:7 m53d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you established me as a strong mountain 0 The writer’s security is spoken of as if he were a strong mountain. Alternate translation: “you made me as secure as a high mountain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:7 q4uk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom when you hid your face 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “when you stopped helping me” or “when you rejected me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 30:7 y2rt I was troubled 0 Alternate translation: “I was fearful” or “I was worried” 30:8 m69p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sought favor from my Lord 0 The phrase “sought favor” means to ask for help. Alternate translation: “I pleaded for you to help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:8 n1hs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person from my Lord 0 The writer is referring to Yahweh in third person. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “from you, my Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 30:9 npv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What advantage is there in my death, if I go down to the grave? 0 The writer uses this question to emphasize that he would be of no value to God if he were dead. Alternate translation: “There is no advantage if I die and go down to the grave.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 30:9 h9v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will the dust praise you? Will it declare your trustworthiness? 0 The writer uses these questions to emphasize that his dead and decayed body cannot praise God. Alternate translation: “The dust will certainly not praise you or tell others about how trustworthy you are.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 30:9 ds6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the dust 0 This refers to the body of the writer which will decay and become dust when he is dead. Alternate translation: “my decayed body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 30:11 fh4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns You have turned my mourning into dancing 0 It was customary for the Jews to dance when they were very happy. The abstract nouns “mourning” and “dancing” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “You have caused me to stop mourning and to dance with joy instead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 30:11 y5wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you have removed my sackcloth 0 Sackcloth was associated with mourning and sorrow. Alternate translation: “You have caused me to no longer be sad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 30:11 l9jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor clothed me with gladness 0 The writer speaks of gladness as if it were a garment that he could put on. Alternate translation: “caused me to be glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:12 b717 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my glory will sing praise to you 0 Here “my glory” refers to the writer’s soul or heart or inner being. This represents the entire person of the writer, who worships God because God has made him glad. Alternate translation: “I will sing praise to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:intro j2an 0 # Psalm 031 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 31 is a psalm of deliverance. The psalmist’s enemies thought they had defeated him, but God protected him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Abandonment\n\nEven though everyone deserted and despised the psalmist, God did not abandon him. 31:1 ggk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 31:1 yu4y For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 31:1 fs4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor In you, Yahweh, I take refuge 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “I go to you, Yahweh, for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:1 f8jw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive never let me be humiliated 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “do not let others humiliate me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 31:2 x6bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism be my rock of refuge, a stronghold to save me 0 The phrase “be my rock of refuge” is a request for protection. The second phrase emphasizes the first phrase. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 31:2 tq1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my rock of refuge 0 Yahweh is spoke of as if he were a huge rock that would protect the writer from attack. Alternate translation: “like a huge rock on which I can be safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:2 p9xb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a stronghold to save me 0 Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a strong fortress in which the writer would be protected from his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:3 m5q1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my rock 0 Yahweh is spoke of as if he were a huge rock that would protect the writer from attack. Alternate translation: “like a huge rock on which I can be safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:3 d9h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my fortress 0 Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a strong fortress in which the writer would be protected from his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:3 kti8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for your name’s sake 0 In this phrase “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “so that your name may be honored” or “so that I may worship you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:3 nm5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet lead and guide me 0 The words “lead” and “guide” mean basically the same thing and strengthen the request that Yahweh lead him. Alternate translation: “lead me where you want me to go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 31:4 xp2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Pluck me out of the net that they have hidden for me 0 The writer is spoken of as if he were a bird caught in a hidden net, and waiting for Yahweh to free him from the trap. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:4 pg5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you are my refuge 0 Yahweh is spoken of as if he is a place where the writer can hide from people who are attacking him. Alternate translation: “you always protect me” or “you give me constant protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:5 e3hz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Into your hands 0 God is spirit, but he is here spoken of as if he has hands. Here “your hands” refers to Yahweh’s care. Alternate translation: “Into your care” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:5 ez3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I entrust my spirit 0 Here “my spirit” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I place myself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:5 m7ux God of trustworthiness 0 Alternate translation: “you are a God I can trust” 31:6 d1f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish I hate those who serve worthless idols 0 Here the word “worthless” refers to all idols. This can be clarified in translation. Alternate translation: “Idols are worthless. I hate those who serve them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 31:7 z4ew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet I will be glad and rejoice in your covenant faithfulness 0 The words “glad” and “rejoice” share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of joy. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will be very glad because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 31:7 x1wl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism you saw my affliction & you knew the distress of my soul 0 Both of these phrases express the idea that God knows about the writer’s troubles. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 31:7 ji14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the distress of my soul 0 Here “my soul” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “my distress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:8 x76g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche You have set my feet 0 Here “my feet” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “You have set me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:8 d4bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a wide open place 0 The Hebrews thought of wide open spaces as a metaphor for safety and freedom. Alternate translation: “a place where I am free” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:9 iv54 I am in distress 0 Alternate translation: “I am suffering greatly” 31:9 amp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my soul and my body 0 The terms “soul” and “body” are used to describe the complete person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:10 p8pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy For my life is weary 0 Here “my life” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I have become very weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:10 nw2b with sorrow & with groaning 0 Alternate translation: “because of my sorrow … because of my groaning” 31:10 l7fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis my years with groaning 0 The phrase “is weary” is missing, but is implied. Alternate translation: “my years are weary with groaning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 31:10 a1r3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy My strength fails 0 Here “My strength” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I have become weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:10 b5c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my bones are wasting away 0 Here “my bones” refers to the physical health of the writer. Alternate translation: “my health is failing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:11 n8g3 people disdain me 0 Alternate translation: “people insult me” 31:11 w86t are appalled at my situation 0 Alternate translation: “are shocked at my condition” 31:12 w6b3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile as a dead man whom no one thinks about 0 People do not think about dead people. The writer does not think people think about him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 31:12 dnb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a broken pot 0 The writer speaks of himself as if he was completely useless. “as useless as a broken pot” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 31:13 ll6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the whispering of many 0 It is implied that “many” refers to people. Alternate translation: “many people talking about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 31:13 pf7q terrifying news from every side 0 Alternate translation: “scary reports from many sources” 31:13 d84i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom take away my life 0 This idiom means to kill someone. Alternate translation: “kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 31:15 pr1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy My times are in your hand 0 Here “your hand” refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “You have the power to decide my future” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:15 c577 from those who pursue me 0 Alternate translation: “from people who try to capture me” 31:16 x22n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Make your face shine on your servant 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards him as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on him. Alternate translation: “Act favorably towards your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:16 hjf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns save me in your covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “save me because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 31:17 fg5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Do not let me be humiliated 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not let others make me feel ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 31:17 vud9 May the wicked be humiliated! 0 Alternate translation: “I wish that God would disgrace wicked people!” 31:17 mw8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This refers to “wicked people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 31:17 n96w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy May they be silent in Sheol 0 Here “in Sheol” represents death. Alternate translation: “Let them die so they cannot speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:18 rvr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May lying lips be silenced 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “May someone make these lying lips silent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 31:18 jqf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy lying lips 0 These represent lying people. Alternate translation: “people who lie” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:18 dig8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj that speak against the righteous defiantly 0 Here “the righteous” refers to people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “that say terrible things about righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 31:18 r22l with arrogance and contempt 0 These terms have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “with a complete lack of respect” 31:19 c7i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns is your goodness 0 This can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “are the good things you do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 31:19 dge4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor that you have stored up 0 Yahweh’s goodness is spoken of as if it was something that could be stored up like a harvest. Alternate translation: “that you are keeping ready to use” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:19 ld4z those who revere you 0 Alternate translation: “those who respect you greatly” 31:19 iu38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor take refuge in you 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 31:1](../031/001.md). Alternate translation: “those who go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:20 q6pa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism In the shelter of your presence, you hide them & You hide them in a shelter 0 These phrases both mean that God protects them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 31:20 v252 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor In the shelter 0 Yahweh’s presence is spoken of as if it is a strong building where the writer would be safe. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:20 dx2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy You hide them in a shelter 0 Here a “shelter” represents a safe place. Alternate translation: “You provide a safe place for them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:20 jre5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from the violence of tongues 0 Here “tongues” refer to the people who are speaking violent things against the writer. Alternate translation: “where their enemies cannot speak evil at them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:21 jkp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he showed me his marvelous covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he showed me that he is wonderfully faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 31:22 uq2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive I am cut off from your eyes 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You have removed me from your presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 31:22 aku2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your eyes 0 Here Yahweh is represented by his “eyes.” Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:22 pa4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns you heard my plea for help 0 Here “plea” can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “you heard me plead for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 31:23 a8kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the faithful 0 This refers to the faithful people. Alternate translation: “the people who are faithful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 31:23 el6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he pays back the arrogant in full 0 Here “pay back” is an idiom that refers to punishment. Alternate translation: “he gives the proud people all of the punishment that they deserve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 32:intro le2f 0 # Psalm 032 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 32 is a psalm of confession of sin. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Confession of sin\n\nThis psalm tells of the sorrow of unconfessed sin; it also tells of the blessing of confession and of receiving God’s forgiveness. It is such a blessing when God forgives sin. Trouble comes when sin is hidden and not confessed. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]]) 32:1 w4yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 32:1 tgw8 A psalm of David 0 This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 32:1 pzp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is covered 0 These phrases have similar meanings. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who God forgives his transgression and covers his sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 32:1 sch5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor whose sin is covered 0 Here sin that is forgiven is spoken of as if it were covered so that it can not be seen. Alternate translation: “whose sin is ignored” or “whose sin is deliberately forgotten” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 32:2 k682 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive to whom Yahweh reckons no guilt 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom Yahweh sees as innocent” or “who is not guilty according to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 32:2 m29u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche in whose spirit there is no deceit 0 Here “spirit” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “in whom there is not deceit” or “who is completely honest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 32:3 s6cx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my bones were wasting away 0 Here “my bones” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I was wasting away” or “I was getting weaker” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 32:3 svq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom all day long 0 This idiom means “continually.” Alternate translation: “all the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 32:4 j9jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism day and night 0 These extremes include everything in between. Alternate translation: “all the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 32:4 xw1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your hand was heavy upon me 0 Here “hand” refers to Yahweh. The entire phrase is an idiom that means “you afflicted me.” Alternate translation: “you made me suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 32:4 fkc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile My strength withered as in summer drought 0 David’s strength is compared to a small, green plant that turns brown and crumbles in the dry season. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 32:6 rpw8 at a time of great distress 0 Alternate translation: “when they are in great trouble.” 32:6 yl7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor When the surging waters overflow, the waters will not reach them 0 Difficulties are spoken of as if they were a flood of water. Alternate translation: “Then when difficulties come like a flood of water, those people will be safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 32:7 r54z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You are my hiding place 0 Yahweh is spoken of as if he was a safe place from the attacks of the writer’s enemies. Alternate translation: “You are like a place where I can hide myself from my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 32:7 u3z7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You will surround me with the songs of victory 0 This metaphor apparently means that Yahweh’s protection of the writer is the cause for songs of victory to be sung. Alternate translation: “Because of you I will sing songs of victory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 32:8 x1lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet I will instruct you and teach you in the way 0 The words “instruct” and “teach” mean basically the same thing and emphasize careful instruction. Alternate translation: “I will teach you everything about the way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 32:8 mh9j I will instruct 0 Here the “I” is probably Yahweh who talks directly to David. 32:8 s74m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the way which you should go 0 Living in the correct way is spoken of as if it were a path that the writer should walk. Alternate translation: “how you should live your life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 32:8 lj3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with my eye upon you 0 Here “my eye” refers to Yahweh’s attention. Alternate translation: “and direct my attention to you” or “and watch over you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 32:9 ry6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Do not be like a horse & no understanding 0 The writer compares people with no understanding to horses and mules. This could mean: (1) the writer is speaking Yahweh’s words to his readers, “You all must not be like a horse … no understanding” or (2) Yahweh is speaking to the writer as though to a group of people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 32:9 g1b3 bridle and bit 0 Two tools that are used by people to guide horses and mules go where the rider wants them to go. 32:9 cv6w where you want them to 0 “where anyone wants them to go.” The “you” here is singular and refers to no one in particular. 32:10 ann9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness will surround the one who trusts in him 0 Yahweh being faithful to a person and protecting that person is spoken of as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness surrounded the person. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because Yahweh is faithful to his covenant, he will protect the one who trusts in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 32:11 zxp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Be glad in Yahweh 0 Here “in Yahweh” refers to what Yahweh has done for them. “Be glad because of what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 32:11 n71r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj you righteous 0 This refers to people. Alternate translation: “you righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 32:11 gs62 shout for joy 0 Alternate translation: “shout joyfully” or “shout because of joy” 32:11 ame7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche who are upright in heart 0 Here “heart” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “people who are upright” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 33:intro m4ih 0 # Psalm 033 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 33 is a worship song. It tells how great God is.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s power\n\nGod is the creator and also the God of his people, Israel. Whatever he plans works out. He alone provides safety in battle. 33:1 b979 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 33:1 x3gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Rejoice in Yahweh 0 Here “in Yahweh” refers to what Yahweh has done for them. “Rejoice because of what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 33:1 jn1l praise is appropriate for the upright 0 Alternate translation: “to praise Yahweh is appropriate for upright people” 33:4 mcg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nEach verse consists of two lines that have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 33:4 t8rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh’s word is upright 0 Here “upright” is used as a metaphor for something that is true. Alternate translation: “Yahweh always does what he says that he will do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 33:5 n6zg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns He loves righteousness and justice 0 These abstract nouns can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “He loves doing what is right and just” or “He loves those who do what is right and just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 33:5 e631 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The earth is full of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness 0 People everywhere in the world being able to see evidence of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if his covenant faithfulness filled the earth. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **covenant faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “People everywhere on earth can see that Yahweh is faithful to his covenant” or “Throughout the earth, there is evidence that Yahweh is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 33:6 qhw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive By the word of Yahweh the heavens were made 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “By using his word, Yahweh made the heavens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 33:6 bb33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy by the breath of his mouth 0 This refers to Yahweh’s word. Alternate translation: “by his word” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 33:7 xt7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nEach verse consists of two lines that have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 33:7 k6ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a heap 0 “like behind a dam.” The writer describes the creation of the sea as if God piles up all the waters together. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 33:7 eg5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he puts the oceans in storehouses 0 The writer describes the creation of the oceans as if God put them in a storehouse. Alternate translation: “he puts the oceans in their place, just like a man puts grain in a storehouse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 33:8 vc67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Let the whole earth 0 This refers to the people on the earth. Alternate translation: “Let everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 33:8 ame6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom stand in awe of him 0 Here “stand in awe” is an idiom that means “be in awe.” Alternate translation: “honor him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 33:9 c3h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom stood in place 0 Here “stood in place” is an idiom that means “was created.” Alternate translation: “started to exist” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 33:10 x22s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nEach verse consists of two lines that have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 33:10 zp3d Yahweh frustrates 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh destroys” or “Yahweh breaks” 33:10 r5ri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the alliances of nations 0 Here “nations” refers to the people of these nations. Alternate translation: “the alliances of the people of different nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 33:10 sn2l alliances 0 An alliance is an agreement between two or more nations to support each other in a war against a common enemy. 33:10 evm2 the plans of the peoples 0 Alternate translation: “the evil plans of the peoples” 33:11 gp8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom stand forever 0 Here “stand” is an idiom that means “endure.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 33:11 ww4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the plans of his heart for all generations 0 The missing term “stand” is implied. Alternate translation: “the plans of his heart stand for all generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 33:11 vhg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the plans of his heart 0 Here “his heart” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “his plans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 33:11 lea7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom for all generations 0 “for all future generations.” This is an idiom that means “forever.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 33:12 w4nk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Blessed is the nation 0 Here “the nation” refers to the people of the nation. Alternate translation: “Blessed are the people of the nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 33:12 ph21 whose God is Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “who worship Yahweh as God” 33:12 k4jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor as his own inheritance 0 The people Yahweh has chosen to worship him are described here as if they were an inheritance that he has received. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 33:14 r7tm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he looks down 0 The place where Yahweh lives is spoken of as if it is above the earth where people live. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 33:15 ch4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy shapes the hearts of them all 0 Here “hearts” refers to the thinking of these people. The writer speaks of Yahweh guiding the thinking of the people as if he were a potter who was shaping a bowl. Alternate translation: “guides their thinking as a potter shapes a bowl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 33:16 w54n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive No king is saved by a vast army 0 This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A large army is not what saves a king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 33:17 hgn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A horse is a false hope for victory 0 Here “a horse” represents the strongest part of the army. Alternate translation: “Having an army with strong horses does not provide security” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 33:18 v87c See 0 This word shows that a new theme begins in this Psalm. Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” 33:18 fy9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh’s eye 0 Here “eye” refers to Yahweh’s attention. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s attention” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 33:18 y8yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom those who hope in his covenant faithfulness 0 The idiom to “count on” means to “wait for” or to “expect.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “those who expect him to act faithfully because of his covenant” or “those who wait for him to act because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 33:19 z5yv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche to deliver their lives from death 0 Here “their lives” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “to keep them from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 33:20 j64c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom We wait for Yahweh 0 Here “wait” is an idiom that refers to trust. Alternate translation: “We trust in Yahweh” or “We hope in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 33:20 l55j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he is our help and our shield 0 Here Yahweh is spoken of as if he is a shield that protects soldiers in battle. Alternate translation: “he is our helper and protects us like a shield” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 33:21 ujv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Our hearts rejoice 0 Here “hearts” refer to the people. Alternate translation: “We rejoice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 33:21 eu9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in his holy name 0 Here “holy name” refers to Yahweh’s holy character. Alternate translation: “in his holy character” or “in him because he is holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 33:22 nn9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Let your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, be with us 0 Yahweh acting faithfully towards the people is spoken of as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness were with them. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “May you always act faithfully towards us because of your covenant, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 33:22 jye8 as we put our hope in you 0 Alternate translation: “as we hope for your help” 34:intro az5s 0 # Psalm 034 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 34 is a teaching psalm and includes thanksgiving. It teaches that living right leads to a good life. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])\n\nThe psalm does not relate directly to the superscription given about Abimelech.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\n\nGood people can have problems, but God brings them through these. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) 34:1 p9iv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 34:1 w9ay A psalm of David 0 This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 34:1 j36y pretended to be insane 0 Alternate translation: “acted like a crazy person” 34:1 m4gs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit before Abimelech 0 This refers to a specific historical event that the Hebrews knew well. Alternate translation: “when he was in Abimelech’s house” or “when he was Abimelech’s prisoner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 34:1 klk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his praise will always be in my mouth 0 Here “in my mouth” refers to David speaking about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will always praise him out loud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 34:2 rk7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the oppressed 0 This refers to people who are oppressed. Alternate translation: “the oppressed people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 34:3 me7c Praise Yahweh with me 0 The verb “praise” is a command to a group. Alternate translation: “Everyone should praise Yahweh with me” 34:3 n56p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom lift up his name 0 Here “lift up” is an idiom that refers to exalting Yahweh. Alternate translation: “tell people how great he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 34:3 hjw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his name 0 Here “his name” refers to Yahweh’s character. Alternate translation: “his character” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 34:4 def1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I sought Yahweh 0 Here “sought Yahweh” means David was asking Yahweh for help. Alternate translation: “I prayed to Yahweh” or “I asked Yahweh for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:5 t6s5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Those who look to him 0 Here “look to” represents seeking help from him. Alternate translation: “Those who look at him for help” or “those who expect help only from him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:5 ndy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom are radiant 0 This idiom refers to their appearance as being joyful. Alternate translation: “are joyful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 34:5 caz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche their faces are not ashamed 0 Here “their faces” refers to the people who look to Yahweh. It can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “they are not ashamed” or “they are proud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 34:6 cib3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person This oppressed man 0 David describes himself as an oppressed man. Alternate translation: “I was oppressed and” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 34:6 qw3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh heard him 0 Here “heard” means that Yahweh helped him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh heard me” or “Yahweh helped him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 34:7 qu9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor camps around 0 The angel of Yahweh is spoken of as if he were an army that camps around someone in order to protect them. Alternate translation: “guards” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:8 qed8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Taste and see that Yahweh is good 0 Yahweh’s goodness is spoken of as something that can be tasted and seen. Alternate translation: “Try and experience that Yahweh is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:8 j8ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor takes refuge 0 Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a place where people can hide for protection from their enemies. Alternate translation: “trust him to protect them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:9 vv95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes There is no lack for those who fear him 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Those who fear him will always have what they need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 34:10 ch59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes will not lack anything good 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will always have the good things they need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 34:11 ge81 sons 0 Here this does not refer to literal sons of the writer, but to the people he is teaching about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “my students” 34:12 gmc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What man is there who desires life and loves many days, that he may see good? 0 The implicit answer to this question is “every man.” If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Every man desires life and desires to live many days and have a good life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 34:13 h79u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism keep your tongue from evil & keep your lips from speaking lies 0 These two phrases refer to the same thing and it is said in different ways to emphasize its importance. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 34:13 jy3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Then keep your tongue from evil 0 Here “tongue” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “Therefore, do not speak evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 34:13 d237 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche keep your lips from speaking lies 0 Here “lips” refers to the person speaking. Alternate translation: “do not speak lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 34:14 l778 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Turn away from evil 0 Here “Turn away” is a metaphor for avoiding evil. Alternate translation: “Refuse to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:14 sjg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Seek peace 0 Here “seek” means to be concerned about peace. Alternate translation: “Try hard to live in peace with other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:15 x87w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The eyes of Yahweh are on the righteous 0 Here “the eyes of Yahweh” refer to his careful watching. “The righteous” is a reference to righteous people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh carefully watches over the righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 34:15 ihz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his ears are directed toward their cry 0 Here Yahweh is represented by his “ears.” To be directed toward something means to pay attention to it. Alternate translation: “he pays attention to their cry” or “he answers their cry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 34:16 b3yv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to cut off the memory of them from the earth 0 Yahweh will cause people to so completely forget them when they die that it is as if he used a knife to cut off any memory of them. Alternate translation: “so that when they are dead, people will forget them completely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:17 ib9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh hears 0 Here “hears” means that Yahweh desires to respond to them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh pays attention to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 34:18 ers6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh is close 0 Here “is close” means “ready to help.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh is always ready to help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 34:18 km9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the brokenhearted 0 This is a nominal adjective that refers to people who are brokenhearted. Deep sadness is spoken of as if the person’s heart is broken. Alternate translation: “people who are very sad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 34:18 zhw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who are crushed in spirit 0 People who are deeply discouraged are spoken of as if their spirits are crushed. Alternate translation: “people who are deeply discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:19 s9nw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the righteous 0 This refers to people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “the righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 34:20 p78v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche He keeps all his bones, not one of them will be broken 0 Here “all his bones” is literal, but it also implies that Yahweh takes care of the entire person. Alternate translation: “He provides complete protection for him, he will not be harmed in any way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 34:21 zrq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Evil will kill the wicked 0 Evil is described as if it were a man who can kill people. Alternate translation: “The evil deeds of wicked people will kill them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 34:21 rj4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This refers to wicked people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 34:21 v5tb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Those who hate the righteous will be condemned 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will condemn those who hate the righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 34:21 a6li rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the righteous 0 This refers to righteous people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 34:22 pl7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive None of those who take refuge in him will be condemned 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. It can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive everyone who takes refuge in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 34:22 wb23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor take refuge in him 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to him for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:intro d3ln 0 # Psalm 035 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 35 is a prayer for deliverance. His enemies are coming against him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Enemies\n\nWhen his enemies were sick, he tried to comfort them, but when he was in trouble his enemies use this as a time to attack him. 35:1 u6dy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 35:2 uj8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Grab your small shield and large shield 0 The writer describes God as a warrior who is preparing himself for battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:2 f9eb small shield and large shield 0 these are defensive weapons 35:3 e4ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Use your spear and battle ax 0 The writer describes God as a warrior who is preparing himself for battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:3 qr78 spear and battle ax 0 these are offensive weapons 35:3 z8vr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who chase me 0 This could mean: (1) these enemies are literally chasing the writer or (2) this is a metaphor for people who are enemies of the writer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:3 k4rj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche say to my soul 0 This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “say to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 35:3 wz6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I am your salvation 0 This can be stated without the abstract noun. Alternate translation: “I am your savior” or “I will save you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 35:4 w6yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May those who seek my life be shamed and dishonored 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh shame and dishonor those who seek my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 35:4 pv5x May those 0 Alternate translation: “I desire that” 35:4 s62m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who seek my life 0 Here “seek my life” means they desire to kill the writer. The writer is represented by his “life.” Alternate translation: “who are trying to kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 35:4 fq9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May those who plan to harm me be turned back and confounded 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh turn back and confound those who plan to harm me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 35:4 g34u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor be turned back 0 “be turned back” here is a metaphor for being unable to accomplish their goal. Alternate translation: “be unsuccessful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:4 mks4 confounded 0 Alternate translation: “confused” 35:5 wp56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile as chaff before the wind 0 The writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they are chaff that is easily blown away. Alternate translation: “blown away by the wind like chaff” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 35:6 ayu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy their way 0 Here “their way” refers to their lives. Alternate translation: “their lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 35:6 w5gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor dark and slippery 0 This refers to a way that is hidden and dangerous. Alternate translation: “hidden and full of dangers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:6 ehs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor chases them 0 This refers to the angel of Yahweh being opposed to the writer’s enemies. Alternate translation: “works against them” or “opposes them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:7 h8ne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they set their net for me 0 The schemes of the wicked are spoken of as if they were a net that they set to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “they want to catch me in a net like a small animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:7 j68b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they dug a pit for my life 0 The schemes of the wicked are spoken of as if they were a pit that they dug to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “they wanted to capture me in a pit like a big animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:7 kw8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my life 0 This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 35:8 iq5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Let destruction overtake them by surprise 0 Destruction is spoken of as if it was a dangerous animal that would suddenly attack them. Alternate translation: “Let them be destroyed suddenly” or “Let them be surprised because you destroy them suddenly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 35:8 d6rv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the net that they have set 0 The schemes of the wicked are spoken of as if they were a net that they place to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “the net that they placed in order to capture me like an animal and harm me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:8 e9d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Let them fall into it 0 This is the same metaphor as in verse 7. The net is intended to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “Let them fall into the pit that they dug for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 35:8 n85r fall into it 0 This could mean: (1) fall into the pit of verse 7 or (2) fall into destruction. 35:8 q1k1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns to their destruction 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “so that they will be destroyed” or “that is how you should destroy them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 35:9 gv3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in his salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “because you save me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 35:10 dy1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy All my bones 0 Here “bones” refers to the deepest inner being of a person. Alternate translation: “My whole inner being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 35:10 fcx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Yahweh, who is like you & those who try to rob them? 0 The implicit answer to this question is that no one is like Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, there is no one like you … those who try to rob them.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 35:10 kuz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet the poor and needy 0 The words “poor” and “needy” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh saves many who need his help. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 35:11 j8nd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom rise up 0 This means they testify in a trial. Alternate translation: “volunteer to give a testimony” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 35:12 ns9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They repay me evil for good 0 This is a metaphor which means they give back evil in exchange for the good they have received. Alternate translation: “In return for my doing good things for them, they do evil things to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:12 j7e3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns evil & good 0 These abstract nouns can be stated in other forms. Alternate translation: “evil things … good things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 35:12 v5ej I am sorrowful 0 Alternate translation: “I am extremely sad” 35:13 jiu2 when they were sick 0 The word “they” refers to the “unrighteous witnesses” ([Psalms 35:11](../035/011.md)). 35:13 t4yd I wore sackcloth 0 Alternate translation: “I showed that I was sad” 35:13 gt7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction with my head bowed on my chest 0 This was a symbol of prayer. “with my head bent down in prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 35:14 zuy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile in grief as for my brother 0 The writer was as sad as if his own brother had died. Alternate translation: “grieving as if my own brother was ill” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 35:14 kn9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I bent down in mourning as for my mother 0 The writer mourned as if his own mother had died. Alternate translation: “I mourned as if my own mother had died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 35:14 zqf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction I bent down 0 This was a symbol of pain and suffering. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 35:15 ff5f gathered together 0 Alternate translation: “assembled together” or “came together” 35:15 w4hv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom against me 0 This means they came together for the purpose of attacking the writer. Alternate translation: “to make plans against me” or “to plan my destruction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 35:15 qu3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They tore at me 0 Here the treated the writer as if he were a piece of cloth that they could tear to pieces. Alternate translation: “They attacked me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:16 l7dx With no respect at all they mocked me 0 (1) “With the worthless people they ridiculed me” or (2) “Without respect they made fun of me” 35:16 j13z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction they grind their teeth at me in rage 0 This is a sign of anger and hate. “they made grinding noises with their teeth at me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 35:17 x3er rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion how long will you look on? 0 This rhetorical question indicates that the writer wants God to stop simply looking on and to start to help him. Alternate translation: “how long will you only watch them doing this?” or “when will you help me?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 35:17 te6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Rescue my soul 0 Here “soul” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “Rescue me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 35:17 ygg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis my life from the lions 0 The word “save” is implied. Alternate translation: “save my life from the lions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 35:17 kep3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my life 0 This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 35:17 d2a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from the lions 0 Here the writer speaks of his enemies as if they were vicious lions. Alternate translation: “from my enemies who attack me like wild animals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:19 p53g Do not let my deceitful enemies 0 Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies, who tell lies about me,” 35:19 a7lv their wicked schemes 0 Alternate translation: “their evil plans” 35:20 pjw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns they do not speak peace 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **peace**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “peacefully.” Alternate translation: “they do not speak peacefully to people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 35:20 sg2n devise deceitful words 0 Alternate translation: “look for ways to tell lies” 35:20 e21a those in our land who live in peace 0 Alternate translation: “those who live peacefully in our land” 35:20 p638 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns live in peace 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **peace**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “live peacefully with others” or “do no harm to anyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 35:21 vvg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit They open their mouths wide against me 0 The reason they open their mouths is to accuse the writer. Alternate translation: “They shout at me in order to accuse me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 35:21 b5wt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Aha, Aha 0 This is something an excited person says when he has suddenly seen or understood something, especially something other people did not expect him to see. It emphasizes the statement that follows. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 35:21 s32p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche our eyes have seen it 0 Here “our eyes” refers to the enemies’ eyes. It is implied that they are saying they saw the writer do something wrong. Alternate translation: “we have seen it” or “we saw the wrong things that you did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 35:22 gn7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit You have seen it 0 Here “it” refers to the false accusations of the writer’s enemies. Alternate translation: “You have seen how they falsely accused me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 35:22 tt5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes do not be silent 0 “do not ignore what they did” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “judge them because of what they did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 35:22 a6yk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes do not be far from me 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “be very close to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 35:23 hkj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Arouse yourself and awake 0 This does not mean that God is actually asleep. The writer wants God to intervene. Both words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the urgency of this request. Alternate translation: “I feel like you are sleeping! Wake up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 35:23 g2zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns to my defense 0 This abstract noun “defense” can be stated as “defend.” Alternate translation: “to defend me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 35:23 qri7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my cause 0 This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 35:24 h9ku do not let them rejoice over me 0 Alternate translation: “do not let them be glad because I am suffering” 35:25 g22z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom say in their heart 0 This is an idiom that means to say to oneself. Alternate translation: “say to themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 35:25 lj61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Aha 0 This is an exclamation that is used when something is suddenly seen or understood. It emphasizes what follows. Alternate translation: “Yes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 35:25 vuc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit we have what we wanted 0 It is implied that the writer’s enemies wanted him to be declared guilty. Alternate translation: “he has been declared guilty just as we desired” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 35:25 p58l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor We have devoured him 0 The writer’s enemies speak of his destruction as if they were wild animals who had eaten him. Alternate translation: “We have swallowed him up” or “We have destroyed him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:26 fck7 May they be put to shame and may they be confounded who rejoice at my distress 0 Alternate translation: “May those who rejoice at my distress be put to shame and confounded” 35:26 p6id May they be put to shame 0 Alternate translation: “May they feel shame” 35:26 m9cp may they be confounded 0 Alternate translation: “may they be confused” or “may they be humiliated” 35:26 q1m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May those who exalt themselves over me be clothed with shame and dishonor 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May you clothe with shame and dishonor those who exalt themselves over me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 35:26 y2xu exalt themselves over me 0 Alternate translation: “consider themselves better than I am” or “think they have the right to treat me badly” 35:26 j7j7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns clothed with shame and dishonor 0 Here shame and dishonor are spoken of as if they were shameful clothes that the writer could wear. These abstract nouns can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “shamed and dishonored” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:26 he8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet shame and dishonor 0 These terms mean about the same thing and are used to emphasize how degraded they will be. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 35:27 ywv7 my vindication 0 Here “vindication” refers to Yahweh proclaiming or judging the psalmist innocent. 35:27 f434 may they say continually 0 Alternate translation: “may they always say” 35:27 zr5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Yahweh be praised 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Let us praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 35:27 l9kp who delights in 0 Alternate translation: “who is happy with” or “who is glad for” 35:27 ra7f welfare 0 well-being, happiness 35:28 b4q3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns tell of your justice 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “right.” Alternate translation: “proclaim that you act in the right way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 36:intro a634 0 # Psalm 036 General Notes\n\n## Formatting in this chapter\n\nPsalm 36 is a psalm of praise. It speaks of how good God is to those who love him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God and man\n\nEvil people do not think about God; but he is such a pleasure to all who honor him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) 36:1 d19d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 36:1 hw62 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 36:1 eg5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun An evil man 0 This does not refer to a specific man, but to evil people in general. Alternate translation: “Evil people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 36:1 pzl6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from deep in his heart 0 Here “heart” refers to the inner being of a person. Alternate translation: “from his inner being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 36:1 zm16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche in his eyes 0 Here “eyes” refers to the wicked person. Alternate translation: “in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 36:2 fd1w he comforts himself, thinking 0 Alternate translation: “he prefers to believe” or “he wants to think” 36:2 z7qc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive his sin will not be discovered and be hated 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will not discover and hate his sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 36:3 v6yt His words are 0 Alternate translation: “What he says is” 36:3 pir7 do good 0 Alternate translation: “do things that are good” 36:4 d3zz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he sets out on an evil way 0 The sinful actions of the man are spoken of as if he was walking along a path that was evil. Alternate translation: “he begins to do evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 36:4 w34n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he does not reject evil 0 Here “evil” can be stated in another form. Alternate translation: “he does not reject evil behavior” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 36:5 wiw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your covenant faithfulness & reaches to the heavens 0 The greatness of God’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if it were an object that reached as high as the heavens. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Your covenant faithfulness … is very great” or “You … are as faithful to your covenant as the heavens are high above the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 36:5 m314 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor reaches to the clouds 0 The greatness of God’s loyalty is spoken of as if it was very high. Alternate translation: “is as high as the clouds” or “is enormously great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 36:6 s49q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like the mountains of God & like the great deep 0 These phrases describe the greatness of God’s righteousness and judgments as if they were very high and deep. Alternate translation: “as high as the highest mountains … as deep as the deepest sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 36:6 e8gt you preserve 0 Alternate translation: “you help” or “you save” 36:7 vs32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns How precious is your covenant faithfulness 0 The word “precious” refers to how greatly the writer values Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I greatly value how you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 36:8 vy98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They feast upon the abundance of your house 0 Eating much food as guests in a house is a metaphor for God providing all his people need. Alternate translation: “They will have all they need because you will provide it to them” or “You have plenty to give, and you will provide them with all they need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 36:8 mw7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you let them drink from the river of your delights 0 There are two metaphors here. God’s abundant blessings are spoken of as if they are the water in a flowing river. Also, those who receive those blessings are spoken of as if they are drinking them like water. Alternate translation: “your precious blessings are like a river from which you will let them drink” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 36:9 wc6m fountain of life 0 Alternate translation: “source of life” 36:9 f7u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in your light we will see light 0 Here “light” is a metaphor for true knowledge. Alternate translation: “when you enlighten us, we will know the truth” or “your light is what enables us to know the truth about you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 36:10 d1ua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Extend your covenant faithfulness fully to those who know you 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh continuing to act faithfully towards the people as if Yahweh were to extend his covenant faithfulness or make it longer. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “Continue to act faithfully to those who know you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 36:10 jtd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns your defense to the upright of heart 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **defense**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. “Continue” is implied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “Continue to protect the upright of heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 36:10 qms7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the upright of heart 0 Here “heart” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “the upright” or “people who act righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 36:11 z9yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the foot of the arrogant man & the hand of the wicked 0 Here “foot” and “hand” refer to the evil people. These are not specific men. This refers to evil people in general. Alternate translation: “arrogant people … wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 36:11 a5wg drive me away 0 Alternate translation: “send me away” or “make me leave my place” 36:12 mm9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor evildoers have fallen; they are knocked down and are not able to get up 0 All three phrases describe the evildoers as defeated. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 36:12 q7yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive they are knocked down 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you have knocked them down” or “you have destroyed them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 36:12 bmn7 are not able to get up 0 Alternate translation: “cannot get up” 37:intro tv7e 0 # Psalm 037 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 37 is a teaching psalm. It provides guidance about how to live a moral and God-fearing life. It teaches that evil people do not prosper in the future. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Envy\n\nDo not envy evil people. Although it appears as though they prosper, soon they will be destroyed and the good people will continue on living. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) 37:1 bd2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 37:1 a1ye Do not be irritated because of evildoers 0 Alternate translation: “Do not let wicked people upset you” or “Do not be bothered by what wicked people do” 37:2 y2vk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile dry up as the grass & wither as the green plants 0 Evildoers are spoken of as if they are grass and plants that dry up and die in the hot weather. These two similes both mean they will die. Alternate translation: “die” or “come to an end” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 37:3 eb2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor graze in faithfulness 0 Faithfulness is spoken of as if it was an animal that would be strengthened by feeding in good pasture. Alternate translation: “nourish faithfulness” or “increase your faithfulness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:4 pbq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the desires of your heart 0 Here “heart” represents the person’s inner being and thoughts. Alternate translation: “your deepest, inner desires” or “the things that you desire the most” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 37:5 wt82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Give your ways to Yahweh 0 Here “give your ways” is an idiom that means to ask Yahweh to control your life. Alternate translation: “Ask Yahweh to guide your actions in life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:5 i61n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom act on your behalf 0 This is to represent another in legal issues. Here, when one trusts in Yahweh, he will defend that person and grant justice to that person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:6 lt22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism like the daylight & like the day at noon 0 Both of these phrases mean about the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 37:6 n8jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like the daylight 0 This means “in full view of everyone.” Alternate translation: “as clear to see as the light of day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 37:6 jt1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like the day at noon 0 This means “as visible as the noon sun.” Alternate translation: “as visible as the light at the brightest time of day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 37:7 vgp6 Be still 0 Alternate translation: “Be quiet” 37:9 qq5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will be cut off 0 The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of a plant that was cut off and thrown away. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:9 ijv6 but those who wait for Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “but those who trust in Yahweh” 37:9 rvq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will inherit the land 0 The possession of the land is spoken of as if it will be received as an inheritance. Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:10 zbl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will disappear 0 This idiom refers to the death of the evil man. Alternate translation: “will die and you will no longer see him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:11 ma58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the meek 0 This refers to the people who are meek. Alternate translation: “the meek people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:11 bs1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will inherit the land 0 The possession of the land is spoken of as if it will be received as an inheritance. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:12 vej2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun The wicked man 0 This does not refer to a specific man. It refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “The wicked person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 37:12 k2zu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the righteous 0 This does not refer to specific people. This refers to people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “the righteous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:12 y9px rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage grinds his teeth 0 The wicked man hates the righteous person so much that he grinds his teeth together to show his anger. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) 37:13 g21a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit his day is coming 0 It is implied that “his day” will be a day of judgment. Alternate translation: “the day is coming when Yahweh will judge and punish him” or “the day is coming when Yahweh will judge and punish the wicked person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 37:14 wde8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj The wicked 0 This refers to the wicked people. Alternate translation: “The wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:14 yet9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche have drawn out their swords & have bent their bows 0 Both “swords” and “bows” are weapons used to attack people. The fact that they are “drawn” and “bent” means they are ready to start attacking. Alternate translation: “have prepared their weapons in order to attack” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 37:14 f2i7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to cast down 0 This destruction of the needy people is spoken of as if they were clay pots that would break into pieces when thrown down on the ground. Alternate translation: “to destroy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:14 r9uh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet the oppressed and needy 0 These terms both refer to people who are powerless to defend themselves. Alternate translation: “people who are not able to resist them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 37:15 p5xq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Their swords will pierce their own hearts 0 Swords are examples of weapons and “hearts” represent the people. To “pierce the heart” is an idiom that means “to kill.” Alternate translation: “Their weapons will be turned against them and they will kill themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:16 d3e8 Better is the little that the righteous has than the abundance of many wicked people 0 Alternate translation: “It is better to be poor and righteous than to be wicked with great wealth” 37:16 brs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj Better is the little that the righteous has 0 The nominal adjective “the little” refers to few possessions. The nominal adjective “the righteous” refers to a righteous person. Alternate translation: “Better are the few possessions that a righteous person has” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:16 w4rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the abundance 0 This refers to the wealth of the wicked people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:17 psr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy For the arms of the wicked people will be broken 0 Here “arms” represent the strength of the wicked people. Breaking their arms represents taking away their power. This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh will remove the strength of the wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:18 f64m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom watches over the blameless 0 To “watch over” means to protect someone. Here “the blameless” refers to the blameless people. Alternate translation: “protects the blameless people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:18 ck1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom day by day 0 This is an idiom that means “continually.” Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:19 itw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom when times are bad 0 This phrase refers to disasters, such as famine. Alternate translation: “when calamities occur” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:20 y7p7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Yahweh’s enemies will be like the glory of the pastures 0 The writer compares Yahweh’s enemies to the flowers blooming in the fields. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 37:20 c5yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor be consumed and disappear in the smoke 0 The writer speaks of the destruction of the wicked as if they were weeds or wilted flowers in the field that are burned off after the harvest. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will destroy them as fire turns the weeds of the field into smoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:21 bz3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet is generous and gives 0 These mean the same thing and emphasize the generosity of the righteous. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 37:22 u3r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Those who are blessed by God will inherit the land; those who are cursed by him will be cut off 0 This is a contrastive form of Parallelism. Those who are blessed by God in contrast to those who are cursed by God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 37:22 bf1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Those who are blessed by God 0 This can be stated as active. Alternate translation: “Those whom God blesses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:22 tev2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will inherit the land 0 The possession of the land is spoken of as if it had been received as an inheritance. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will be allowed to live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:22 u6uk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive those who are cursed by him 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those whom Yahweh curses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:22 n6u3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will be cut off 0 The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:23 cq19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive It is by Yahweh that a man’s steps are established & commendable in God’s sight 0 These can be stated to show the logical connection and clarify the passive clause. Alternate translation: “If a man lives in a commendable way in Yahweh’s sight, Yahweh will establish his steps” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:23 fba1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive It is by Yahweh that a man’s steps are established 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who enables a man to be successful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:23 c8pu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun a man & the man 0 This does not refer to a specific man, but to people in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 37:23 na5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a man’s steps 0 Steps represent the way a person lives. Alternate translation: “the way a man lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 37:24 c1m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Though he stumbles, he will not fall down 0 Here “stumble” and “fall” refer to the man’s reaction to difficult times. Alternate translation: “Though he has difficult times, he will not utterly fail” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:24 k1r7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy holding him with his hand 0 Here “his hand” refers to Yahweh’s power, and “holding him” refers to protecting him. Alternate translation: “protecting him with his power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 37:25 g5w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the righteous person abandoned 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh forsake the righteous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:25 nq7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the righteous person 0 This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 37:25 rv2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche begging for bread 0 Here “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: begging for food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 37:26 jp6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom All the day long he is 0 This idiom means this action is a habit of his life. Alternate translation: “He is always (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:26 iry2 his children become a blessing 0 Alternate translation: “his children grow up to bless others” 37:27 v1dr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Turn away from 0 To stop doing something is spoken of as if the person turned away from it. Alternate translation: “Stop doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:28 ybg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive They are preserved forever 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will protect them forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:28 ga2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will be cut off 0 The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:29 t6ic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will inherit the land 0 The possession of the land is spoken of as if it had been received as an inheritance. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will be allowed to live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:30 u8ut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the righteous 0 This refers to the people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “the righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:30 w34s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The mouth of the righteous person 0 Here “mouth” represents the whole person who speaks. Alternate translation: “The righteous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 37:30 hy67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns speaks wisdom 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **wisdom**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “wise.” Alternate translation: “gives wise advice to others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 37:30 xy8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns increases justice 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “encourages other people to live rightly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 37:31 bga8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The law of his God is in his heart 0 Here “in his heart” refers to his deepest inner being. Alternate translation: “He treasures the commands of his God in his inner being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 37:31 nf23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his feet will not slip 0 Here failure to obey Yahweh is spoken of as slipping off a safe path and falling. Alternate translation: “he will walk safely in the way God wants him to walk” or “he will safely do the things God wants him to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:32 jz23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun The wicked person & the righteous person 0 These words refer to any wicked or righteous person or to wicked and righteous people in general, not to specific people. Alternate translation: “Wicked people … righteous people” or “Any wicked person” or “any righteous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 37:32 w8bk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit watches the righteous person 0 Here the watching implies observing the righteous in order to do them harm. Alternate translation: “waits in ambush for the righteous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 37:33 ea9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the evil person’s hand 0 These words refer to the hand of any evil person, not of any specific person. Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “evil people’s hands” or “the power of the evil person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 37:33 z9fb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive when he is judged 0 This refers to Yahweh judging the righteous man. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh judges him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:34 eu5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will raise you up to possess the land 0 Here “raise you up” refers to God giving honor to those who wait for him. Alternate translation: “he will honor you by giving you the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:34 lj8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:34 k2fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are cut off 0 The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of a plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:35 ec1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the wicked and terrifying person 0 This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 37:35 d6gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile spread out like a green tree in its native soil 0 Here the prosperity of the wicked man is spoken of as if he were a healthy tree growing in good soil. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 37:36 lz97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he could not be found 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I could not find him” or “Yahweh had taken him away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:37 pn9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the man of integrity 0 This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 37:37 cy8i mark the upright 0 Alternate translation: “note carefully the good people” or “notice the good people” 37:38 dqj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the future for the wicked man is cut off 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will end his family line” or “he will not have any descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:38 pn38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the future 0 This refers to his descendants. Alternate translation: “his descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 37:38 al71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the wicked man 0 This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 37:38 a22i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is cut off 0 The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of a plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:39 m69g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Salvation of the righteous comes from Yahweh 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **Salvation**, you could express the same idea with an action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh rescues the righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 37:39 rjp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the righteous 0 This refers to the righteous people. Alternate translation: “the righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:40 jus5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism helps & rescues & saves 0 This same idea is repeated in several different ways to emphasize that Yahweh is dependable and able to give aid. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 37:40 qwg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they have taken refuge in him 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “they have gone to him for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:intro ysy3 0 # Psalm 038 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 38 is a confession of sin and a prayer for deliverance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Author’s sickness\n\nThe author was very sick and his enemies were seeking ways to destroy him. 38:1 nsf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 38:1 n1x9 A psalm of David 0 This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 38:1 nd38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism do not rebuke me in your anger & do not punish me in your wrath 0 These phrases mean basically the same thing and the idea is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 38:2 z5x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your arrows pierce me 0 The severity of Yahweh’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if Yahweh had shot arrows into the writer. Alternate translation: “Your punishment is as painful as if you had shot arrows into me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:2 w3fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your hand presses me down 0 Yahweh’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if Yahweh was smashing the writer with his hand. Here, “hand” refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “your power knocks me down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 38:3 m6l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche there is no health in my bones because of my sin 0 Here “my bones” represents the body of the writer. Alternate translation: “my whole body is diseased because of my sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 38:4 m7wm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my iniquities overwhelm me 0 The writer’s iniquities are spoken of as if they are a flood of water that covers him. Alternate translation: “my iniquities cover me like a flood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:4 p4hm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they are a burden too heavy for me 0 The writer’s iniquities are spoken of as if they are a heavy load that he cannot lift. Alternate translation: “they are like a load that is too heavy for me to lift” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:5 yf37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit My wounds are infected and smell 0 Here “smell” refer to his sores having a bad smell that is associated with rotting flesh. Alternate translation: “My wounds are infected and stink as they rot” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 38:6 z27f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am stooped over 0 The pain of the writer’s wounds have caused him to be bent over as if he were an old, feeble man. Alternate translation: “I am bent over in pain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:7 b2u7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am filled with burning 0 The writer’s is so sick with fever that it is as if he is burning inside. Alternate translation: “My body is burning with fever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:7 a9kv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche there is no health in my flesh 0 Here “my flesh” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I am completely sick” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 38:8 zm7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor utterly crushed 0 The writer’s illness is so severe that it is as if a huge weight is pressing down on him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:8 z68c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche anguish of my heart 0 Here “my heart” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “my anguish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 38:9 f3ph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my heart’s deepest yearnings 0 Here “my heart” refers to the writer. It may be helpful to state that the writer desires good health. Alternate translation: “My strongest desires” or “that I desire you to heal me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 38:9 dqp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive my groanings are not hidden from you 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you are able to see all my moans of sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 38:10 ifg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom My heart pounds 0 This idiom means his heart beats intensely. Alternate translation: “My heart beats loudly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 38:10 xnw5 my strength fades 0 Alternate translation: “I become very weak” 38:10 e7ld my eyesight dims 0 Alternate translation: “I can no longer see well” 38:12 bt4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lay snares for me 0 The plots of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they were traps that they had set to catch him like an animal. Alternate translation: “set traps to catch me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:12 xc5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism speak destructive words and say deceitful words 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the hurtful nature of what these people say. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 38:13 z4gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I am like a deaf man & hear nothing 0 The writer does not listen to what his enemies are saying. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 38:13 hm4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I am like a mute man & says nothing 0 The writer does not speak evil words to or about his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 38:13 s5pm a mute man 0 a person who cannot speak 38:14 th66 does not hear 0 The writer does not listen to what his enemies are saying. (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile) 38:14 ir1x has no reply 0 The writer does not speak evil words to or about his enemies. (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile) 38:15 px8y you will answer 0 This could mean: (1) “you will answer me” or (2) “you will answer my enemies.” 38:16 gan3 will not gloat over me 0 Alternate translation: “will not delight over my trouble” 38:16 bq5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche If my foot slips 0 Here “my foot” represents the writer. The slipping of his foot is a metaphor that refers to the writer’s troubles and misfortunes. Alternate translation: “If I make mistakes that cause me trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:17 s48p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am about to stumble 0 This metaphor could mean: (1) “I am so sick that I am about to die” or (2) “I will soon be ruined.” It may be best not to interpret the metaphor in the text. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:17 sbz5 I am in constant pain 0 Alternate translation: “I am always in pain” 38:19 ie1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism But my enemies are numerous & are many 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 38:20 ca7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They repay me evil for good 0 The actions of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as a financial transaction where they gave him evil things in exchange for good things. The abstract nouns “evil” and “good” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “They do evil thing to me after I was good to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 38:20 ai9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor hurl accusations at me 0 The way the writer’s enemies accuse him is spoken of as if they were throwing accusations at him like rocks. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:20 bbb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor pursued what is good 0 The writers desire for what is good is spoken of as if he were running after good things. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:21 czy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Do not abandon me & do not stay far away from me 0 These two phrases have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 38:21 nrs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not stay far away from me 0 Because Yahweh has not yet answered the writer’s request, he speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh were standing far away from the writer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:22 zv2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Come quickly to help me 0 God is spoken of as if he is running to the writer to help him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:22 a3xa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns my salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you are the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 39:intro z1zc 0 # Psalm 039 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 39 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Life\n\nLife on earth is short. The psalmist wanted God’s healing so he can enjoy the rest of his life. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])\n\nThis psalm shares some characteristics of another wisdom book called Ecclesiastes or Koheleth but is more positive. 39:1 lx3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 39:1 rc8d For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship,” 39:1 br39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jeduthun 0 One of David’s chief musicians had this same name. This may refer to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 39:1 dv6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I will watch what I say 0 Here “watch” is an idiom that mean “pay attention to.” Alternate translation: “I will pay attention to the things that I say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 39:1 s4wx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy so that I do not sin with my tongue 0 Here “tongue” refers to the writer’s speech. Alternate translation: “so that I do not speak an offense against Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 39:1 e8kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor muzzle 0 To “muzzle” means to keep a mouth shut. Here David means that he will not speak while he is with an evil person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:2 fa7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet I kept silent; I kept back my words 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the writer did not speak at all. Alternate translation: “I was completely silent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 39:2 k9fs I kept back my words 0 Alternate translation: “I did not speak” 39:3 u5ie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My heart became hot & it burned like a fire 0 Here “heart” represents the whole person. The anxious thoughts of the writer are spoken of as if they were a fire burning inside him. Alternate translation: “I became very anxious when I thought about these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:4 vey1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism the end of my life & the extent of my days 0 These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 39:4 bac9 Show me how transient I am 0 Alternate translation: “Show me how brief my life is” or “Show me how soon I will die” 39:5 in3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor only the width of my hand 0 The writer speaks of his lifespan is if it could be measured by the width of his hand. Alternate translation: “only a very short time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:5 ej3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile my lifetime is like nothing before you 0 This simile states that the length of the writer’s life is so short that it does not exist. This is an exaggeration to stress how short it is. Alternate translation: “the length of my life is barely any time at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 39:5 l7in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Surely every man is a single breath 0 Life is short, and the psalmist speaks of it here as if it were only as long as the time it takes for a person to breathe one breath. Alternate translation: “The time that humans live is as short as a single breath of a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:6 wkn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Surely every man walks about like a shadow 0 The lives of people are spoken of as if they are as insignificant as shadows. Alternate translation: “Everyone disappears like shadows do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 39:6 i78f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit although they do not know who will receive them 0 Here it is implied that they do not know what will happen to their wealth after they die. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 39:7 y9ll rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Now, Lord, for what am I waiting? 0 The writer asks this question to emphasize that people cannot help him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “So now, Yahweh, I can expect to receive nothing from anyone else.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 39:9 ll7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism I am silent & cannot open my mouth 0 These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 39:9 whi2 because it is you who has done it 0 Alternate translation: “because my punishment comes from you” 39:10 kf2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Stop wounding me 0 God’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if God was wounding him with a weapon. Alternate translation: “Please stop punishing me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:10 hd77 I am overwhelmed 0 Alternate translation: “I am defeated completely” 39:10 n2ex rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the blow of your hand 0 God’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if God was striking him with his fist. Here “hand” represents God’s judgment. Alternate translation: “your judgment on me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:11 skf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile consume the things they desire like a moth 0 God will take away the things they value in the same way as a moth eats a piece of cloth. Alternate translation: “consume the things they desire like a moth eats away at clothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 39:11 uzd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor all people are nothing but vapor 0 The writer speaks of the frailty of people as if they were mist that disappears quickly. Alternate translation: “everyone is completely fragile” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:12 rx3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Hear my prayer & listen to me & listen to my weeping 0 These three phrases mean basically the same thing and show how strongly the writer wants God to respond to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 39:12 ae4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Do not be deaf to me 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s lack of response to him as if Yahweh was deaf. Alternate translation: “Do not ignore me as if you could not hear me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:12 nnj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I am like a foreigner with you, a refugee 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s lack of response as if Yahweh considered him to be a total stranger to him. Alternate translation: “I am like a complete stranger to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 39:13 k2nr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Turn your gaze from me 0 Here “your gaze” represents Yahweh’s punishment. Alternate translation: “Please stop punishing me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 39:13 kfn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy so that I may smile again 0 Here “smile” is associated with being happy. Alternate translation: “so that I can be happy again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:intro ik39 0 # Psalm 040 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 40 is a psalm of praise. Many also see it as a messianic psalm, a psalm about Christ. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Sacrifices\n\nGod is not interested in sacrifices but wants people to obey him and fulfill his plans for them. 40:1 k46g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 40:1 q9w4 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 40:1 yu4m I waited patiently for Yahweh 0 This means the writer was waiting for Yahweh to help him. 40:1 j6iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet he listened to me & heard my cry 0 These mean the same thing, and can be combined into one statement. Alternate translation: “he listened to me when I called out to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 40:2 jcv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism out of a horrible pit, out of the miry clay 0 These two metaphors mean the same thing. The writer’s danger is spoken of as if it was a deadly pit full of mud. This emphasizes the danger. Alternate translation: “from being trapped in a horrible pit full of sticky mud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 40:2 yav8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche he set my feet on a rock 0 Here “my feet” refers to the writer, and “a rock” refers a place of safety. Alternate translation: “he provided safety for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:3 kgu6 He has put a new song in my mouth 0 This could mean: (1) “He has taught me the words to a new song” or (2) “He has given me a new reason to sing.” 40:3 bl9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche in my mouth 0 Here “my mouth” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “in me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 40:3 n4gq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns praise to our God 0 The noun “praise” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “a song to praise our God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 40:3 z44r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Many will see it 0 Here “see it” refers to hearing the writer sing his song about what God has done for him. Alternate translation: “Many people will hear me tell what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:4 cal5 Blessed is the man who makes Yahweh his trust 0 Alternate translation: “Blessed is the man who trusts in Yahweh” or “Those who trust in Yahweh are blessed” 40:4 z621 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the proud 0 This refers to the people who are proud. Alternate translation: “proud people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 40:4 f9yc to lies 0 The Hebrew word is unclear. This could mean: (1) “lies” or (2) “false gods.” 40:5 x7v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive your thoughts which are about us cannot be numbered 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one can count all the things you think about us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 40:5 kzt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism cannot be numbered & more than could be counted 0 These phrases mean essentially the same thing. The first is stated in negative form, and the second is stated in positive form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 40:6 z1vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole You have no delight in sacrifice or offering 0 This is an exaggeration to express that other things are much more important to God. Alternate translation: “Sacrifices and other offerings are not the things that delight you most” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 40:6 xz9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you have opened my ears 0 Here “ears” refers to the ability to hear. Alternate translation: “you have enabled me to hear your commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:6 mi62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole you have not required burnt offerings or sin offerings 0 This is an exaggeration to show that these things were not the most important to God. Alternate translation: “animals burned on the altar and other offerings for our sins are not what you require most” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 40:7 jn6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the scroll of the document 0 This refers to a scroll on which was written the word of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the written scroll” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 40:8 va1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your laws are in my heart 0 Here “my heart” refers to the inner being of the writer. Alternate translation: “I am always thinking about your laws within my inner being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:9 k2b6 I have proclaimed good news of your righteousness in the great assembly 0 Alternate translation: “I have told a large assembly of people the good news of your righteousness.” 40:9 epq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis good news of your righteousness 0 This refers to the good news that God rescues his people. Alternate translation: “good news that because you are righteous, you rescue your people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 40:9 gk2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my lips have not kept back from doing this 0 Here “my lips” represents the writer, emphasizing his speech. Alternate translation: “I have not stopped myself from proclaiming these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:10 vb9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes I have not concealed your righteousness in my heart 0 “I have not kept your righteousness a secret.” This can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I have openly told every one about your righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 40:10 am3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in my heart 0 Here this refers to the writer’s inner being. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:10 cn4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes I have not concealed your covenant faithfulness or your trustworthiness from the great assembly 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I have told everyone in the great assembly about your covenant faithfulness or your trustworthiness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 40:10 bp5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns your covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “how faithful you are to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 40:10 u78d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns your trustworthiness 0 This abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “how trustworthy you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 40:11 qc48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification let your covenant faithfulness and your trustworthiness always preserve me 0 Here “covenant faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” are spoken of as if they were living people who could protect the writer. Alternate translation: “I want your covenant faithfulness and your trustworthiness to always preserve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 40:12 c6b2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Troubles that cannot be numbered surround me 0 Here troubles are spoken of as if they were objects that surround and trap the speaker. Alternate translation: “there are more troubles around me than I can count” or “more troubles come to me than I can count” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 40:12 ra9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes that cannot be numbered 0 This is stated in negative form to intensify the number.See how you translated this in [Psalms 40:5](../040/005.md). Alternate translation: “that are vast in number” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 40:12 ff9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my iniquities 0 This refers to the consequences of his sin. Alternate translation: “the consequences of my iniquities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:12 qng1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification have caught up with me 0 The writer’s iniquities are spoken of as if they were his enemies who were harming him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 40:12 x56q I am no longer able to see anything 0 Versions differ in how to understand this difficult passage. It may mean that the speaker is crying so much that he cannot see anything because of his tears. 40:12 ixl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my heart has failed me 0 Here “heart” refers to the writer’s inner confidence. Alternate translation: “I am very discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:14 hl37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Let them be ashamed and completely disappointed who pursue my life to take it away 0 This can be reordered and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let those who pursue my life to take it awy be ashamed and completely disappointed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 40:14 l9j5 Let them be ashamed and completely disappointed 0 Alternate translation: “Please make them ashamed and completely disappointed” 40:14 ff5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who pursue my life to take it away 0 Here “pursue my life” means they desire to kill the writer. The writer is represented by his “life.” Alternate translation: “who are trying to kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 40:14 knx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Let them be turned back and brought to dishonor, those who delight in hurting me 0 This can be reordered and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let those who delight in hurting me be turned back and brought to dishonor” or “Please have someone turn back those who delight in hurting me and bring them to dishonor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 40:14 k5tz turned back 0 Alternate translation: “unable to continue” 40:15 fqa6 Let them be shocked because of their shame, those who say to me, “Aha, aha!” 0 Alternate translation: “Let those who say to me, ‘Aha, aha!’ be shocked because of their shame” 40:15 i1aw Let them be shocked because of their shame 0 Alternate translation: “I hope that they will be shocked when you shame them” 40:15 rbg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Aha, aha! 0 These words indicate that the speaker has seen the hearer doing evil that the hearer did not think anyone knew about. You can use here words in your language that mean the same thing but sound different. See how this is translated in [Psalms 35:21](../035/021.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 40:16 az21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet rejoice and be glad 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “be very joyful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 40:16 yq7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns loves your salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “love you because you saved them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 40:17 v567 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet poor and needy 0 These words mean the same thing and emphasize how helpless the writer is. Alternate translation: “very needy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 40:17 ep4r the Lord thinks about me 0 Alternate translation: “the Lord cares for me” 40:17 a8vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism You are my help & you come to my rescue 0 These phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 40:17 g2mh You are my help 0 Alternate translation: “You are the one who helps me” 40:17 zf6l you come to my rescue 0 Alternate translation: “you come to save me” 40:17 c1t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes do not delay 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “respond quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 41:intro q9l9 0 # Psalm 041 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 41 is a psalm of deliverance. The author’s friends had become his enemies who wanted to see him die but he trusted God to rescue him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Enemies\n\nThe author’s best friend had become an enemy. His enemies were happy because they were sure his sickness would result in death. 41:1 y6js rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 41:1 ay4z For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 41:1 bd73 he who is concerned for the weak & rescue him 0 The words “he” and “him” refer to anyone who is concerned for the weak. 41:1 glk5 the weak 0 Alternate translation: “weak people” or “poor people” 41:2 j2lj he & him & his 0 These words refer to anyone who is concerned for the weak. 41:3 lt8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh will support him on the bed of suffering 0 The phrase “the bed of suffering” refers to when a person lies in bed because he is sick. Alternate translation: “When he is sick and in bed, Yahweh will support him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 41:3 ygd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you will make his bed of sickness into a bed of healing 0 The phrase “a bed of healing” refers to when a person rests in bed and recovers from his sickness. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, will heal him of his sickness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 41:5 yg22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis his name perish 0 If a person’s name dies, it means that people forget that he had ever lived. Alternate translation: “when will his name perish” or “when will people forget about him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 41:6 evn1 If my enemy comes to see me 0 The words “my enemy” refers to any enemy in general, and not to one specific enemy. 41:6 m4zm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he says worthless things 0 This could mean: (1) “he says meaningless things” or (2) his enemies say things to make him think that they are his friends when they are not. Alternate translation: “he says deceitful things” or “they pretend to be concerned about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 41:6 c5vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his heart gathers up my disaster for itself 0 His enemies try to learn all of the bad things about him. Here the word “heart” refers the whole person. Bad circumstances are spoken of as if they were objects that can be gathered. Alternate translation: “he tries to learn about all of my disasters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 41:7 sq8r against me they hope for my hurt 0 This could mean: (1) “they hope that very bad things will happen to me” or (2) “they are planning to hurt me.” 41:8 l22y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification An evil disease & to him 0 His enemies speak of “disease” as if it were a person who has captured him. Alternate translation: “He is sick with a fatal disease” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 41:8 hfg4 An evil disease 0 This could mean: (1) “A fatal disease” or (2) “Something evil” 41:8 cay3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit now that he is lying down, he will rise up no more 0 Here the words “lying down” refer to lying in bed because of illness. That he will not “rise up” means that he will continue to lie down, which is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: “now that he is sick in bed, he will die there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 41:9 jzy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom has lifted up his heel against me 0 This is an idiom that means his friend betrayed him. Alternate translation: “has betrayed me” or “has turned against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 41:10 r3b3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative But you, Yahweh, have mercy on me and raise me up 0 This is a request. Alternate translation: “Please, Yahweh, have mercy on me and raise me up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) 41:10 cz3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom raise me up 0 This means to raise him up from his bed, or to make him recover from his disease. Alternate translation: “make me well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 41:10 h6l4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor so that I may pay them back 0 The writer speaks of revenge on his enemies as if it were paying to them what he owes. Alternate translation: “so that I may take revenge on them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 41:11 m2j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events By this I know that you delight in me, for my enemy does not triumph over me 0 The word “this” refers to what the writer will say next. For clarity, the clauses may be reversed. Alternate translation: “Because my enemy does not triumph over me, I know that you delight in me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) 41:11 h7zl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit By this I know that you delight in me, for my enemy does not triumph over me 0 This can also be translated in future tense, since Yahweh has not yet healed him. Alternate translation: “If you enable me to do that, with the result that my enemies do not defeat me, I will know that you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 41:12 dfw3 you support me in my integrity 0 Alternate translation: “you support me because of my integrity” 41:12 jj35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will keep me before your face 0 The writer speaks of being in Yahweh’s presence as being in a place where Yahweh can see him and he can see Yahweh’s face. Alternate translation: “will keep me with you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 41:13 s4va General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis verse is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 1 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 1 and ends with Psalm 41. 41:13 xi7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism from everlasting to everlasting 0 This refers to two extremes and means for all time. Alternate translation: “for all eternity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 41:13 d4ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Amen and Amen 0 The word “Amen” is repeated to emphasize approval of what has been said. Alternate translation: “May it certainly be so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 42:intro mu68 0 # Psalm 042 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 42 is a psalm of praise for all that God has done and a prayer for deliverance from the psalmist’s enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s deliverance\n\nThe psalmist praises God as he remembers what God has done for him in the past, and he puts his trust in him. He needs rescuing from his enemies. Scholars believe that this psalm is about a man in exile longing for Jerusalem.\n\n### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43\n\nSome scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm.\n\n### Superscription\n\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil of the sons of Korah.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 42:1 t39i rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 42:1 rt7c For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 42:1 c3mx A maschil 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 42:1 h2nj As the deer pants after streams of water, so I thirst for you, God 0 The author compares his desire for God to the desire of a thirsty deer for water. 42:1 mi8s pants 0 heavy breathing from an animal or person that is very tired or thirsty 42:1 flj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I thirst for you, God 0 The author speaks of his strong desire for God as if it were a strong thirst for water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:2 xe9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I thirst for God 0 The author speaks of his strong desire for God as if it were a strong thirst for water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:2 bsl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion when will I come and appear before God? 0 The author does not ask this question to get an answer but to show his strong desire to be before God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 42:3 mfk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My tears have been my food 0 The author refers to his tears as if they are food that he eats. This means that he is so sad that he cannot eat. Alternate translation: “My tears are like my food and I eat nothing else” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 42:3 nw17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism day and night 0 This phrase refers to the entire day by referring to both its beginning and end. Alternate translation: “all day long” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 42:3 hy3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole my enemies are always saying to me 0 This is an exaggeration. His enemies are not saying this constantly; they are saying it often. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 42:3 sa8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Where is your God? 0 The author’s enemies use this question to mock him and to express that they do not see his God helping him. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 42:4 d12n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom call to mind 0 This is an idiom that means to remember or think about something. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 42:4 k59b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I pour out my soul 0 Here the word “soul” refers to the emotions. The author speaks of his soul as if it is a liquid that he pours out. The phrase means that he is expressing his emotional grief. Alternate translation: “I express my sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:4 c6f8 the throng 0 Alternate translation: “the crowd of people” 42:4 gv3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys joy and praise 0 This phrase uses two different words to express one idea. Alternate translation: “joyful praise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) 42:5 xs1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why are you bowed down, my soul? Why are you upset within me? 0 The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down. I should not be worried” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 42:5 cc84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor bowed down 0 The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. Alternate translation: “discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:5 fyf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Hope in God 0 The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 42:6 lp5z My God, my soul 0 The writer begins to speak to God about his soul. 42:6 s443 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I call you to mind 0 This phrase means to remember or to think about something. Alternate translation: “I think of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 42:6 u6xn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the land of the Jordan 0 This is probably a reference to northern Israel, where the Jordan river originates. Alternate translation: “the land where the Jordan river begins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 42:6 ka3s peaks 0 mountain tops 42:6 xh39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names hill of Mizar 0 This is the name of a hill at the base of Mount Hermon. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 42:7 c6aq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Deep calls to deep at the noise of your waterfalls 0 The word “deep” refers to deep waters, which here are likely the streams rushing down Mount Hermon. The writer speaks of them as if they are people calling out to one another as they hear the sound of their own descent from the mountain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 42:7 exq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor all your waves & have gone over me 0 The author speaks of his great misfortune and sadness as if they are deep waters that drown him with one wave after another. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:7 d5k7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet your waves and your billows 0 The word “billows” is another word for “waves.” Together the two words emphasize the greatness of the waves. Alternate translation: “all of your great waves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 42:8 ef4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh will command his covenant faithfulness in the daytime 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness as if it were a person whom he commands to be with him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will show me his covenant faithfulness in the daytime” or “Yahweh will show me in the daytime how faithful he is to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:8 jsc8 his song 0 This could mean: (1) “the song that he gives me” or (2) “the song about him” 42:8 xm7t the God of my life 0 Alternate translation: “the God who gives me life” 42:9 si6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will say to God, my rock 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a huge rock that would provide protection from enemy attack. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:9 b1ik Why do I go mourning 0 To “go mourning” is to perform customs related to being very sad. 42:10 bp1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile As with a sword in my bones 0 The writer describes his adversaries’ rebukes as his receiving a fatal wound. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 42:10 r4wg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole they always say to me 0 This is an exaggeration; his enemies are not saying this constantly but are saying it often. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 42:10 ae82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Where is your God? 0 The writer’s enemies use this question to mock him and to express that they do not see God helping him. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 42:11 evd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why are you bowed down, my soul? Why are you upset within me? 0 The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down, I should not be worried” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 42:11 wp6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor bowed down 0 The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:11 ghd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Hope in God 0 The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 43:intro x44y 0 # Psalm 043 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 43 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a plea for rescue from the psalmist’s enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Encouragement\n\nThe author should not be discouraged because he trusts in God to deliver him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])\n\n### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43\n\nSome scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm. 43:1 il4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 43:2 quk8 the God of my strength 0 This could mean: (1) “the God who protects me” or (2) “the God who gives me strength.” 43:2 a96e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why have you rejected me? Why do I go about in mourning because of the oppression of the enemy? 0 The writer asks these questions in order to complain to God and express his emotions, not to receive an answer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 43:2 cpw2 Why do I go about in mourning 0 To “go about in mourning” is to perform customs related to being very sad. 43:2 d84h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns because of the oppression of the enemy 0 The word “oppression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because my enemy oppresses me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 43:3 e7jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor send out your light and your truth 0 The writer speaks of God’s deliverance as if it were a light that shows him the way and truth that teaches him how to live. Alternate translation: “guide me with your light and truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 43:3 uhy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy holy hill 0 This refers to the hill in Jerusalem where the temple is located and thus to the temple itself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 43:3 rr6l to your dwelling 0 Alternate translation: “to the place where you live” 43:4 r8lp God my exceeding joy 0 Alternate translation: “God who is my very great joy” or “God who gives me very great joy” 43:5 qb88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why are you bowed down, my soul? Why are you upset within me? 0 The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down. I should not be worried” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 43:5 wn18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor bowed down 0 The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 43:5 z1zd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Hope in God 0 The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 43:5 dgl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet my salvation and my God 0 The phrase “my salvation” refers to God. If necessary the two phrases can be combined. Alternate translation: “my God who saves me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 44:intro cu7e 0 # Psalm 044 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 44 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for God’s help against enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Enemies\n\nWhen Israel entered the Promised Land, God fought for them and drove out their enemies. Since their enemies have now defeated them, they are in need of God’s help. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### Superscription\n\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 44:1 gi44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 44:1 n2t8 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 44:1 vwd3 A psalm of the sons of Korah 0 Alternate translation: “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote.” 44:1 d1rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom We have heard with our ears, God 0 The word “ears” adds emphasis to the statement that they have heard and understood the things that the writer is about to describe. The writer addresses this statement to God. Alternate translation: “God, we have heard clearly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 44:1 ifj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism in their days, in the days of old 0 Both of these phrases use the word “days” to refer to the time period when the ancestors of the people of Israel were alive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 44:2 rd1l You drove out the nations 0 Alternate translation: “You forced the people from other nations to leave” 44:2 w5ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with your hand 0 Here the word “hand” refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 44:2 sst2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you planted our people 0 The writer speaks of God’s causing the Israelites to live in the land as if he were planting them in the soil like he would a tree. Alternate translation: “you caused our people to live there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:3 f15t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy by their own sword 0 The word “sword” refers to military power. Alternate translation: “by fighting with their own swords” or “by their own army’s strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 44:3 ixc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy their own arm 0 Here the word “arm” refers to power. Alternate translation: “their own power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 44:3 cr9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the light of your face 0 You may supply a verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the light of your face obtained the land for their possession” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 44:3 ekr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your right hand, your arm 0 Here the words “hand” and “arm” both refer to God’s power. Combined, they emphasize the greatness of God’s power. Alternate translation: “your great power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 44:3 a1dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the light of your face 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh looking with favor upon them and being kind to them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “your kindness” or “your good favor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:4 md4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy victory for Jacob 0 The people of Israel are referred to by the name of their ancestor “Jacob.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 44:5 cn87 Through you & through your 0 Alternate translation: “By you … by your” 44:5 l9n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor push down & tread them under & rise up 0 The writer speaks of his enemies’ defeat as if they are “down” and of their preparing to fight as if they are “up.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:5 u2c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy through your name 0 Here the word “name” refers to God’s power and authority. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 44:5 ze87 tread them under 0 Alternate translation: “tread them under our feet” or “walk on top of them” 44:8 ql57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns we have made our boast 0 The word “boast” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “we have boasted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 44:8 qb7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy we will give thanks to your name 0 Here the word “name” refers to God, himself. Alternate translation: “we will give thanks to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 44:9 tw86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor thrown us off 0 The writer speaks of God’s rejection of Israel as if he were discarding an unwanted piece of clothing. Alternate translation: “rejected us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:10 bc8x spoil 0 resources and treasures that an army collects after winning a battle 44:11 cmt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile You have made us like sheep to be slaughtered 0 The writer compares the Israelites to sheep that people kill and eat. As sheep are helpless before those who kill them, so the Israelites are helpless before their enemies. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have allowed our enemies to kill us like they would kill a sheep and eat it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 44:11 k8qj scattered us among the nations 0 Alternate translation: “caused us to live in many different nations” 44:12 zm14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sell your people for nothing 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh allowing Israel’s enemies to conquer them as if he were selling the people of Israel to their enemies but does not require any payment from their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:13 j3ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism You make us a rebuke to our neighbors, scoffed and mocked by those around us 0 These two phrases are parallel emphasizing how the people among whom they live mock them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 44:13 ys4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns You make us a rebuke to our neighbors 0 The word “rebuke” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You make us something that our neighbors rebuke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 44:13 z6rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive scoffed and mocked by those around us 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those around us scoff at us and mock us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 44:14 d6zg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism an insult among & a shaking of the head 0 These phrases are parallel emphasizing how intensely the nations around them mock them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 44:14 cf7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns You make us an insult among the nations 0 The word “insult” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You make the nations around us insult us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 44:14 l1b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns a shaking of the head among the peoples 0 The phrase “a shaking of the head” can be translated in verbal form. Alternate translation: “something at which the peoples shake their heads” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 44:14 d7ze a shaking of the head 0 This was a gesture that people used to show scorn to others. 44:15 lk1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my dishonor is before me 0 The writer speaks of his dishonor as if it were an object that is always in front of him for him to see. The phrase means that he is always thinking about his dishonor. Alternate translation: “I think about my dishonor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:15 l48m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the shame of my face has covered me 0 The writer speaks of his shame as if it is an object that covers him like a blanket would cover him. Alternate translation: “the shame of my face has overwhelmed me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:15 w1hq the shame of my face 0 “the shame that shows on my face.” This refers to his facial expressions that his shame causes. 44:16 p8lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche because of the voice of him who rebukes and insults 0 Here the words “the voice” represents the person insulting him. Alternate translation: “because of what the person says who rebukes and insults me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 44:16 s49c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet rebukes and insults 0 These words have similar meanings and emphasize the harsh nature of what this person says. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 44:18 qi6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Our heart has not turned back & have not gone from your way 0 These two phrases are parallel. The writer speaks of loyalty to God as if it were following him, and disloyalty as if it were turning away from him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:18 mf97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Our heart has not turned back 0 Here the word “heart” refers to the emotions, and specifically to loyalty and devotion. Alternate translation: “We have not stopped being loyal to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 44:19 d4u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have severely broken us 0 The writer speaks of God’s punishment as if it were breaking a fragile object. Alternate translation: “you have punished us severely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:19 dfs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the place of jackals 0 The writer speaks of Israel after God’s punishment as if it were a wild, uninhabitable place. Alternate translation: “and made our land like a place where jackals live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:19 c511 jackals 0 a type of wild dog 44:19 v695 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor covered us with the shadow of death 0 The writer speaks of death as if it is an object that casts a shadow over those who are about to die. Alternate translation: “made us so that we are about to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:20 k5hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy If we have forgotten the name of our God 0 Here the word “name” refers to God, himself. To forget God is to stop worshiping him. This is something that did not happen. Alternate translation: “If we had forgotten our God” or “If we had stopped worshiping our God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 44:20 g9jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction spread out our hands to a strange god 0 Spreading out the hands is a gesture that people used to worship and pray to a god. Alternate translation: “worshiped a strange god” or “prayed to a strange god” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 44:21 rv5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion would not God search this out? 0 The writer uses this question to express that God would know if they worshiped another god. Alternate translation: “God would certainly find out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 44:21 ih8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he knows the secrets of the heart 0 Here the word “heart” refers to the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “he knows what a person secretly thinks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 44:22 mxt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole we are being killed all day long 0 The phrase “all day long” is an exaggeration to emphasize that their people are being killed frequently. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we are always in danger of people killing us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 44:22 exg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive we are considered to be sheep for the slaughter 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people consider us to be sheep for the slaughter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 44:22 vl87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sheep for the slaughter 0 The writer compares the Israelites to sheep that people kill and eat. As sheep are helpless before those who kill them, so the Israelites are helpless before their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:23 b9h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Awake, why do you sleep, Lord? 0 This does not mean that God is actually asleep. The writer speaks of God’s seeming inactivity as if God is sleeping. He asks the question to rebuke God for appearing not to be concerned about their troubles. Alternate translation: “Wake up! I feel like you are sleeping, Lord!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:23 z7sm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not throw us off 0 The writer speaks of God’s rejection of Israel as if he were discarding an unwanted piece of clothing. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 44:9](../044/009.md). Alternate translation: “do not reject us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:24 h91h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why do you hide your face & our oppression? 0 The writer uses this question to complain that God appears to be ignoring them. Alternate translation: “Do not hide your face … our oppression.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 44:24 hj18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor hide your face 0 The writer speaks of God ignoring them as if God were hiding his face so that he could not see them. Alternate translation: “ignore us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:24 jb65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns forget our affliction and our oppression 0 The words “affliction” and “oppression” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the severity of their affliction. These words may also be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “forget that people afflict us and oppress us” or “forget that people greatly afflict us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 44:25 rzd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism For we have sunk down into the dust; our bodies cling to the earth 0 These parallel phrases share similar meanings. The writer describes his people as lying on the ground in a posture of defeat and humiliation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 44:25 f1gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For we have sunk down into the dust 0 The writer speaks of their humiliation as if their bodies were objects, such as ice, that melt and soak into the dirt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:25 q4te rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor our bodies cling to the earth 0 The writer speaks of their humiliation as if their bodies were stuck to the ground and they could not raise themselves up. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:26 gbh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Rise up 0 This is a command to stand. This phrase refers to beginning to act on something. Alternate translation: “Take action” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 44:26 uu4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns for the sake of your covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “to show that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 45:intro hk23 0 # Psalm 045 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 45 is a royal psalm written for the king’s wedding day.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe king has a beautiful palace, and his bride is also beautiful.\n\n### Superscription\n\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 45:1 v3sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 45:1 p8j6 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 45:1 f1a1 set to Shoshannim 0 This may refer to a style or the tune of the music. Sometimes it is translated as “set to the tune of ‘Lilies.’” 45:1 ty3v A psalm of the sons of Korah 0 Alternate translation: “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote.” 45:1 tug8 A maschil 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 45:1 c73i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My heart overflows on a good subject 0 The writer speaks of his heart as if it were a container that overflows with liquid. The word “heart” represents his emotions, which are excited by the song that he sings. Alternate translation: “My emotions are excited about a good subject” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:1 puh2 a good subject 0 “a noble theme” or “a beautiful word.” This refers to the song that he has written. 45:1 w2cc composed 0 to have written or created a song 45:1 chy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my tongue is the pen of a ready writer 0 The writer speaks of his tongue as if it were a pen. He speaks words as skillfully as an experienced writer writes words. Alternate translation: “my tongue is like the pen of person who writes well” or “I speak words as skillfully as an experienced writer can write words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 45:2 x1mq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole You are fairer than the children of mankind 0 This phrase is an exaggeration that emphasizes that the king is better looking than anyone else. The phrase “children of mankind” is an idiom and refers to all humans. Alternate translation: “You are more handsome than any other man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 45:2 an93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor grace is poured onto your lips 0 The writer speaks of grace as if it were oil that someone has used to anoint the king’s lips. The word “lips” refers to the king’s speech. The phrase means that the king speaks eloquently. Alternate translation: “it is as if someone has anointed your lips with oil” or “you speak eloquently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:3 y2u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Put your sword on your side 0 Warriors carried their swords in a sheath that hung from a belt around their waist. The sword would rest against their side. This phrase describes an action of someone preparing for battle. Alternate translation: “Prepare yourself for battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 45:4 cyr3 ride on triumphantly 0 The writer tells the king to ride his horse or chariot to victory. 45:4 s46i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns because of trustworthiness, meekness, and righteousness 0 The abstract nouns “trustworthiness,” “meekness,” and “righteousness” can be stated as adjectives. This could mean: (1) these are qualities of the mighty one. Alternate translation: “because you are trustworthy, meek, and righteous” or (2) these are virtues that he fights to uphold for the people whom he rules. Alternate translation: “in order to fight for what is trustworthy, meek, and right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 45:4 td7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your right hand will teach you fearful things 0 Most soldiers held their swords with their right hands when they fought. Here, the phrase “right hand” refers to his ability to fight, which the writer speaks of as if it were a person who can teach the king through the experience he gains in battle. Alternate translation: “You will learn to accomplish great military feats by fighting in many battles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 45:4 ij55 fearful things 0 “awesome deeds.” This refers to military victories that cause his enemies to fear him and his allies to revere him. 45:5 k74n the peoples fall under you 0 This phrase refers to the king defeating his enemies. This could mean: (1) “the peoples fall at your feet in surrender” or (2) “the peoples fall dead at your feet.” 45:5 zn7a your arrows are in the hearts of the king’s enemies 0 “your arrows have pierced the hearts of your enemies.” The writer speaks to the king while referring to the king in the third person. 45:6 d479 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Your throne & is forever and ever 0 The word “throne” represents the kingdom and rule of the king. Alternate translation: “Your kingdom … is forever and ever” or “You will reign … forever and ever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:6 mh74 Your throne, God 0 Possible meanings are that the word **God**: (1) is a title for the king, who is God’s representative or (2) modifies the word “throne” and means “Your kingdom that God has given you.” 45:6 h2tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a scepter of justice is the scepter of your kingdom 0 The word “scepter” represents the king’s authority to rule his kingdom. Alternate translation: “you rule your kingdom with justice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:7 w1rj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God, your God, has anointed you with the oil of gladness 0 The writer speaks of gladness as if it were an oil that God used to anoint the king. That God has anointed him is a symbolic action that represents God’s choosing him to be king. Alternate translation: “when God appointed you as king, he made you very glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 45:8 s741 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nHere the writer begins to describe what appears to be the wedding ceremony of the king and his bride. 45:8 ggv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown myrrh, aloes, and cassia 0 These are aromatic plant substances that people used to make perfumes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 45:8 mam8 ivory palaces 0 Ivory is a hard white substance that forms animal’s tusks. This phrase describes a palace with walls and furniture that people have decorated with ivory. 45:8 ldy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy stringed instruments have made you glad 0 The words “stringed instruments” refers to the music that people make by playing the stringed instruments. Alternate translation: “the music of stringed instruments has made you glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:9 at3w honorable women 0 These women are wives of the king who receive his approval. 45:9 bvd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the queen 0 This is a reference to the woman who will become queen. Alternate translation: “your bride, the queen” or “your bride, who will be the queen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 45:9 w8kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ophir 0 This is the name of a place that had a reputation for its fine gold. The location is unknown. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 45:10 d768 Listen, daughter 0 The writer begins to speak to the queen and refers to her as “daughter” because she is a young woman. 45:10 z8va rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor incline your ear 0 The writer speaks of listening carefully to something as if it were bending one’s ear towards the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “listen carefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 45:10 u572 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor forget your own people 0 The writer speaks of the queen no longer following the beliefs and customs of her native people as if it were forgetting them. Alternate translation: “no longer follow the customs of your people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 45:10 zi39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your father’s house 0 Here the word “house” refers to family. Alternate translation: “your relatives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:11 vj28 In this way 0 Alternate translation: “and” or “so” 45:11 tyk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism the king will desire your beauty 0 This is a polite way to say that the king will want to sleep with the queen as his wife. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 45:12 b5qz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The daughter of Tyre 0 The writer speaks of the people who live in Tyre as if they are Tyre’s children. Alternate translation: “The people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 45:13 z961 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The royal daughter 0 This is a reference to the woman whom the king will marry. Alternate translation: “The king’s bride” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 45:13 fc31 all glorious 0 “very beautiful.” This refers to the woman’s appearance. 45:13 aze7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive her clothing is worked with gold 0 Her clothing is decorated or embroidered with gold. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “she wears clothing that someone has embroidered with golden thread” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 45:14 v2p3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive She will be led to the king in embroidered dress 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will lead her to the king as she wears an embroidered dress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 45:14 mrv3 embroidered 0 a design made by sewing colored threads into cloth 45:14 ji2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the virgins, her companions who follow her, will be brought to you 0 Here the word “you” refers to the king. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will bring to you the virgins, her companions who follow her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 45:15 j9m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification They will be led by gladness and rejoicing 0 This phrase describes “gladness and rejoicing” as a person who leads others to celebrate. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Gladness and rejoicing will lead them” or “They will proceed with gladness and rejoicing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 45:15 jxe5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet gladness and rejoicing 0 These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of gladness. Alternate translation: “great gladness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 45:16 x1cw Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe writer continues to address the king. 45:16 jy9e In the place of your fathers will be your children 0 This means that the king’s sons will replace him as king, just as he replaced his ancestors as king. 45:16 wu3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole you will make princes in all the earth 0 The phrase “in all the earth” is an exaggeration to emphasize that they will rule over many nations. Alternate translation: “you will make rulers over many nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 45:17 n62l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will make your name to be remembered in all generations 0 Here the word “I” refers to the writer. The word “name” refers to the king’s character and reputation. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will cause people in every generation to know about your greatness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 46:intro w4ye 0 # Psalm 046 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 46 is a psalm of praise to God.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\nGod is all-powerful, controls nature, and protects his people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) 46:1 pye4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 46:1 b2mp For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 46:1 t2j8 A psalm of the sons of Korah 0 Alternate translation: “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote” 46:1 q7sv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown set to Alamoth 0 This may refer to a style of music. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 46:1 sf97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God is our refuge and strength 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “God gives us safety and strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 46:2 d2ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mountains should be shaken into the heart of the seas 0 The writer speaks of the deepest part of the sea as if it were the sea’s heart. Here he describes an earthquake that causes the mountains to crumble and fall into the sea. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the mountains should shake so violently that they fall into the depths of the sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 46:3 nvd8 though its waters roar and rage 0 “though the waters of the sea roar and rage.” The words “roar” and “rage” describe the violent movements of the sea during a strong storm. 46:3 v7sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit mountains tremble with their swelling 0 The phrase “their swelling” refers to the waters of the sea as they rise and crash against the mountains. Alternate translation: “the swelling waters cause the mountains to tremble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 46:4 x5va rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage There is a river whose streams make the city of God happy 0 The imagery of a running river symbolizes peace and prosperity for the city of God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) 46:4 n4fc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy make the city of God happy 0 The phrase “the city of God” refers to Jerusalem, and represents the people who live in that city. Alternate translation: “make the people who live in Jerusalem happy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 46:4 ft9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the holy place where the Most High dwells 0 This phrase describes “the city of God.” Alternate translation: “the holy place where the Most High lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 46:5 v4ku in the middle of her; she will not be moved & help her 0 The words “her” and “she” refer to “the city of God.” 46:5 kf8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor she will not be moved 0 Here, the word “moved” is the same word translated as “shaken” in [Psalms v. 2](./001.md). The writer speaks of the destruction of Jerusalem by armies as if an earthquake were to destroy it. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nothing will be able destroy her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 46:6 ese7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The nations raged 0 Here, the word “raged” is the same word that the writer used in [Psalms v. 3](./001.md) to describe the waters of the sea. The writer speaks of the fear of the nations as if it was the violent movements of the sea during a strong storm. Alternate translation: “The nations are terrified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 46:6 m4wd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the kingdoms were shaken 0 Here, the word “shaken” is the same word that the writer used in [Psalms v. 2](./001.md) to describe the effect of an earthquake on the mountains. The writer speaks of the overthrow of kingdoms by armies as if an earthquake were to destroy them. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “armies overthrew the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 46:6 hp6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he lifted up his voice 0 “God lifted up his voice.” The writer speaks of the “voice” as an object that a person can pick up and raise into the air. This means that the voice becomes louder. Alternate translation: “God shouted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 46:6 p2kl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the earth melted 0 The writer speaks of the earth as an object, such as ice, that can melt. Here “the earth” represents mankind, and to melt represents fear. Alternate translation: “the people of the earth tremble with fear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 46:7 lc6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the God of Jacob is our refuge 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “the God of Jacob gives us safety” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 46:7 nkp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the God of Jacob 0 This could mean: (1) “the God whom Jacob worshiped” or (2) “Jacob” is a metonym for the nation of Israel and means “the God of Israel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 46:9 lwa3 He makes wars cease 0 Alternate translation: “He makes nations stop fighting wars” 46:9 b5gh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom to the ends of the earth 0 This is an idiom that refers to everywhere in the word. Alternate translation: “everywhere in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 46:9 v24c he breaks the bow & burns up the shields 0 One way in which Yahweh will make all wars to cease is by destroying the weapons that the armies use to fight one another. 46:9 gst2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants shields 0 Some versions understand this Hebrew word as “chariots.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) 46:10 y22y Be quiet and know that I am God 0 Here, God begins to speak. 46:10 ua4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Be quiet 0 In this context, these words are likely a command to the nations to stop their wars. Alternate translation: “Stop fighting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 46:10 u2j9 know that I am God 0 Here the word “know” means to understand and to confess that Yahweh is the true God. 46:10 ssq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism I will be exalted among the nations; I will be exalted on the earth 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people of every nation in the world will exalt God. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People from every nation will exalt me; people all over the earth will exalt me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 46:11 gl4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. See how you translated these lines in [Psalms 46:7](../046/007.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 47:intro j9a7 0 # Psalm 047 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 47 is a psalm of praise to God.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s power\n\nGod is powerful over all the nations in the world. 47:1 l66j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 47:1 xf2n For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 47:1 uqb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Clap your hands 0 Clapping your hands is associated with celebration. Alternate translation: “Clap your hands in celebration” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 47:1 n5aa shout to God with the sound of triumph 0 “shout to God with joyful voices.” Here the word “triumph” refers to the joy associated with victory. 47:3 bqu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He subdues peoples under us and nations under our feet 0 These two phrases are parallel and mean that God enabled Israel to conquer their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 47:3 j5mi subdues 0 to conquer and place under the authority of another 47:3 sa4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor under us & under our feet 0 The writer speaks of conquering other nations as if it were putting those nations underneath their feet. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 47:4 p3vm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He chooses our inheritance for us 0 The writer speaks of the land of Israel as if it were an inheritance that God has given the people as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “He chooses this land as an inheritance for us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 47:4 e7vk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the glory of Jacob 0 Here the word “glory” refers to a source of pride and represents the land that God has given to his people as an inheritance. Alternate translation: “the land in which Jacob takes pride” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 47:4 qvz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Jacob whom he loved 0 The word “Jacob” refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 47:5 y2zq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God has gone up with a shout 0 The writer speaks of God’s conquering the nations as if God were a king ascending his throne, which was located in the temple. Alternate translation: “God has gone up into the temple as people shouted” or “God has ascended to his throne as people shouted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 47:5 z2zz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Yahweh with the sound of a trumpet 0 This phrase parallels the previous phrase. The verb may be supplied for clarity. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has gone up as people blew trumpets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 47:6 wn5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Sing praises to God, sing praises; sing praises to our King, sing praises 0 The phrase “sing praises” is repeated for emphasis. You may omit the repetition if it is awkward in your language. Alternate translation: “Sing, sing praises to God; sing, sing praises to our King” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 47:9 vxi7 The princes of the peoples 0 Alternate translation: “The rulers of all the nations” 47:9 kg5b gathered together to the people 0 Possible meanings are that the rulers of the nations: (1) “gather in front of the people” or (2) “gathered together with the people” so that all may worship God as king. 47:9 eew2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the shields of the earth belong to God 0 Possible meanings are that **shields**: (1) refers to instruments of war. Alternate translation: “God has more power than the weapons of all the kings on the earth” or (2) refers to the rulers of the nations who are spoken of as shields who protect their nations. Alternate translation: “the kings of the earth are subject to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 48:intro wfx3 0 # Psalm 048 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 48 is a psalm of praise for Jerusalem.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Jerusalem\n\nJerusalem has mighty defenses. Foreign nations will be amazed. It is something to remember and testify about. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\nIt is helpful to know that “Mount Zion” is often used to refer to the city of Jerusalem. 48:1 s5c1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis psalm is a song about Jerusalem being God’s dwelling place. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 48:1 az4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive greatly to be praised 0 This can be stated in active from. Alternate translation: “people are to praise him greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 48:1 az2x the city of our God on his holy mountain 0 This is a reference to Jerusalem, which was built on Mount Zion. 48:1 dj9j the city of our God 0 This could mean: (1) “the city where our God lives” or (2) “the city that belongs to our God” 48:2 nl3f Beautiful in elevation 0 “Beautiful and high.” The word “elevation” refers to how high mount Zion is. 48:2 y3e3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the joy of the whole earth, is Mount Zion 0 Here the word “earth” refers to everyone living on the earth. The word “joy” may be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Mount Zion gives joy to everyone on earth” or “everyone on earth rejoices because of Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 48:2 r8gx on the sides of the north 0 Possible meanings are that this phrase: (1) refers to the direction of the north or (2) is another name for Mount Zion meaning “the mountain of God.” 48:3 qb5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God has made himself known in her palaces as a refuge 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “God has made himself known as one who gives safety to the people in Mount Zion’s palaces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 48:4 lw4p see 0 The word “see” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. 48:4 fnx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy assembled themselves 0 Here the kings represent their armies. Alternate translation: “assembled their armies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 48:4 yk23 they passed by together 0 Alternate translation: “together they passed by Jerusalem” 48:5 q1px They saw it 0 Alternate translation: “They saw Jerusalem” 48:5 k5fi dismayed 0 greatly troubled 48:6 xy4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Trembling took hold of them there 0 The writer speaks of the kings’ fear as if it were a person who caused the kings and their armies to tremble. Alternate translation: “There they trembled with fear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 48:6 ees5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor pain as when a woman is in labor 0 The writer speaks of the kings’ fear as if it were the pain that a woman experiences in childbirth and speaks of that pain as if it were a person. The verb may be supplied from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “pain took hold of them, as when a woman is in labor” or “they became afraid, like a woman is afraid of experiencing labor pains” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 48:7 e8iv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor With the east wind you break the ships of Tarshish 0 This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which the author describes the kings being afraid as if they were ships that shake because God destroys them with a strong wind. Alternate translation: “They shook with fear, as the ships of Tarshish shake when you break them with the east wind” or (2) this is an apostrophe in which the author describes God’s great power. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 48:7 qp44 the east wind 0 This could mean: (1) “a wind blowing from the east” or (2) “a strong wind.” 48:7 n4q7 the ships of Tarshish 0 This could mean: (1) ships that sail to or are built in the city of Tarshish or (2) any large ocean-going ship. 48:8 b3ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit As we have heard 0 It is implied that what they have heard is the great things that God has done in the past. Alternate translation: “As we have heard about the great things that God has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 48:8 g7aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit so have we seen 0 This means that they have seen the proof that the things that they have heard are true. Alternate translation: “so we have seen God do great things now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 48:8 pr7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism in the city of Yahweh of hosts, in the city of our God 0 Both of these phrases refer to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “in the city of our God, Yahweh of hosts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 48:8 pa6r establish it 0 “make it secure.” Here the word “establish means to preserve and make something secure. 48:9 fec8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns your covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “how faithful you are to your covenant” or “how faithful you are to us because of your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 48:9 wf6y in the middle of your temple 0 Alternate translation: “as we are in your temple” 48:10 wrg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy As your name is & so is your praise to the ends of the earth 0 Here the word “name” represents God’s character and reputation. The two phrases compare the greatness of God’s reputation with how greatly people praise him. Alternate translation: “Your name is very great … and so people throughout the world praise you greatly” or “People all throughout the world have heard of you … so people throughout the world praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 48:10 qf2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom to the ends of the earth 0 This is an idiomatic expression that means everywhere in the word. See how you translated this in [Psalms 46:9](../046/009.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 48:10 w3p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your right hand is full of righteousness 0 The writer speaks of righteousness as if it were an object that God could hold in his hand. Here the word “hand” refers to God’s power and authority to rule. Alternate translation: “you rule with righteousness” or “you are righteous as you rule” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 48:11 w7c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Let Mount Zion be glad 0 The writer speaks of Mount Zion as if it were a person who could be glad. The phrase refers to the people who live in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Let those who live on Mount Zion be glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 48:11 csq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor let the daughters of Judah rejoice 0 The writer speaks of the towns in Judah as if they were Judah’s children. The phrase refers to the people who live in those towns. Alternate translation: “let the people who live in the cities of Judah rejoice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 48:12 r196 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Walk around Mount Zion, go round about her 0 These two phrases are parallel. Alternate translation: “Walk all the way around Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 48:13 d5xm notice well 0 Alternate translation: “notice in detail” 48:14 wub8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he will be our guide 0 The word “guide” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he will guide us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 48:14 rmz8 to death 0 This could mean: (1) “until we die” or (2) “forever.” 49:intro r9r3 0 # Psalm 049 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 49 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Riches\n\nRiches do not last forever. They cannot save a person from death, and they cannot be taken from a person at death. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 49:1 wm6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 49:1 f4gj For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 49:1 a8dr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Hear this, all you peoples; give ear, all you inhabitants 0 These two phrases are parallel. Together they strengthen the command for all people to listen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 49:1 ski6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom give ear 0 This idiomatic expression means to use one’s ears to listen. Alternate translation: “listen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 49:2 f6b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor both low and high 0 The writer speaks of people who are weak or insignificant in society as being low and of people who are important and powerful as being high. Together, the words “low” and “high” represent all people. Alternate translation: “both important people and unimportant people” or “people of every social class” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 49:2 cq6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism rich and poor together 0 Together the words “rich” and “poor” refer to all people, regardless of wealth. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 49:3 r7z1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My mouth will speak wisdom 0 Here the word “mouth” refers to the whole person who speaks. Alternate translation: “I will speak wise words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 49:3 hx37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the meditation of my heart will be of understanding 0 Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. The abstract nouns “meditation” and “understanding” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “the thoughts upon which I meditate will help you to understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 49:4 wva9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor incline my ear 0 The writer speaks of listening carefully to something as if it were bending one’s ear towards the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “listen carefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:4 ge9u with the harp 0 Alternate translation: “as I play the harp” 49:5 yhr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why should I fear & heels? 0 The writer asks this question to emphasize that he has no reason to fear when bad things happen. Alternate translation: “I have no reason to fear … heels.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 49:5 vu7z the days of evil 0 “when evil things happen.” Here the word “days” refers to general periods of time. 49:5 ug31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor when iniquity surrounds me at my heels 0 This could mean: (1) the writer speaks of the evil desires of his enemies as if it were a predator ready to overtake him. Alternate translation: “when the iniquity of sinful men is ready to overcome me” or (2) the writer’s enemies surround him as they commit their iniquity. Alternate translation: “when my enemies surround me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:6 z2gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit those who trust in their wealth 0 These people trust their wealth will keep them from having to suffer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 49:6 w369 about the amount of their riches 0 a large amount of something 49:7 mmh3 It is certain that no one 0 Alternate translation: “There is no way that any of them can” or “No one can” 49:7 cj1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit no one can redeem his brother or give God a ransom for him 0 Both of these phrases express that a person cannot give God enough money to be able to avoid death. Alternate translation: “no one can pay money to God so that their brother will not die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 49:8 n5rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the redemption of one’s life is costly 0 The word “redemption” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “it costs too much to redeem a person’s life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 49:9 nw4t so that his body should not decay 0 This refers to the body decomposing in the grave. 49:10 q1ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will see decay 0 The writer speaks of experiencing something as if it were seeing that thing. Alternate translation: “he will die and his body will decay” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:10 v4i4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism Wise men die; the fool and the brute alike perish 0 The author refers to all people by referring to those who have the most and least wisdom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 49:10 vpc1 brute 0 This means a person who is stupid or unintelligent. 49:11 lu71 Their inner thought 0 Alternate translation: “Their belief” 49:11 brb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the places where they live, to all generations 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “the places where they live will continue to all generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 49:11 zu1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom they call their lands after their own names 0 “they name their lands after themselves.” This phrase expresses ownership. Alternate translation: “they own their own lands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 49:12 ma8l But man, having wealth 0 Alternate translation: “But man, even if he has wealth” 49:13 chs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor This, their way, is their folly 0 The writer speaks of the fate of fools as if it is the destination at the end of the path on which they walk. Alternate translation: “This is the fate of those who practice folly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:13 aze6 yet after them 0 Alternate translation: “yet after they die” 49:14 yp7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like sheep 0 The writer compares people who will all die to a flock of sheep. Just as sheep cannot escape when the butcher decides to slaughter them, so men will not escape when it is their time to die. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 49:14 le72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive they are appointed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God has appointed them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 49:14 jp6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification death will be their shepherd 0 The writer speaks of men dying by personifying death as a shepherd who leads them into the grave. Alternate translation: “death will take them away as a shepherd leads away sheep to be slaughtered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:14 fu5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the morning 0 Here the word “morning” is a metaphor that refers to a time when God will vindicate righteous people and save them from evil people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:14 xwx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification their bodies will be consumed in Sheol 0 The writer speaks of Sheol, the place of the dead, as if it were a person or animal. He speaks of the decay of dead bodies as if Sheol were eating them. Alternate translation: “their bodies will decompose in the grave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:15 hdm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification God will redeem my life from the power of Sheol 0 The writer speaks of Sheol as if it were a person who has power over those who die. From the context, it is implied that this power refers to consuming the bodies of the dead. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 49:15 vf45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche God will redeem my life 0 Here the word “life” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “God will redeem me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 49:16 gm8v the glory of his house increases 0 The word “glory” here refers to wealth or riches. This could mean: (1) “when he gains more wealth in his house” or (2) “when his family becomes richer.” 49:17 a1l5 he will take nothing away 0 Alternate translation: “he will take nothing with him to the grave” 49:17 cz54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism his glory will not go down after him 0 The phrase “go down” refers to when the man dies. Alternate translation: “his glory will not go along with him when he dies” or “he will not keep his reputation when he dies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 49:18 eq9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche He blessed his soul 0 Here the word “soul” refers to the whole person. This phrase means that he considered himself to be happy and successful because of his riches. Alternate translation: “He congratulated himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 49:19 hq9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism he will go to the generation of his fathers 0 “he will go to where his fathers’ generation is.” This is a euphemism that means that the rich man will die and join his ancestors in the grave. Alternate translation: “he will join his ancestors in the grave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 49:19 dvh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will never see the light again 0 The word “they” refers to the rich man and his ancestors. The word “light” may refer to the sun or be a metaphor for life. Alternate translation: “they will never see the sun again” or “they will never live again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:intro cbd7 0 # Psalm 050 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 50 is a wisdom psalm. It tells what pleases God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Sacrifices\n\nGod does not need animal sacrifices; he does not eat meat or drink blood. The world and everything in it belong to God. He wants people to be thankful and to depend on him. God rejects evil people who reject his covenant. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) 50:1 v4hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis psalm is a song that teaches people. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 50:1 wpn8 The Mighty One, God, Yahweh 0 The author uses three different names to speak of God. 50:1 s58x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy called the earth 0 Here the word “earth” refers to the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “called all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 50:1 ycf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism from the rising of the sun to its setting 0 This phrase refers to the directions east, where the sun rises, and west, where the sun sets. The writer uses these two extremes to represent everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: “everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 50:2 k7vg Zion, the perfection of beauty 0 This could mean: (1) “Zion, whose beauty is perfect” or (2) “Zion, the most beautiful city.” 50:2 k22a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God has shone 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a light that shines. This refers to God causing people to know about his glory. Alternate translation: “God’s glory shines like a light” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:3 ymh5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes does not stay silent 0 The writer uses this negative statement to emphasize the positive. Alternate translation: “speaks so that everyone can hear him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 50:3 m31d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a fire devours before him 0 The writer speaks of a fire burning things as if it were eating them. Alternate translation: “a fire burns in front of him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:3 pw8f it is very stormy around him 0 Alternate translation: “there is a great storm around him” 50:4 d22v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy He calls to the heavens above and to the earth 0 This could mean: (1) God is calling on all who live in heaven and on earth to be witnesses as he judges his people or (2) God is speaking to heaven and earth as if they are people, and he is calling them to be witnesses as he judges his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 50:6 fxq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The heavens will declare 0 This could mean: (1) the writer uses the word “heavens” to refer to the angels who live there or (2) the writer speaks of “the heavens” as if they are a person who testifies about God’s righteousness. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 50:8 ef2a I will not reprove you for your sacrifices 0 “I will reprove you, but not for your sacrifices.” God explains that their sacrifices are not the reason that he is reproving them. 50:8 s2pk reprove 0 tell someone he is guilty of doing wrong 50:8 m19c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom your burnt offerings are always before me 0 This explains why God is not rebuking them for their sacrifices. The phrase “are always before me” refers to being in God’s presence and means that his people are always sacrificing their burnt offerings to him. Alternate translation: “you are always sacrificing burnt offerings to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 50:9 a3jw folds 0 areas surrounded by walls in which sheep and goats are kept 50:10 sbr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole the cattle on a thousand hills 0 The phrase “on a thousand hills” does not represent the total number of cattle that God owns. The number is an exaggeration that emphasizes that God owns all of the cattle in the world. The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “all the cattle in the world are mine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 50:10 f9vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers thousand hills 0 “1,000 hills” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 50:11 dx4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I know all the birds 0 Here the word “know” implies ownership. Alternate translation: “I own all the birds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 50:12 gaw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo If I were hungry 0 This describes something that could not happen, since God does not get hungry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 50:13 ybv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will I eat the flesh of bulls or drink the blood of goats? 0 God asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that he does not do these things and so has no need for their sacrifices. Alternate translation: “I do not eat the flesh of bulls or drink the blood of goats.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 50:14 tja9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Offer to God 0 Here God refers to himself. Alternate translation: “Offer to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 50:14 hz6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor pay your vows to the Most High 0 The writer speaks of “vows” as if they are currency which a person pays to God. Alternate translation: “fulfill your vows to the Most High” or “do what you have promised the Most High to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:15 si2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom in the day of trouble 0 Here the word “day” refers to any period of time. Alternate translation: “whenever you have troubles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 50:16 ab6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person But to the wicked God says 0 Here God is still speaking and speaks of himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “But to the wicked I say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 50:16 ww85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj to the wicked 0 The word “wicked” refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “to wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 50:16 mat4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor have taken my covenant in your mouth 0 God speaks of wicked people reciting the words of his covenant as if they are putting the covenant in their mouth. Alternate translation: “talk about my covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:17 zuf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion since you hate instruction and throw my words away 0 This is the end of the rhetorical question begun with the words “What have you to do” ([Psalms 50:16](../050/016.md)). God uses this question to rebuke wicked people. This question can be turned into a statement: “It is not right for you to declare my statutes and my covenant, since you hate instruction and throw my words away.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 50:17 l69z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor throw my words away 0 God speaks of the wicked people rejecting what he says as if they were throwing away trash. Alternate translation: “reject what I say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:18 v2nw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you agree with him 0 This could mean: (1) that they approve of the thief’s actions. Alternate translation: “you approve or him” or (2) that they join the thief in their actions. Alternate translation: “you join him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 50:19 p5te rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You give your mouth to evil 0 God speaks of a person speaking evil things as if that person’s mouth is a messenger whom the person sends to do evil things. Alternate translation: “You are always saying evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 50:19 eu22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your tongue expresses deceit 0 The word “tongue” represents the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “you are always telling lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 50:20 zjx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism You sit and speak against your brother; you slander your own mother’s son 0 These two phrases have the same meaning but use different words. God accuses them of speaking falsely against members of their own family. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 50:20 ea7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom You sit and speak 0 To “sit and speak” against someone implies that this person deliberately thinks of bad things to say about someone. Alternate translation: “You always think of ways to speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 50:21 br29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit you thought that I was someone just like yourself 0 Since God had kept silent and not yet rebuked the wicked people for their actions, they thought that God approved of what they did. Alternate translation: “you thought that I was someone who acts just like you do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 50:21 w99y reprove 0 tell someone he is guilty of doing wrong 50:21 j3hc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom bring up & all the things you have done 0 God speaks of listing all of the evil things that they have done. Alternate translation: “list … all the things you have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 50:21 pf7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom right before your eyes 0 Here, to be “before your eyes” means that it is in a place where they can see. This means that they will not be able to deny the charges that God brings against them. Alternate translation: “right in front of you” or “so that you can not deny them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 50:22 jz7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you who forget God 0 God speaks of the wicked rejecting him as if they have forgotten him. He speaks of himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “you who reject me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 50:22 ql5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will tear you to pieces 0 God speaks of destroying the wicked as if he were a lion eating its prey. Alternate translation: “I will destroy you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:23 u8xr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor plans his path in the right way 0 God speaks of a the way a person lives as if it were a path that the person travels. Alternate translation: “lives his life the right way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:23 u5xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I will show God’s salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “save.” God refers to himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “I will save him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 51:intro uij8 0 # Psalm 051 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 51 is a psalm of repentance from sin. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Repentance\n\nThe psalmist is truly sorry for having sinned. He repented and God forgave his sins. God wants true sorrow for having sinned, not sacrifices. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/true]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]])\n\n### Author of Psalm\n\nScholars are divided over whether this psalm was authored by King David as is mentioned by the superscription. If nothing else, we can assume the last two verses were added later since Jerusalem is intact with well-built walls during King David’s reign. 51:1 v8pw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. In this psalm David asks God for forgiveness. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 51:1 rl6b For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 51:1 ia5j A psalm of David 0 This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 51:1 sf45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit when Nathan the prophet came to him 0 It can be stated clearly what Nathan did when he came to David, because this psalm is in response to that. Alternate translation: “when Nathan the prophet came to David and rebuked him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 51:1 dlr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns because of your covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 51:1 pm2w for the sake of the multitude of your merciful actions 0 Alternate translation: “because you do so many merciful things” 51:1 jan2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor blot out my transgressions 0 Forgiving sins is spoken of as either: (1) blotting them out or (2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: “forgive my sins like someone wiping something away” or “forget my sins like someone who erases a record of sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:2 rtj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity & cleanse me from my sin 0 These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 51:2 q5ks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity 0 Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. Alternate translation: “Wash away all my sin” or “Forgive all my sins so that I will be acceptable to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:2 h3by thoroughly 0 completely, totally 51:2 ja25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cleanse me from my sin 0 Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. Alternate translation: “Make me clean from my sin” or “forgive me for my sin so that I will be clean” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:3 qpz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my sin is always before me 0 Not being able to forget his sins is spoken of as if they were always in front of him where he can see them. Alternate translation: “I am always aware of my sins” or “I cannot forget my sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:4 t9px rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what is evil in your sight 0 The word “sight” here represents judgment. Yahweh saw and did not approve of David’s actions. Alternate translation: “what you judge to be evil” or “what you consider to be evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:5 j8f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I was born in iniquity 0 Being a sinner is spoken of as being in iniquity. Alternate translation: “I was already a sinner when I was born” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:5 i2cz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor as soon as my mother conceived me, I was in sin 0 Being a sinner is spoken of as being in sin. Alternate translation: “even when my mother conceived me, I was a sinner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:6 w9f4 See, you desire trustworthiness 0 The use of “See” here draw our attention to the contrast between this sentence and “See, I was born in iniquity” (verse 5). “Truly I was born in iniquity … But you desire trustworthiness” 51:6 kqg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you desire trustworthiness in my inner self 0 The **inner self** represents either: (1) the person’s desires or (2) the whole person. Alternate translation: “you want me to desire trustworthiness” or “you want me to be trustworthy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 51:7 fc52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Purify me & I will be clean & wash me & I will be whiter than snow 0 Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean or white. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:7 v7q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Purify me with hyssop 0 The writer speaks of God as if God were a priest who would sprinkle water on him to make him acceptable to God. Alternate translation: “Make me acceptable by sprinkling water on me with hyssop” or “Forgive me for my sins so that I will be acceptable to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:7 im87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown hyssop 0 This is a plant that the priests used to sprinkle water or blood on people or things to make them ceremonially clean, that is, acceptable to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 51:7 l5n6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile whiter than snow 0 Not having sin is spoken of as being white. Alternate translation: “very, very white” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 51:8 g7v8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet joy and gladness 0 These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize his desire to hear joyful things. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 51:8 p4ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor so that the bones that you have broken may rejoice 0 Feeling terrible sadness is spoken of as if his bones were broken. Alternate translation: “for you have caused me terrible sadness in my inner being. Let me rejoice again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:9 gs6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Hide your face from my sins 0 Thinking about someone’s sins is spoken of as seeing them. Forgiving or refusing to think about the sins is spoken of as choosing not to see them. Alternate translation: “Do not look at my sins” or “Do not remember my sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:9 b3jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor blot out all my iniquities 0 Here, forgiving or refusing to think about someone’s sins could mean: (1) blotting them out or (2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: (1) “forgive my sins like someone wiping something away” or (2) “forget my sins like someone who erases a record of sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:10 q6ng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Create in me a clean heart 0 Here the “heart” represents the feelings and desires. Being completely devoted and obedient to God is spoken of as having a clean heart. Alternate translation: “Make me completely devoted to you” or “Make me want to obey you always” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:10 bn5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy renew a right spirit within me 0 Here “spirit” represents the attitude and desires of a David. Alternate translation: “make my attitude right” or “make me always want to do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 51:11 v6gj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Do not drive me away from your presence 0 “Do not force me to go away from you.” Being rejected by God is spoken of as being forced to go away from him. Alternate translation: “Do not reject me as one of your people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:12 t5fh sustain me 0 Alternate translation: “hold me up” or “assist me” 51:13 az4f your ways 0 Alternate translation: “the way you want people to live” or “what you want people to do” 51:13 tzw4 transgressors & sinners 0 These two words refer to the same people here. 51:14 i5mg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy shedding blood 0 This phrase refers to killing another person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 51:15 mb7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Lord, open my lips, and my mouth will express your praise 0 Here the person is represented by his “mouth.” Being able to talk is spoken of as the lips being open. Here not being able to speak is a symbol of being guilty of sin and not being able to make a defense. Alternate translation: “Lord, make me able to speak, and I will praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 51:16 rlr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit you do not delight in sacrifice & you have no pleasure in burnt offerings 0 This means that God wants something more important than these things. Alternate translation: “A sacrifice is not enough to please you … you want something more than burn offerings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 51:17 ib5d The sacrifices of God 0 Alternate translation: “The sacrifices that please God” 51:17 e3fd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a broken spirit 0 A broken spirit represents a humble attitude. Alternate translation: “humility” or “a person who becomes humble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 51:17 r49l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a broken and a contrite heart 0 Being humble and sorry for one’s sin is spoken of as having a broken and contrite heart. The heart represents the emotions and will. Alternate translation: “sorrow and humility” or “a person who is sorry for his sin and humble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 51:18 sl4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rebuild the walls of Jerusalem 0 The walls of a city protect the city and the people in it. This could mean: (1) “enable us to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem” or (2) “protect Jerusalem and make it strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:19 qe3h our people will offer bulls on your altar 0 A bull is an adult male cow. Bulls were often used as sacrificial animals, according to God’s instruction. 52:intro gx5r 0 # Psalm 052 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 52 is a wisdom psalm. It teaches that God will destroy evil people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Evil people\n\nAlthough the evil people feel secure with their wealth and evil deeds, God will destroy them. But people who do good are secure because God protects them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])\n\n### Superscription\n\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 52:1 xe8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIn this psalm the word “you” refers to Doeg. When Saul wanted to kill David, Doeg told Saul where David was so that Saul could find him. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 52:1 eve8 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 52:1 px5f A maschil 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 52:1 iv91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Doeg & Ahimelech 0 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 52:1 gv61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why are you proud of making trouble, you mighty man? 0 This question shows how angry David was at the one who made trouble. Alternate translation: “You should not be so proud of making trouble, you mighty man.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 52:1 tc43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony you mighty man 0 David may have been using irony when he called Doeg this. Alternate translation: “you, who think you are so mighty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) 52:1 u3iv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The covenant faithfulness of God comes every day 0 David speaks of God’s covenant faithfulness as if it were something that could come. David was probably referring to God’s promises to protect his people from wicked people. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective or an adverb. Alternate translation: “Every day, God is faithful to keep the promises of his covenant” or “Every day, God faithfully protects his people from wicked people like you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 52:2 yc5s a sharp razor 0 a sharp blade 52:2 hlt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Your tongue plans destruction like a sharp razor, working deceitfully 0 Here the tongue is compared to a sharp razor which is capable of causing great harm. Alternate translation: “Your tongue harms people like a sharp razor does, when you plan destruction and deceive others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 52:2 mc21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Your tongue 0 Here “your tongue” refers to the person David is speaking to. Alternate translation: “You” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 52:3 n4c1 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nDavid continues speaking to the “mighty man” of [Psalms 5:1](../005/001.md) 52:3 u7f1 lying rather than speaking righteousness 0 Alternate translation: “you love lying more than speaking what is right” 52:4 c8a7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor words that devour others 0 Here words that harm others are spoken of as if they were animals that devour people. Alternate translation: “words that harm others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 52:4 brj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche you deceitful tongue 0 This refers to the person the author is speaking to. Alternate translation: “you speaker of deceit” or “you liar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 52:5 b3i7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism take you up & pluck you & root you 0 All three of these phrases are different ways of saying “remove you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 52:5 r2bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor root you out of the land of the living 0 Being alive on earth is spoken of as if people are plants with roots in the ground. God killing someone is spoken of as digging up the plant’s roots and taking it out of the ground. Alternate translation: “he will take you out the land of the living” or “He will kill you so that you will no longer be on earth with living people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 52:5 cdy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate Selah 0 This may be a musical term that tells people how to sing or play their instruments here. Some translations write the Hebrew word, and some translations do not include it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) 52:6 mke5 The righteous will also see it and fear 0 Alternate translation: “The righteous will also see God remove him and they will fear” 52:7 edv2 See 0 Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” 52:7 qv2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy did not make God his refuge 0 Here “refuge” represents a protector. Alternate translation: “did not make God his protector” or “did not ask God to protect him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 52:8 u1wy a green olive tree 0 Green olive trees are strong and secure. They do not fall over. 52:8 e2xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I am like a green olive tree in God’s house 0 Being safe and secure is spoken of as being like a strong tree. Alternate translation: “I am strong in God’s house, like a green olive tree” or “Because I worship in God’s house, I am secure like a green olive tree” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 52:8 ydi4 in God’s house 0 This refers to God’s temple. 52:8 bgx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I will trust in the covenant faithfulness of God forever and ever 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will trust in God forever and ever because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 52:9 cj6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will wait for your name, because it is good 0 God’s name represents God himself. Waiting for God represents waiting for God to help him. Alternate translation: “I will wait for you, because you are good” or “I will wait for you to help me, because you are good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 53:intro u3hp 0 # Psalm 053 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 53 is a wisdom psalm. It warns people who do evil that God will judge them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s watching mankind\n\nGod looks down from heaven and sees that all humans are evil and corrupt. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])\n\n### Superscription\n\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 53:1 btc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 53:1 kkk8 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 53:1 a9tq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate set to Mahalath 0 This may refer to a style of music. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) 53:1 c5we A maschil 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 53:2 cmh4 the children of mankind 0 This refers to all people. 53:2 dy8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who seek after him 0 Seeking God as a person would look for someone is spoken of as “seeking” God. This could mean: (1) wanting to know God. Alternate translation: “who want to know him” or (2) worshiping God. Alternate translation: “who worship him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 53:3 ki3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They have all turned away 0 Rejecting God and what is right is spoken of as turning away. Alternate translation: “They have all turned away from doing what is right” or “They have all rejected God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 53:4 l2u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do those who commit iniquity have no understanding—those & God? 0 This question is used to show the shock that the writer feels because the people are so sinful. It can be written as two statements. “Those who commit iniquity act as though they do not know anything. They devour my people as if they were eating bread, and they do not call on God!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 53:4 l75m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who devour my people as if they were eating bread 0 Destroying people is spoken of as devouring them. Doing it as if they were eating bread implies that they did it very easily or without feeling guilty about it. Alternate translation: “those who destroy my people as freely as if they were eating bread” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 53:5 q6fe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy God will scatter the bones of whoever will camp against you 0 Scattering people’s bones represents killing them and allowing their bones to remain wherever they have died and not be buried properly. “God will completely destroy whoever will camp against you, and their bones will lie scattered on the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 53:5 pl76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy whoever will camp against you 0 Camping against people represents attacking them. Enemy armies would travel and set up camps to live in temporarily near the people they wanted to attack. Alternate translation: “whoever will attack you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 53:6 mle3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come 0 The word “Oh” here introduces an exclamation that expresses a hope or prayer. Alternate translation: “I hope that the salvation of Israel will come” or “I pray that the salvation of will come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 53:6 awk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the salvation of Israel would come from Zion 0 The salvation represents God, the savior, whose temple is in Zion. Alternate translation: “the savior of Israel would come from Zion” or “God would come from Zion and save Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 53:6 hj3c When God brings back his people from the captivity 0 Alternate translation: “When God saves his captive people” 53:6 fw2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Jacob will rejoice and Israel will be glad! 0 These two phrases have the same meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 53:6 xbm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Jacob 0 Here “Jacob” refers to the descendants of Jacob, the Israelites. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 54:intro vvf3 0 # Psalm 054 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 54 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Rescue\n\nEvil people want to kill David; but God has rescued him in the past and he trusts God to rescue him again. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])\n\n### Superscription\n\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 54:1 fa4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 54:1 s1kh For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 54:1 nwg2 on stringed instruments 0 Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song” 54:1 w9pi A maschil 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md) 54:1 ql33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ziphites 0 people from the city of Ziph in the Judean mountains, southeast of Hebron. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 54:1 db2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Save me, God, by your name 0 Here God’s name represents his character. It may represent specifically his power or his justice. Alternate translation: “Save me, God, by your power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 54:1 jb6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy judge me in your might 0 Judging David here represents showing people that David is not guilty. When God uses his might to save David, people will know that God has judged him as not guilty. Alternate translation: “In your might, show people that I am not guilty” or “Show people that I am not guilty by using your power to rescue me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 54:2 r9er rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy give ear to the words 0 Giving one’s ear represents listening. Alternate translation: “listen to the words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 54:2 mc9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the words of my mouth 0 Here the speaker is represented by his mouth. Alternate translation: “my words” or “what I am saying to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 54:3 u6zz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy have risen up against me 0 Rising up against someone represents preparing to attack him or actually attacking him. Alternate translation: “have prepared to attack me” or “are attacking me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 54:3 n85b pitiless men 0 Alternate translation: “men who have no mercy” 54:3 uub9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy have sought after my life 0 Seeking after someone’s life represents trying to kill him. Alternate translation: “have tried to kill me” or “want to kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 54:3 qx9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy they have not set God before them 0 Setting God before them represents paying attention to God. Alternate translation: “they do not pay attention to God” or “they ignore God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 54:4 f6wz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who upholds me 0 Defending David and keeping him safe is spoken of as upholding or supporting him. Alternate translation: “who defends me” or “who keeps me safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 54:5 gch4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will repay my enemies with evil 0 Punishment is spoken as if it were payment. Alternate translation: “He will do the evil to my enemies that they have done to me” or “He will cause the evil that my enemies have done to me to be done to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 54:5 y135 in your faithfulness, destroy them 0 Here David changes from talking about God to talking to God. Alternate translation: “God, destroy them because you are faithful to me” 54:6 kq3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I will give thanks to your name, Yahweh, for it is good 0 Yahweh’s name represents him. Alternate translation: “I will give thanks to you, Yahweh, for you are good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 54:7 q8mm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my eye has looked 0 The eye represents the person. Alternate translation: “I have looked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 54:7 z3ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my eye has looked in triumph on my enemies 0 This could mean: (1) seeing that his enemies have been defeated. Alternate translation: “I have seen that my enemies have been defeated” or (2) defeating his enemies. Alternate translation: “I have defeated my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:intro fx5e 0 # Psalm 055 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 55 is a deliverance psalm. The psalmist is praying that God will deliver him from his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Betrayal\n\nThe author wishes he could get far away from his enemies after his best friend betrayed him. He asks God to completely destroy his enemies. He is trusting God to save him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n### Superscription\n\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 55:1 gsm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 55:1 v48i For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 55:1 y5nc on stringed instruments 0 Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song” 55:1 lzt7 A maschil 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md) 55:1 v59z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Give ear to my prayer 0 Giving one’s ear represents listening. Alternate translation: “Listen to my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:1 v8bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not hide yourself from my plea 0 Refusing to pay attention to his plea is spoken of as hiding himself from it. Alternate translation: “do not ignore my plea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:3 ag8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy because of the voice of my enemies 0 Here “voice” represents what they say. Alternate translation: “because of what my enemies say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:3 iqu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they bring trouble on me 0 Causing trouble is spoken of as bringing trouble. Alternate translation: “they cause me to have great troubles” or “they do wicked things to me and so I suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:4 z3pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy My heart trembles within me 0 Here, “heart trembles” refers to his emotional pain and suffering. This suffering is because of fear. Alternate translation: “I am suffering because I am so afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:4 jr4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the terrors of death have fallen on me 0 Becoming very afraid, or terrified, is spoken of as if terror is a thing that falls on a person. Alternate translation: “I am very much afraid that I will die” or “I am terrified that I will die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:5 spg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Fearfulness and trembling have come on me 0 Becoming fearful and trembling is spoken of as if fearfulness and trembling are things that come on a person. Alternate translation: “I have become very fearful and I tremble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:5 lr6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor horror has overwhelmed me 0 Feeling horror is spoken of as if horror were a thing that can cover people. Alternate translation: “I feel terrible horror” or “I am extremely afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:6 xih1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Oh, if only I had wings like a dove! 0 This exclamation expresses something the writer wishes for very much. Alternate translation: “I wish very much that I had wings like a dove” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 55:6 dd1u Then would I fly away 0 Alternate translation: “If I did have wings, I would fly away” 55:7 kwx9 See, then I would wander 0 Alternate translation: “I would do that and more: I would wander” 55:8 kzu3 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer finishes telling about what he had said. 55:8 v8vq tempest 0 a strong storm 55:9 rlv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Devour them 0 Destroying something is spoken of as eating all of it. Possible meanings are “Destroy my enemies’ plans” or “Destroy my enemies.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:9 xsb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy confuse their language 0 “Language” here represents what the people were saying to each other, and probably refers specifically to them talking about plans to do evil. Confusing it represents making the people unable to understand each other. Alternate translation: “confuse them when they speak to each other” or “confuse their plans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:10 adq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification they go about on its walls 0 “violence and strife go about on her walls” ([Psalms 55:9](../055/009.md)). Violence and strife are spoken of as if they were people. This can be expressed by telling about the people who cause violence and strife. Alternate translation: “people walk about on the city’s walls, being violent and fighting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 55:10 mjb4 on its walls 0 “along the tops of the city walls.” Cities had thick walls around them to protect them from enemies. People could walk along the tops of the walls to see if any enemies were coming to the city. 55:10 wnf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification wickedness and trouble are in the middle of it 0 Wickedness and trouble are spoken of as if they were people. This can be expressed by telling about the people who do wickedness and trouble. Alternate translation: “people do wickedness and cause trouble in the middle of the city” or “people do sinful things and cause trouble in it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 55:11 r85i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Wickedness is in the middle of it 0 Wickedness is spoken of as if it were a person. This can be expressed by telling about the people who do wicked things. Alternate translation: “People do wicked things in the middle of the city” or “people destroy things in the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 55:11 c726 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification oppression and deceit do not leave its streets 0 Oppression and deceit are spoken of as if they were people. This can be expressed by telling about the people who oppress and deceive others. Alternate translation: “People oppress and deceive others in the city streets, and they do not leave” or “People are always oppressing and deceiving others in the city streets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 55:11 av8t its streets 0 This may refer to the marketplaces in the city. 55:12 fkh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I could have borne it 0 Tolerating or enduring a rebuke is spoken of as bearing or carrying it. Alternate translation: “I could have tolerated the rebuke” or “I would not be so sad about the rebuke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:12 sl4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor raised himself up against me 0 Being proud of oneself and insulting another is spoken of as raising oneself up against another. Alternate translation: “insulted me” or “despised me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:13 q1xj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe But it was you 0 The psalmist speaks as though the person who had rebuked and taunted him were there listening to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 55:13 h4d4 myself, my companion and my close friend 0 This can be divided and a new sentence begun. Alternate translation: “myself. You were my companion and my close friend” 55:14 uy9r We 0 The word “we” refers to the psalmist and his friend. 55:14 jnv2 with the throng 0 This could mean: (1) “together” or (2) “with the crowd.” 55:15 a7kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Let death come suddenly on them 0 Death is spoken of as if it were a person that could attack people. Alternate translation: “Let my enemies die suddenly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 55:15 v19n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor let them go down alive to Sheol 0 Dying suddenly is spoken of as if people were to go to Sheol so fast that they do not even die first. Alternate translation: “let them suddenly go to Sheol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:15 wv2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor wickedness is where they live 0 Wickedness is spoken of as if it were a thing that could be in a certain place. The habitual wickedness of his enemies is spoken of as if wickedness were with them or near them. Alternate translation: “they always do wicked things where they live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:15 ngt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor right among them 0 This phrase intensifies the idea of wickedness being very near them. Here wickedness is spoken of as being not only in their homes, but right where they are. Alternate translation: “They always do wicked things wherever they are” or “wherever they are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:16 v37m As for me 0 This phrase shows that the writer has stopped talking about one thing and is now about to talk about himself. Alternate translation: “But I” 55:17 wtr4 moan 0 the sound people and animals make when they are in pain 55:17 jq8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche he will hear my voice 0 Here, **voice** represents either: (1) the psalmist or (2) the psalmist’s complaints and moans. Alternate translation: “he will hear me” or “he will hear my moaning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:18 g4qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my life 0 Here “my life” represents the psalmist. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:18 t38c for those who fought against me were many 0 Alternate translation: “for many people fought against me” 55:19 hz58 will hear them 0 Some versions say “will hear me.” Alternate translation: “will hear my enemies” or “will hear what my enemies say” 55:19 tum6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit humiliate them 0 How God will humiliate them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “will defeat and humiliate them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 55:20 c1lx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy has raised his hands against those 0 Raising the hand against people represents attacking them. This may be a metaphor for saying things that put people in danger or cause them trouble. Alternate translation: “has attacked those” or “has betrayed those” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:21 s648 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy His mouth 0 Someone’s “mouth” represents what he says. Alternate translation: “What my friend said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:21 r2m2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile His mouth was smooth as butter 0 Speech that is pleasant or nice to hear is spoken of as if it were smooth and easy to swallow. Alternate translation: “What he said was pleasant like smooth butter” or “He said nice things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 55:21 qub5 was hostile 0 Alternate translation: “was mean” or “was hateful” 55:21 xd9f his words 0 Alternate translation: “what he said” 55:21 xz3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile his words were softer than oil 0 People put oil on their skin to make it feel nice, and they put it on wounds to help them heal. Speech that is kind or helpful is spoken of as if it were soft or soothing. Alternate translation: “what he said was kind and soothing like oil” or “he said kind things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 55:21 h4sa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they were actually drawn swords 0 Speech that causes people trouble is spoken of as if it were swords that wound people. Alternate translation: “what he said wounded people as drawn swords do” or “what he said caused people trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:21 b32u drawn swords 0 The word “drawn” here means that the swords were pulled out of their covers and ready to be used. 55:22 r4ww Place your burdens 0 Here the psalmist is speaking to other godly people. 55:22 es9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Place your burdens on Yahweh 0 Here troubles are spoken of as if they were burdens that people have to carry. Trusting God to help us when we have troubles is spoken of as putting our burdens on him so that he can carry them for us. Alternate translation: “Give Yahweh your problems” or “Trust God to help you with all your troubles like someone who trusts a stronger person to carry his load” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:22 vk43 he will sustain you 0 Taking care of someone or helping someone when he has troubles is spoken of as supporting him. Alternate translation: “he will take care of you” or “he will help you” 55:22 x43r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will never allow a righteous person to totter 0 A person who is about to be severely harmed by some sort of disaster is spoken of as if he is tottering or swaying and is about to fall down. Alternate translation: “he will not let a righteous person sway and fall down” or “he will not let a righteous person to be destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:23 el52 But you, God 0 The author speaks to God now. 55:23 b5vk the pit of destruction 0 This probably refers to the grave or hell. 55:23 u8sz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy will bring the wicked down into the pit of destruction 0 This represents causing people to die. Alternate translation: “will cause the wicked to die” or “will cause wicked people to die and go to the place where dead people are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:23 kab2 bloodthirsty and deceitful men 0 Alternate translation: “people who lie and who want to kill others” or “deceitful murderers” 55:23 pe8d even half as long as others 0 Alternate translation: “even half as long as other people live” 56:intro h1w3 0 # Psalm 056 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 56 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Fear\n\nAlthough the psalmist’s enemies are trying to harm him, he is not afraid because God is protecting him.\n\n### Superscription\n\nThe word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.” 56:1 xsm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 56:1 by4v For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship;” 56:1 azv1 set to Jonath elem rehokim 0 This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing this psalm. Alternate translation: “Sing this psalm using the tune of ‘Jonath elem rehokim’” or “Sing this using the Jonath elem rehokim style” 56:1 urm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown Jonath elem rehokim 0 This may mean “Dove on Distant Oak Trees.” Translators may either write the meaning or copy the Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) 56:1 y6cg A psalm of David 0 This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 56:1 q2la A michtam 0 The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). 56:1 sz95 press their assault 0 Alternate translation: “come closer and closer in order to attack me” 56:2 e4w9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My enemies trample me 0 The enemies’ fierce attack is spoken of as if they were crushing his body by marching on it. Alternate translation: “My enemies attack me severely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 56:3 zht6 you 0 The word “you” refers to God. 56:4 ggu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion what can mere man do to me? 0 Here a question is used to show that the psalmist is not afraid of people, because they cannot seriously harm him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “mere man can do nothing to me!” or “mere man cannot harm me badly!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 56:4 x7n4 mere man 0 “just humans” or “people.” This implies that people are not powerful, but God is powerful. 56:5 n8j3 All the day long 0 Alternate translation: “All the time” 56:5 fnl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they twist my words 0 Repeating what someone says but changing it a little so that it means something different is spoken of as twisting their words. Alternate translation: “they say that I said things than I did not say” or “they claim that I said things, but they lie” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 56:5 q7xi all their thoughts are against me for evil 0 Alternate translation: “they always have evil thoughts against me” or “they always think of evil things to do to me” 56:6 gh4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they mark my steps 0 Watching what a person does in order to see how to cause him trouble is spoken of as watching his steps, just as someone who wants to capture a person watches where that person walks. Alternate translation: “they watch everything I do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 56:6 u2v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy just as they have waited for my life 0 Waiting to kill someone is spoken of as waiting for his life. Alternate translation: “as they wait to kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 56:7 huf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Do not let them escape doing iniquity 0 What they might escape can be sued clearly. Alternate translation: “Do not let them escape your punishment for their iniquity” or “Do not let them escape when you punish them for the wicked things they do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 56:7 p8t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Bring down the peoples 0 Defeating the enemies is spoken of as bringing them down. Alternate translation: “Defeat the peoples” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 56:8 anm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You number my wanderings 0 God’s concern for the psalmist is spoken of as if God counted each time that the psalmist has walked in sadness and with no place to go for comfort. Alternate translation: “You care about all the times that I have been wandering alone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 56:8 m8ng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor put my tears into your bottle 0 God’s concern for the psalmist is spoken of as if God saved the psalmist’s tears in a bottle. The tears represent crying. Alternate translation: “you know how much I have cried and you care about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 56:8 yv3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are they not in your book? 0 God’s concern for the psalmist is spoken of as if he wrote the number of the psalmist’s tears in his book. This question is used to remind God about how greatly he cares for the psalmist. Alternate translation: “you have written about them in your book!” or “you remember my cries!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 56:9 rvm7 will turn back 0 Alternate translation: “will retreat” or “will turn and run away” 56:9 ui3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit God is for me 0 This means that God favors him. In this context it implies that God fights against the psalmist’s enemies in order to protect him. Alternate translation: “God is fighting for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 56:11 an7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What can anyone do to me? 0 Here a question is used to show that the psalmist is not afraid of people, because they cannot seriously harm him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “People can do nothing to me!” or “People cannot harm me badly!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 56:12 mw9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The duty to fulfill my vows to you is on me 0 Being obligated to do something is spoken of as if the duty to do something is on a person. Alternate translation: “I must fulfill my vows to you” or “I must do what I promised you I would do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 56:13 y3b3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche you have kept my feet from falling 0 The feet here represent the person. Falling here probably represents being killed by his enemies. Alternate translation: “you have kept me from falling” or “you have kept me from being killed by my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 56:13 y78t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor so that I may walk before God 0 Living and being seen by God is spoken of as walking before God. Alternate translation: “so that I may live in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 56:13 npe7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the light of the living 0 Here “the light of the living” probably represents God’s enabling people to live. Alternate translation: “with the life that you give” or “because you enable me to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 57:intro hv64 0 # Psalm 057 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 57 is a psalm of deliverance. It praises God for the many times he has delivered David. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Fear\n\nSince God is protecting the psalmist, he has nothing to fear from his enemies.\n\n### Superscription\n\nThe word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.” 57:1 i8s5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 57:1 ga1f For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 57:1 s96j set to Al Tashheth 0 This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing the psalm. Alternate translation: “sing this psalm using the tune of ‘Al Tashheth’” or “sing this using the Al Tashheth style” 57:1 yl31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown Al Tashheth 0 This means “Do Not Destroy.” Translators may either write the meaning or copy the Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) 57:1 g4tb A psalm of David 0 This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 57:1 jt8t A michtam 0 The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). 57:1 wv56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I take refuge in you 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “I go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:1 yn99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I stay under your wings for protection 0 The psalmist speaks of God as if he were a mother bird that protects its babies by huddling them under its wings. Alternate translation: “I trust you to protect me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:1 s371 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns until this destruction is over 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **destruction**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “destructive.” Alternate translation: “until this destructive storm is over” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:2 r2mu who does all things for me 0 This explains why he will cry out to God. It can be translated with “because.” Alternate translation: “because he does all things for me” 57:3 k9zh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who crush me 0 The enemies’ fierce attack is spoken of as if they were crushing his body by marching on it. Alternate translation: “those who attack me severely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:3 t1vd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God will send me his loving kindness and his faithfulness 0 God’s being kind and faithful is spoken of as if he were sending his kindness and faithful. The abstract nouns “kindness” and “faithfulness” can be stated as “kind” and “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “God will be kind to me and trustworthy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 57:4 v2nz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My life is among lions 0 The psalmist speaks of his enemies as if they were lions. Alternate translation: “I live among fierce enemies” or “Fierce enemies surround me like lions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:4 e5fn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who are ready to devour me 0 Destroying is spoken of as devouring or eating something up. Some versions understand the Hebrew text to mean “fiery beasts.” Both images speak of his enemies as if they were wild beasts. Alternate translation: “those who are ready to destroy me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:4 j2hr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor people whose teeth are spears and arrows 0 The enemies’ spears and arrows are spoken of as if they were lions’ teeth. The psalmist continues to speak of his enemies as if they were lions. Alternate translation: “people who kill others with spears and arrows as lions kill with their sharp teeth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:4 zdv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet spears and arrows 0 Since both of these terms are weapons, if your culture knows only one, it is acceptable to use it alone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 57:4 nz7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor whose tongues are sharp swords 0 The tongue represents what someone says, and the enemies’ cruel words are spoken of as if they were swords. Alternate translation: “whose cruel words are like sharp swords” or “who cause terrible trouble for me by what they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:5 t2dt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Be exalted, God, above the heavens 0 The psalmist is asking God to show that he is exalted. Being exalted above the heavens represents being great. Alternate translation: “God, show that you are exalted above the heavens” or “God, show that you are great in the heavens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:5 ij37 let your glory be above all the earth 0 The psalmist is asking God to show his glory. Alternate translation: “show your glory over all the earth” 57:6 ywr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They spread out a net for my feet 0 His enemies’ plans to capture him are spoken of as if they had spread out a net on the ground to trap him. Alternate translation: “It is as though my enemies have spread a net out to trap me” or “They planned to capture me like people who spread out a net to trap an animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:6 pp5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They dug a pit in front of me 0 His enemies’ plans to capture him are spoken of as if they had dug a pit for him to fall into. Alternate translation: “It is as though they dug a pit for me to fall into” or “They planned to capture me like people who dig a hole in the ground to trap an animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:6 cj6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They themselves have fallen into the middle of it 0 The harm that came to his enemies when they tried to capture him is spoken of as if they fell into the trap that they had made for him. Alternate translation: “They themselves fell into the pit they had dug for me” or “But they themselves were hurt by what they planned to do to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:7 mvj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy My heart is fixed, God, my heart is fixed 0 Being confident is spoken of as one’s heart being firm rather than shaken or easily moved. The phrase is repeated to show that he has complete confidence in God and will not change. Alternate translation: “I am completely confident in you, God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 57:7 gt62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I will sing praises 0 Who he will sing to can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will sing praises to you, God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 57:8 z1em rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Wake up, my honored heart 0 It can be stated clearly that the purpose of waking up is to sing praises to God. Waking up may be a metaphor for starting or preparing to do something. The heart represents the psalmist or his emotions. Alternate translation: “Wake up, my honored heart, to sing praises to God” or “I will prepare my honored heart to sing praises to God” or “I am honored to wake up and sing praises to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 57:8 yl5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit wake up, lute and harp 0 It can be stated clearly that the purpose of waking up is to sing praises to God. The psalmist speaks as though the lute and harp were people who could wake up to sing praises to God. Alternate translation: “Wake up, lute and harp, and sing praises to God” or “I will play the lute and harp while I sing praises to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:8 hr4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I will wake up the dawn 0 The dawn is spoken of as if it were alive, and getting up before dawn happens is spoken of as waking it up. The purpose of getting up before dawn is to praise God. Alternate translation: “I will get up before dawn” or “I will get up before the sun rises” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 57:10 vaa3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism For great is your unfailing love, reaching to the heavens & your faithfulness to the clouds 0 These two phrases are very similar in meaning. The greatness of God’s unfailing love and the greatness of his faithfulness are spoken of as if they could be measured in distance. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:10 tna7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For great is your unfailing love, reaching to the heavens 0 The greatness of God’s unfailing love is spoken of as if it could be measured in distance. Alternate translation: “Your unfailing love is as great as the distance from the earth to the heavens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:10 ywg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis your faithfulness to the clouds 0 The words “great is your” and “reaching” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “great is your faithfulness, reaching to the clouds” or “your faithfulness is as great as the distance from the earth to the clouds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:11 yyx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Be exalted, God, above the heavens 0 The psalmist is asking God to show that he is exalted. Being exalted above the heavens represents being great. Alternate translation: “God, show that you are exalted above the heavens” or “God, show that you are great in the heavens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:11 n64e may your glory be exalted over all the earth 0 The psalmist is asking God to show his glory. Alternate translation: “show your glory over all the earth” 58:intro dhx6 0 # Psalm 058 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 58 is a deliverance psalm. It asks God for deliverance from the unjust rulers. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Deliverance\n\nAlthough the leaders are very evil and unfair, God can deliver his people from their oppression. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]])\n\n### Superscription\n\nThe word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.” 58:1 qfv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis psalm is a song about wicked people. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 58:1 d8qb For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 58:1 zc3z set to Al Tashheth 0 This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing the psalm. See how you translated this in [Psalms 57:1](../057/001.md). 58:1 x97c A psalm of David 0 This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 58:1 xu51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do you rulers speak righteousness? 0 The author uses this question to rebuke the rulers because they do not speak righteously. Alternate translation: “You rulers do not say what is right!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 58:1 f3j3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do you judge uprightly, you people? 0 The author uses this question to rebuke the judges who do not judge uprightly. Alternate translation: “You people never judge people uprightly!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 58:2 n278 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you & your 0 The words “you” and “your” refer to the mighty men who are judges ([Psalm 58:1](../058/001.md)) and so is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 58:2 c5jn No 0 The author answers the two questions he had just asked. 58:2 d1u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you commit wickedness in your heart 0 The heart refers to the people’s thoughts or plans. Alternate translation: “you commit wickedness in your thoughts” or “you think about doing wicked things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 58:2 fc72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you distribute violence throughout the land with your hands 0 Doing violence in various places throughout the land is spoken of as distributing or spreading the violence throughout the land, as if violence were some kind of stuff or things. Alternate translation: “you yourselves do violent deeds everywhere in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 58:3 e66x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism The wicked go astray even when they are in the womb & they go astray from birth 0 This is the same idea expressed in two different ways. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 58:3 d7k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they go astray 0 Doing wrong things is spoken of as if people are walking on a road, and they turn off and go the wrong way. Alternate translation: “they do wrong things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 58:4 mff7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Their poison is like a snake’s poison 0 The wicked things people say are spoken of as if they were poison. Alternate translation: “Their wicked words cause trouble as a snake’s poison harms people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 58:4 f4ca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile they are like a deaf adder that stops up its ears 0 Wicked people who do not listen to advice or rebukes are spoken of as if they were snakes that do not respond to a charmer’s music. Alternate translation: “they refuse to listen like a deaf adder that stops up its ears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 58:4 tt5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification a deaf adder that stops up its ears 0 An adder that does not respond to a charmer’s music is spoken of as if it could put something in its ears so that it will not hear. Alternate translation: “an adder that does not listen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 58:4 w1f7 adder 0 a kind of poisonous snake 58:5 b6id charmers 0 people who play or sing music in order to control snakes 58:5 hi9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit no matter how skillful they are 0 What the snake charmers were skillful at can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “no matter how skillful the charmers are at controlling snakes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 58:6 ptb3 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe author lists things that he would like God to do to wicked people. 58:6 x2zu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Break their teeth & break out the great teeth of the young lions 0 In both of these phrases, the wicked people are spoken of as if they were lions, and making them powerless to kill people is spoken of as breaking their teeth. Alternate translation: “Take away their power to kill. Make them powerless like young lions whose teeth have been broken and fallen out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 58:7 na9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Let them melt away as water that runs off 0 The wicked people are spoken of as if they were ice or water. No longer existing is spoken of as melting or draining away into the dry ground. Alternate translation: “Make them disappear like water that runs off” or “Make them vanish like ice that melts and drains into the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 58:7 c9dm let them be as though they had no points 0 Alternate translation: “let their arrows be as though they had no points” 58:8 hb5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Let them be like a snail that melts and passes away 0 No longer existing is spoken of as melting and disappearing. Alternate translation: “Let the wicked vanish like a snail that melts and no longer exists” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 58:8 hi5z snail 0 small animal that the Israelites considered unclean and that looks like it is melting as it moves by sliding over slime it has produced 58:8 uu2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like the untimely-born child of a woman that never sees the sunlight 0 Not existing is spoken of as being like a baby that is born dead. Alternate translation: “like a baby who is born too early too live and see the sunlight” or “like a baby that was born dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 58:9 ut8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Before your pots can feel the thorn’s burning heat & the green thorns and the burning thorns alike 0 The wicked are spoken of as if they were thornbush branches, and God’s swift punishment of them is spoken of as if he were to quickly blow them away or sweep them away. Alternate translation: “God will destroy wicked people faster than a whirlwind can blow away thornbush branches that have been put under a cooking pot and lit with fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 58:9 khw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you your 0 David is speaking to God’s people, so this is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 58:9 ka8t the thorn’s burning heat & the green thorns and the burning thorns 0 Alternate translation: “the heat from the burning thorn branches … the green thorn branches and the burning thorn branches” 58:10 wz3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun The righteous will rejoice when he sees 0 The phrase “the righteous” refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “Righteous people will rejoice when they see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 58:10 gi2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will wash his feet in the blood of the wicked 0 Getting one’s feet wet by walking on blood is spoken of as washing the feet in blood. Alternate translation: “the righteous will make their feet wet in the blood of the wicked” or “the righteous will march on the blood of the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 58:10 ll57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will wash his feet in the blood of the wicked 0 This exaggeration expresses that a great number of wicked people will die. Alternate translation: “so many wicked people will die that when the righteous march on their blood, it will seem as if they could wash their feet in it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 59:intro zf27 0 # Psalm 059 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 59 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Protection\n\nThe author prays for God to defeat his enemies. God is his protector. Therefore, he will praise God.\n\n### Superscription\n\nThe word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.” 59:1 w4sd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 59:1 p57e For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 59:1 me33 set to Al Tashheth 0 This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing the psalm. See how you translated this in [Psalms 57:1](../057/001.md). 59:1 il5y A psalm of David 0 This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 59:1 ks3t A michtam 0 The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). 59:1 hk4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy set me on high 0 A high place represents a safe place where his enemies cannot reach him. Alternate translation: “put me in a safe place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:1 rjh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rise up against me 0 Rising up against someone represents attacking him. Alternate translation: “attack me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:2 ica6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom bloodthirsty men 0 The word “bloodthirsty” contains “blood,” which refers to murder and “thirsty,” which refers to desire. Alternate translation: “people who desire to kill” or “people who like to kill people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 59:3 c6a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom they wait in ambush to take my life 0 David’s enemies are in hiding and are waiting quietly for the time when they can attack him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 59:4 zre5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom awake 0 Deciding to do something and beginning to do it is spoken of as waking up. Alternate translation: “do something” or “take action” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 59:4 b239 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and see 0 What he wants God to see can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “and see what is happening to me” or “and see what they are doing to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 59:5 shi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom arise 0 Deciding to do something and beginning to do it is spoken of as getting up. Alternate translation: “do something” or “take action” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 59:5 t4a1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all the nations 0 The word “nations” here represents the people of the nations that do not honor God. Alternate translation: “the people of all the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:6 aej6 They return at evening 0 The word “they” refers to the wicked transgressors. 59:6 r2ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile they howl like dogs 0 The psalmist speaks of his enemies threatening to attack people as if they were dogs howling, growling, or barking at people. Alternate translation: “they threaten to attack people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 59:6 fcr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit go around the city 0 Why they go around the city can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “go around the city to attack anyone they find” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 59:7 i5i6 See 0 Here the word “See” is being used to draw attention to something. Alternate translation: “Hear” 59:7 rh1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they belch out with their mouths 0 Saying terrible things is spoken of as belching. These terrible things may have been insults or threats. Alternate translation: “they say terrible things” or “they shout out terrible words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 59:7 q9fv belch 0 burp loudly; allow air from the stomach to come out of the mouth with a loud, rude noise 59:7 vs38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor swords are in their lips 0 The cruel things that the wicked people were saying are spoken of as if they were swords. Alternate translation: “they say cruel things that cause people trouble as much as swords destroy people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 59:7 d23a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who hears us? 0 This question is used to show that they believed that God would not hear and punish them. Alternate translation: “No one can hear us!” or “Your God does not hear us!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 59:8 k3ws laugh at them 0 “laugh at them scornfully” or “mock them.” God would laugh at them because they are worthless and powerless. 59:8 x3cx you hold all the nations in derision 0 Alternate translation: “you ridicule all the nations” or “you know that the people of the nations are fools” 59:8 tjt6 derision 0 ridicule 59:9 av6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my strength 0 God’s being the psalmist’s strength represents God protecting him. Alternate translation: “you are my strength” or “you are my protector” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:9 mi4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you are my high tower 0 A high tower is a place that people could go to for shelter from their enemies. The psalmist speaks of God protecting him as if God were a strong, safe shelter. Alternate translation: “you protect me like a high tower” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 59:10 v7d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit My God will meet me with his covenant faithfulness 0 This phrase implies that God will come to him in order to save him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “My God, who is faithful to his covenant, will come to save me” or “My God will come to save me because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 59:10 tb7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns my desire on my enemies 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **desire**, you could express the same idea with the verb “want.” Alternate translation: “what I want to happen to my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 59:11 c9tk Scatter them 0 Alternate translation: “Cause them to wander around” 59:11 yf94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy our shield 0 God’s protecting the righteous is spoken of as if God were a shield. Alternate translation: “our protector” or “the one who protects us like a shield” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:12 iz4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy For the sins of their mouths and the words of their lips 0 The mouths and lips represent the things people say. Alternate translation: “Because they sin by what they say” or “Because of the sinful things they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:12 a3ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive let them be captured in their pride 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “let people capture them because of their pride” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 59:12 xb2v that they express 0 Alternate translation: “that they say” 59:13 u1ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Consume them in wrath, consume them so that they will be no more 0 Destroying them completely is spoken of either as burning them up or eating them. Alternate translation: “Be angry with them and destroy them completely so there will be no more of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 59:13 h4zf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in Jacob 0 Jacob here refers to Israel. Alternate translation: “in Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:13 ct9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to the ends of the earth 0 “to even the most distance places on earth.” This represents all places on earth. Alternate translation: “everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:14 v4xe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile howling like dogs 0 The psalmist speaks of his enemies threatening to attack people as if they were dogs howling, growling, or barking at people. Alternate translation: “threatening to attack us” or “threatening to attack us like wild dogs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 59:15 w18t satisfied 0 content, having everything they want 59:16 a9we rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have been my high tower and a refuge 0 High towers and refuges are places that people can go to for shelter from their enemies. The psalmist speaks of God protecting him as if God were a strong, safe shelter. Alternate translation: “you have protected me like a high tower and a refuge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 59:16 vmt2 in the day of my distress 0 Alternate translation: “whenever I have had troubles” 59:17 q7yw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences To you, my strength, I will sing praises 0 “To you, my strength” can be combined as one clause. Alternate translation: “You are my strength, so I will sing praises to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]]) 59:17 g4db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my strength 0 God’s being the psalmist’s strength represents God protecting him. Alternate translation: “my protector” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:17 m2u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for God is my high tower 0 High towers are places that people can go to for shelter from their enemies. The psalmist speaks of God protecting him as if God were a strong, safe shelter. Alternate translation: “you have protected me like a high tower” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 59:17 shn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the God of covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. This can be expressed in a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “He is the God who is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 60:intro wza8 0 # Psalm 060 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 60 is a psalm of war.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Protection\n\nGod has preserved the land of Israel, and now he will give them victory over the countries of Moab and Edom. 60:1 ev3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 60:1 usc3 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 60:1 vsl6 set to Shushan Eduth 0 This probably tells what tune or musical style to use when singing the psalm. Alternate translation: “sing this psalm using the tune of ‘Shushan Eduth’” or “sing this using the Shushan Eduth style” 60:1 m8be rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown Shushan Eduth 0 This means “Lily of the Promise.” Translators may either write the meaning or copy the Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) 60:1 tb2l A michtam 0 The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). 60:1 x59t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Aram Naharaim & Aram Zobah 0 “Aram of the two rivers … the Aramean nation of Zobah.” These are places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 60:1 xt5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Joab 0 This refers to Joab and the army that he led. Alternate translation: “Joab and his army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 60:1 uk1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers twelve thousand Edomites 0 “12,000 Edomites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 60:1 jey3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have cast us off 0 God’s rejecting people is spoken of as if he had thrown them away. Alternate translation: “you have rejected us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 60:1 tsh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you have broken through our defenses 0 God’s allowing Israel’s enemies to break through their defenses is spoken of as God himself had done it. Alternate translation: “you have allowed our enemies to break through our defenses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 60:2 cda8 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe psalmist continues speaking to God. 60:2 rmg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You have made the land tremble; you have torn it apart 0 The psalmist speaks of the disaster in his country as if it were an earthquake. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 60:2 qsa7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor heal its fissures 0 Making the people strong again is spoken of as repairing the fissures in the ground or walls. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 60:2 n526 fissures 0 large cracks in the ground or walls 60:3 k155 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy You have made your people see difficult things 0 Here “see” represents “experience” or “suffer.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 60:3 m2ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor drink the wine of staggering 0 Being helpless is spoken of as staggering around, barely able to stand upright. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **staggering**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “the wine that makes us stagger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 60:4 fj97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have set up a banner 0 God’s guiding his people in battle is spoken of as if God were a human king or commander who had set up a banner for the army. Alternate translation: “you are like a king who sets up a banner” or “you command us in battle like a king who raises up a banner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 60:4 f9q6 banner 0 “battle flag.” This is a flag that a king or commander would raise up on a pole to show that the army should gather. 60:4 xr7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive to be displayed against those who carry the bow 0 This can be stated with an active clause. However some versions have different interpretations of this phrase. Alternate translation: “to display against those who carry the bow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 60:4 pya3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to be displayed against those who carry the bow 0 The phrase “those who carry the bow” refers to the enemy soldiers in battle. Alternate translation: “to display when he takes his army into battle against your enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 60:5 lb5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with your right hand 0 God’s right hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 60:5 p226 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy answer me 0 Answering here represents responding to his request. Alternate translation: “respond to my request” or “answer my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 60:7 ft6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Ephraim also is my helmet 0 God speaks of the tribe of Ephraim as if it were his army. The helmet symbolizes equipment for war. Alternate translation: “Ephraim is like a helmet I have chosen” or “the tribe of Ephraim is my army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 60:7 d6zr helmet 0 a hard hat that soldiers wear to protect their heads from injury 60:7 c5sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Judah is my scepter 0 God chose men from the tribe of Judah to be the kings of his people, and he speaks of that tribe as if it were his scepter. Alternate translation: “the tribe of Judah is like my scepter” or “Judah is the tribe through whom I rule my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 60:8 k3r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Moab is my washbasin 0 God speaks of Moab being unimportant as if Moab were a washbasin or a lowly servant. Alternate translation: “Moab is like a bowl that I use for washing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 60:8 lax6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor over Edom I will throw my shoe 0 God was probably speaking of taking ownership of Edom as if he were symbolically throwing his shoe onto that land to show that he owns it. However some versions have other interpretations. Alternate translation: “I take ownership of the land of Edom” or “I throw my shoe onto the land of Edom to show that it is mine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 60:10 ika5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion But you, God, have you not rejected us? 0 The psalmist uses this question to express his sadness that it seems that God has rejected them. Alternate translation: “But God, it seems like you have rejected us.” or “God, you seem to have abandoned us.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 60:10 v89k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You do not go into battle with our army 0 The psalmist speaks of God helping their army as if God were to go and fight with them. Alternate translation: “you do not help our army when we go into battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 60:11 sm5b is futile 0 Alternate translation: “is worthless” 60:12 x5wt will triumph 0 Alternate translation: “will defeat our enemies” 60:12 i34s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will trample down our enemies 0 The psalmist speaks of God helping their army defeat their enemies as if God were to trample down the enemies. Alternate translation: “he will enable us to trample down our enemies” or “he will make us able to defeat our enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 61:intro is6k 0 # Psalm 061 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 61 is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Vow\n\nThe author has vowed to praise God every day of his life because God has blessed him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 61:1 u44c rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis is a song about God’s faithfulness. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 61:1 y257 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 61:1 w7m6 on a stringed instrument 0 Alternate translation: “people should play a stringed instrument with this song” 61:1 dkq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Hear my cry, God; attend to my prayer 0 These clauses have a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “God, listen to me and answer my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 61:2 z96p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lead me to the rock that is higher than I 0 Here the writer speaks of God as if he were a high rock that he could climb for protection. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 61:4 fq5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor take refuge under the shelter of your wings 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Here there is a second metaphor that speaks of Yahweh’s protection as if he was a hen protecting her baby chicks under her wings. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection as a chick is safe under the wings of its mother” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 61:5 yk96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have given me the inheritance 0 The writer speaks of God’s blessings as if they were an inheritance that he has received. Alternate translation: “you have given to me the blessings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 61:5 jwf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy who honor your name 0 Here “your name” means God himself. Alternate translation: “who honor you” or “who have an awesome respect for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 61:6 f381 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism You will prolong & many generations 0 These two clauses have similar meanings. The idea is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 61:6 m1j7 You will prolong the king’s life 0 Alternate translation: “You will extend the king’s life” or “You will cause the king’s life to last a long time” 61:6 dq7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his years will be like many generations 0 Here “years” refers to how long the king will live. Alternate translation: “he will live for many generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 61:7 j14f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He will remain before God forever 0 Here “to remain before God” means to be in God’s presence or to be with God. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “God will be with him forever” or “God will be with the king forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 61:8 ut6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will sing praise to your name forever 0 Here “name” stands for God himself. Alternate translation: “I will always sing praise to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 61:8 yd7n my vows 0 These refer to the promise to offer sacrifices to God every day. 62:intro dc2q 0 # Psalm 062 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 62 is a psalm of deliverance. It expresses trust that God will save the psalmist from his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust\n\nAlthough the psalmist’s enemies have attacked him when he was feeling weak, he trusts in God to deliver him. God is powerful and kind. 62:1 fc8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis psalm is a song about God’s faithfulness. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 62:1 a4ay For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 62:1 zun4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jeduthun 0 One of David’s chief musicians had this same name. This may refer to him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 39:1](../039/001.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 62:1 l5l8 my salvation comes from him 0 Alternate translation: “he is the one who rescues me” or “he is the one who saves me” 62:2 hy6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He alone is my rock and my salvation 0 The writer speaks of God’s ability to protect him as if God were a rock. Alternate translation: “He is the only one who can protect and rescue me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 62:2 ngh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he is my high tower 0 The writer speaks of God’s ability to protect him as if God were a high tower. Alternate translation: “he keeps me away from the grasp of my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 62:2 s4ie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive I will not be greatly moved 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nothing can ever move me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 62:3 b6ts all of you 0 Alternate translation: “my enemies” or “all my enemies” 62:3 z326 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long & will you attack a man & or a shaky fence? 0 David uses a rhetorical question to express his frustration. No answer is expected. Alternate translation: “It seems like my enemies will never stop attacking me. I feel that I am as weak against you as a leaning wall or a broken-down fence.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 62:3 c4q6 attack a man 0 Alternate translation: “attack me” 62:4 n82a They consult with him only to 0 Alternate translation: “They intend to” or “They plan to” 62:4 a18i consult with him & bring him & bless him & curse him 0 In these verses, David is referring to himself by “him.” 62:4 j3uz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with their mouths 0 This refers to their speech or their words. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 62:4 zqm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in their hearts 0 This refers to their thoughts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 62:5 nl4l my hope is set on him 0 Alternate translation: “for I place my hope in him” 62:6 fy6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He alone is my rock and my salvation; he is my high tower 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a rock and a high tower. Both of these metaphors show how God provides protection from one’s enemies. Here “salvation” means that God rescues the writer. See how you translated this in [Psalms 62:2](../062/002.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 62:6 izy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive I will not be moved 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nothing can move me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 62:7 c9fh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the rock of my strength and my refuge are in God 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a rock that keeps one safe from his enemies. He also speaks of God as if he were a shelter that provides protection. Alternate translation: “God always gives me strength and protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 62:8 yq3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom pour out your heart 0 This refers to telling God your inner feelings as if you were pouring out a liquid. Alternate translation: “give your deepest concerns to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 62:8 ss3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive refuge for us 0 The word “us” refers to David and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 62:9 zu93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism men of low standing & men of high standing are a lie 0 This refers to men of all levels of wealth and importance. The phrases “are vanity” and “are a lie” have the same meaning. One cannot confidently trust in anyone. Alternate translation: “you cannot place your trust in men, no matter how important they are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 62:9 ckm7 weighed together, they are lighter than nothing 0 If you put all of these kinds of men together on a scale, they would have no weight. This means that they have no real value to you. 62:10 ubx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet oppression or robbery 0 These two words have basically the same meaning. You cannot trust in money that you get by taking it from other people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 62:10 eu3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for they will bear no fruit 0 The writer speaks of riches as if they were trees or vines that could bear fruit. Alternate translation: “for they will provide nothing good for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 62:10 j6sj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom do not fix your heart on them 0 Here “fix your heart” is an idiom that means to desire something greatly. Alternate translation: “do not desire them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 62:11 x8ts God has spoken once, twice have I heard this 0 This means that God has said this more than once. 62:11 kc1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor power belongs to God 0 God being characterized by power is spoken of as if power belonged to him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **power**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “God is powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 62:12 n56f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Also to you, Lord, belongs covenant faithfulness 0 God being characterized by covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if covenant faithfulness belonged to him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “You, Lord, are also faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 62:12 gl1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for you pay back every person for what he has done 0 The writer speaks of God’s rewards as if he were paying a wage for work. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 63:intro py5b 0 # Psalm 063 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 63 is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\n\nThe author praises God for who he is and for having protected him. 63:1 rct4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 63:1 jrr4 A psalm of David 0 This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 63:1 d7d1 earnestly 0 sincerely 63:1 c3we rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism my soul thirsts for you, and my flesh longs for you 0 These two clauses have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how greatly the writer desires to be with God. Alternate translation: “my whole being greatly desires to be with you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 63:1 x4mg dry and weary land 0 Alternate translation: “hot, dry desert” 63:3 w2ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Because your covenant faithfulness is better than life, my lips 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adverb and If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **life**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I value you being faithful to your covenant more than I value living, so my lips” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 63:3 cx75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my lips will praise you 0 Here “my lips” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 63:4 vx4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will lift up my hands in your name 0 Here “in your name” means “to you.” Alternate translation: “I will worship you and pray to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 63:5 x5ky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile It will be as if I ate a meal of marrow and fatness 0 Here the writer speaks of knowing and worshiping God as being more satisfying than eating a good meal. Alternate translation: “I will be happier than a person who eats a meal of fat and choice food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 63:5 y596 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche with joyful lips my mouth will praise you 0 Here “with joyful lips my mouth” represents the whole person who will praise God joyfully. Alternate translation: “I will praise you joyfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 63:6 a4ez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism when I think about you on my bed & in the night hours 0 These two clauses have the same meaning. The ideas are repeated to emphasize how much the writer thinks about God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 63:7 ca2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the shadow of your wings I rejoice 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a bird protecting its young under his wings. Alternate translation: “I rejoice because you protect me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 63:8 y8gh I cling to you 0 Alternate translation: “I need you” or “I depend on you” 63:8 ua1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your right hand supports me 0 Here, the right hand is used as a symbol of strength and power. Alternate translation: “you support me” or “you lift me up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 63:9 tm7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit will go down into the lowest parts of the earth 0 This means they will die and go to the place of the dead. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “will die and descend into the place of the dead” or “will die and go down into the place of the dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 63:10 y78j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy they will be given over to those whose hands use the sword 0 Here “the sword” represents death in battle, and “those whose hands use the sword” refers to enemies who kill them in battle. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will cause them to die in battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 63:10 i1md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit they will become food for the jackals 0 Here “they” refers to the corpses of those who die in battle. Alternate translation: “jackals will eat their dead bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 63:10 ru7l the jackals 0 “jackals” here are a kind of long-legged wild dog. They feed on carrion, game, and fruit. 63:11 q4st rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the king will 0 David is speaking about himself. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “I, the king of Israel, will” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 63:11 lcq4 swears by him & proud of him 0 The word “him” refers to “God.” 63:11 a434 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche but the mouth of those who speak lies will be stopped up 0 Here “the mouth” represents the whole person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but God will silence the liars” or “but God will silence those who lie” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 64:intro t6rs 0 # Psalm 064 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 64 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Plotting of enemies\n\nThe author’s enemies have plotted against him but God has saved him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 64:1 b1fk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 64:1 j144 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 64:1 y5d6 preserve 0 save 64:2 aj26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Hide me from the secret plotting of evildoers 0 Here “Hide” represents protecting, and “the secret plotting of evildoers represents” represents the harm that evildoers secretly plan to do to David. Alternate translation: “Protect me from the harm that evil doers secretly plan to do to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 64:2 czb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis from the commotion 0 The words “hide me” are understood from the previous phrase and can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “hide me from the commotion” or “protect me from the commotion”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 64:2 u721 the commotion of the doers of iniquity 0 Here, **commotion** could mean: (1) a noisy disturbance. Alternate translation: “the noisy disturbance that the doers of iniquity make” or (2) a crowd that makes a noisy disturbance. Alternate translation: “the noisy crowd of doers of iniquity” 64:3 zhn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile They have sharpened their tongues like swords 0 The writer speaks of his enemies’ tongues as if they were as sharp as swords. Here “tongues” represents the harsh words that the enemies speak. Alternate translation: “The harsh things that they say hurt me like a sharp sword” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 64:3 ugs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor arrows, bitter words 0 The writer speaks of his enemies’ bitter words as if they were arrows being shot at him. Alternate translation: “bitter words which pierce me like arrows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 64:5 blg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who will see us? 0 The evildoers do not expect an answer to their question because they think no one will see them. Alternate translation: “No one will see what we are doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 64:6 jn8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The inner thoughts and hearts of man are deep 0 The writer speaks of man’s “inner thoughts” and “hearts of man” as if they were a deep body of water that no one can explore all the way to the bottom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 64:6 mfc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet inner thoughts & hearts of man 0 Both of these phrases refer to man’s private or inner thoughts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 64:7 a77p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor But God will shoot them & with his arrows 0 The writer speaks of God’s punishment of the evildoers as if God were shooting arrows at them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 64:8 xs48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They will be made to stumble 0 The writer speaks of God’s causing the evildoers’ plans to fail as if God were making them stumble in their paths. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will make them stumble” or “God will cause their plans to fail” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 64:8 f4zp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy since their own tongues are against them 0 Here “tongues” represents the words that they say. Alternate translation: “since the words that they say are against them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 64:9 gv21 what he has done 0 Alternate translation: “what God has done” 64:10 v64d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor take refuge in him 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to him for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 64:10 pzy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom all the upright in heart will take pride in him 0 Here “upright in heart” is an idiom that means godly or righteous. Alternate translation: “all the people who are godly will praise him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 65:intro zl1t 0 # Psalm 065 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 65 is a psalm of praise to God.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s power\n\nGod answered prayers and gave the people justice and hope. God created nature and controls it, sending rain so the grain and pastures grow well. 65:1 g299 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis psalm is a song of praise. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 65:1 qt1y For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 65:1 ce6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification For you, God in Zion, our praise waits 0 This speaks of praise as if it were a person who could act on its own. Alternate translation: “To you alone, God in Zion, we will offer our praise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 65:1 sw4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive our vows will be carried out to you 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we will do what we have promised you that we would do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 65:3 z8fr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Iniquities prevail against us 0 David speaks about iniquity as if it were a person that is able to defeat or oppress. Alternate translation: “It is as if our own sins were defeating us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 65:3 wz7b you will forgive them 0 The word “them” refers to our “iniquities.” 65:4 s325 whom you choose & your courts 0 The words “you” and “your” in this verse refer to Yahweh. 65:4 r5l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole live in your courts 0 This exaggeration expresses that the man is in the temple very frequently to worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “worship often in your courts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 65:4 g4b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive We will be satisfied with the goodness of your house, your holy temple 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The goodness of your house, your holy temple, will satisfy us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 65:4 x47k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive We will be 0 Here the word “we” refers to David and the people of Israel, but not to God, to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 65:4 re8y your house, your holy temple 0 Alternate translation: “your house, which is your holy temple” 65:5 g2mg In righteousness 0 Alternate translation: “Because you are righteous” 65:5 q2jg you who are 0 Alternate translation: “you are” 65:5 f2m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet of all the ends of the earth & across the sea 0 These two phrases have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “of all the people who live throughout the earth and across the sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 65:5 m7rv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy of all the ends of the earth 0 This refers to the people who live all over the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 65:6 sza2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you who are belted with strength 0 The writer speaks of God as if he wore his strength like a belt. Alternate translation: “showing that you are very powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 65:7 q7ky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism the roaring of the seas, the roaring of their waves 0 These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together to create a vivid impression on the hearer or reader. Alternate translation: “the continuous roaring of the seas” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 65:7 r4p4 roaring 0 a loud noise caused by the wind and waves 65:7 uww2 the commotion of the peoples 0 This is also something that God makes quiet. 65:7 dyr9 commotion 0 loud noise 65:8 u5vn evidence 0 proof or something that shows that another thing is true 65:8 vup2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you make the east and the west rejoice 0 The phrase “the east and the west” refers to the people who live all over the earth. Alternate translation: “you cause people everywhere to shout joyfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 65:9 e5cr help the earth 0 This refers to the soil of the earth. 65:9 mt8r you greatly enrich it 0 Alternate translation: “you make the soil very good so that good things will grow in it” 65:9 rfe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the river of God is full of water 0 This refers to the supply of water in the sky that God sends to water the earth and fill the streams. Alternate translation: “you fill the streams with water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 65:10 zg5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You & you & you & you 0 The writer is speaking to Yahweh, so these words are all singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 65:10 d2yu its furrows 0 Alternate translation: “the earth’s furrows” 65:10 v5qu furrows 0 A furrow is a long narrow trench made in the ground for planting seeds or for watering the field where grains have been planted. 65:10 l2ln ridges 0 edges 65:11 r7wm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You & your 0 The words “You” and “your” refer to Yahweh and so are singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 65:11 pc5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification You crown the year with your goodness 0 Here the “year” is given the human quality of wearing a crown. Alternate translation: “You have honored the year with a good harvest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 65:11 q39j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your wagon tracks overflow with abundance 0 Yahweh making the soil so good and fertile that it produces an abundant harvest is spoken of as if Yahweh were traveling through an empty land in a cart, leaving abundant food behind wherever he goes. Alternate translation: “everywhere you have been, you have left abundant food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 65:12 f7hf The pastures & drip with dew 0 There is so much dew in the pastures that they are said to drip with it. Alternate translation: “The pastures … are full of dew” or “Much dew drips in the pastures of the wilderness” 65:12 m2ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the hills are clothed with joy 0 The writer speaks of the beauty of the hills as if they were joyful people, and of joy as if it were clothing. Alternate translation: “the hills are like people wearing joy” or “the hills are like joyful people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 65:13 l7rv The pastures are clothed with flocks 0 The writer speaks of the pastures as being so covered with flocks that it is like the pastures are wearing a garment. 65:13 le4m pastures 0 a large field where animals feed on the grass 65:13 h9k9 flocks 0 group of animals, such as sheep and goats 65:13 kh7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification they shout for joy, and they sing 0 The pastures, hills and valleys are so bountiful, that they seem to shout and sing for joy. Alternate translation: “they are like joyful singing people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 65:13 e1qd they shout 0 The word “they” refers to the pastures and valleys. 66:intro xwm8 0 # Psalm 066 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 66 is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh saves\n\nJust as God brought Israel through the wilderness, he took the author through hard times but saved him. The author will worship God by sacrificing animals to him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 66:1 wxl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis psalm is a song of praise. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 66:1 kzn5 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 66:1 cmh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Make a joyful noise to God, all the earth 0 A “joyful noise to God” represents singing and shouting praises to God. Alternate translation: “Let all the earth sing and shout joyfully to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 66:1 j76g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all the earth 0 This refers to all the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 66:2 si2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Sing out the glory of his name; make his praise glorious 0 These phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize how wonderful God is. Alternate translation: “Sing about how wonderful God’s name is; sing wonderful praise about how great God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 66:2 n3za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the glory of his name 0 God’s name here represents God himself. Alternate translation: “his glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 66:3 sr8b How terrifying are your deeds 0 The works of God cause us to be in awe and terrified because we know he is powerful and holy. 66:3 id4t By the greatness of your power 0 Alternate translation: “Because you have great power” 66:4 p1ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy All the earth will worship you 0 This refers to all of the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “All the people on earth will worship you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 66:4 y7hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy they will sing to your name 0 Here “your name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “they will praise and honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 66:5 vn26 he & his 0 These words refer to God. 66:5 y91w he is fearsome in his deeds toward the sons of mankind 0 Alternate translation: “he causes people to feel fear and wonder when they see his deeds” 66:5 ebc3 the sons of mankind 0 Alternate translation: “humanity” 66:6 t4bb He & him 0 These words refer to God. 66:6 ipc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He turned the sea into dry land; they went through the river on foot 0 This refers to the crossing of the Red Sea. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 66:6 dbi6 they went 0 The word “they” refers to God’s people, the Israelites. 66:6 c4mh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive we rejoiced 0 The word “we” refers to the Israelites, their ancestors, David, and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 66:7 fhu2 He & his 0 These words refer to God. 66:7 v55x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his eyes 0 These phrase “his eyes” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “he sees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 66:7 csw4 let not the rebellious exalt themselves 0 Alternate translation: “let not the rebellious people exalt themselves” or “let not the rebellious people be proud” 66:8 p33g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Give blessing to God & let the sound of his praise be heard 0 These two clauses have similar meanings. The idea is repeated to emphasize the importance of praising God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 66:9 nub8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive us & our 0 These words refer to David and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 66:9 qfj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he does not permit our feet to slip 0 The writer speaks of God’s protection as preventing his people from slipping as they walk or falling off a cliff. Alternate translation: “he has not allowed us to fall into disaster” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 66:11 eq4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You brought us into a net 0 The writer speaks of God’s punishment as if God had captured his people in a net. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 66:11 wp2k a net 0 a trap for a bird or an animal 66:11 ib6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you laid a heavy burden on our backs 0 The writer speaks of what the people have endured as having to carry heavy loads on their backs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 66:12 el5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You made people ride over our heads 0 This is a picture of being horribly defeated in battle. Alternate translation: “It is as if our enemies defeated us in battle and then drove their chariots over our fallen bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 66:12 ua43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor went through fire and water 0 God tested them with natural disasters like fires and floods. Alternate translation: “we suffered like people who suffer from fires and floods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 66:12 t7hr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor spacious place 0 The writer speaks of the blessings that the people of Israel now have as if they had been brought into a wide open space where they are safe. Alternate translation: “open place where we are safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 66:14 t3nu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche which my lips promised and my mouth spoke 0 Here “lips” and “mouth” refer to the words of promise that were spoken. Alternate translation: “which I promised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 66:15 fl6u aroma of rams 0 Alternate translation: “smell of the smoke of sacrificed rams” 66:16 kd6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I will declare what he has done for my soul 0 The word “soul” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will tell you what he has done for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 66:17 utu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I cried to him with my mouth 0 The word “mouth” represents the whole person who cries out to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 66:17 s7eh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he was praised with my tongue 0 Here “tongue” represents words or speech. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I praised him with my tongue” or “I praised him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 66:18 f2m2 seen sin 0 Alternate translation: “loved sin” or “held iniquity” 66:18 kk8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit would not have listened to me 0 Here “would not have listened” implies that God would not have answered his prayer. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “would not have heard me call out to him” or “he would not have answered my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 66:19 n9pa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism But God has truly heard; he has paid attention 0 These two clauses have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize that God has heard his prayer. Alternate translation: “But God has truly heard my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 66:19 itl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the voice of my prayer 0 Here the author’s prayer is given the personal quality of having a voice. Alternate translation: “my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 66:20 sj37 who has not turned away my prayer 0 Here “turned away’ represents ignoring his prayer. Alternate translation: “who has not ignored my prayer” 66:20 p1vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit or his covenant faithfulness from me 0 The phrase “has not turned away” is understood from the previous phrase and can be repeated here. The idea of “his covenant faithfulness” can be translated with the phrase “being faithful to his covenant.” Alternate translation: “and has not turned away his covenant faithfulness from me” or “and has not stopped being faithful to his covenant with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 67:intro g3hz 0 # Psalm 067 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 67 is a worship psalm.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\n\nPeople all over the world should be praising God. 67:1 w6h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 67:1 v59b For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 67:1 d6gg on stringed instruments 0 Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song” 67:1 h266 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cause his face to shine on us 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 67:2 y8i3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive your ways may be known on earth 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people may know your ways on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 67:2 ahn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis your salvation among all nations 0 The writer desires for everyone to know that God has the power to save them. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “and the people of all nations may know that you have the power to save them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 67:4 w7lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy let the nations & govern the nations 0 Here “nations” represents the people who live in all the nations on the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 67:4 g91t with justice 0 Alternate translation: “fairly” or “justly” 67:5 e74n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Let the peoples praise you & let all the peoples praise you 0 The second clause intensifies the meaning of the first to emphasize how important it is to praise God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 67:6 ew33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The earth has yielded its harvest 0 Here the writer speaks of “the earth” as if it has chosen to provide a harvest to the people. Alternate translation: “We have reaped a bountiful harvest from our crops” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 67:7 m77g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all the ends of the earth honor him 0 This means that people everywhere should honor God because of his blessings. Alternate translation: “I desire that all people everywhere on the earth may have an awesome respect for him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 68:intro i82v 0 # Psalm 068 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 68 is a worship psalm.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s greatness\n\nGod is exceedingly great. He takes care of the weak and helpless. He is glorious in his temple. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])\n\n### No Common Theme\n\nScholars have found this psalm the most difficult to interpret. There does not appear to be any unity to this psalm. 68:1 c4xg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 68:1 mf9s For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 68:1 e798 A psalm of David 0 This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 68:1 ebe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Let God arise 0 God beginning to act is spoke of as if he stands up. Alternate translation: “Let God begin to act” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:1 e3kc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive let his enemies be scattered 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “let God chase away his enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 68:2 ea3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor As smoke is driven away, so drive them away 0 God’s enemies are spoken of as if they are smoke that is easily blown away by the wind. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Drive them away as the wind blows away smoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 68:2 s3mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor as wax melts before the fire 0 God’s enemies are spoken of as if they are wax that is easily melted by a fire. Alternate translation: “cause them to disappear as wax melts before a fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:2 ea8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This refers to the wicked people in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 68:3 s74b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the righteous 0 This refers to the righteous people in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 68:3 e8rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet rejoice and be happy 0 These means the same thing and emphasizes the amount of joy they feel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 68:4 u8td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to his name 0 This refers to God. Alternate translation: “to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 68:4 mtd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the one who rides through the plains 0 God’s presence among people is spoken of as if he rides on the earth in a horse or chariot. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:5 nn11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A father of the fatherless 0 God is spoken of as a compassionate God who acts like a father to orphans. Alternate translation: “One who acts like a father to children who have no parents” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:5 jev5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a judge of the widows 0 God is spoken of as a merciful God who protects widows. Alternate translation: “a protector of widows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:6 ae7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God puts the lonely into families 0 God is spoken of as if he places lonely people into families. “God provides families for those who have no one to live with” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:6 pki3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he brings out the prisoners with singing 0 God is spoken of as the one who leads prisoners out of their confinement. Alternate translation: “God frees prisoners and makes them sing with happiness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:6 ri2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the rebellious 0 This nominal adjective refers to rebellious people and can be translated with either an adjective or a noun. Alternate translation: “rebellious people” or “people who rebel against him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 68:6 xq7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a parched land 0 God’s punishment of the rebellious is spoken of as if he forces them to live in a hot desert land. Alternate translation: “a very hot and dry land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:7 txl9 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nDavid begins to tell the story of God leading the Israelites through the desert to Mt. Sinai. 68:7 nqa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism when you went out & when you marched through 0 These two phrases refer to the same event. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 68:7 vqt5 you went out before your people 0 Alternate translation: “you led your people” 68:7 ba2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor when you marched through the wilderness 0 God is spoken of as if he was a soldier marching ahead of the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:8 t35q the heavens also dropped rain & God’s presence 0 Alternate translation: “God caused it to rain” 68:8 br66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism in the presence of God 0 This idiom here refers to God’s appearance before the Israelites. Alternate translation: “when God appeared to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 68:9 p896 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you strengthened your inheritance when it was weary 0 The land of Israel is spoken of as if it was a person who could be weary, or could gain strength. Alternate translation: “you caused the land to produce good crops” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:9 h87l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your inheritance 0 The land that God gave to the Israelites is spoken of as if it was an inheritance that a father passed on to his children. Alternate translation: “the land that you gave to us Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:10 k4fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the poor 0 This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: “poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 68:11 t91n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who announced them & army 0 The large number of people told the Lord’s message to others. They are spoken of as if there were a large army. Since this phrase is feminine, some versions translate it as, “the women who announced them … army.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:12 bm73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Kings of armies flee, they flee 0 The kings represent themselves and their entire armies. It is understood that they flee because they are defeated by Israel’s army. Alternate translation: “Kings and their armies flee from us because they are defeated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 68:12 gj9s plunder 0 things that are taken from the defeated army and brought to the victorious army’s home. 68:13 u9e3 doves covered with silver & gold 0 This means that some of the plunder is very valuable because it is covered with precious metals. 68:13 m4ps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion When some of you people stayed among the sheepfolds, why did you do this? 0 This question is used to rebuke the people who did not participate in the battle. Alternate translation: “Those who stayed among the sheepfolds should not have stayed; they should have gone to the battle.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 68:14 zi84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile scattered kings there & snowed on Mount Zalmon 0 There were so many dead kings and soldiers on the mountain that they are spoken of as if they were snow covering the mountain. Alternate translation: “defeated so many enemy kings and soldiers there that they were like snowflakes covering Mount Zalmon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 68:14 qik2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche scattered kings 0 Here “kings” refers to their armies as well. Alternate translation: “scattered the enemy kings and their armies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 68:14 d4j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mount Zalmon 0 This is the name of a mountain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 68:15 j4i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism A mighty mountain is the & a high mountain is the 0 These two phrase have similar meanings and are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “a mighty and high mountain is the hill country of Bashan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 68:16 g53a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why do you look in envy & for the place he will live? 0 If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The high hill country of Bashan should not look in envy at the mountain which God desires for the place he will live.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 68:17 gr2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers twenty thousand, thousands upon thousands 0 This is probably not meant to be an exact number, but to indicate a large number. Alternate translation: “many thousands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 68:18 z2qx ascended 0 To “ascend” is to move up, to go toward the sky. 68:19 g3s6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor daily bears our burdens 0 “carries our heavy loads every day.” The Lord’s care for his people is spoken of as if he was physically carrying their troubles as a burden. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:19 t8d1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the God who is our salvation 0 The words “is our salvation” can be translated with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “the God who saves us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 68:21 w9jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will strike through the heads of his enemies 0 God is spoken of as a warrior who will kill his enemies by striking them in their heads in order to kill them. Alternate translation: “will kill his enemies by striking them in the head” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 68:21 kk8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the hairy scalps 0 It seems to have been the custom for soldiers not to cut their hair during the time of war. Alternate translation: “the long-haired skulls” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 68:21 u633 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walk in offenses against him 0 Offending God is spoken of as walking among the offenses. Alternate translation: “habitually offend him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:22 f82v I will bring them back 0 The word “them” refers to God’s enemies. 68:22 t4dp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the depths of the sea 0 This speaks of the most remote parts of the earth where people might try to escape from God as if they were the depths of the sea. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:23 qyf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor crush your enemies 0 The total destruction of Israel’s enemies is spoken of as if the Israelites had crushed them under their feet. Alternate translation: “totally defeat your enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:23 c62p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor dipping your foot in blood 0 The violence of from the destruction of the enemies is spoke of in very graphic form, as if the Israelites would be standing in the blood of their dead enemies. Alternate translation: “stepping in their blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:23 g8uz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the tongues of your dogs may have their share 0 The bloodshed from the battle against Israel’s enemies is spoken of as if it is so extensive that the dogs will lap up the flowing blood with their tongues. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:24 k3xf processions 0 A procession is a group of people walking together in an orderly manner as part of a ceremony. 68:25 kyt4 minstrels 0 people who play musical instruments 68:26 qq11 Bless God in the assemblies; praise Yahweh, you who are from the fountain of Israel 0 It may be helpful to change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “You who are from the fountain of Israel, praise Yahweh and bless God in the assembly” 68:26 smi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from the fountain of Israel 0 The word “fountain” is a metaphor for the ability of the man Israel to be the ancestor of many people: as much water comes from a fountain, so Israel is the ancestor of many people. This also implies that the call is to those who serve God as the man Israel did. Alternate translation: “true descendants of Israel” or “all of you descendants from Israel”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 68:27 nt5p their multitudes 0 “their group.” The word “their” refers to the leaders of Judah. 68:28 f4wh Your God, Israel, has decreed your strength 0 Some versions understand the Hebrew text differently: “Summon your strength, God” or “Use your strength, God” 68:28 f4rw Your God, Israel, has decreed 0 Alternate translation: “People of Israel, your God has decreed” 68:28 wau7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive to us 0 The word “us” refers to the writer and the people of Israel, but not to Yahweh, to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 68:29 zq5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive to us 0 The word “us” refers to the writer and the people of Israel, but not to Yahweh, to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 68:29 isi1 Reveal your power to us from your temple at Jerusalem 0 Alternate translation: “When you are present in the temple at Jerusalem, show us your power” 68:29 fem7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Reveal your power 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **power**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “strong.” Alternate translation: “Show us that you are strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 68:30 c8e8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the wild beasts in the reeds 0 Many scholars believe these wild beasts are a metaphor that refers to the people of Egypt. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt who are like wild beasts in the reeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 68:30 g1z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the peoples, that multitude of bulls and calves 0 The peoples of other nations are spoken of as if they were a large group of cattle. Alternate translation: “the powerful nations, who are like herds of bulls” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:30 c6zu scatter 0 to disperse or to cause something to spread quickly in different direction 68:31 n487 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Princes will come out of Egypt 0 It is implied that these princes come from Egypt in order to offer gifts to God in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Then the leaders of Egypt will bring gifts to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 68:31 c5dx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Cush 0 This refers to the people of Cush. Alternate translation: “The Cushites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 68:31 i46u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction reach out with her hands to God 0 This is a symbolic action that represents worship to God. Alternate translation: “lift up her hands to praise God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 68:32 gn8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche you kingdoms of the earth 0 Here “kingdoms” refers to the citizens of the kingdoms. Alternate translation: “you people who are citizens of kingdoms all over the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 68:33 x1i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis To him who rides on the heaven of heavens 0 The word “Sing” is implied as the beginning of this verse. Here God is described as if he rides in a chariot in the sky. Alternate translation: “Sing to God who rides across the sky in his chariot” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:33 npf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he lifts up his voice with power 0 This idiom means he speaks powerfully. Alternate translation: “he shouts powerfully” or “he speaks loudly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 68:34 a3cn Ascribe strength to God 0 Here, **Ascribe** means to give credit to someone. Alternate translation: “Strength belongs to God” 68:34 ul58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his strength is in the skies 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “powerful.” Alternate translation: “in the skies he also shows that he is powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 68:35 m2ya rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe God, you are fearsome in your holy place 0 Here the author speaks directly to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 68:35 sy6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet strength and power 0 These two words mean basically these same thing. They emphasize how much strength God provides to his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 69:intro im3w 0 # Psalm 069 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 69 is a psalm of deliverance. The author prays to be saved from his enemies and for them to be punished. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Deliverance\n\nThe author prays for God to rescue him from his enemies. They show him no mercy, and he asks God to show them no mercy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) 69:1 emd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 69:1 x1w1 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 69:1 jj9x set to Shoshannim 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 45:1](../045/001.md). 69:1 b6zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for the waters have put my life in danger 0 The writer describes the troubles in his life as if he were drowning in a flood of water. Alternate translation: “for it feels like I am drowning in the waters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:2 tpg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I sink in deep mire 0 The writer describes the troubles in his life as if he were sinking in deep mud. Alternate translation: “For it feels like I am sinking in deep mud and will die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:2 ry13 mire 0 thick mud 69:2 u4k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes there is no place to stand 0 The writer uses a negative statement to stress how unstable and uncertain his condition is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 69:2 bt2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have come into deep waters, where the floods flow over me 0 The writer describes his problems as if he was drowning in a deep, raging river. Alternate translation: “t feels like I am in deep waters, and the floodwaters flow over me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:3 qdk1 weary 0 very tired 69:3 d5w4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom my eyes fail 0 This idiom means the writer has cried so much that his eyes do not see well any longer. Alternate translation: “my eyes are swollen from tears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 69:4 ks2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole more than the hairs on my head 0 This is an exaggeration to express how many enemies the writer has. Alternate translation: “more than I can count, like the hairs on my head” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 69:4 v3ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom cut me off 0 This idiom means “kill me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 69:5 z5mb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns my foolishness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **foolishness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “foolish.” Alternate translation: “the foolish things that I have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 69:5 c1z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes my sins are not hidden from you 0 This can be expressed as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “you know all my sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 69:6 l21p Let not those & let not those 0 Alternate translation: “Do not let those … do not let those” 69:6 d5j2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Let not those who hope in you be put to shame because of me 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Please do not allow anyone to put those who wait for you to shame because of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 69:6 ana6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive let not those who seek you be brought to dishonor because of me 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Please do not allow anyone to bring dishonor on those who seek you because of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 69:6 djs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who seek you 0 Here, seeking **God** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: (1) “those who ask you for help” or (2) “those who worship and obey you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:7 se7t For your sake 0 Alternate translation: “On your behalf” or “For you” 69:7 td6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have borne rebuke 0 The rebukes of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they are a heavy load that he has had to carry. Alternate translation: “I have endured the insults of my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:7 l47r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor shame has covered my face 0 The writer speaks of the shame that he feels as if it is a foul thing on his face that everyone can clearly see. Alternate translation: “I am thoroughly humiliated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:8 f38a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have become a stranger to my brothers 0 The writer speaks of himself as if he were not part of his own family. Alternate translation: “My brothers no longer know or accept me at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:8 au3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism a stranger to my brothers & an alien to my mother’s children 0 These two phrases mean the same thing. They are repeated to stress his separation from his own family. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 69:8 w5cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis an alien to my mother’s children 0 It is implied that “I have become” should be understood here. The writer speaks of himself as if he were not part of his own family. Alternate translation: “my brothers no longer know or trust me at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:9 dwj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the zeal of your house has eaten me up 0 The writer speaks of his zeal for God’s temple as if it was a wild animal that devours the writer. Alternate translation: “the zeal I have for your house consumes me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 69:9 d4m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom has eaten me up 0 This idiom means that the writer’s zeal for the temple takes over all of his thoughts and actions. Alternate translation: “completely controls all that I think and do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 69:9 ckq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the rebukes & have fallen on me 0 The writer speaks of the rebukes of Gods’ enemies as if they were rocks that were thrown at the writer. Alternate translation: “those who rebuke you have also thrown their rebukes at me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:10 y39q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction I wept and did not eat food 0 The fact that the writer was fasting indicates that he was sad about the way people treated God’s temple. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 69:10 dn9i they insulted me 0 Alternate translation: “my enemies rebuked me because of it” 69:11 la4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction I made sackcloth my clothing 0 Wearing rough, cheap clothing was a symbol of mourning over sin. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 69:11 q7ys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I became the object of a proverb 0 The writer speak of himself as if he was the sad or foolish person in a proverb. Alternate translation: “I became the example of a sad person spoken of in their proverbs” or “they laugh at me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:12 m9ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Those who sit in the city gate 0 Here “city gate” is associated with leadership of a town. Alternate translation: “The important people of the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 69:12 u3uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am a song of drunkards 0 The writer speaks of himself as if he was the person about whom the drunkards sing mocking songs. Alternate translation: “the drunkards of the city sing disgusting songs about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:13 t3wv at a time that you will accept 0 Alternate translation: “in your accepted time” or “when you are willing” 69:13 ye88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns answer me in the trustworthiness of your salvation 0 The abstract nouns “trustworthiness” and “salvation” can be stated as “faithfully” and “rescue.” Alternate translation: “rescue me because you faithfully love me, as you have promised to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 69:14 glu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Pull me out & do not let me sink 0 These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 69:14 ce9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Pull me out of the mire, and do not let me sink 0 The writer speaks of his danger from his enemies as if he was sinking into a pit of mud. “Do not allow me to sink anymore in the mud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:14 q3rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom let me be taken away 0 Here “take away” refers to being removed from danger. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “take me away” or “rescue me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 69:14 zv92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis rescued out 0 It is understood that “let me be” is implied here. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “please rescue me out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 69:14 llk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rescued out of the deep waters 0 The writer speaks about his danger from his enemies as if he was drowning in deep water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:15 ks55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the floods of water overwhelm me 0 The writer speaks about his danger from his enemies as if flood waters were covering him completely. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:15 d558 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the deep swallow me up 0 The writer speaks of the deep as if it was a deadly animal that was about to eat him. Alternate translation: “the deep waters swallow me up like a dangerous animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:15 iz9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Do not let the pit shut its mouth on me 0 Here the “pit” is spoken of as if it has a mouth like a person and could eat the writer. Alternate translation: “Do not let the pit consume me” or “Do not let the pit of death close over me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:16 ywk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns your covenant faithfulness is good 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “you are good and faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 69:16 ir4z your mercies for me are many 0 Alternate translation: “you are very merciful to me” 69:16 w23e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor turn to me 0 The idea of turning towards someone means to pay attention to them or help them. Alternate translation: “help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:17 l6nz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Do not hide your face from your servant 0 To hide one’s face means to refuse to hear or help someone. Alternate translation: “Please help your servant” or “Please help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 69:17 fq4r in distress 0 Alternate translation: “in great trouble” 69:18 a5r7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor redeem me 0 The writer asks God to redeem him as if the writer were a slave whose freedom God could purchase. Alternate translation: “free me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:18 emr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ransom me 0 The writer asks God to ransom him as if the writer were a captive whose release could be paid for with money. Alternate translation: “rescue me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:19 jv1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns my rebuke, my shame, and my dishonor 0 These abstract nouns can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “how people have rebuked me, shamed me, and dishonored me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 69:19 cbu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom my adversaries are all before you 0 Here “before you” means that God sees and knows all about them. Alternate translation: “you know who all my enemies are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 69:20 d7kg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom broken my heart 0 This idiom means a person is extremely sad. Alternate translation: “offended me deeply” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 69:20 dm8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am full of heaviness 0 The writer’s great sadness is spoken of as if he was full of a heavy weight. Alternate translation: “I am heavy with sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:20 zw1r to take pity 0 to feel sorrow or sadness 69:21 lfl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They gave me poison for my food 0 This is probably figurative. The food that people gave to the writer was so bad that it tasted like poison. Alternate translation: “They gave me food that tasted like poison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:22 bt4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Let their table before them become a snare & let it become a trap 0 The writer would like for his enemies’ food to completely ruin them as if they were small animals caught in a snare or a trap. Alternate translation: “May their food ruin them like a snare … may it destroy them like a trap” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:22 fd3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy their table 0 This refers to food that was served on the tables, possibly at a feast. Alternate translation: “their own food” or “sacrificial feasts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 69:23 v67i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Let their eyes be darkened 0 The writer speaks of eyes that cannot see well as if they were darkened. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Please make them unable to see anything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 69:23 d56n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor make their loins shake 0 Weak backs are spoken of as if they are shaking in weakness. Alternate translation: “cause their backs to be too weak for them to do anything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:23 rry1 their loins 0 Alternate translation: “their sides” or “their backs” 69:24 x9dl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Pour out your indignation on them 0 God’s demonstration of his anger is described as if he poured it out on his enemies like water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:24 j3n9 indignation 0 anger of a person who has suffered injustice 69:24 a5mh the fierceness of your anger 0 Alternate translation: “your burning anger” or “your strong anger” 69:24 mws1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor overtake them 0 God’s judgment on his enemies is described as if he ran after them and caught them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:25 hl9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns be a desolation 0 This abstract noun can be stated as “abandoned.” Alternate translation: “become abandoned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 69:26 u691 they persecuted the one 0 Alternate translation: “they persecuted the man” 69:26 q569 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you struck down 0 Here to be “struck down” refers to punishment. Alternate translation: “you punished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 69:26 x39c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy those you have wounded 0 Here to be “wounded” refers to causing them to suffer. Alternate translation: “those you have caused to suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 69:27 ha19 Accuse them of having committed iniquity after iniquity 0 Alternate translation: “Keep making a record of all their sins” 69:27 ix9p iniquity after iniquity 0 Alternate translation: “very many sins” 69:27 fv3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom do not let them come into your righteous victory 0 To come into God’s victory is an idiom that means to receive a reward from him. Alternate translation: “do not let them receive your righteous reward” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 69:28 qt7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Let them be blotted out of 0 Here “them” refers to the names of the enemies. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Wipe out their names in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 69:28 el1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis not be written down 0 It is inferred that “let them” is understood. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “do not write down their names” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 69:29 k8wx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns let your salvation, God, set me up on high 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “save.” Here “on high” refers to a place of safety.” Alternate translation: “God, save me and put me in a safe place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 69:30 m7bv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the name of God 0 Here “name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 69:30 bl7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns with thanksgiving 0 This abstract noun can be stated with the verb “thank.” Alternate translation: “by thanking him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 69:31 q988 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit better than an ox or a bull 0 It is understood that the ox and the bull are to be offered to God as sacrifices. Alternate translation: “better than sacrificing an ox or sacrificing a bull” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 69:31 axd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish a bull that has horns and hooves 0 This phrase distinguishes the full grown bulls from other younger cows. Alternate translation: “a bull that is full grown with horns and hooves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 69:32 b8xa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj The meek 0 This refers to meek people in general. Alternate translation: “Meek people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 69:32 ky6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you who seek after God 0 Seeking **God** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “you who ask God for help” or “you who think about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:32 i99y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche let your hearts live 0 Here “hearts” refer to the people. Here “live” is an idiom that means to be encouraged. Alternate translation: “may you be encouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 69:33 arn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh hears 0 Here “hears” means to respond. Alternate translation: “Yahweh answers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 69:33 ij3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the needy 0 This refers to needy people in general. Alternate translation: “needy people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 69:33 eag2 his prisoners 0 Alternate translation: “those who have suffered for him” 69:34 k14w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Let heaven and earth praise him & the seas 0 Here heaven and earth and the seas are spoken of as if they are people who are able to praise God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 69:34 p3qb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the seas and everything that moves in them 0 It is implied that “Let … praise him” should be understood here. Alternate translation: “let he seas and everything that moves in them praise him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 69:35 m398 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy God will save Zion 0 Here “Zion” refers to the people in Zion. Alternate translation: “God will save the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 69:35 w8jf have it as a possession 0 The word “it” refers to the land of Judah. 69:36 s9pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy who love his name 0 Here “name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “who love God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 70:intro qdg2 0 # Psalm 070 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 70 is a psalm of deliverance. The psalmist asks God to deliver him from his enemies.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Help\n\nThe author needs help and needs it immediately.\n\n### Psalm 40\n\nThis psalm is an almost exact duplicate of Psalm 40:13-17. 70:1 eg6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 70:1 m2am For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 70:1 f84m A psalm of David 0 This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 70:2 f38b those who 0 Alternate translation: “the people who” 70:2 t9us rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom take my life 0 This idiom means “kill me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 70:2 l7y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive be ashamed and humiliated 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may God put them to shame and bring disgrace upon them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 70:2 sxa6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive let them be turned back and brought to dishonor 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may God turn them around and make them ashamed for what they have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 70:2 g5lq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor turned back 0 To be stopped or thwarted is spoken of as being turned back from their attack. Alternate translation: “stopped” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 70:3 b66b those who say, “Aha, aha.” 0 This is an expression of mocking laughter. You may replace “Aha, aha” with whatever laughing sounds like in your language. Alternate translation: “those who mock and laugh at me” 70:4 hi48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor seek you 0 Seeking **God** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “ask you for help” or “think about you and obey you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 70:4 fiv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet rejoice and be glad 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of gladness. Alternate translation: “rejoice greatly” or “be very glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 70:4 k76h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns love your salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “love you because you saved them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 70:4 ymr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole always say 0 This exaggeration emphasizes that it is important to praise God often. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 70:4 xit2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May God be praised 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Let everyone praise God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 70:5 k146 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet poor and needy 0 Here the words “poor” and “needy” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that he is unable to help himself. Alternate translation: “very needy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 70:5 s6qa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor hurry to me 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were running to the writer in order to help him. Alternate translation: “come quickly to help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 70:5 r77i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism you are my help and you rescue me 0 Here the phrase “you rescue me” explains how God is his “help.” Alternate translation: “you help me by rescuing me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 70:5 ww8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes do not delay 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “please come quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 71:intro r8sf 0 # Psalm 071 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 71 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\n\nGod has helped the psalmist all his life. Now that he is old, his enemy thinks that God has abandoned him; but the psalmist trusts in God and will praise Yahweh with songs of praise. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 71:1 b9md rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 71:1 lb3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor In you, Yahweh, I take refuge 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you, Yahweh, for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 71:1 ew7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive let me never be put to shame 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how “do not let me be humiliated” is translated in [Psalms 25:2](../025/002.md). Alternate translation: “never let my enemies put me to shame” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 71:2 xl47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom make me safe in your righteousness 0 This could mean: (1) “make me safe because you always do what is right” or (2) “make me safe as I do what you want me to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 71:2 q2dk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy turn your ear to me 0 Here “your ear” refers to God’s willingness to hear someone who prays to him. See how this is translated in [Psalms 17:6](../017/006.md). Alternate translation: “pay attention to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 71:2 qwt1 save me 0 Alternate translation: “keep me safe” 71:3 a39u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Be to me a rock for refuge 0 The psalmist requests that Yahweh make him as safe as he would be if he were hiding in a large rock or cliff where his enemies could not find him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 71:3 w8pz rock & rock 0 These are hills or mountains, not rocks one can hold in one’s hand. 71:3 usz4 you have given a command 0 Alternate translation: “you have commanded your angels” 71:3 xd9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you are my rock and my fortress 0 The psalmist believes that Yahweh will protect him and make him as safe as if he were hiding on top of a large mountain or inside a man-made fortress. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 71:4 p4mg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy out of the hand of the wicked, out of the hand of the unrighteous 0 This could mean: (1) the word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “from the power of the wicked, from the power of the unrighteous” or (2) “hand” refers to the person himself. Alternate translation: “from wicked people, from unrighteous … people” or “so that wicked people and unrighteous … people cannot harm me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 71:4 pb9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis wicked, out of the hand of the unrighteous 0 “wicked; rescue me out of the hand of the unrighteous.” You can make clear the understood information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 71:4 pdn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj wicked & unrighteous & cruel 0 These adjectives can be translated as noun phrases. Alternate translation: “wicked people … unrighteous people … cruel people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 71:5 tph7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you are my hope 0 Here “hope” is a metonym for the one in whom the psalmist hopes. Alternate translation: “you are the one whom I confidently expect to help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 71:6 rmx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive By you I have been supported from the womb 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You have supported me from the womb” or “You have taken care of me ever since I came out of my mother’s womb” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 71:6 h427 you are he 0 Alternate translation: “you are the one” 71:7 cq9t I am an example to many people 0 Alternate translation: “Many people see how I live and want to live as I do” 71:8 di1q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My mouth will be filled with your praise & with your honor 0 The psalmist speaks of his desire to praise and honor Yahweh with the words he speaks as if his mouth were full of words the way it can be full of food. Alternate translation: “My mouth will be filled with words that praise you … that honor you” or “I will always praise you … will always honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 71:8 vh1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your praise 0 Here “praise” refer to the words that he will use to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “words that tell people how great you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 71:8 dq42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your honor 0 Here “honor” refer to the words that he will use to honor Yahweh. Alternate translation: “words that cause people to honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 71:8 z7sk all the day 0 Alternate translation: “all day long” or “at all times” 71:9 hwz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Do not throw me away & do not abandon me 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 71:9 ve6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Do not throw me away 0 “Do not force me to go away from you.” For God to reject him is spoken of as God forcing him to go away. See how this is translated in [Psalms 51:11](../051/011.md). Alternate translation: “do not reject me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 71:9 l9jz do not abandon me 0 Alternate translation: “do not leave me forever” 71:10 wp8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit watch for my life 0 It is implied that they are watching for an opportunity to take his life. The euphemism “to take a life” means to kill. Alternate translation: “watch for an opportunity to take my life” or “wait for an opportunity to kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 71:11 kar6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit They say 0 This can be translated to make explicit that they are talking about him. Alternate translation: “They say about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 71:11 fv3j pursue and take him 0 Alternate translation: “follow him when he runs away, and kill him” 71:12 acn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not be far from me 0 Because Yahweh has not yet answered the writer’s request, he speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh were standing far away from the writer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 71:12 eu8k hurry to help me 0 Alternate translation: “help me soon” 71:13 fkp7 Let them be put to shame and destroyed, those who are hostile to my life 0 Alternate translation: “Let those who are hostile to my life be put to shame and destroyed” 71:13 zj77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Let them be put to shame and destroyed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Put them to shame and destroy them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 71:13 m9nd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche those who are hostile to my life 0 The words “my life” represent the person. The idiom “hostile to my life” means that these are people who try to harm him by accusing him of wrongdoing. Alternate translation: “those who accuse me of doing wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 71:13 jq5a let them be covered with rebuke and dishonor, those who seek my hurt 0 Alternate translation: “let those who seek my hurt be covered with rebuke and dishonor” 71:13 bfc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive let them be covered with rebuke and dishonor 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The abstract nouns “rebuke” and “dishonor” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “may everyone rebuke them, and may no one honor them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 71:13 i5m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns those who seek my hurt 0 The noun “hurt” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “those who are looking for ways to harm me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 71:14 ew9i more and more 0 Alternate translation: “more all the time” or “always more than I have before” 71:15 ukx5 My mouth will tell about your righteousness and your salvation all the day, although I cannot understand it 0 Alternate translation: “I do not completely understand your righteousness and your salvation, but my mouth will tell about them all the day” 71:15 r4ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My mouth will tell 0 The mouth is synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will tell” or “I will speak with my mouth and tell” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 71:15 diu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns your righteousness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word ****, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “how righteous you are” or “all the good things you do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 71:15 hjv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns your salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “how you have saved me” or “how you save people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 71:16 mem9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go I will come 0 This could mean: (1) “I will go to where people worship Yahweh” or (2) “I will go to my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 71:16 ntp3 with the mighty acts of the Lord Yahweh 0 This could mean: (1) “I will tell them of the mighty deeds the Lord Yahweh has done” or (2) “because the Lord Yahweh has given me strength to do mighty acts.” 71:16 xcy8 will make mention of 0 Alternate translation: “will talk about” 71:17 af7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit taught me 0 The implied information may be stated clearly. “taught me many things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 71:18 u6gc God, do not forsake me 0 Alternate translation: “God, please do not forsake me” 71:18 u45h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I have been declaring your strength 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I have been telling how strong you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 71:18 bs2s to the next generation 0 Alternate translation: “to those who are children today” 71:18 k6sb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis your power to everyone who is to come 0 The omitted information may be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “and as I declare your power to everyone who is to come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 71:18 x4ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole everyone who is to come 0 This exaggeration refers to everyone the writer can speak to. Alternate translation: “so as many people as I can tell will know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 71:19 mu1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your righteousness also, God, is very high 0 The psalmist speaks of the good things God has done as though they were put together as a high building or a mountain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 71:19 a913 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion who is like you? 0 If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no one like you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 71:20 wi74 revive 0 strengthen or make lively again 71:20 sf33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from the depths of the earth 0 “The depths of the earth” here is a metaphor for where people go when they die. The psalmist had not already died, but in this exaggeration he speaks as if he had. Alternate translation: “when we are near death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 71:21 b5t3 May you increase & turn again and comfort 0 Some translations read, “You will increase … you will turn again and comfort.” Alternate translation: “I want you to increase … I want you to turn again and comfort” 71:21 e1ew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys turn again and comfort me 0 This describes one action through two phrases. Alternate translation: “comfort me again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) 71:22 ix4p to you I will sing praises with the harp, Holy One of Israel 0 Alternate translation: “to you, who is the Holy One of Israel, I will sing praises while I play the harp” 71:23 aku6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My lips will shout for joy 0 “Lips” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will shout for joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 71:23 we4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis even my soul, which you have redeemed 0 The words the psalmist has omitted can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “and my soul, which you have redeemed, will sing praises” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 71:23 ijs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my soul 0 Here “soul” refers to the whole person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 71:24 wy5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My tongue will also talk 0 Here “tongue” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will also talk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 71:24 mf6u they have been put to shame and are confused, those who sought my hurt 0 Alternate translation: “those who sought my hurt have been put to shame and are confused” 71:24 h4mq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive for they have been put to shame and are confused 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for God has put to shame and confused them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 71:24 kz4y those who sought my hurt 0 This refers to the enemies of the writer. ([Psalms 71:10](../071/010.md)). See how “those who seek my hurt” is translated in [Psalms 71:13](./013.md). 72:intro h1hi 0 # Psalm 072 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 72 is a psalm for the king when he begins to be the king. David wrote it as a blessing on his son, Solomon. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Blessings for the king\n\nMay the king be honored throughout the world. May he help the poor. May there be prosperity while he is king.\n\n### Close of Book Two\n\nThe whole collection of Psalms has been divided into several “books.” This is the last psalm of the second book. It is attributed to Solomon, the son of David. 72:1 u47g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. Possible meanings for the header **a psalm of Solomon** are: (1) David wrote this psalm about Solomon (“the king’s son”) or (2) Solomon (who, as David’s son, was “the king’s son”) wrote this psalm as a prayer about himself or (3) another king wrote it about his son in the style of Solomon. People in those days would often speak of themselves as if they were someone else. However, it would be best to translate this as though the psalmist is speaking of someone else, not of himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 72:1 sep9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Give the king your righteous decrees, God, your righteousness to the king’s son 0 This could mean: (1) “Give me, the king, your righteous decrees, God, your righteousness to my son” or (2) “Give me, the king, your righteous decrees, God, your righteousness to me, the king’s son.” People in those days would often speak of themselves as if they were someone else. However, it would be best to translate this as though the psalmist is speaking of someone else, not of himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 72:1 vw1m Give the king your righteous decrees 0 Alternate translation: “Enable the king to judge rightly” 72:1 p2xg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis your righteousness to the king’s son 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Here the word “righteousness” refers to making righteous decisions. Alternate translation: “give your righteousness to the king’s son” or “enable the king’s son to rule with righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 72:2 d3dt May he judge 0 If David wrote this, he is talking about his son, “the king’s son,” he is speaking of the time when his son will be king. If Solomon wrote it, even though he is writing about himself, it would be best to translate as though he were writing about someone else. Either way, “May the king judge” is the best translation. 72:2 d51c your people & your poor 0 The psalmist is speaking to God. 72:2 faw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis your poor 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. The adjective “poor” refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “may he judge your poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 72:3 fx1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy May the mountains produce peace & may the hills produce righteousness 0 The psalmist speaks of the people of Israel as if they were the mountains and hills on which they live. He speaks of the mountains and the hills as if they were the entire land of Israel, as if that land were a garden that produces fruit, and of peace and righteousness as if they are that fruit. Alternate translation: “May the people of the land live in peace … may they do everything in a righteous way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 72:4 ln6a he & he 0 These refer to the one who will “judge” ([Psalms 72:2](../072/002.md)). 72:4 lx1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor break in pieces the oppressor 0 The writer speaks of the king defeating or punishing people who oppress others as if those people were objects that the king would break into pieces. Alternate translation: “punish the person who oppresses others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 72:5 qf1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy while the sun endures, and as long as the moon lasts 0 The sun and the moon are metonyms for the day and the night, which together are a merism for all time. Alternate translation: “forever, and without ending” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 72:6 fay4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile May he come down like rain on the mown grass 0 The king will be good, and he will do good things for his people as if he were rain doing good for freshly cut grass. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 72:6 bsl9 May he come 0 Alternate translation: “I desire that he come” 72:6 v3st rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis like showers that water 0 “May he come down like showers that water.” The king will be good, and he will do good things for his people as if he were rain doing good for the ground. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 72:7 ch52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the righteous 0 The adjective “righteous” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 72:7 pqr9 in his days 0 This could mean: (1) “while the king rules” or (2) “as long as the righteous person lives” or “as long as the righteous people live.” 72:7 r4e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor may there be an abundance of peace 0 The psalmist speaks as if peace were a physical object like food. An “abundance” is when there is much of something. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “abundance” and “peace.” Alternate translation: “may righteous people live peacefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 72:7 m2kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom till the moon is no more 0 “as long as the moon shines” or “forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 72:8 mm24 May he have dominion 0 Alternate translation: “May the king have dominion” 72:8 vh7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism from sea to sea, and from the River to the ends of the earth 0 Both of these expressions are merisms and refer to the whole earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 72:8 v5fy from sea to sea 0 from the Dead Sea and the Sea of Kinnereth in the east to the Mediterranean Sea in the west. 72:8 m3b5 the River 0 “the Euphrates River,” which the Israelites would travel to on land by going north 72:8 dxj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the ends of the earth 0 as far as people could travel on land by different routes to the south. The Israelites spoke of the earth as if it were a flat surface with ends. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 72:9 c1h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lick the dust 0 This is a metaphor for extreme humiliation. Alternate translation: “do everything they can so he will allow them to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 72:10 ds5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Tarshish 0 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 72:10 jht5 render 0 pay 72:10 h88r offer gifts 0 Alternate translation: “give gifts” 72:10 pg7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Seba 0 This is the name of a country. It is not the same country as Sheba. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 72:11 j7ze fall down before him 0 Alternate translation: “bow down before him” or “honor him as their king” 72:11 ivl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all nations 0 Here the word “nations” represents the people who live in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people who live in every nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 72:12 cj1a no other helper 0 Alternate translation: “no one else to help him” 72:13 w2hi He has pity on the poor and needy 0 Alternate translation: “He wants to stop the poor and needy from suffering” 72:13 dra6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet the poor and needy 0 Here the nominal adjectives “poor” and “needy” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they are unable to help themselves. Alternate translation: “those who are poor and those who are needy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 72:14 iey7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche redeems their lives 0 Here “lives” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “redeems them” or “saves them” or “rescues them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 72:14 a1wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet oppression and violence 0 These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how badly the needy suffer. These abstract nouns can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “those who oppress them and hurt them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 72:14 gq3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy their blood is precious in his sight 0 Here “their blood” is a metonym for their well-being. The sight of Yahweh represents his judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “their well-being is very important to him” or “he wants them to live well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 72:14 u32y in his sight 0 See how this phrase is translated in [Psalms 19:14](../019/014.md). 72:15 e29x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom May he live! 0 This saying was used to honor the king by expressing a desire to have him live a long time. Alternate translation: “May the king live a long time!” or “I desire that the king live a long time!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 72:15 gew3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May the gold of Sheba be given to him 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May they give him the gold of Sheba” or “May he receive the gold of Sheba” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 72:15 zya3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom all day long 0 This idiom means “continually” and does not refer only to one day. Alternate translation: “continually” or “all the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 72:16 d9j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns abundance of grain 0 An “abundance” is when there is much of something. This abstract noun can be stated as “much” or “plenty” Alternate translation: “much grain” or “plenty of grain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 72:16 nb8u crops 0 plants that people grow for food 72:16 d8rg wave 0 Use the word for what long grass does when a gentle wind blows on it and it moves slowly back and forth. 72:16 p8u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like Lebanon 0 “like the cedar trees in Lebanon.” These trees were beautiful and had wood that was good for building. The meaning of this can be made clear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 72:16 rl8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile the people flourish in the cities like the grass of the field 0 The prosperity of the people in the cities is spoken of as if they were grass that grows abundantly in the fields. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 72:17 d3jj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom May his name endure forever 0 This saying is used to honor God by expressing the desire for people to always remember him. Alternate translation: “May people always know about him” or “May people never forget who he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 72:17 ly6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his name 0 Here “his name” refers to God’s reputation. Alternate translation: “the king’s name” or “the king’s reputation” or “the king’s fame” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 72:17 ys89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis as long as the sun 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “as long as the sun endures” or “as long as the sun shines” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 72:17 dq84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive may people be blessed in him 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may God cause him to do good things for people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 72:17 ru3v call him blessed 0 Alternate translation: “recognize that God has blessed them” 72:18 ti3p General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses are more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 2 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 42 and ends with Psalm 72. 72:18 j629 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May Yahweh God, the God of Israel, be blessed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May people bless Yahweh God, the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 72:19 nw8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May his glorious name be blessed forever 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May people bless his glorious name forever” or, treating “name” as a metonym for Yahweh himself, “May people forever know how glorious he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 72:19 s32j his glorious name be blessed 0 Alternate translation: “he, who is glorious, be blessed” 72:19 qe7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive may the whole earth be filled with his glory 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may his glory fill the whole earth” or “may he fill the whole earth with his glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 72:19 q3wa Amen and Amen 0 The word “Amen” is repeated to emphasize approval of what has been said. See how you translated this in [Psalms 41:13](../041/013.md). Alternate translation: “May it certainly be so” 72:20 ktc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The prayers of David son of Jesse are finished 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “David, the son of Jesse has finished his prayers” or “This is the last prayer of the David the son of Jesse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 73:intro t2n1 0 # Psalm 073 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 73 is a wisdom psalm. It explains the problem of wicked people who seem to prosper. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Evil people\n\nSometimes it seems that wicked people have no problems and everything works for them. Despite this, they will be destroyed. In contrast, the righteous always have God to help them through problems. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n### Psalms by Asaph\n\nThere are twelve psalms attributed to Asaph; the first one is Psalm 50, which is in Book Two, and the other eleven (Psalm 73–83) are at the beginning of Book Three. 73:1 p92k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 73:2 bq59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my feet almost slipped; my feet almost slipped out from under me 0 The psalmist speaks of being unable to trust God and wanting to sin as if he had almost fallen while walking on a slippery path. Alternate translation: “I almost stopped trusting in God; I was almost guilty of committing a great sin against him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 73:3 eb9z I was envious of the arrogant 0 Alternate translation: “I envied the arrogant” or “I did not want arrogant people to have the good things that they had” 73:3 jit7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the arrogant 0 The adjective “arrogant” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “arrogant people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 73:3 k8tb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the prosperity of the wicked 0 The word “prosperity” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “how the wicked have so many good things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 73:3 tu1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 The adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 73:4 b59h General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nAsaph begins to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). 73:5 uzu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the burdens of other men 0 The words “burdens” is a metonym for the struggles of daily life (need for food, shelter, clothing, and health). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 73:5 t5qn they are not afflicted like other men 0 Alternate translation: “they do not suffer the way other people do” 73:6 r8m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Pride adorns them like a necklace around their neck; violence clothes them like a robe 0 This means the wicked show everyone how proud and violent they are as if they were wearing a necklace or beautiful robe. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 73:6 c2uh necklace & robe 0 This refers to things that rich and important people wear. 73:6 fyb1 necklace 0 a chain usually made of gold or jewels that goes around the neck 73:7 ttd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Out of such blindness comes sin 0 Because they are like blind people who cannot see where they are going, they sin without knowing it. Being blind is a metaphor for a person being unable to see how wicked he is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 73:7 l8fr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor evil thoughts pass through their hearts 0 Here the psalmist describes people’s thoughts as if they were people. He also describes the inner beings of wicked people as if they were a building in which those people could walk. Alternate translation: “in their inner beings they are always thinking about more evil things to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 73:8 fmq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit They mock 0 Whom they mock can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “They mock God and his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 73:9 b91p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy They set their mouth against the heavens 0 Here “their mouth” is a metonym for their speech, and “heavens” is a metonym for God, who lives in the heavens. Alternate translation: “They speak against God, who is in the heavens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 73:9 cln7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche their tongues march through the earth 0 The word “tongues” represents the people themselves. This could mean: (1) “they go through the earth saying bad things about God” or (2) “they go everywhere and boast about themselves.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 73:10 ack4 his people turn to them 0 This could mean: (1) “God’s people love the wicked people” or (2) “the wicked people return to this place” 73:10 k4em abundant waters are drained out 0 This could mean: (1) “God’s people listen gladly to the words of the wicked people” or (2) “the wicked people have plenty of food to eat and wine to drink” 73:11 k4v1 They say 0 the wicked people say 73:11 iqv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How does God know? Is there knowledge with the Most High? 0 These rhetorical questions are to show contempt for God. If your readers would misunderstand these questions, you can express them as statements. Alternate translation: “Surely God does not know what we are doing. The Most High has no knowledge of it.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 73:13 m4jl I have 0 The word “I” refers to Asaph. 73:13 l9bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor guarded my heart 0 Asaph speaks of guarding his heart as if he were guarding a city or building against enemies. Alternate translation: “I have kept my thoughts pure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 73:13 v713 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor washed my hands in innocence 0 The writer speaks of his purity as if he had washed his hands with innocence instead of with water. See how you translated this in [Psalms 26:6](../026/006.md). Alternate translation: “my actions have remained pure” or “I have washed my hands to show that I am innocent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 73:14 svu5 all the day long 0 Alternate translation: “always” or “every day” 73:14 gtr9 I have been afflicted 0 “You have made me suffer.” See how “they are not afflicted” is translated in [Psalms 73:5](../073/005.md). 73:14 c72g I have been & disciplined 0 Alternate translation: “I have been … punished” 73:15 c23c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo If I had said, “I will say these things,” then I would have betrayed this generation of your children 0 This hypothetical situation did not happen. Alternate translation: “I never said, ‘I will say these things,’ so I did not betray this generation of your children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 73:16 z5qd these things 0 The good things that happen to “the wicked” ([Psalms 73:4](../073/004.md)-[Psalms 12](./010.md)). 73:17 r3rj their fate 0 Alternate translation: “what happens to wicked people when they die” or “how wicked people die” 73:18 n9na put them 0 The word “them” refers to the wicked. 73:18 pt49 slippery places 0 “unsafe or unstable ground.” See how “slipped” is translated in [Psalms 73:2](../073/002.md). 73:19 b63l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor How they become a wilderness in a moment 0 The word “wilderness” is a metaphor for a person who has lost everything good. Alternate translation: “How quickly they are destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 73:20 d2qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a dream after one wakes up 0 The wicked will last no longer than what a person sees in a dream. It disappears as soon as the person wakes up. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 73:21 dz6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my heart was grieved 0 The word “heart” represents the person emphasizing their thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “I was very sad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 73:21 r3jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I was deeply wounded 0 The psalmist speaks of emotional pain as if it were physical pain by being pierced with a knife or arrow. Alternate translation: “I felt like someone had wounded me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 73:22 ei39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ignorant and lacked insight 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how little he knew. Alternate translation: “very ignorant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 73:22 sb92 lacked insight 0 Alternate translation: “understood nothing” 73:22 xw9q you 0 This “you” refers to God. 73:23 v8cf I am always with you 0 The word “I” here represents Asaph. The word “you” here represents God. 73:23 mif5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche you hold my right hand 0 The person’s “right hand” refers to the whole person. This shows an intimate relationship with God that offers stability and security. Alternate translation: “You hold me close” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 73:24 yt7j receive me to glory 0 This could mean: (1) “put me where people will honor me” or (2) “honor me by taking me to where you are.” See how “receive me” is translated in [Psalms 49:15](../049/015.md). 73:25 l5a5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Whom have I in heaven but you? 0 You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no one for me in heaven but you!” or “You are the only one I have in heaven!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 73:25 p7l4 in heaven 0 Alternate translation: “among the gods” or “among the supernatural beings” 73:26 u7tm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet My flesh and my heart 0 These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “My body and my mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 73:27 i4nr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Those who are far from you 0 Here the idea of staying far from God is compared to being unwilling to obey him. Alternate translation: “Those who do not want to obey you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 73:28 s5pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my refuge 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh as if he were a place to which a person could flee for safety. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:intro nd5v 0 # Psalm 074 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 74 is a psalm of deliverance. The people have been completely conquered and they pray for God to deliver them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s power\n\nThe enemies have destroyed God’s temple and are insulting the people. God is powerful. He made everything and he chose Israel for his people. He should avenge himself on these enemies that have burnt his temple. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])\n\n### Superscription\n\nThis is called a “Maschil.” The word in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 74:1 vy9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 74:1 k7ui A maschil 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 74:1 c2uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion God, why have you rejected us forever? 0 If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “God, we have done nothing wrong, but you have rejected us forever!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 74:1 nb2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why does your anger burn against the sheep of your pasture? 0 If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “We are the ones you have promised to care for, and we have done nothing wrong, but now you are angry with us!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 74:1 ap93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the sheep of your pasture 0 Asaph speaks of the people of Israel as if they were sheep. Alternate translation: “against Israel, who are like the sheep whom you feed in your pasture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:2 wr2p Call to mind 0 “Pay attention to.” God has not forgotten his people, but he does not seem to be thinking about them. 74:2 n7ia your own heritage 0 Alternate translation: “yours forever” 74:3 i8hy General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses describe an actual event, a physical attack on the temple of Israel in Jerusalem. 74:3 vn6h Come look 0 Asaph is addressing God, asking him to come look at the destruction. 74:4 df7h roared 0 The adversaries were shouting loudly with a great cry of victory. 74:6 sqm2 engravings 0 This refers to carvings on wood, metal, or stone in the temple. 74:7 h8rv They & they 0 Here “they” refers to the adversaries mentioned in [Psalms 74:4](../074/004.md). 74:8 dt7g They & They 0 Here “they” refers to the adversaries mentioned in [Psalms 74:4](../074/004.md). 74:8 aq36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom They said in their hearts 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “They said to themselves” or “They thought to themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 74:9 c4rh General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nAsaph is addressing God about the destruction he sees. 74:9 y2uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor We do not see any more signs 0 This could mean: (1) “We do not see any more miraculous signs from God” or (2) “All our sacred symbols are gone” or (3) the “signs” are the flags and symbols of an army representing the army itself. Alternate translation: “They have completely destroyed our army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 74:10 d7ac rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long, God, will the enemy throw insults at you? 0 If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “God, the enemy has been throwing insults at you for too long!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 74:10 qxe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? 0 If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems as if you will never stop the enemy from blaspheming your name!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 74:10 nv8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy blaspheme your name 0 The word “name” is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “say that you are bad” or “insult you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 74:11 mc4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why do you hold back your hand, your right hand? 0 The psalmist speaks of God as if he had a physical body. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Stop holding back your hand, your right hand!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 74:11 m38y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy hold back your hand 0 Here the word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “not show your power” or “not use your power to destroy your enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 74:11 hk11 your right hand 0 Alternate translation: “your strongest hand” 74:11 nc4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Take your right hand from your garment 0 The psalmist speaks of God as if he had a physical body. “Stop hiding your power and take action” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 74:12 n2ul General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis begins a new theme: Asaph is proclaiming God’s mighty deeds in the history of his people. 74:12 r8vz God has been my king from ancient times 0 This could mean: (1) Asaph is speaking as Israel’s representative, “God has been our king since we Israelites first became a nation” or (2) “God, my king, was alive even in ancient times.” 74:12 tqm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns bringing salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “to save.” Here Yahweh saving people is spoken of as if salvation were an object that he brings with him. Alternate translation: “saving people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:13 gap9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit You divided & in the waters 0 Asaph is probably speaking of the time God brought Israel out of Egypt, divided the Sea of Reeds, led Israel through it on dry land, then drowned Pharaoh’s army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 74:13 ag39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification You divided the sea by your strength 0 Asaph is speaking of God as if God had a physical body. “You are so strong you were able to make dry land in the middle of the sea.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 74:13 r6uh the sea 0 Alternate translation: “the great water” 74:13 f387 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you smashed the heads of the sea monsters in the waters 0 Asaph is probably speaking of Pharaoh and his army as if they were sea monsters. If possible, translate these words literally. Alternate translation: “when you killed Pharaoh’s army, it was as if you smashed the heads of sea monsters in the waters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:14 dzv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor leviathan 0 Leviathan is a sea monster. It represents a cruel enemy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:15 dqs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You broke open springs and streams 0 Yahweh causing springs and streams to flow out of the ground as if he broke open the ground so that they could flow. Alternate translation: “You caused springs and streams to flow out of the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:17 h3n1 the borders of the earth 0 Alternate translation: “the boundaries of the land and the sea” 74:18 c6xs General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nAsaph is pleading for God’s help. 74:18 g7dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Call to mind 0 “Pay attention to.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 74:2](../074/002.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 74:18 x7xk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the enemy hurled insults at you 0 Asaph speaks of insulting words as if they were physical objects, like stones, which the enemy was throwing at Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the enemy insulted you many times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:19 x5rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the life of your dove 0 Asaph speaks of himself as if he were a dove, a defenseless bird. This phrase may also be a metaphor for the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “me, your dove” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:19 zrd5 dove 0 A small, defenseless bird often kept as a pet. 74:19 tp9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a wild animal 0 This phrase may be a metaphor for the enemies of Israel. Alternate translation: “a savage enemy that is like a wild animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:19 rgi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes Do not forget forever the life of your oppressed people 0 “Do not continue forever to do nothing to help your oppressed people.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Come soon to help your oppressed people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 74:20 x6j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the dark regions of the land are full of places of violence 0 Asaph speaks of “regions” as if they were containers in which one could put “places of violence.” Alternate translation: “violent people do evil deeds in dark places in the land wherever they can” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:20 ul6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the dark regions of the land 0 The word “dark” is probably a metaphor for a place where bad things happen or for the lands to which the Israelites had been sent in exile, but these words should be translated literally if possible. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:21 b3w6 Do not let the oppressed be turned back in shame 0 Alternate translation: “Do not let wicked people defeat the oppressed and make them ashamed” 74:21 l26m the oppressed 0 These are people who are treated cruelly by powerful people. 74:21 z7yj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet the poor and oppressed 0 The words “poor” and “oppressed” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh saves many who need his help. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 35:10](../035/010.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 74:22 be6c defend your own honor 0 Alternate translation: “show everyone that you are right” 74:22 a6kn call to mind 0 “Pay attention to.” God has not forgotten how fools insult him, but he does not seem to be thinking about it. See how this is translated in verse [Psalms 2](./001.md). 74:23 c7dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the voice of your adversaries 0 The word “voice” is a metonym for the words people use when they speak. Alternate translation: “what your adversaries are saying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 74:23 n9n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis or the uproar of those who continually defy you 0 The psalmist speaks of the words of those who defy God as if they were the loud sound of animals or non-living objects like water or the wind. Alternate translation: “and pay attention to the loud and meaningless words of those who continually defy you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:23 cyg8 defy 0 boldly oppose 75:intro rtb1 0 # Psalm 075 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 75 is a wisdom psalm; teaching what will happen to evil people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Punishment\n\nGod has warned the evil people that they will be punished. He will strengthen the good people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) 75:1 nc37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe people of God are speaking in 75:1, and God speaks in 75:2-3. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 75:1 isd5 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 75:1 wue5 set to Al Tashheth 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 57:1](../057/001.md). 75:1 tu5l A psalm of Asaph 0 “This is a psalm that Asaph wrote.” See how this is translated in [Psalms Psalm 53](../053/001.md). 75:3 a6n9 all the inhabitants 0 Alternate translation: “all the people who live on it” 75:3 xv9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor make steady the earth’s pillars 0 “keep the earth from being destroyed” or Alternate translation: “keep my people safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 75:4 ix6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj I said to the arrogant & and to the wicked 0 The words “the arrogant” and “the wicked” are nominal adjectives that can be translated with nouns. The verb for the second phrase may be supplied from the first. Alternate translation: “I said to the arrogant people … and I said to the wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 75:4 wl2r I said 0 This could mean: (1) God is speaking or (2) Asaph is speaking. 75:4 yz7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns Do not be arrogant & Do not lift 0 The speaker is speaking to many wicked people, so these forms are plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 75:4 wg7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Do not lift up the horn 0 Asaph speaks of wicked people as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads high to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “Do not be confident” or “Do not boast about how strong you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 75:5 zai8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns Do not lift up your & do not speak 0 The speaker is speaking to many wicked people, so these forms are plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 75:5 dl75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Do not lift up your horn to the heights 0 Asaph speaks of wicked people as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads as high as they can to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “Be especially sure not to boast that you are greater than God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 75:5 cfl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom with an insolent neck 0 Asaph speaks of wicked people who defy or challenge God as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads high to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “arrogantly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 75:6 eqm6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy It is not from the east & that lifting up comes 0 Asaph speaks of the one who lifts up as if he were the action of lifting up. He also speaks of God giving strength and honor to a person as if God were physically lifting that person up. Alternate translation: “The one who will lift you up will not be someone who comes from the east” or “The one who will make you strong and have people honor you will not be someone who comes from the east” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 75:7 h39y General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nAsaph speaks about God. 75:7 ii5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he brings down and he lifts up 0 The objects of the verbs can be stated clearly: “he brings some people down and he lifts other people up.” The words “brings down” and “raises up” are metaphors for God making people powerful and taking away their power. Alternate translation: “he makes one man king in place of another man” or “he takes away one man’s power and gives power to another man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 75:8 hs8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a cup of foaming wine & mixed with spices 0 When Yahweh punishes the people they will be like people who have drunk strong wine and become ill. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 75:8 w9az rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor foaming wine 0 The foam is a metaphor for the power of the wine to make people drunk, Alternate translation: “strong wine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 75:8 gn3y spices 0 dried leaves or ground seeds 75:8 i928 pours it out 0 pours it from a large container into the cups that the people will drink from 75:8 x1zf drink it to the last drop 0 Alternate translation: “drink every drop of it” 75:10 vl5i He says 0 God says 75:10 eip6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cut off all the horns of 0 The horns of an animal are a metaphor for the power of a person. Alternate translation: “take away all power from” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 75:10 qr6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the horns of the righteous will be raised up 0 The horns of an animal are a metaphor for the power of a person. This can be translated as a statement in active form. Alternate translation: “I will raise up the horns of the righteous” or “I will make the righteous powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 76:intro ml6q 0 # Psalm 076 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 76 is a worship psalm.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s greatness\n\nGod is great. He has conquered all the nations surrounding Israel. Everyone should bring him gifts. 76:1 qjr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 76:1 ps6c For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 76:1 ec3c on stringed instruments 0 Alternate translation: “people should play stringed instruments with this song.” 76:1 a8wr A psalm of Asaph 0 “This is a psalm that Asaph wrote” See how this is translated in [Psalms 53:1](../053/001.md). 76:1 l846 made himself known in Judah 0 Alternate translation: “caused the people of Judah to know who he is” or “made himself famous in Judah” 76:1 mmj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his name is great in Israel 0 The words “his name” are a metonym for his reputation. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel consider him good and powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 76:2 z5vd his dwelling place 0 Alternate translation: “the place where he has chosen to live” 76:3 e4xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor There he broke the arrows of the bow, the shield, the sword, and the other weapons of war 0 These words are probably a metaphor for God causing the people of Judah to live in peace without being afraid of enemies making war on them, but the words should be translated literally. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 76:4 z2fb General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nAsaph speaks of God as if God was a soldier returning from a mountain after winning a great battle. 76:4 h3jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet You shine brightly and reveal your glory 0 The second phrase strengthens the first phrase in that Yahweh’s glory relates to Yahweh shining brightly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 76:4 zyy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You shine brightly 0 The words “shine brightly” are a metaphor for being great. Alternate translation: “You show how extremely great you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 76:5 at6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The bravehearted were plundered 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Your people killed the brave soldiers of their enemies and then took all their possessions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 76:5 xyy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism fell asleep 0 Here “fell asleep” is a euphemism for died. Alternate translation: “died” or “fell down dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 76:6 zz9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns At your rebuke 0 Here, **rebuke** refers to saying something in an angry or critical way. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebuke**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “When you rebuked them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 76:6 uud7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism fell asleep 0 This phrase is a polite way to say that they died. Alternate translation: “died” or “fell down dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 76:7 tzq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion who can stand in your sight when you are angry? 0 If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can stand in your sight when you are angry.” or “You can destroy anyone at whom you are angry.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 76:8 gys7 you made your judgment heard 0 Alternate translation: “you pronounced judgment” or “you announced how you were going to punish wicked people” 76:8 ls8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the earth was 0 Here “the earth” is a metonym for the people living on the earth. Alternate translation: “the people of the earth were” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 76:9 rt43 execute judgment 0 Alternate translation: “carry out judgment” or “punish wicked people” 76:10 ylu2 Surely your angry judgment 0 Alternate translation: “It is certain that your angry judgment” 76:10 wqa6 your angry judgment against humanity will bring you praise 0 This could mean: (1) “people will praise you because you are angry at the wicked and judge them” or (2) “people who are angry with you will do things that cause people to praise you.” 76:10 f4xe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you gird yourself with what is left of your anger 0 Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as something that he can tie around himself like a belt. Alternate translation: “you tie your remaining anger around you like a belt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 76:11 kw7a him who is to be feared 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh, whom they should fear” 76:12 vwa6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom He cuts off the spirit of the princes 0 The phrase “He cuts off the spirit” is an idiom that means He breaks the spirit or He humbles. Alternate translation: “He humbles the princes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 76:12 qgb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he is feared by the kings of the earth 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the kings of the earth fear him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 77:intro ks6q 0 # Psalm 077 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nThe author felt abandoned by God. This is a psalm of lament. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Lament\n\nGod used to be close to the psalmist, but now it seems that God has completely abandoned him. Long ago, God took care of Israel and brought the people safely through the sea. 77:1 r8dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 77:1 t66u For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 77:1 cek3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jeduthun 0 One of David’s chief musicians had this same name. This may refer to him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 39:1](../039/001.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 77:2 hz8d I stretched my hands out 0 Alternate translation: “I prayed with my arms extended” 77:2 a5dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My soul refused to be comforted 0 The “soul” represents the person. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I would not allow anyone to try to comfort me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 77:3 kq82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism I thought of God as I groaned; I thought about him as I grew faint 0 These two phrases share similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 77:3 cc7s as I grew faint 0 Alternate translation: “as my spirit grew faint” or “as my spirit was overwhelmed” 77:4 lga2 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nAfter speaking about God, Asaph speaks to God in verse 4 and then returns to speaking about God. 77:4 kc23 You held my eyes open 0 Alternate translation: “I said to God, ‘You held my eyes open.’” 77:4 bfk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy held my eyes open 0 Open eyes is a metonym for being unable to sleep. Alternate translation: “kept me from sleeping” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 77:5 u2n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism the days of old, about times long past 0 If necessary, “days of old” and “times long past” can be combined. Alternate translation: “about things that happened a very long time ago” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 77:6 i4r9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I called to mind 0 This is an idiom for remembering. Alternate translation: “I remembered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 77:6 kh2e what had happened 0 Another possible meaning is “what was happening.” 77:7 ie4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Will the Lord reject me forever? Will he never again show me favor? 0 These two phrases express feeling rejection from the Lord. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 77:7 gat1 show me favor 0 Alternate translation: “do things that show that he is pleased with me” 77:8 ydt2 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nBecause Asaph was not sure of the answer to these questions, they are probably literal questions and should be translated literally. 77:8 d9gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Was his covenant faithfulness gone forever? 0 Asaph speaks of Yahweh no longer acting faithfully to his covenant as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness had gone away. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Has he stopped being faithful to his covenant forever?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 77:9 q3fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Had God forgotten to be gracious? Had his anger shut off his compassion? 0 These are two expressions stating similar concept of God not showing compassion. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 77:9 qup5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Had his anger shut off his compassion 0 Asaph speaks of anger as if it were a person shutting a door to keep another person, compassion, from coming out, Alternate translation: “Had God stopped showing us compassion because he was angry with us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 77:10 v28j I said 0 This could mean: (1) the psalmist was speaking to himself or (2) the psalmist was speaking to Yahweh. 77:10 m81u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the changing of the right hand of the Most High toward us 0 The “right hand” is a metonym for power, authority or strength. Alternate translation: “the Most High no longer uses his power to help us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 77:11 xb3t General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer begins to speak to Yahweh. 77:11 esp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom call to mind 0 “remember” See how this is translated in [Psalms 74:2](../074/002.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 77:11 ul2k your wonderful deeds of old 0 Alternate translation: “the wonderful things you did long ago” 77:12 br6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet I will ponder all your deeds and will reflect on them. 0 These two phrases express the concept of meditating on what Yahweh has done. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 77:12 vsp7 ponder 0 think deeply about 77:12 ju2f reflect on them 0 Alternate translation: “think of what they mean” 77:13 tr7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion what god compares to our great God? 0 If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “no god compares to our great God.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 77:14 vh9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns revealed your strength among the peoples 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “shown people from many people groups how strong you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 77:15 nc87 gave your people victory & the descendants 0 Alternate translation: “gave us, your people, victory … us who are the descendants” 77:15 cz77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns gave your people victory 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **victory**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “caused your people to be victorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 77:15 ani3 the descendants of Jacob and Joseph 0 This refers to the entire nation of Israel. 77:16 ms5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The waters saw you & they were afraid & the depths trembled 0 Asaph speaks of the water as if it were a person who saw something that terrified him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 77:16 a22h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet the waters saw you, and they were afraid; the depths trembled 0 “water” and “depth” refers to large bodies of water such as the sea or ocean. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 77:16 yh2l depths 0 deepest waters 77:17 cbk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The clouds poured down water 0 Asaph speaks of the clouds as if they were people pouring water out of containers. Alternate translation: “Much rain fell” or “It rained very hard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 77:17 cil6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your arrows flew about 0 This is a metaphor that describes lightning as God’s arrows. Alternate translation: “the lightning you made flashed like arrows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 77:17 x29a flew 0 Use your language’s word for what an arrow does after someone shoots it. 77:18 ks1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification thunderous voice 0 This is personification, referring to the thunder as the voice of God. Alternate translation: “voice, which was as loud as thunder” or “very loud voice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 77:18 nr2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole lightning lit up the world 0 This is an exaggeration to emphasize that the lightning lit up everything the writer could see. Alternate translation: “lightning lit up everything as far as you could see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 77:19 mc1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Your path & your way 0 These two phrases have similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 77:19 xj78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification your footprints 0 Asaph is speaking of Yahweh as if Yahweh was a person with feet. While this is personification, it should be translated literally, if possible. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 77:19 k4y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive your footprints were not seen 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one saw your footprints” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 77:20 iq66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile You led your people like a flock 0 This simile compares God’s people to a flock of animals. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 77:20 w73a by the hand of 0 The phrase “by the hand of” here means “by the action of” or “through the action of.” 77:20 m5wn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche hand 0 Here “hand” is synechdoche for the whole person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 78:intro grf1 0 # Psalm 078 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 78 is a wisdom psalm using Israel’s history. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Israel’s complaining\n\nAlthough God did one miracle after the other, the people of Israel still complained and failed to believe Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])\n\n### Superscription\n\nThis is called a “Maschil.” The word in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 78:1 w9rf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 78:1 n8s4 A maschil 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 78:1 d6i3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Hear my teaching 0 The noun “teaching” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “Hear what I teach” or “Hear me as I teach you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 78:1 eqz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the words of my mouth 0 The word “mouth” represents the person. Alternate translation: “my words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 78:2 h2db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom open my mouth in parables 0 The idiom “open my mouth” means to speak. Alternate translation: “speak in parables” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 78:2 z2j2 sing about 0 “tell.” See how “pours out” is translated in [Psalms 19:2](../019/002.md). 78:2 wp1x hidden things 0 If your language has a word for sayings that are purposely difficult to understand, you might use it here. 78:4 ypn2 We will not keep them from their descendants 0 This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “We will certainly tell our descendants about them” 78:4 n25r the praiseworthy deeds of Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “the things we praise Yahweh for” 78:5 py7k he established 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh established” 78:5 vj5d covenant decrees 0 Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” 78:7 mlc7 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer speaks of the “children” of [Psalms 78:5-6](./005.md). 78:9 m1ru The Ephraimites & day of battle 0 This is possibly a metaphor for not keeping the covenant (verse 10), but it is best to translate literally. 78:9 xu77 The Ephraimites 0 Alternate translation: “The Ephraimite soldiers” 78:9 v8af rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit were armed with bows 0 The soldiers probably also had arrows. Alternate translation: “had bows and arrows for weapons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 78:12 yx1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names land of Zoan 0 This refers to the area around the city of Zoan, which was in Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 78:15 era1 He split 0 Alternate translation: “God split” 78:15 c2kx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole enough to fill the depths of the sea 0 This is probably hyperbole. Alternate translation: “more water than they could possibly drink” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 78:16 sa5m streams 0 small rivers 78:18 tv84 They challenged God 0 They wanted God to prove that he could do what he said he would do before they would believe him. 78:18 ms11 in their hearts 0 Alternate translation: “with their whole hearts” 78:18 x27j to satisfy their appetites 0 Alternate translation: “so they could eat as much as they desired” 78:19 di5n They spoke 0 the Israelites spoke 78:19 gpm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Can God really lay out a table for us in the wilderness? 0 If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “We do not believe that God can really lay out a table for us in the wilderness!” or “God, prove to us that you can really lay out a table for us in the wilderness!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 78:19 ui27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom lay out a table 0 The idiom “lay out a table” means to prepare a table for a meal. Here the word “table” is a metonym for the food on the table. Alternate translation: “provide us with food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 78:20 xnn4 waters gushed out 0 much water came out quickly 78:20 pe8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion But can he give bread also? Will he provide meat for his people? 0 The people are laughing at God to insult him with these questions. Alternate translation: “But we will not believe that he can give us bread also or provide meat for his people until we see him do it.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 78:20 crp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion bread & meat 0 food from plants or food from animals. Though this is a merism for all kinds of food, it is best to translate it literally if possible. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 78:21 fd1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his fire burned against Jacob 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a fire, and of Yahweh acting in anger against Jacob as if that fire burned Jacob. Alternate translation: “his anger was like a fire that burned Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:21 wp71 Jacob 0 This refers to the nation of Israel 78:21 k1pp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification his anger attacked Israel 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh punishing Israel when he was angry as if his anger were a person who attacked Israel. Alternate translation: “because he was angry, he attacked Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 78:22 ze3v did not trust in his salvation 0 Alternate translation: “did not trust him to save them” 78:23 er7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification he commanded the skies 0 Asaph speaks of the skies as if they were a person who could hear and obey God’s commands. Alternate translation: “he spoke to the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 78:23 bs7u skies 0 This could mean: (1) “sky” or (2) “clouds.” 78:23 wx6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor opened the doors of the sky 0 Asaph speaks of the sky as if it were a storeroom with doors. Alternate translation: “opened the sky as if it were a storeroom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:24 mrr5 He rained down manna for them to eat, and gave them the grain from heaven 0 These two lines speak of the same event. 78:24 u9dw He rained down manna 0 Alternate translation: “He caused manna to fall from the sky like rain” 78:25 l158 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the bread of angels 0 This refers to the manna that God provided for the people. The word “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “the same kind of food that angels eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 78:25 a5x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns food in abundance 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **abundance**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “abundant food” or “a large amount of food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 78:26 t8wt He caused 0 Alternate translation: “God caused” 78:27 f33h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He rained down meat on them like dust 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh causing birds to fall from the sky as if the birds were rain that Yahweh caused to fall. He compares the large amount of birds to dust. Alternate translation: “He caused meat to fall from the sky like rain, and there was so much of it that it covered the ground like dust” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 78:27 x2ac meat 0 birds 78:27 mw2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole as numerous as the sands of the sea 0 No one can count the grains of sand. There were more birds than anyone could count, but this is an exaggeration: there were probably not literally the same number of birds as grains of sand. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 78:29 uu98 craved 0 strongly desired 78:31 sne1 Then 0 while the food was still in their mouths ([Psalms 78:31](../078/031.md)) 78:31 pz58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification God’s anger attacked them 0 “God was angry and attacked them.” See how “his anger attacked Israel” is translated in [Psalms 78:21](../078/021.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 78:31 qn52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism brought down 0 This is a euphemism that means he caused them to die. Alternate translation: “killed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 78:32 lg44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy did not believe his wonderful deeds 0 The word “deeds” is a metonym for God, who did the deeds. What they did not believe can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “did not believe that he would take care of them even though he had done such wonderful deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 78:33 k4p9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism cut short their days 0 Here the word “days” refers to a lifetime. The idiom “to cut short … days” means to cause someone to die before they have lived a long life. Alternate translation: “killed them while they were still young” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 78:33 b6nk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their years were filled with terror 0 Asaph speaks of years as if they were containers. Alternate translation: “year after year they were afraid all the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:34 njc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom to seek him 0 to ask him what they needed to do so he would protect them (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 78:34 y7s9 afflicted them, they would & they would return and look 0 These are different people from those whose days God “cut short.” When some of them died, others would “start to seek” God. 78:34 kt48 would return 0 Alternate translation: “would repent” or “would be truly sorry for their sins” 78:34 ut52 look earnestly 0 Alternate translation: “look urgently” or “look as best they could” 78:35 nd5q General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe tells of what the Israelites did. 78:35 g7l1 call to mind 0 “remember.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md). 78:35 lz71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God was their rock 0 The writer speaks about God as if he were a hill or mountain where people could go to be safe from their enemies. Alternate translation: “God was the one who protected them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:35 xc3l their rescuer 0 Alternate translation: “the one who rescued them” 78:36 bh83 flatter him 0 Alternate translation: “tell him he was wonderful when they did not believe it” 78:36 u1ms rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with their mouth 0 The word “mouth” is a metonym for the words they spoke using their mouths. Alternate translation: “by saying what they said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 78:37 dml1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom their hearts were not firmly fixed on him 0 Here “hearts” is a metonym for their thoughts. To be loyal to him is spoken of as being solidly attached to him. Alternate translation: “their thoughts were not focused on him” or “they were not loyal to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 78:38 zr2s forgave their iniquity 0 Alternate translation: “forgave them even though they had done evil deeds” 78:38 x9x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor held back his anger 0 Asaph speaks of God’s anger as if it were an angry person whom God held onto to keep him from attacking the one who had made him angry. Alternate translation: “did not punish them even though he was angry with them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:38 n79l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor did not stir up all his wrath 0 Asaph speaks of God’s wrath as if it were a sleeping person whom God allowed to sleep and did not awaken. Alternate translation: “did not allow himself to become fully angry with them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:39 uw3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom called to mind 0 “remembered.” See how “call to mind” is translated in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 78:39 kj81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy they were made of flesh 0 The word “flesh,” which is weak and then dies, is a metonym for human weakness and death. Alternate translation: “the Israelites were weak and would someday die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 78:40 pfz7 the barren regions 0 Alternate translation: “places where nothing grows” 78:41 e1t4 they challenged God 0 They wanted God to prove that he could do what he said he would do before they would believe him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:18](../078/018.md). 78:42 hig2 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer speaks of how God had rescued the Israelites. 78:43 m414 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Zoan 0 a city in Egypt (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 78:44 f9kn General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer describes what God did. 78:45 k7ba swarms of flies 0 so many flies that it looked like a cloud 78:45 iz2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor that devoured them 0 The flies made the Egyptians almost as unhappy as they would have if they had eaten the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 78:45 bl66 overran their land 0 Alternate translation: “went everywhere in their land” 78:46 ze3g gave their crops to the grasshopper and their labor to the locust 0 Alternate translation: “allowed the grasshoppers to eat all their crops and allowed the locusts to eat everything they had worked hard to produce” 78:46 wy2b grasshopper 0 a plant-eating insect with long legs used for jumping 78:46 w8fu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He gave their crops to the grasshopper 0 Asaph speaks of the crops as a gift that God gave to the grasshoppers. Alternate translation: “He allowed the grasshopper to eat their crops” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:46 n1cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their labor to the locust 0 “he gave their labor to the locust.” Asaph speaks of the people’s labor as if it were a gift that God gave to the grasshoppers. The word “labor” is a metonym for the crops that their labor had produced. Alternate translation: “he allowed the locusts to eat the crops they had worked so hard to produce” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 78:47 kzp7 sycamore 0 a tree that gives fruit 78:48 m24k lightning bolts 0 lightning that makes loud thunder 78:48 w4nt He rained hail 0 Alternate translation: “He brought hail” or “He caused hail to fall” 78:49 jlg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The fierceness of his anger lashed out against them 0 Asaph speaks of God’s fierceness as if it were a person who could attack another person. Alternate translation: “He was angry with them, so he suddenly and fiercely attacked them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 78:49 f8zm The fierceness of his anger 0 Alternate translation: “His fierce anger” 78:49 qct3 lashed out against them 0 Alternate translation: “attacked them when they were not expecting anything to happen” 78:49 eh6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification He sent wrath, fury, and trouble like agents who bring disaster 0 Asaph speaks of wrath, fury, and trouble as though they are people God can send to do his work for him. Alternate translation: “He was so angry that he wanted to harm the Egyptians, so he made trouble for them and brought them to disaster” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 78:49 p12j fury 0 anger that makes someone want to harm others 78:50 fr3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He leveled a path for his anger 0 The psalmist speaks of anger as if it were a person who could walk Yahweh getting ready to punish the people as if he were making a smooth road for a person to walk on. Alternate translation: “He was so angry that he did everything he could to harm them” or “It was as if his anger was an army and he made a smooth road for it to march on” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 78:50 p57t he did not spare them from death 0 Alternate translation: “he did not keep the Egyptians from dying” or “he did not permit the Egyptians to live” 78:50 d3e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor gave them over to the plague 0 Asaph speaks of the plague as if it were a person who was going to harm the Egyptians. Alternate translation: “he made them all very ill with the plague” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 78:51 kng7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the firstborn of their strength 0 This phrase refers to the firstborn males of each family. Alternate translation: “the firstborn males” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 78:51 a3cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the tents of Ham 0 Here the word “tents” is a metonym for families. The word “Ham” refers to Egypt by the name of their ancestor. Alternate translation: “among the families of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 78:52 bep8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like sheep & like a flock 0 The writer speaks about the Israelites as if they were sheep. This means God cared for and protected the people like a shepherd does his sheep. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 78:53 fxw6 overwhelmed 0 completely covered 78:54 bzp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his right hand acquired 0 The words “right hand” are a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “he won for himself using his own power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 78:55 er9f assigned them their inheritance 0 This could mean: (1) God assigned the Israelites their inheritance in the land in which the other nations had once lived or (2) God assigned to the nations he had driven out an inheritance somewhere else. “gave them land that would always be theirs” 78:55 ph3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom in their tents 0 This could mean: (1) he settled Israel in their own tents in the land or (2) he settled Israel in the tents from which he had driven the other nations. Most of these “tents” were actually houses, both when the other nations lived in them and when the Israelites lived in them. Alternate translation: “in their homes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 78:56 be26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet challenged and defied 0 These words mean almost the same thing. The writer uses them both to emphasize that the Israelites did not believe that God would either provide for them or punish evil as he had said he would. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 78:56 n34f challenged 0 They wanted God to prove that he could do what he said he would do before they would believe him. See how you translated this idea in [Psalms 78:18](../078/018.md). 78:56 wzz7 defied 0 refused to obey 78:57 dcj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet were unfaithful and acted treacherously 0 These words mean almost the same thing. The writer uses them both to emphasize that the Israelites did not do for God what they had said they would do. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 78:58 um4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism made him angry with their high places and provoked him to jealous anger with their idols 0 These two phrases are in parallel and have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 78:61 l5jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy He allowed his strength to be captured and gave his glory into the enemy’s hand 0 Asaph speaks of God’s strength and glory as if they were physical objects that people could capture and hold. The words “strength” and “glory” are probably mentonyms for the ark of the covenant. The word “hand” is a metonym for the enemy’s power. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He allowed his enemies to capture the glorious ark of his covenant; he simply gave it to them so they could do whatever they wanted with it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 78:62 j359 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He handed his people over to the sword 0 Asaph speaks of God’s people as if they were a small object God would give as a gift, and of the sword, a metonym for death in war, as if it were a person who could receive a gift. Alternate translation: “He allowed people to kill all his people in war” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 78:62 tj9q he was angry with his heritage 0 Alternate translation: “he was angry with the people he had said would be his forever” 78:63 zrz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Fire devoured their young men 0 This could mean: (1) “The enemy used fire to kill all their young men” or (2) “Their young men died quickly in battle like a fire burns dry grass.” Do not communicate that these people used guns. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:63 fil5 devoured 0 To “devour” is to eat everything very quickly. 78:63 l8nc wedding 0 the celebration when people marry 78:64 t7aj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Their priests fell by the sword 0 Here the word “sword” represents soldiers who fought with swords. The phrase “fell by the sword” is an idiom that means to die in battle. Alternate translation: “Their priests died in battle” or “Enemies killed their priests with swords” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 78:64 zgw6 their widows could not weep 0 This could mean: (1) someone forced the widows not to weep or (2) so many priests died that there was no time for proper funerals. 78:64 cve4 widows 0 women whose husbands have died 78:65 p4ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the Lord awakened as one from sleep 0 The Lord not acting for a period of time is spoken of as if he were asleep, and his beginning to act is spoken of as if he awakened. Alternate translation: “the Lord began to act as if he had awakened from sleep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:65 ny1d like a warrior who shouts because of wine 0 This could mean: (1) like a warrior who had drunk too much wine and has become angry because he was awakened and so wants to fight or (2) like a warrior who drank much wine but is now able to think and fight well because he has slept. 78:67 rr45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the tent of Joseph 0 Here the word “tent” is a metonym for a family. In this phrase it refers to the descendants of Joseph. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Joseph” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 78:67 fzh7 Joseph & Ephraim 0 Ephraim was Joseph’s son. 78:68 as8e Judah & Mount Zion 0 Mount Zion was in the land where the tribe of Judah lived. 78:69 dkr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile He built his sanctuary like the heavens 0 This simile could mean: (1) Yahweh has made his sanctuary as high as the heavens. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary high, like the heavens” or (2) Yahweh has made his sanctuary as permanent as the heavens. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary to last permanently, like the heavens last forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 78:69 bq5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis like the earth 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous line. The writer compares the permanence of Yahweh’s sanctuary to the permanence of the earth. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary to last permanently, like the earth lasts permanently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 78:70 c6qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit from the sheepfolds 0 “from where he was working in the sheepfolds” [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] 78:70 c6y9 sheepfolds 0 spaces with walls around them where sheep are kept safe 78:71 x189 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to be shepherd of Jacob, his people, and of Israel, his heritage 0 The word “shepherd” is a metaphor for one who leads and protects other people. Alternate translation: “to lead and protect the descendants of Jacob, his people, and of Israel, his heritage” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:71 f6sh his heritage 0 “the ones he had chosen to be his forever” See how this is translated in [Psalms 78:62](../078/062.md). 78:72 q2pe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor David shepherded them 0 The word “shepherded” is a metaphor for leading and protecting. Alternate translation: “David led them and protected them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 79:intro k1lh 0 # Psalm 079 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 79 is a deliverance psalm and a prayer for revenge against their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Destruction\n\nJerusalem has been destroyed and its people killed. God should destroy these enemy nations who do not pray to him. 79:1 q2wf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 79:1 yd8b your inheritance 0 “the land that was to be yours forever” See how this is translated in [Psalms 68:9](../068/009.md). 79:3 da6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy They have shed their blood like water 0 The word “blood” is a metonym for innocent life. To shed blood is to kill innocent people. Most people saw water every day, so for blood to be as common as water, many innocent people would have to die. Alternate translation: “They have killed so many innocent people that the blood is everywhere, like water after it rains” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 79:4 ab9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy We have become a reproach for our neighbors, mocking and derision to those who are around us 0 The words “reproach,” “mocking,” and “derision” are metonyms for those whom others reproach, mock, and deride. Alternate translation: “We have become people whom our neighbors reproach; those around us mock and deride us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 79:4 kc2x We have become 0 The pronoun “We” refers to God’s people. 79:4 beg9 derision 0 strong laughter to shame a person 79:5 us3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long will your jealous anger burn like fire? 0 If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems as though your jealous anger will never stop burning like fire.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 79:5 fx6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns will your jealous anger burn 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “angry.” Alternate translation: “will you be jealous and angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 79:5 g11j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile burn like fire 0 This simile compares the expression of God’s anger to a fire that destroys things. Alternate translation: “destroy us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 79:6 dj2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThese two pairs of phrases each share similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 79:6 ez9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Pour out your wrath on the nations 0 Asaph speaks of God’s wrath as if it were a liquid. Alternate translation: “Since you are angry, punish the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 79:6 b6qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy do not call upon your name 0 The word “name” is a metonym for the person’s power and authority. Alternate translation: “do not belong to you” or “do not ask you to help them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 79:7 wy1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy they have devoured Jacob 0 The word “Jacob” is a mentonym for his descendants, the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “they have completely destroyed the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 79:8 l3hg Do not hold the sins of our forefathers against us 0 Alternate translation: “Do not continue to remember the sins of our forefathers and punish us for them” or “Forgive us for the sins of our forefathers” 79:8 wp6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor we are very low 0 The writer speaks of the people being weak and discouraged as if they were in a low position. Alternate translation: “we are very weak” or “we are very discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 79:9 el14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns God of our salvation 0 The word “salvation” can be translated with the verb “save”: “God who saves us.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 79:9 bk3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for the sake of the glory of your name 0 The word “name” is a metonym for his reputation, for what people know about him. Alternate translation: “so that people will know about your glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 79:9 m8z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for your name’s sake 0 God’s name here represents his whole being and the honor that he deserves. Alternate translation: “so that people will honor you” or “for your own sake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 79:10 pgc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why should the nations say, “Where is their God?” 0 If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The nations should not be able to say, ‘Where is their God?’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 79:10 q444 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Where is their God? 0 This taunt can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Their God cannot do anything!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 79:10 syh5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy May the blood of your servants that was shed be avenged on the nations before our eyes 0 To shed blood is a metonym for killing innocent people. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Avenge your innocent servants whom the nations killed where we can see you do it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 79:10 b56d before our eyes 0 Alternate translation: “in our sight” or “while we are present” 79:11 ppy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor May the groans of the prisoners come before you 0 Asaph speaks of the sound made by prisoners in pain and sorrow as if it were a person who appears before a king. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully to the groans of the prisoners and help them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 79:11 ggp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom children of death 0 This is an idiom that refers to people who are condemned to death. Alternate translation: “those who are condemned to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 79:12 mm85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Pay back & the insults & Lord 0 Asaph speaks of the evil deeds that the neighboring countries did against Israel as “insults,” and as if they were physical items. He asks the Lord to count those deeds, and for every one that the neighboring countries committed, he asks the Lord to have someone do seven evil deeds to the neighboring countries. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 79:12 guy1 Pay back 0 Alternate translation: “Return” or “Give back” 79:12 v85q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor into the laps 0 onto their knees and thighs as they are sitting. This is a metaphor for “directly and personally.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 79:13 uf6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor we your people and sheep of your pasture will give you thanks 0 The word “sheep” is a metaphor for helpless people whom a shepherd protects and leads. Alternate translation: “we who are your people, whom you protect and lead, will thank you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 79:13 qt1i tell your praises to all generations 0 Alternate translation: “make sure that all generations to come know all the good things you have done” 79:13 y9ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your praises 0 This represents the things that people will praise them the Lord for. Alternate translation: “continue to praise you for the things that you have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 80:intro lis5 0 # Psalm 080 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 80 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\n\nIsrael’s enemies threaten them. The psalmist asks Yahweh to look down with joy on them, then they will be saved. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nThe author uses an extended metaphor of Israel as a vine planted by God which is being uprooted. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:1 ijk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 80:1 lsl8 For the chief musician 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” See how this is translated in [Psalms 4:1](../004/001.md). 80:1 gk4a set to the Shoshannim 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 45:1](../045/001.md). 80:1 q2t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Shepherd of Israel 0 Asaph is referring to God as the one who leads and protects Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:1 aa1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you who lead Joseph like a flock 0 The word “Joseph” refers to the nation of Israel. Asaph speaks of the people as if they were a flock of sheep that Yahweh, who is the shepherd, leads. Alternate translation: “you who lead the descendants of Joseph as though they were a flock of sheep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:1 zxu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Joseph 0 Here Joseph represents the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 80:1 w585 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit you who sit above the cherubim 0 You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “you who sit on your throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 80:1 qzy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor shine on us 0 Asaph speaks of God as if he were the sun, giving light, a metaphor for moral goodness. Alternate translation: “give us light” or “show us the right way to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:2 k49s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom stir up your power 0 The phrase “stir up” means to “put into action.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 80:3 yn32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor make your face shine on us 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:3 h5vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive and we will be saved 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “and please save us” or “so that you can save us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 80:4 h8am your people 0 Israel 80:5 xu1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You have fed them with the bread of tears and given them tears to drink in great quantities 0 The words “bread of tears” and “tears to drink” are metaphors for continual sadness. Alternate translation: “You have made sure that they are very sad all the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 80:7 m1s6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor make your face shine on us 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 80:3](../080/003.md). Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:7 s2tp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive we will be saved 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will save us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 80:8 wf8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You brought a vine out of Egypt 0 Asaph compares the nation of Israel to a vine made ready to transplant. Alternate translation: “You brought us, like a vine, out of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 80:8 bze6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you drove out nations and transplanted it 0 The psalmist speaks of his people as if they were a plant that Yahweh was transplanting. Alternate translation: “you drove out nations from their land and gave it to us, the vine, and planted us there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:9 da43 You cleared the land for it 0 Alternate translation: “You cleared the land for the vine” 80:9 z9lb it took root 0 Alternate translation: “the vine took root” or “the vine began to grow” 80:9 g1jw filled the land 0 Alternate translation: “its branches covered the land” 80:10 fi6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The mountains were covered with its shade, the cedars of God by its branches 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Its shade covered the mountains, its branches the cedars of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 80:10 bmv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the cedars of God by its branches 0 “and the cedars of God were covered by its branches,” which copies the verb from the previous sentence. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and its branches covered the cedars of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 80:10 rx8y cedars of God 0 This could mean: (1) “the highest cedar trees,” the cedar trees that grew on the “mountains” in the land of Lebanon north of Israel, or (2) “God’s own cedar trees.” 80:11 x87h the sea 0 the Mediterranean Sea to the west of Israel 80:11 rmb1 shoots 0 the parts of new plants that are just starting to grow above the ground 80:12 fi84 its walls 0 walls of stone, not of wood 80:13 pyu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown boars 0 wild pigs that ruin gardens and farms and attack people. If your readers do not know what these are, use the word for a wild animal that ruins gardens and farms and attacks people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 80:13 l9qw forest 0 land where there are many trees 80:13 sl1n beasts 0 wild animals of any kind 80:13 q1bx field 0 land where there are many plants but no trees 80:14 fln7 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nAsaph finishes speaking of Israel in their land as if Israel were a grapevine in a vineyard. 80:14 ifq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Turn back 0 The writer wants God to turn back in order to help them. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Turn back to us” or “Come and help us again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 80:14 z9yp take notice 0 Alternate translation: “look at” 80:14 n1vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor this vine 0 The writer continues comparing the nation of Israel to the vine. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:15 am7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy This is the root that your right hand planted 0 The right hand represents the Yahweh’s power and control. Alternate translation: “This is the root that you, Yahweh, planted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 80:15 zd8b shoot 0 the part of a new plant that is just starting to grow above the ground. See how you translated this in [Psalms 80:11](../080/011.md). 80:16 k41m down; they perish because of your rebuke 0 This could mean: (1) “down; your people perish because of your rebuke.” or (2) “down. May your enemies perish because of your rebuke!” 80:17 rs8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your hand 0 This refers to Yahweh’s power and control. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 80:17 t6vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the man of your right hand 0 the nation of Israel, which Yahweh has chosen as his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 80:17 pxv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom right hand 0 When a man in Israel wanted to honor another man, he would have that other man stand at his right side, close to his right hand. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 80:18 hml7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor we will not turn away from you 0 Here “turn away” is a metaphor for rejecting someone. This can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “we will not stop worshiping and obeying you” or “we will always worship and obey you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:19 sz4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor shine on us 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 80:3](../080/003.md). Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:19 q2fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive we will be saved 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will save us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 81:intro dvt7 0 # Psalm 081 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 81 is a wisdom psalm. It is meant to be sung at “new moon” and “full moon” ceremonies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Obedience\n\nIf Israel would obey and worship God, he would destroy their enemies. 81:1 m6jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 81:1 v66t A psalm of Asaph 0 A psalm that Asaph wrote. 81:1 f39e For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship;” 81:1 mdg7 set to the Gittith 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 8:1](../008/001.md). 81:1 thx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns God our strength 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “strong.” Alternate translation: “God who causes us to be strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 81:1 e6id rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the God of Jacob 0 Here “Jacob” represents all of his descendants. Alternate translation: “the God of Israel, the nation of Jacob’s descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 81:2 ft8a play the tambourine, the pleasant lyre with the harp 0 These are musical instruments. 81:2 cm4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown tambourine 0 a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 81:3 rlg9 the new moon 0 This is the beginning of the lunar month. 81:3 d9nm the day of the full moon 0 This is the middle of the lunar month. 81:3 k5wx when our feast day begins 0 Alternate translation: “and on the days when our feasts begin” 81:4 aq4w For it 0 Here “it” refers to the feast day. 81:4 q9gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive a decree given by the God of Jacob 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the God of Jacob decreed it” or “the God of Jacob commanded it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 81:4 pf9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the God of Jacob 0 Here “Jacob” represents all of his descendants. Alternate translation: “the God of Israel, the nation of Jacob’s descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 81:5 n95q issued it as a regulation 0 Alternate translation: “gave it as a law” 81:5 l2yn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche in Joseph 0 Here “Joseph” represents all of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 81:5 qm81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit when he went against the land of Egypt 0 This refers to the historical events in Egypt when the people of Israel were enslaved and God rescued them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 81:5 i688 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the land of Egypt 0 Here “land” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 81:6 j91r General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nHere God begins speaking. 81:6 wgu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche removed the burden from his shoulder 0 Here “the burden from his shoulder” represents the forced labor the Israelites had to do as slaves in Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 81:6 r64s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his hands were freed from holding the basket 0 Here “holding the basket” represents the forced labor the Israelites had to do as slaves in Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 81:7 hx7m In your distress 0 Alternate translation: “In your great suffering” 81:7 wi77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I answered you from a dark thundercloud 0 When God came to the Israelites, he hid the fullness of his presence and glory in a dark and threatening cloud. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 81:7 u6w7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I tested you at the waters of Meribah 0 God tested the children of Israel to see if they would trust him to supply water in the desert of Meribah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 81:8 d1bd General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh reminds the people what he said while they were in the desert. 81:8 nrg3 for I will warn you 0 Alternate translation: “because I am giving you a warning” 81:8 eir9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Israel 0 Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Israelites” or “people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 81:8 p48d if you would only listen to me! 0 Alternate translation: “how I wish you would listen to me” or “but you must start listening to me!” 81:10 pl1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Open your mouth wide, and I will fill it 0 God taking care of all the needs of the people is spoken of as if he were a mother bird feeding her baby birds. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 81:11 e2fa General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nNow Yahweh tells what actually happened after he warned the people. 81:11 h3st to my words 0 Alternate translation: “to what I said” or “to me” 81:12 h3uc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor So I gave them over to their own stubborn way 0 God allowing the people to remain stubborn is spoken of as if God were giving them over to an enemy to let the enemy harm them. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I let them be stubborn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 81:13 ttu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor oh, that my people would walk in my paths 0 God wanting the people to obey him is spoken of as if he wanted the people to walk on his paths or roads. Alternate translation: “I wish that they would obey my laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 81:14 ex41 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy turn my hand against 0 Here “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “I would destroy” or “I would defeat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 81:15 xkc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person who hate Yahweh & before him 0 Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “who hate me … before me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 81:15 yp2m cringe in fear 0 Alternate translation: “bow down in fear” or “fall down in fear” 81:15 pck7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May they be humiliated forever 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I would humiliate them forever” or “I will punish them forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 81:16 q9k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I would feed Israel with the finest wheat 0 God causing the best wheat to grow in Israel is spoken of as if he would literally feed the wheat to the people. Alternate translation: “I would allow the Israelites to eat the finest wheat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 81:16 ix1f feed Israel & satisfy you 0 Both “Israel” and “you” refer to the Israelites. 81:16 vv42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit honey out of the rock 0 This refers to wild honey. Bees would build hives in the holes in rocks and make the honey there. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 82:intro a4le 0 # Psalm 082 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 82 is a psalm of judgment against the leaders of the other nations. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Favoritism\n\nThe leaders of the nations need to protect the poor and needy and not to favor the evil rich people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metonymy\n\nThe leaders of the nations are represented by their gods. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) 82:1 why9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 82:1 c9rs the divine assembly 0 Alternate translation: “the heavenly council” or “the meeting in heaven” 82:1 xb2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he renders judgment 0 “he gives judgment.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “he judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 82:1 x4p7 the gods 0 This could mean: (1) these are other spiritual beings who dwell in heaven. Alternate translation: “the divine beings” or “the heavenly judges” or (2) these are human judges that God has appointed. Either way, it does not mean they are gods like Yahweh is god. It means God has given them great power and authority. Alternate translation: “the rulers” 82:2 h4lp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long will you judge unjustly and show favoritism to the wicked? 0 Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the gods for not judging people fairly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 82:3 k9hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj poor & fatherless & afflicted & destitute 0 These words are nominal adjectives. They can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are poor … those who are fatherless … those who are afflicted … those who are destitute” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 82:3 a8r9 maintain the rights of the 0 Alternate translation: “do what is right for the” 82:4 f1ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj poor & needy & wicked 0 These are all nominal adjectives. They can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are poor … those who are needy … those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 82:4 x9up rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy take them out of the hand of the wicked 0 Here the word “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “stop the wicked people from harming them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 82:5 c2bz They neither 0 This could mean: (1) “they” refers to the gods or (2) “they” refers to the wicked people. 82:5 ar42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they wander around in the darkness 0 Doing what is evil is spoken of as if they were walking in a very dark place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 82:5 r4ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor all the foundations of the earth crumble 0 The gods corrupting the moral order that Yahweh established is spoken of as if the gods were shaking the earth and making it fall apart. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 82:5 l1x8 crumble 0 fall apart 82:6 ie8b You are gods, and all of you sons of the Most High 0 Here “gods” refers to the same group as in [Psalms 82:1](../082/001.md). Whether this refers to spiritual beings or human beings, they are not gods like Yahweh is God, and they are not literally his sons. By calling them “gods” and “sons of the Most High,” Yahweh is acknowledging that he has given them great power and authority. 82:6 nch3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person sons of the Most High 0 Yahweh is speaking about himself as “the Most High.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 82:7 b7ra Nevertheless you 0 Alternate translation: “However you” 82:7 h2cu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and fall 0 This is a way of speaking of a person dying. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 82:8 rpl1 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer is speaking again. 82:8 acl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy judge the earth 0 Here “earth” represents the people. Alternate translation: “judge the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 82:8 lz8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for you have an inheritance in all the nations 0 “for all the nations are your inheritance.” Yahweh taking all the people as his own and ruling over them is spoken of as if the nations were a possession that he inherited. Alternate translation: “for you rule over all the people of every nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 82:8 j3wm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all the nations 0 Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 83:intro kij7 0 # Psalm 083 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 83 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for deliverance from the many nations allied against Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Destruction\n\nGod should destroy these enemy nations like he destroyed Israel’s enemies during the time of the Judges. 83:1 iiq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 83:1 c7u9 remain unmoved 0 Alternate translation: “do nothing to help us” 83:2 rq2g Look, your enemies are making a commotion 0 Here “making a commotion” means they are rioting and rebelling. Alternate translation: “Look, your enemies are rebelling against you” 83:2 bzq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom those who hate you have raised their heads 0 The phrase “raised their heads” is way of saying they are rebelling against God. Alternate translation: “those who hate you are defying you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 83:3 h1c2 your protected ones 0 “those whom you protect.” This refers to the Israelites. 83:4 fk1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the name of Israel will no longer be remembered 0 Here “name” represents a reputation or the memory of someone. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will ever remember the Israelites existed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 83:5 ygx6 They schemed together with one strategy 0 Alternate translation: “Your enemies have agreed together with one plan” 83:5 nn8v they made an alliance against you 0 Alternate translation: “they have joined together against you” 83:6 nv9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the tents of Edom 0 This refers to the people of Edom who lived in tents. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 83:6 mn94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Hagrites 0 This is the name of a people group that lived on the east side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 83:7 sfe5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Gebal, Ammon, Amalek & Philistia 0 These all represent the people of each area or tribe. Alternate translation: “the people of Gebal, the Ammonites, the Amalekites … the Philistines” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 83:7 t9lx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Gebal 0 This is the name of a region south of the Dead Sea. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 83:8 fx46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Assyria 0 This represents the people of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the people of Assyria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 83:8 h5ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy they have become an arm for the descendants of Lot 0 Here “arm” is a metonym that represents “help.” Alternate translation: “they have become a help for the descendants of Lot” or “they are helping the descendants of Lot” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 83:8 tdc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the descendants of Lot 0 This refers to the people of the nations of Moab and Ammon. You can make clear the understood information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 83:9 urp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Do to them as you did to Midian & Sisera and to Jabin 0 The writer is asking God to defeat Israel’s enemies as he has done in the past. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 83:9 htz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy did to Midian 0 Here “Midian” represents the people of Midian. Alternate translation: “did to the Midianites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 83:9 ic8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Sisera & Jabin 0 These are names of men. Jabin was king of Hazor. Sisera was the commander of Jabin’s army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 83:9 ed1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Kishon River 0 This is the name of a river in northern Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 83:10 m286 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Endor 0 This is the name of a town in northern Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 83:10 brp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile became like manure for the earth 0 This means the bodies of Sisera and Jabin were not buried but were left to rot. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 83:11 d9z1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Oreb & Zeeb & Zebah & Zalmunna 0 These are all names of kings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 83:12 iu21 They said 0 Here “They” refers to Oreb, Zeeb, Zebah and Zalmunna. 83:12 umg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the pastures of God 0 This speaks about the land of Israel as if it were land for sheep to graze and God were the shepherd watching over it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 83:13 uun3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer uses similes to describe God’s total destruction of Israel’s enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 83:13 f5ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile make them like the whirling dust, like chaff before the wind 0 Both statements speak of God destroying his enemies as if he were a strong wind easily blowing them away. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 83:14 j9u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like the fire that burns the forest, and like the flame that sets the mountains on fire 0 Both statements speak of God’s punishment as if it were a fire, and the enemies of God are things that burn in the fire. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 83:15 ax1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Chase them with your strong wind, and terrify them with your windstorm 0 Both statements ask God to destroy the enemies with storms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 83:16 c54c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Fill their faces with shame 0 Here “faces” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Make them very ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 83:16 q834 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy they might seek your name 0 Here “name” represents God’s power. God’s enemies acknowledging that God is powerful is spoken of as if they are seeking to find Yahweh. Alternate translation: “they might acknowledge that you are powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 83:16 rq63 seek your name 0 This could mean: (1) God’s enemies admit that God is powerful or (2) God’s enemies are asking God for help or (3) God’s enemies start to worship and obey him. 83:17 q6j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May they be put to shame and be terrified forever 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Make them ashamed and terrified forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 83:17 l9px may they perish in disgrace 0 Alternate translation: “may they die while they are ashamed” 83:18 y45v Then they will know 0 This can also be stated as the writer making a request to God. Alternate translation: “Cause them to know” 83:18 tw1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are the Most High over all the earth 0 God ruling over everything in the earth is spoken of as if he were elevated higher than everything else. Alternate translation: “are supreme, and you rule all things on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 84:intro mf13 0 # Psalm 084 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 84 is a worship psalm.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Obedience\n\nGod blesses all who want to obey him. Praising God in his temple is better than anything else. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])\n\n### Similarity to Psalm 42-43\n\nThere are many similarities between these psalms and some scholars suggest they were written by the same people. 84:1 mkj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 84:1 wu9e For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 84:1 yxs9 set to the Gittith 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 8:1](../008/001.md). 84:1 yte3 How lovely 0 Alternate translation: “How beautiful” 84:2 ueb8 I long for the courts of Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “I really want to be in the courts of Yahweh” 84:2 fp2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the courts of Yahweh 0 Here “courts” represent the temple. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 84:2 dw38 my desire for it has made me exhausted 0 Alternate translation: “my desire has exhausted me” or “I am tired because I want it so much” 84:2 jf7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My heart and all of my being call out 0 Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I call out with all of my being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 84:2 ctf7 the living God 0 This means God is living and he also has the power to cause other things to live. 84:3 c9d8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown sparrow & swallow 0 These are types of birds. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 84:3 y2c8 found her a house 0 Alternate translation: “found her a home” or “made her a home” 84:3 pqi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the swallow a nest 0 Here the words “has found” or “has made” are understood. Alternate translation: “the swallow has found a nest” or “the swallow has made a nest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 84:3 xwe2 where she may lay her young 0 Alternate translation: “where she may lay her eggs and care for her babies” 84:4 c9r1 they who live in your house 0 This could mean: (1) “they” refers to the priests who permanently serve at the temple or (2) “they” refers to people in general who come and worship at the temple. 84:4 rs8w praise you continually 0 Alternate translation: “keep praising you again and again” 84:5 nkn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun Blessed is the man 0 Here “man” refers to people in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 84:5 pd3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor whose strength is in you 0 God is spoken of as if strength was actually found in him. Alternate translation: “whom you strengthen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 84:5 kb9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in whose heart are the highways up to Zion 0 This expression is about heart-felt desire. Alternate translation: “Who love to go up to Zion” or “Who earnestly wish go up to Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 84:5 lwg6 highways 0 roads built higher than the surrounding ground 84:5 spb2 up to Zion 0 The temple was in Jerusalem on the top of the highest hill, called Mount Zion. 84:6 jep9 the Valley of Tears 0 This refers to a dry, arid place. Some Bible versions have “the Valley of Baca.” The word “Baca” means “weeping.” 84:6 p6ml The early rains 0 This means the rain that falls in autumn before the cold season. This is during the months of October and November on Western calendars. 84:6 hln3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy blessings 0 Here the word “blessings” is a metonym for the pools of water that make people who live in dry lands happy. Alternate translation: “pools of water that make them happy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 84:7 w1gb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom They go from strength to strength 0 This is a way of saying they get stronger. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 84:7 jnf4 They go 0 Here “They” refers to those who strongly desire to go to the temple to worship God. 84:9 jrd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God, watch over our shield 0 The king who protects his people is spoken of as if he were a shield. Alternate translation: “God, watch over our king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 84:10 r2ll rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis For one day in your courts is better than a thousand elsewhere 0 This can be stated with the understood information. Alternate translation: “I would rather be in your courts for one day than to be somewhere else for a thousand days” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 84:10 k1rk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers a thousand 0 “1,000” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 84:10 ih7r be a doorkeeper 0 Alternate translation: “be a guard at the door” or “stand at the door” 84:10 rz91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “wicked people” or “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 84:11 d9l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For Yahweh God is our sun and shield 0 Yahweh who guides and protects his people is spoken of as if he were the sun and a shield. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh God guides us like the light from the sun, and he protects us like a shield” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 84:11 ge8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Yahweh will give grace and glory 0 The abstract nouns “grace” and “glory” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be kind to us and honor us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 84:11 tv3q who walk in integrity 0 The way a person conducts their lives or behaves is spoken of as if the person were walking. Alternate translation: “who live honestly” or “who are honest” 84:12 tfi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun blessed is the man 0 Here “man” means people in general. Alternate translation: “blessed are those” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 85:intro vtd4 0 # Psalm 085 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 85 is a worship psalm.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Blessings\n\nGod has given so many blessings. If the people stop their sinning, then the land will be filled by the glory of God and his blessings. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])\n\n### Group Prayer\n\nNote how this psalm uses the plural to show that it is a group praying. 85:1 d8a7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 85:1 h493 For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 85:1 iym4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you have showed favor to your land 0 Here “land” represents the nation and people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 85:1 p2e2 well-being 0 This refers to a person being happy, healthy and prosperous. 85:1 hjx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche of Jacob 0 Here “Jacob” represents Jacob’s descendents, the Israelites. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 85:2 bm36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have covered all their sin 0 Here sin that is forgiven is spoken of as if it were covered so that it can not be seen. Alternate translation: “you have deliberately forgotten their sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 85:2 zdx5 their sin 0 This writer thought of himself as belonging to God’s people. Alternate translation: “our sin” 85:3 n2va rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You have withdrawn all your wrath 0 God no longer punishing the Israelites is spoken of as if wrath were an object that Yahweh could take away from the Israelites. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 85:3 eh2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have turned back from your hot anger 0 God no longer being angry with the Israelites is spoken of as if anger were a fire that God from which God turned away. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 85:4 r347 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns God of our salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “God who saves us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 85:4 u4ty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor let go of your displeasure with us 0 Asking God to stop being angry with the Israelites is spoken of as if displeasure were an object the writer wants God to let go of. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 85:5 b6ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will you be angry with us forever? Will you remain angry throughout future generations? 0 The writer uses these questions to emphasize that he is requesting God to stop being angry with them. These rhetorical questions can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please do not stay angry at us forever.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 85:6 fc4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will you not revive us again? 0 The writer uses a question to emphasize his request to God to make the people of Israel prosper and happy again. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please make us prosper again.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 85:7 am5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Show us your covenant faithfulness 0 If the sentence is rearranged, the ideas in If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **covenant faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with the phrase “faithful to your covenant.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 85:7 u94q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns grant us your salvation 0 This is how the writer wants God to show his faithfulness to his people. If the sentence is rearranged, the ideas in If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “and save us” or “by saving us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 85:8 f1q2 make peace with his people 0 Alternate translation: “have a peaceful relationship with his people” or “bring peace to his people” 85:8 mt5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yet they must not turn again to foolish ways 0 A person changing the way he behaves is spoken of as if he were physically turning to a different direction. Alternate translation: “Yet they must not start doing foolish things again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 85:9 q85w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Surely his salvation is near to those 0 God being ready to save someone is spoken of as if salvation were an object that God has placed near someone. Alternate translation: “Surely God is ready to save those” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 85:9 w9na rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy then glory will remain in our land 0 Here “glory” represents God’s presence. Alternate translation: “then his glorious presence will remain in our land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 85:10 r9mp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness have met together 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” are spoken of as if they were persons who meet together. This could mean: (1) God has been faithful because of his covenant and has done what he promised to do. Alternate translation: “God has been faithful to his covenant and has proven that he is worthy of people trusting him” or (2) God has been faithful because of his covenant and the people have responded by being faithful to him. Alternate translation: “God has been faithful to his covenant and people have responded by trusting him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 85:10 vxd4 have met together & have kissed each other 0 Most likely the speaker is describing a time in the future when God causes the people to prosper again. Alternate translation: “will meet together … will kiss each other” 85:10 ilq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns righteousness and peace have kissed each other 0 This could mean: (1) the people will do what is right and God will cause the people to live in peace or (2) God will do what is right and will cause the people to live in peace. Either way righteousness and peace are abstract nouns and are spoken of as if they were persons who kiss each other. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 85:10 pbn4 kissed each other 0 This was a common way for friends to greet each other. 85:11 y3gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Trustworthiness springs up from the ground 0 The people on earth being faithful to God is spoken of as if trustworthiness were a plant growing out of the ground. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trustworthiness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “loyal.” Alternate translation: “Here on earth, we will be loyal to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 85:11 uw31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns righteousness looks down from the sky 0 The word “righteousness” is an abstract noun, and it is spoken of as a person looking down as God does. Alternate translation: “God will look on us from heaven and will act justly towards us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 85:13 bxa8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Righteousness will go before him and make a way for his footsteps 0 God doing what is right everywhere he goes is spoken of as if righteousness were a person who goes ahead of God and prepares a path for God to walk. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 85:13 b458 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his footsteps 0 Here “footsteps” represents where God walks. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 86:intro yms3 0 # Psalm 086 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 86 is a deliverance psalm. He is praying for deliverance from his many enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\n\nGod has blessed the psalmist and is so loving to him. He has been one of God’s servants. Now he needs God to save him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 86:1 ss24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 86:1 j7gt poor and needy 0 Alternate translation: “weak and needy” 86:2 b1gx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person save your servant 0 David refers to himself as “your servant,” that is, God’s servant. Alternate translation: “save me, your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 86:3 xel4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole all day long 0 This is an exaggeration. David cries out continually, but not literally at all times from dawn to dusk. Alternate translation: “continually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 86:4 fc6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Make your servant glad 0 David refers to himself as “your servant,” that is, God’s servant. Alternate translation: “Make me, your servant” or “Make me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 86:7 mlm4 In the day of my trouble 0 Alternate translation: “During my times of difficulty” 86:7 xp82 I call on you 0 Alternate translation: “I pray to you” 86:8 ey46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit among the gods 0 The writer is not acknowledging these other gods exist. He is referring to false gods that people from other nations worship. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 86:9 nvl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy All the nations 0 Here “the nations” represent the people. Alternate translation: “The people from all nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 86:9 hb9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy They will honor your name 0 Here “name” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “They will honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 86:10 ide9 wonderful things 0 Alternate translation: “very good things that amaze me” 86:10 qsw4 you only are God 0 Alternate translation: “you are the only God” 86:11 sa8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Teach me your ways, Yahweh. Then I will walk in your truth 0 A person who obeys what God wants is spoken of as if he were walking on God’s way or road. Alternate translation: “Teach me your truth, Yahweh. Then I will obey what you say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 86:11 up7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Unite my heart to reverence you 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts, emotions, and motives. Asking God to cause a person to respect him completely is spoken of as if the person’s heart were in many pieces and that God unites them together. Alternate translation: “Cause me to respect you sincerely with all my heart” or “Cause me to respect you sincerely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 86:12 ln3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will praise you with my whole heart 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts, emotions, and motives. Alternate translation: “I will praise you completely and sincerely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 86:12 r58p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will glorify your name 0 Here “name” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will glorify you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 86:13 pa7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns For great is your covenant faithfulness toward me 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “For you are very faithful to me because of your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 86:13 m9g3 you have rescued my life from the depths of Sheol 0 This does not mean God brought him back to life after he died. It means God saved him when he was about to die. 86:14 dx52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the arrogant 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “arrogant people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 86:14 ih3b have risen up against me 0 Alternate translation: “are coming together to harm me” 86:14 tb73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom seek my life 0 This is a way of saying they want to kill him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 86:15 l91z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and abundant in covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness 0 God constantly being faithful and trustworthy is spoken of as if faithfulness and trustworthiness were objects of which God has a large quantity. The two abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “always faithful to your covenant and very worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 86:16 rlz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Turn toward me 0 Asking God to consider him is spoken of as if he wanted God to turn and look at him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 86:16 ha4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns give your strength to your servant 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with a verb or an adjective. Alternate translation: “strengthen your servant” or “make your servant strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 86:16 r4fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person your servant & the son of your servant woman 0 The writer is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 86:17 ja63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive be put to shame 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 87:intro l8z3 0 # Psalm 087 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 87 is a psalm about Jerusalem.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Pride\n\nPeople will be proud to have been born in Jerusalem.\n\n### Psalms about Jerusalem\n\nPsalm 46, 48, and 76 are part of a group of psalms that celebrate Jerusalem. 87:1 pr6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 87:2 mz5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche gates of Zion 0 Here “gates of Zion” represents the entire city of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “city of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 87:2 tah3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all the tents of Jacob 0 The people lived in tents while they wandered in the desert. Here the writer uses “tents of Jacob” to represent where the Israelites live now. Alternate translation: “any of the other dwelling places of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 87:3 hrr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe Glorious things are said of you, city of God 0 The writer speaks to the city of Jerusalem as if it were listening to him. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You people in Jerusalem, other people say wonderful things about your city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 87:4 mkk9 I mention 0 “I tell about.” Here “I” refers to Yahweh. 87:4 x63j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Rahab and Babylon 0 Here “Rahab” is a poetic way of referring to Egypt. Both “Rahab” and “Babylon” represent the people. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt and Babylon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 87:4 x7tc to my followers 0 Alternate translation: “to those who worship me” 87:4 qzf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor This one was born there 0 “This one” refers to the people from the nations that the writer mentions. Although they were not physically born in Zion, those who follow God are natives of Jerusalem spiritually. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 87:5 uer3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Of Zion it will be said 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will say about Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 87:5 bqs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Each of these was born in her 0 People from other nations that worship Yahweh are spoken of as if they were born in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “It is as though all of these people were born in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 87:5 qxn4 in her 0 It was common to refer to cities as “her.” Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” or “in Zion” 87:5 zdf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns the Most High himself 0 The writer uses the reflexive pronoun “himself” to emphasize that it is the Most High who is doing this. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 87:5 mx5t will establish her 0 Alternate translation: “will make Jerusalem strong” 87:6 p3jr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh writes in the census book of the nations 0 Yahweh acknowledging that the people from other nations belong to him is spoken of as if he were a king writing down the names of the people who live in his city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 87:6 wgv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor This one was born there 0 “This one” refers to the people from the nations that the writer mentions. Although they were not physically born in Zion, those who follow God are natives of Jerusalem spiritually. See how you translated this in [Psalms 87:4](../087/004.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 87:7 q7a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor All my fountains are in you 0 Jerusalem being a place where people receive all their blessings is spoken of as if Jerusalem were a spring that provided water to the people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:intro w2mk 0 # Psalm 088 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 88 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Abandon\n\nEver since he was a child, the psalmist has been sick, and now all his friends have abandoned him. If he dies he cannot testify about God’s healing. 88:1 vi6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 88:1 d8eg A song, a psalm of the sons of Korah 0 Alternate translation: “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote” 88:1 qm8l for the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “this is for the director of music to use in worship” 88:1 f9te rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate set to the Mahalath Leannoth style 0 This may refer to a style of music. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) 88:1 i9mw A maschil 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 88:1 l37h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Heman 0 This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 88:1 w1cg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns God of my salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “you are the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 88:1 hj2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism day and night 0 The writer uses these words with opposite meanings to say that he cries out continually. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 88:3 j9c1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For I am filled with troubles 0 The writer speaks of himself as if he were a container and troubles are the contents that fill the container. Alternate translation: “For I am very troubled” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:3 tee7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my life has reached Sheol 0 Here “life” represents the writer. And “Sheol” represents death. The writer speaks about himself possibly dying soon as if Sheol were a place and he has arrived at that place. Alternate translation: “I am about to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:4 xl1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy People treat me like those who go down into the pit 0 The word “pit” means the same as “Sheol.” The phrase “go down into the pit” represents dying. Alternate translation: “people treat me like I have already died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 88:5 yvx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am abandoned among the dead 0 People treating the writer as if he were already dead is spoken of as if he were a corpse that they left unburied. Alternate translation: I am left alone as if I were dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:5 yw6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I am like the dead who lie in the grave 0 The writer feeling like people and God have abandoned him speaks about himself as if he were already a dead person lying in a grave. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 88:5 hf3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the dead who lie 0 The nominal adjective “the dead” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “a dead person who lies” or “dead people who lie” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 88:5 khp3 about whom you care no more 0 Alternate translation: “who no longer receive your care” or “people you have stopped caring about” 88:5 wf13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they are cut off from your power 0 God no longer using his power to help dead people is spoken of as if God literally cut him off or removed him from his power. Alternate translation: “you no longer use your power to help them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:6 z7j5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You place me in the lowest part of the pit, in the dark and deep places 0 The writer feeling like God has abandoned him speaks about himself as if God has put the him in the deepest and darkest grave. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:7 b6u3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your wrath lies heavy on me 0 This speaks about God being very angry with the writer as if God’s wrath were a heavy object lying on top of the writer. Alternate translation: “I feel your great anger” or “I feel how very angry you are with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:7 te8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor all your waves crash over me 0 This speaks about God being very angry with the writer as if God’s anger were large waves rising up from the sea then landing on the writer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:8 vss9 my acquaintances 0 Alternate translation: “those who know me” 88:8 vb5j You have made me a shocking sight to them 0 Alternate translation: “You have made me a disgusting sight to them” or “Because of you, they are shocked when they see me” 88:8 ezj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am hemmed in 0 The writer’s physical condition that makes him repulsive to his friends is spoken of as if he were in closed into a confining space. Alternate translation: “It is as though I were in a prison” or “I am trapped” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:9 k5hb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy My eyes grow weary from trouble 0 Here “eyes” represents a person’s ability to see. For his eyes to grow weary from trouble is a way of saying that he his troubles cause him to cry so much that it is hard for him to see. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 88:9 af1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction I spread out my hands to you 0 “I lift up my hands to you.” This is an action that shows that he totally depends on God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 88:10 q775 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will you do wonders for the dead? 0 The writer uses a question to emphasize that if God lets him die then God will no longer be able to do wonderful things for him. Alternate translation: “You do not do wonders for dead people.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 88:10 nv8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will those who have died rise and praise you? 0 The writer uses a question to emphasize that if God lets him die then he will not be able to praise God any longer. Alternate translation: “You know that those who have died will not stand up and praise you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 88:11 a7rt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Will your covenant faithfulness be proclaimed in the grave, your loyalty in the place of the dead? 0 Both questions mean the same thing. The writer uses questions to emphasize that a dead person is not able to praise God’s faithfulness. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “loyalty” can be translated as adjectives. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Nobody will proclaim your covenant faithfulness or loyalty from the grave.” or “Nobody will proclaim from the grave that you are faithful to your covenant and loyal to your people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 88:11 pt2z the grave & the place of the dead 0 These represent the place where people go after they die. 88:11 vbv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis your loyalty in the place of the dead? 0 This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “Will your loyalty be proclaimed in the place of the dead?” or “Those who are dead will not proclaim your loyalty.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 88:12 ec9z in the darkness & the place of forgetfulness 0 These represent the place where people go after they die. 88:12 lf46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Will your wonderful deeds be known in the darkness, or your righteousness in the place of forgetfulness? 0 Both questions mean the same thing. The writer uses questions to emphasize that those who are dead are not able to experience or proclaim the great things God does. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will not talk about your wonderful deeds and righteousness in the dark place of the forgotten dead.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 88:12 u1h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis or your righteousness in the place of forgetfulness? 0 This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “Will your righteousness be known in the place of forgetfulness?” or “Those who are in the place of forgetfulness will not know about the righteous things you do.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 88:13 tle5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my prayer comes before you 0 The writer praying to Yahweh is spoken of as if the prayer itself goes to speak with Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:14 wg44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Why do you hide your face from me? 0 This speaks of the writer feeling like God has rejected or abandoned him as if God were hiding his face or physically turning away from the writer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:16 q3hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your angry actions have passed over me 0 This speaks of God punishing the writer as if God’s actions are a large wave rising out of the sea that fall on and crush the writer. Alternate translation: “It is as if your angry actions crush me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:16 e9zd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole your terrifying deeds have annihilated me 0 This exaggeration speaks about God punishing the writer as if God has completely destroyed the writer. Alternate translation: “the terrifying things you do have destroyed me” or “the terrifying things you do have almost destroyed me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 88:17 z4t8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile They surround me like water all the day long 0 The writer compares God’s “angry actions” and “terrifying deeds” to a flood of water. Alternate translation: “All day long they threaten to destroy me like a flood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 88:17 e9s9 They 0 The word “They” refers to God’s “angry actions” and “terrifying deeds” from the previous verse. 88:17 qva9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they have all encircled me 0 The writer speaks of God’s “angry actions” and “terrifying deeds” as if they were enemies who were trying to capture and kill him. Alternate translation: “they have surrounded me like enemy soldiers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:18 x6gd every friend and acquaintance 0 Alternate translation: “every person I love and know” 88:18 pnc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification My only acquaintance is the darkness 0 This speaks about darkness as if it were a person that could be friends with someone else. The writer is emphasizing that he feels completely alone. Alternate translation: “Everywhere I go it is dark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 89:intro aw17 0 # Psalm 089 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 89 is a worship and a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s promises\n\nGod is mighty and has promised David an eternal kingdom. But now that kingdom is being destroyed. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])\n\n### Parallelism\n\nThis psalm exhibits the kind of parallelism where the second line often emphasizes the first line. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 89:1 knd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 89:1 mu2k A maschil 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 89:1 dqe7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ethan 0 This is the name of the writer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 89:1 sv5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns acts of covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “faithful acts” or “loving acts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 89:2 pbm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Covenant faithfulness has been established forever 0 God always doing what he promised to do is spoken of as if his faithfulness were a building that God has built and made firm. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You will always be faithful because of your covenant with us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 89:2 hn1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your truthfulness you have established in the heavens 0 God always doing what he promised to do is spoken of as if his faithfulness were a building that God has built and made firm. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:2 l9ik in the heavens 0 This could mean: (1) this refers to God’s dwelling place. This would mean God rules from heaven and he always does what he promises or (2) this refers to the sky. This would mean that God’s promises are as constant and permanent as the sky . 89:3 d13j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I have made a covenant with my chosen one 0 You can make explicit that “chosen one” refers to David. Alternate translation: “I made a promise to David, the one I chose” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 89:3 y54c I have made 0 Yahweh is speaking in 89:3-4. 89:4 yr1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will establish your descendants forever 0 Yahweh always causing one of David’s descendants to be king is spoken of as if David’s descendants are a building that Yahweh will build and make firm. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:4 p2z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will establish your throne through all generations 0 Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. The psalmist speaks of God promising that one of David’s descendants will always rule as king as if God will build David’s throne and make it firm. Alternate translation: “I will make sure that one of your descendants will rule as king over every generation of my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:5 m81y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The heavens praise 0 Here “heavens” represents those who are in heaven. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:5 e553 praise your wonders, Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “praise you, Yahweh, because of the wonderful things you do” 89:5 gs3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive your truthfulness is praised in the assembly of the holy ones 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **truthfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “you always do what you promise to do.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The assembly of the holy ones praises you because you always do what you promise to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 89:5 g9qz the assembly of the holy ones 0 This refers to the angels in heaven. 89:6 c358 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism For who in the skies can be compared to Yahweh? Who among the sons of the gods is like Yahweh? 0 Both questions mean the same thing. The writer is using question to emphasize that there in no one in heaven like Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 89:6 vj1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom sons of the gods 0 Here “sons of” means having the characteristics of. This is a way of referring to other spiritual beings that live in heaven. Alternate translation: “angels” or “divine beings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 89:7 rgy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive He is a God who is greatly honored in the council of the holy ones 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The council of the holy ones greatly honors God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 89:7 vtz8 the council of the holy ones 0 Alternate translation: “the gathering of heavenly beings” or “the gathering of angels” 89:8 cs88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion who is strong like you, Yahweh? 0 The writer asks the question to emphasize there is no one as strong as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 89:8 niz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your truthfulness surrounds you 0 Yahweh always dong what he promises to do is spoken of as if his truthfulness were a cloak or garment that wraps around him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:9 t34l You rule the raging sea 0 Alternate translation: “You control the raging sea” 89:10 q99x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit You crushed Rahab as one who is killed 0 The word “Rahab” here refers to a monster of the sea. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 89:10 uhp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with your strong arm 0 Here “arm” represents power. Alternate translation: “with your great power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:12 di8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism the north and the south 0 The writer uses the words “north” and “south” together to mean that God created everything everywhere. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 89:12 y2hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Tabor and Hermon rejoice in your name 0 Tabor is a mountain southwest of the sea of Galilee and Hermon is a mountain northeast of the sea of Galilee. The writer describes these mountains as if they were persons who could rejoice. Alternate translation: “It is as if Mount Tabor and Mount Hermon were rejoicing in your name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 89:12 b76n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in your name 0 Here “name” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:13 j9ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy You have a mighty arm and a strong hand, and your right hand is high 0 The words “mighty arm,” “strong hand,” and “right hand” all represent God’s power. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:13 ldw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction right hand is high 0 To raise the right hand high into the air is a gesture that indicates power. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 89:14 hyu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Righteousness and justice are the foundation of your throne 0 God ruling as king and doing what is right and just is spoken of as if God’s throne were a building, and righteousness and justice were its foundation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:14 w4d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your throne 0 The throne represents God’s rule as king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:14 x3in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness come before you 0 God always being faithful and doing what he promises to do is spoken of as if covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness come and meet with God. The abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “You are always faithful to your covenant and are worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:15 a8ms rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit who worship you 0 Here the word “worship” implies shouting and blowing horns. These were common acts of worship during Israelite festivals. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 89:15 p2gi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they walk 0 Here people living their lives is spoken of as if they were walking. Alternate translation: “they live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:15 v1rr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the light of your face 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “knowing that you act favorably towards them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:16 j2hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in your name 0 Here “name” represents the person. Alternate translation: “in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:16 uz6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in your righteousness they exalt you 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **righteousness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “they exalt you because you always do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 89:17 f1h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns You are their majestic strength 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **strength**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “You make them wonderfully strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 89:17 w9hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit You are their 0 Here “their” refers to the Israelites. The writer would have included himself as a member of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “You are our” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 89:17 t45a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive we are victorious 0 Here “we” refers to the writer and the Israelites but not to Yahweh, to whom he speaks. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 89:18 nu6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For our shield belongs to Yahweh 0 The king who protects his people and whom Yahweh chose is spoken of as if he were a shield that belongs to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:19 e2wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer assumes that the reader knows the history of how David became the chosen king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 89:19 erw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction I have set a crown on a mighty one 0 To place a crown on a person’s head is a sign of making him king. Alternate translation: “I have made a mighty man king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 89:19 fxq4 set a crown on a mighty one 0 Some Bible translations have “given strength to a mighty one” or “helped a mighty one.” 89:19 ss27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I have raised up one chosen from among the people 0 Here “raised up” means appointed. It is implied that God chose this person to be king. Alternate translation: “I have chosen one from among the people to be king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 89:20 nkd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction with my holy oil have I anointed him 0 Here to pour oil on someone’s head is a sign that God is appointing the person to be king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 89:21 u6uc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy My hand will support him; my arm will strengthen him 0 Here “hand” and “arm” both means the power and control of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will support him and make him strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 89:22 h3tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy son of wickedness 0 The writer refers to those who have the nature or character of wickedness as “sons of wickedness.” Alternate translation: “wicked person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:24 x8f4 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues speaking about David. 89:24 v3cj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My truth and my covenant faithfulness will be with him 0 God always being loyal and doing what he promises for David is spoken of as if truth and faithfulness were objects that would be with David. The abstract nouns “truth” and “faithfulness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “I will always be truthful with him and I will always act faithfully towards him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 89:24 q652 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy by my name he will be victorious 0 Here “name” represents God’ power. Alternate translation: “I, God, will cause him to be victorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:25 k7aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will place his hand over the sea and his right hand over the rivers 0 Here “hand” and “right hand” represent power and authority. Here “the sea” seems to refer to the Mediterranean Sea west of Israel, and “rivers” refers to the Euphrates river in the east. This means David will have authority over everything from the sea to the river. Alternate translation: “I will give him authority over everything from the Mediterranean sea to the Euphrates river” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 89:26 hc3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes He will call out to me, ‘You are my Father, my God, and the rock of my salvation.’ 0 This has a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “He will say that I am his Father, his God, and the rock of his salvation.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 89:26 ue8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the rock of my salvation 0 Yahweh protecting and saving David is spoken of as if Yahweh were a high rock that David could stand on top of for protection from enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:27 m5u8 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh continues speaking about David. 89:27 i4nj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I also will place him as my firstborn son 0 Yahweh giving David special rank and privileges over all other people is spoken of as if David would be Yahweh’s firstborn son. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:28 zs6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will extend my covenant faithfulness to him forever 0 Yahweh speaks of continuing to act faithfully towards David is spoken of as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness were an object that he extends or makes longer. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “I will continue to act faithfully towards him forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 89:29 nlx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile his throne as enduring as the skies above 0 Someone from David’s family always ruling as king is spoken of as if his throne would last as long as the sky will last. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 89:29 k6mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his throne 0 Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:30 zb7x his children 0 Alternate translation: “David’s descendants” 89:32 s8vu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor punish their rebellion with a rod 0 God punishing David’s descendants is spoken of as if he would hit them with a rod. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **rebellion**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “punish them for rebelling against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 89:32 fq8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their iniquity with blows 0 God punishing David’s descendants is spoken of as if God would literally hit them. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “I will punish them because they sinned against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 89:33 k75f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes I will not remove my steadfast love from him or be unfaithful to my promise 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will always love David, and I will do what I promised to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 89:34 m6m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the words of my lips 0 Here “lips” represent the whole mouth and the person speaking. Alternate translation: “what I said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 89:36 by6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis his throne as long as the sun before me 0 The words “will continue” are understood. Alternate translation: “his throne will continue as long as the sun before me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 89:36 tm79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his throne 0 Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. God is promising that one of David’s descendants will always be king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:36 w6yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile as long as the sun before me 0 God compares David’s rule as king to the sun to emphasize that someone from David’s descendants will always rule as king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 89:37 mwr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive It will be established forever 0 Here “It” stands for David’s throne or power to rule as king. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will cause it to last forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 89:37 je44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile forever like the moon 0 God compares David’s rule as king to the moon to emphasize that someone from David’s descendants will always rule as king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 89:37 gb6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the moon, the faithful witness in the sky 0 The moon is spoken of as if it were a person who witnesses God making this promise to David. Alternate translation: “the moon, which is like a faithful witness in the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 89:38 exj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis you have refused and rejected 0 The words “the king” are understood. Alternate translation: “you have refused and rejected the king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 89:38 qnj2 with your anointed king 0 Alternate translation: “with the king you chose” 89:39 c1wc You have renounced the covenant 0 Alternate translation: “You have rejected the covenant” 89:39 prp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction You have desecrated his crown on the ground 0 To push down into the ground or dust is a sign of great humiliation. Alternate translation: “You have defiled his crown on the ground” or “You have caused his crown to fall into the dirt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 89:39 tbi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his crown 0 This represents the king’s power as king and his right to rule. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:40 lz6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit You have broken down all his walls. You have ruined his strongholds 0 This implies that God allowed enemies to destroy the defenses at Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “You have allowed enemies to break down his walls and ruin his strongholds in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 89:41 ed5r to his neighbors 0 Here “neighbors” means people of nearby nations. 89:42 i7mp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy raised the right hand of his enemies 0 Here “right hand” represents power. To “raise the right hand” means that Yahweh has made his enemies strong enough to defeat God’s chosen king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 89:43 g8dt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy turn back the edge of his sword 0 Here “sword” represents the king’s power in battle. To turn the sword back represents making the king unable to win in battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 89:43 c3fd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the edge of his sword 0 Here “edge” represents the whole sword. Alternate translation: “his sword” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 89:43 w77q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy have not made him stand when in battle 0 Here “stand” represents being victorious in battle. Alternate translation: “You have not helped him to be victorious in battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:44 g7kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you have brought down his throne to the ground 0 Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, have ended his reign as king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:45 hg97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom You have shortened the days of his youth 0 This is a way of saying God made the king seem old even while he was still young. Alternate translation: “Even while he is young you have made him weak like an old man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 89:45 b231 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor covered him with shame 0 Yahweh completely humiliating the king is spoken of as if shame were a garment that God used to cover the king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:46 r3l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long, Yahweh? Will you hide yourself, forever? 0 The writer uses these questions to emphasize that he does not want God to continue to refuse the king. Alternate translation: “Please, Yahweh, do not refuse to help the king forever.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 89:46 mu5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Will you hide yourself 0 God not helping the king is spoken of as if God were hiding from him. Alternate translation: “Will you refuse to help the king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:46 q873 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long will your anger burn like fire? 0 The writer uses a question to emphasize that he does not want God to remain angry. Alternate translation: “Please do not continue being angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 89:46 y4fv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile your anger burn like fire 0 God being very angry is spoken of as if his anger were a hot fire. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 89:47 ajl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns for what uselessness you have created all the children of mankind 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **uselessness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “uselessly.” Alternate translation: “that you have created all people to die uselessly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 89:47 fe7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations the children of mankind 0 This refers to humans in general. Alternate translation: “humans” or “people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 89:48 er51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who can live and not die, or rescue his own life from the hand of Sheol? 0 The writer uses these questions to emphasize that all people will die. Alternate translation: “No one can live forever or bring himself back to life after dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 89:48 gg9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rescue his own life from the hand of Sheol 0 Here “hand” refers to power. The writer speaks of Sheol as if it were a person who has power over those who die. This could mean: (1) a person cannot bring himself back to life after dying or (2) a person cannot keep himself from dying. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 89:49 hvz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Lord, where are your former acts of covenant faithfulness that you swore to David in your truthfulness? 0 The writer uses a question to request the Lord to be faithful to his covenant with David. Alternate translation: “Lord, be faithful to your covenant with David as you have been in the past” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 89:49 b6dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns your former acts of covenant faithfulness 0 The abstract nouns “acts” and “faithfulness” can be translated with a verb and an adverb. Alternate translation: “the things that you did before that showed that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 89:50 v1jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Call to mind 0 The writer asks Yahweh to bring this up in his memory. Alternate translation: “Remember” or “Consider” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 89:50 r6c3 the mocking directed against your servants 0 Here “your servants” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “how they mock us, your servants” 89:50 iq2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy how I bear in my heart so many insults from the nations 0 Here “heart” represents the person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “I endure so many insults from the people of the nations” or “I suffer because the people from the nations insult me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:50 rn7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from the nations 0 Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:51 fjd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your enemies hurl insults 0 The enemies shouting insults at the king is spoken of as if insults were an object that the enemies throw violently at the king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:51 vq6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy they mock the footsteps of your anointed one 0 Here “footsteps” represents where the king goes. Alternate translation: “they mock your anointed one wherever he goes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:52 hvn5 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis verse is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 3 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 73 and ends with Psalm 89. 89:52 fig1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Blessed be Yahweh forever 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May people praise Yahweh forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 89:52 h8fn Amen and Amen 0 The word “Amen” is repeated to emphasize approval of what has been said. See how you translated this in [Psalms 41:13](../041/013.md). 90:intro gmu6 0 # Psalm 090 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm is a wisdom psalm. God is eternal but a human’s life is short. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Life’s shortness\n\nBecause life is so short, people need to spend it as God wants them to spend it. 90:1 jue7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 90:1 n3vq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Lord, you have been our refuge 0 God protecting his people is spoken of as if God were a refuge or shelter. Alternate translation: “Lord, you have been like a shelter for us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 90:1 ykl6 throughout all generations 0 Alternate translation: “always” 90:2 i1f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Before the mountains were formed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Before you formed the mountains” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 90:2 b7ju were formed 0 Alternate translation: “were created” or “were shaped” 90:2 mz45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the world 0 This represents everything that is in the world. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 90:2 x21e from everlasting to everlasting 0 This phrase represents all time past, present, and future. 90:3 spk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit You return man to dust 0 This implies that just as God created the first man, Adam, from the soil, God will cause people’s bodies to turn back into soil after they die. Alternate translation: “You return people to dust when they die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 90:3 yjk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations return man 0 Here “man” means people in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 90:3 j396 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis Return, you descendants 0 The words “to dust” or “to soil” are understood. Alternate translation: “Return to dust, you descendants” or “Return to soil, you descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 90:3 ijh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you descendants of mankind 0 This is a way of referring to humans in general. Alternate translation: “you humans” or “you people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 90:4 zt2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile For a thousand years in your sight are as yesterday when it is past, and as a watch in the night 0 The writer means that a long period of time seems like a short period of time to God. Alternate translation: “You consider a thousand years the same as one day in the past, or as a few short hours in the night” or “Even a thousand years is not a long time to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 90:4 b3xf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers a thousand years 0 “1,000 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 90:4 qd6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in your sight 0 Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 90:5 prp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You sweep them away as with a flood and they sleep 0 God causing people to die suddenly is spoken of as if he swept them away with a broom. This sweeping is also spoken of as if it were a flood that carried people away. Alternate translation: “Lord, you destroy the people as with a flood and they die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 90:5 wws1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism they sleep 0 This is a polite way of speaking of people dying. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 90:6 k25r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet it blooms and grows up 0 Both of these phrases refer to how the grass grows. Alternate translation: “it begins to grow and develop” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 90:6 udh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet it withers and dries up 0 Both of these phrases refer to how the grass dies. Alternate translation: “it fades and dries up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 90:7 vhb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor we are consumed in your anger 0 God destroying people in his anger is spoken of as if God’s anger were a fire that completely burns up the people. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You destroy us in your anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 90:7 qp5h in your wrath we are terrified 0 Alternate translation: “when you are angry we are greatly afraid” 90:8 fbk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You have set our iniquities before you, our hidden sins in the light of your presence 0 God considering people’s sins is spoken of as if sins were an objects he could place in front of himself and look at them. Alternate translation: “You see every sinful thing we do, even the sinful things we do in secret” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 90:9 tw9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases Our life passes away under your wrath 0 The word “because” can be used to make clear that God’s wrath causes human life to end. Alternate translation: “Our lives come to an end because of your wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 90:9 z6eu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a sigh 0 The writer compares human life to a sigh to emphasize that life is very brief. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 90:10 bb7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers seventy 0 “70” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 90:10 f12z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers eighty 0 “80” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 90:10 ydb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive even our best years are marked by trouble and sorrow 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Even in our best years we experience trouble and sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 90:10 cun8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism we fly away 0 This is a polite way of referring to people dying. Alternate translation: “we die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 90:11 xl7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who knows the intensity of your anger, and your wrath that is equal to the fear of you? 0 The writer uses a question to emphasize that no one has fully experienced God anger. Therefore no one truly reveres God and fears his anger when people sin. Alternate translation: “No one knows the intensity of your anger. Therefore no one fears your wrath when they sin.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 90:13 lcn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Turn back, Yahweh! How long will it be? 0 Asking Yahweh to no longer be angry is spoken of as if the writer wants God to turn physically away from his anger. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, please do not be angry any longer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 90:13 e9p1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long will it be? 0 The writer uses a question to state that he wants God to stop being angry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 90:13 zs74 Have pity on your servants 0 Here “your servants” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Be merciful to us, your servants” 90:14 p6kf Satisfy us in the morning 0 Alternate translation: “Satisfy us every morning” 90:14 k6eg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns with your covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “by being faithful because of your covenant with us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 90:15 z79l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism in proportion to the days you afflicted us and to the years we have experienced trouble 0 Both of these phrases mean the same thing. The writer is asking Yahweh to make them happy for the same amount of time he punished them. Alternate translation: “for the same amount of time that you afflicted us and caused us to suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 90:16 tb62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Let your servants 0 Here “your servants” refer to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Let us, your servants” or “Let us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 90:16 g2qt let our children 0 Here “children” means children and descendants. 90:16 sjz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns see your majesty 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **majesty**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “great things.” Alternate translation: “see the great things you do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 90:17 at2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns May the favor of the Lord our God be ours 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **favor**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “be kind.” Alternate translation: “May the Lord our God be kind to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 90:17 ye67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche prosper the work of our hands 0 Here “hands” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “cause us to be successful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 91:intro ye5h 0 # Psalm 091 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 91 is a wisdom psalm. Those who depend on God are protected by him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Fear\n\nNo matter what dangers befall a person, they do not need to fear. God is protecting them from all harm. 91:1 xv6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 91:1 g3bv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He who lives & will stay & of the Almighty 0 Because “live” and “stay” mean almost the same thing, as do “shelter” and “shadow,” which are both metaphors for protection, you may need to combine the two lines into one. Alternate translation: “The Most High, the Almighty, will care for all those who live where he can protect them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 91:1 lc6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who lives in the shelter of the Most High 0 The word “shelter” is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “who lives where the Most High protects him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 91:1 jl84 the Most High 0 The words “the Most High” refer to Yahweh. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:13](../018/013.md). 91:1 qi6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will stay in the shadow of the Almighty 0 The word “shadow” here is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “will stay where the Almighty can protect him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 91:1 jmc8 the Almighty 0 the one who has power and control over everything. See how this was translated in [Psalms 68:14](../068/014.md) 91:2 kwv7 I will say of Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “I will say about Yahweh” 91:2 d5cu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my refuge and my fortress 0 A “refuge” is any place a person can go and have someone or something protect him. A “fortress” is something that people make so they can protect themselves and their property. Asaph uses them here as metaphors for protection. Alternate translation: “the one to whom I can go and he will protect me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 91:3 ss8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis For he will rescue you from the snare of the hunter and from the deadly plague 0 The words that have been left out can be put in. Alternate translation: “For God will rescue you from the snare of the hunter and he will rescue you from the plagues that can kill” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 91:3 laj3 the snare of the hunter 0 Alternate translation: “from the snare that the hunter has set to catch you” 91:4 k4cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will cover you with his wings, and under his wings you will find refuge 0 God’s protection is here referred to as “wings” which a bird uses to cover its’ young from danger. “Cover you with his wings” and “under his wings” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “He will keep you safe and protect you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 91:4 j3p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor His trustworthiness is a shield and protection 0 God’s trustworthiness is here referred to as a “shield” which can protect people who rely on him. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trustworthiness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “trust.” Alternate translation: “You can trust him to protect you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 91:4 f8d9 protection 0 No one knows for sure what this word means. This could mean: (1) a small shield strapped to the forearm that soldiers used to defend themselves against arrows and swords or (2) a wall of stones set in a circle inside which soldiers could hide and shoot arrows. 91:5 yp8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy terror in the night 0 The psalmist speaks of “terror” as if it were a spirit or fierce animal that could attack at night and so terrify people. Alternate translation: “things attacking you at night” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 91:5 g6en rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism in the night & by day 0 These two phrases taken together refer to all possible times of night and day. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 91:5 b8kc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the arrow that flies by day 0 “Arrow” here is a metonym for the people who shoot the arrows. Alternate translation: “people attacking you with arrows during the day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 91:6 c6xg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification or of the plague that roams 0 The psalmist speaks of illness as if it were a person who went about at night killing other people. Alternate translation: “You will not be afraid of dying from illness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 91:6 gba8 roams 0 goes wherever he wants to go at any time 91:6 y6eu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism in the darkness & at noontime 0 These two phrases taken together refer to all possible times of night and day. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 91:6 t9ab disease 0 an illness that makes many people ill at the same time 91:7 c8n1 A thousand may fall at your side and ten thousand at your right hand 0 “Many people may fall all around you.” If translating the exact numbers confuses the readers, you may omit them. 91:7 z1e3 it will not reach you 0 Alternate translation: “the evil will not harm you” 91:8 ad8c You will only observe and see 0 Alternate translation: “You yourself will not suffer, but you will watch carefully, and you will see” 91:8 dv9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the punishment of the wicked 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **punishment**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “how God punishes the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 91:9 yz6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh is my refuge 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh protecting him as if Yahweh were a safe place for him to find protection from his enemies. Alternate translation: “Yahweh protects me, like a person finds protection in a place of refuge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 91:9 k71v Make the Most High your refuge also 0 “You should make the Most High your refuge also.” The psalmist stops speaking to God and speaks to the reader. 91:10 ey4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor No evil will overtake you 0 The writer speaks of a person experiencing bad or evil things as if evil were a person who overtakes another person. Alternate translation: “Nothing evil will happen to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 91:10 emx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification no affliction will come near your home 0 The psalmist speaks of people who afflict others as though they were the harm they cause. Alternate translation: “no one will be able to harm your family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 91:11 pe5b For he will direct 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh will command” 91:11 gjx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in all your ways 0 The psalmist speaks of the way a person lives his life as if it were a path down which the person walked. Alternate translation: “in everything you do” or “at all times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 91:12 v8h1 They will lift you 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s angels will lift you” 91:12 dkd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole you will not hit your foot on a stone 0 The angels will protect not only the reader’s foot but the rest of his body as well. The words “not … hit your foot on a stone” is an exaggerated metonym to say that not even small bad things will happen. This should probably not be taken as a promise that no bad things will ever happen again. Alternate translation: “you will not even hit your foot on a stone” or “not even the smallest bad thing will happen to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 91:13 bq3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You will crush lions and adders under your feet; you will trample on young lions and serpents 0 Where “hit your foot on a stone” is a minor problem, lions and snake are examples of great dangers. The psalmist speaks of lions and snakes as if they were small enough to be crushed under a person’s foot. Alternate translation: “You will be able kill lions and adders as if they were small animals you could crush under your feet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 91:13 sw74 adders 0 types of poisonous snake. 91:13 qme2 trample 0 crush by walking heavily on 91:14 hzl3 Because he is devoted to me 0 Alternate translation: “Because he loves me” 91:15 cwn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I will be with him in trouble 0 This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I will be with him when he is in trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 91:15 am3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I will give him victory 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **victory**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will cause him to be victorious” or “I will enable him to defeat his enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 91:16 jc9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will satisfy him with the length of his days 0 The idiom “the length of his days” here refers to the duration of his life. It may imply a long life. Alternate translation: “I will satisfy him by giving him a long life” or “I will make him happy by letting him live a very long time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 91:16 xnz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and show him my salvation 0 “and I will show him my salvation.” The psalmist speaks of the work God does to save people as if it were a physical object. Alternate translation: “I will save him so that he knows I am the one who saved him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 92:intro cs72 0 # Psalm 092 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 92 is a psalm of praise for God’s kindness and faithfulness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Justice\n\nGod causes evil people to be destroyed and good people to be happy and useful, even after they grow old. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) 92:1 bx9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 92:1 fur9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to sing praises to your name 0 The words “your name” are a metonym for “you.” Alternate translation: “to sing praises to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 92:2 b75i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns proclaim your covenant faithfulness in the morning 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “proclaim in the morning that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 92:2 s7d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis your truthfulness every night 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **truthfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “true.” Alternate translation: “proclaim every night that everything you say is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 92:4 mn13 glad 0 happy 92:4 m1f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns through your deeds 0 The abstract noun phrase “your deeds” can be translated with the relative clause “what you have done.” Alternate translation: “by what you have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 92:4 if93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the deeds of your hands 0 The abstract noun phrase “the deeds of your hands” can be translated with the relative clause “what your hands have done.” The word “hands” is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “What you have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 92:4 ke7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns your deeds 0 The abstract noun phrase “your deeds” can be translated with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “what you have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 92:5 j4cz Your thoughts are very deep 0 Alternate translation: “We cannot understand what you plan to do until you do it” 92:5 syp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Your thoughts 0 The abstract noun phrase “your thoughts” can be translated with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “What you think” or “What you plan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 92:6 j8wu brutish 0 animal-like 92:7 a97q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile When the wicked sprout like the grass 0 This compares evil people to grass, which grows quickly and in many places. Alternate translation: “When evil people appear quickly and seem to be everywhere, like grass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 92:7 w41d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive they are doomed to eternal destruction 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has decided that he will destroy them completely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 92:9 cb78 Indeed, look at your enemies, Yahweh 0 Many texts do not have these words. 92:9 u85w They will perish 0 Alternate translation: “They will die” or “You will kill them” 92:9 dk5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive All those who do evil will be scattered 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you will scatter all those who do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 92:9 l7k2 will be scattered 0 Many texts read, “have been scattered.” 92:9 g3wa be scattered 0 Alternate translation: “driven away” 92:10 e26g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy You have lifted up my horn like the horn of the wild ox 0 The psalmist speaks of God as if he had made him as strong as a wild animal. Here his “horn” represents his strength. Alternate translation: “You have made me as strong as a wild ox” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 92:10 gid3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am anointed with fresh oil 0 Possible meanings are that the oil that God has put on the psalmist is a metaphor for God: (1) making him happy “you have made me very happy” or (2) making him strong, “you have made me strong” or (3) enabling him to defeat his enemies, “you have enabled me to defeat my enemies.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 92:11 kpw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My eyes have seen the downfall of my enemies; my ears have heard of the doom of my evil foes 0 The words “eyes” and “ears” are synecdoches for the person who sees and hears. The lines may be combined. Alternate translation: “I have seen and heard of the defeat of my evil enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 92:12 q7cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The righteous will flourish like the palm tree 0 Possible meanings are that righteous people will be like a healthy palm tree because they will: (1) be strong or (2) live for long time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 92:12 dyq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile they will grow like a cedar in Lebanon 0 Possible meanings are that righteous people will be like a healthy cedar tree growing in the land of Lebanon because: (1) they will be strong or (2) people will honor them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 92:13 lk33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive They are planted 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has planted them” or “Yahweh takes care of them as if they were trees he had planted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 92:13 sh46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the house of Yahweh & in the courts of our God 0 The psalmist speaks of people who truly worship God as if they were trees growing in Yahweh’s house. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 92:13 g7gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they flourish 0 The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were healthy trees. Alternate translation: “they are growing well” or “they are very strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 92:13 rg5j in the courts of our God 0 in the courtyard of the temple in Jerusalem. 92:14 pf43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They bear fruit 0 The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were trees that produce food. Alternate translation: “They please God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 92:14 m2x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they stay fresh and green 0 The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were trees. Alternate translation: “they remain strong and healthy” or “they always do what pleases God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 92:15 sev8 to proclaim that 0 These words continue the thought begun by the words “they stay fresh and green” in ([Psalms 92:14](../092/014.md)). This could mean: (1) “they stay fresh and green, so that they can proclaim” or (2) “they stay fresh and green. This shows that.” 92:15 fh1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He is my rock 0 “Yahweh is the one who protects me.” The psalmist speaks of Yahweh as if he were a rock that would protect him. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 93:intro r2fh 0 # Psalm 093 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 93 is a worship psalm about the power of Yahweh.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s power\n\nYahweh is all powerful; He even controls the ocean. 93:1 gs1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 93:1 cif2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he is robed in majesty; Yahweh has clothed and girded himself with strength 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s strength and majesty as if they were things Yahweh wears. Alternate translation: “he shows everyone that he is a powerful king” or “his majesty is there for all to see, like the robe a king wears; everything about Yahweh shows that he is strong and he is ready to do great work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 93:1 g76j majesty 0 the power of a king and the way a king acts 93:1 y5ut girded himself 0 put on a belt—a band of leather or another material that a person wears around his waist—to prepare for work or battle 93:1 nv27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The world is firmly established 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You have firmly established the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 93:1 m76h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive it cannot be moved 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one will ever move it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 93:2 q45b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Your throne is established from ancient times 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You established your throne in ancient times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 93:2 vq1t you are from everlasting 0 Alternate translation: “you have always existed” 93:3 u6dq oceans & oceans’ 0 Some versions read “floods … floods’.” The word often refers to a river (See: “the River” in [Psalms 72:8](../072/008.md)), but “oceans … oceans’” has been chosen here because oceans, not rivers, have “waves” that “crash and roar.” 93:3 qkw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification have lifted up their voice; the oceans’ waves crash and roar 0 The psalmist speaks of the ocean as if it were a person who could speak. Alternate translation: “have made a mighty noise because their waves crash and roar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 93:3 kli1 roar 0 make a long, loud sound. 93:4 bv4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Above the crashing of many waves, the mighty breakers of the sea 0 The phrase “the mighty breakers of the sea” means basically the same thing as “many waves” and emphasizes how great these waves are. Alternate translation: “Above the crashing of all of the very great waves of the sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 93:4 x149 breakers 0 large waves coming to land 93:4 z182 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor on high 0 The psalmist speaks of where God lives as if it were high above the earth. Alternate translation: “in heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 93:5 g6vn solemn 0 very serious 93:5 s6rb are very trustworthy 0 Alternate translation: “always stay the same” or “never change” 93:5 f31y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor holiness adorns your house 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s house as if it were a woman wearing beautiful clothing or jewelry and of Yahweh’s holiness as the beautiful clothing or jewelry. Alternate translation: “your house is beautiful because you are holy” or “your holiness makes your house beautiful the way beautiful clothes and jewelry make a woman more beautiful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 93:5 a9yi adorns 0 makes beautiful 93:5 xku4 your house 0 This refers to the temple in Jerusalem. 93:5 lsy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom for the length of your days 0 This idiom refers to the duration of God’s life. Since God lives forever, it can also be translated as forever. Alternate translation: “for as long as you live” or “forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 94:intro afb5 0 # Psalm 094 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 94 is a prayer requesting that evil people be punished. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Justice\n\nEvil people expect God to ignore their injustices. But God knows what they are doing and will punish them for their evil deeds. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) 94:1 ns8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 94:1 h3e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor shine over us 0 Here “shine” is a metaphor for God revealing himself. Alternate translation: “show yourself” or “reveal your glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 94:2 i9f5 Rise up, judge of the earth, give to the proud what they deserve 0 Alternate translation: “Come, judge of the earth, and punish the proud” 94:2 sjp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Rise up 0 The psalmist speaks of starting to do something as getting up. If your language has a word for beginning to act, use it here. Alternate translation: “Take action” or “Do something” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 94:3 dx87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long will the wicked, Yahweh, how long will the wicked rejoice? 0 The psalmist repeats the question to show that he is unhappy with how long Yahweh has allowed the wicked to rejoice. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have waited too long Yahweh; you have waited too long to stop the wicked from rejoicing.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 94:3 nve7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit will the wicked rejoice 0 Why the wicked rejoice can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “will the wicked rejoice because you never punish them for the evil deeds they do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 94:4 h71p They pour out 0 Alternate translation: “All those who do evil pour out” 94:4 ks4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They pour out their arrogant words 0 The psalmist writes of the wicked speaking as if their words were a liquid being poured out. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 94:4 dri9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit all those who do evil boast 0 The translation can make explicit that these people boast about their evil actions. Alternate translation: “all those who do evil boast about their evil deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 94:5 ifj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy afflict the nation 0 Here the metonym “nation” refers to the people of the nation. Alternate translation: “afflict the people of the nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 94:5 l8he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They crush 0 The psalmist speaks of powerful people treating powerless people badly as if it were crushing them or breaking them in pieces. See how “break in pieces” is translated in [Psalms 72:4](../072/004.md). Alternate translation: “They completely destroy” or “They greatly harm” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 94:6 fk7f the widow 0 Alternate translation: “women whose husbands have died” 94:6 wei8 the fatherless 0 Alternate translation: “children without fathers” 94:7 rs53 the God of Jacob does not take notice of it 0 Alternate translation: “the God of Israel does not see what we do” 94:8 iz57 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer now instructs the wicked people. 94:8 ybz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion when will you ever learn? 0 This rhetorical question emphasizes the anger of the writer with the wicked people he is speaking to. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “stop your foolish ways!” or “learn from your mistakes!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 94:9 b851 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion He who made the ear, does he not hear? He who formed the eye, does he not see? 0 These rhetorical questions can be translated as statements or commands. Alternate translation: “God made ears, so he can hear. God made eyes, so he can see.” or “God made ears, so stop acting as if he does not hear. God made eyes, so stop acting as if he does not see.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 94:10 ig2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion He who disciplines the nations, does he not correct? 0 If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. It is implied that Yahweh corrects his people. Alternate translation: “You know that Yahweh corrects the nations, so you can be sure that he will correct his people!” or “he will punish his people!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 94:10 ex2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes does he not correct 0 This can be stated in positive form. This could mean: (1) God corrects. Alternate translation: “he corrects” or (2) God punishes. “he punishes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 94:11 s3c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor that they are vapor 0 Here the thoughts of men are compared to vapor or steam that disappears into the air. This metaphor shows how unimportant and useless they are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 94:11 z81z vapor 0 “mist.” See how this word is translated in [Psalms 39:11](../039/011.md) 94:12 dl5m General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nNow the writer again talks to Yahweh. 94:13 y3g3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive until a pit is dug for the wicked 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s punishing the wicked as if Yahweh were trapping an animal in a pit. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until you dig a pit for the wicked” or “until you destroy the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 94:14 gwf5 his inheritance 0 Alternate translation: “those whom he has chosen to be with him forever” 94:15 m8cb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy judgment will again be righteous 0 The psalmist speaks of those who judge as if they were the decisions they make. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “judges will again judge righteously” or “judges will again make righteous decisions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 94:15 l96i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the upright in heart 0 The adjective phrase “upright in heart” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “those whose hearts are right with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 94:15 h275 will follow it 0 Alternate translation: “will want the judges to judge righteously” 94:16 h7cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who will rise up to defend me against the evildoers? Who will stand up for me against the wicked? 0 If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will defend me against the evildoers. No one will help me fight against the wicked.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 94:16 x3ap rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 The adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 94:17 pgd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo Unless Yahweh had been my help & silence 0 This is a hypothetical situation. Yahweh did help him, so he was not lying in the place of silence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 94:17 ecb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Unless Yahweh had been my help 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **help**, you could express the same idea with a verb. Alternate translation: “If Yahweh had not helped me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 94:17 zjq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism I would soon be lying down in the place of silence 0 Here “would be lying down” refers to “death” and “in the place of silence” refers to the grave.” Alternate translation: “in a short time, I would be dead, lying in a silent grave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 94:18 gqn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, held me up 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “You, Yahweh, held me up because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 94:19 f9kp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns When cares within me are many, your consolations make me happy 0 The psalmist speaks of care as if he could count separate cares. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **consolations**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “console” or “comfort.” Alternate translation: “When I have been worried about many things, you have comforted me and made me happy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 94:20 uc2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Can a throne of destruction be allied with you, one who creates injustice by statute? 0 This rhetorical question is used to make a point. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “A wicked ruler who makes unjust laws is not your friend” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 94:20 w3hm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a throne of destruction 0 Here the metonym “throne” refers to a king or ruler. Alternate translation: “a wicked ruler” or “corrupt judge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 94:21 z1ls conspire 0 secretly plan with a person something harmful or illegal 94:21 rnk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom take the life of 0 This is an idiom which means to kill someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 94:22 k9hg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh has been my high tower 0 Here “tower” is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has protected me from my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 94:22 r48i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God has been the rock of my refuge 0 The psalmist speaks of having God protect him as if God were a place where the psalmist could go to be safe. See how “rock” and “refuge” are translated in [Psalms 62:7](../062/007.md). Alternate translation: “I have asked God to protect me, and he has kept me safe by his power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 94:23 fx4p will bring on them their own iniquity 0 This could mean: (1) “will do to them the evil things they have done to others” or (2) “will punish them for all the evil things he has done to others.” 94:23 qc5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom cut them off 0 This is an idiom which means “kill them.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 94:23 i6z5 in their own wickedness 0 This could mean: (1) “while they are doing wicked things” or (2) “because they have done wicked things.” 95:intro e91f 0 # Psalm 095 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 95 is the first in a series of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s care\n\nGod made everything and takes good care of people. People should not be stubborn like the Israelites were in the days of Moses. The Israelites with Moses wandered in the desert for forty years. 95:1 qaf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 95:1 gv24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the rock of our salvation 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh were a mountain the people could climb so they would be safe. See how “rock” and “of my salvation” are translated in [Psalms 18:46](../018/046.md). Alternate translation: “the rock where we can go and God will save us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 95:2 q5qb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor enter his presence 0 The psalmist speaks as if he is telling the readers to go into the throne room of a king. Alternate translation: “go to where he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 95:2 g5i4 with thanksgiving 0 Alternate translation: “thanking him as we enter his presence” 95:3 ufc9 superior to all gods 0 Possible meanings are that Yahweh is a great king: (1) “who rules over all other gods,” or (2) “who is much better than all gods.” 95:4 j19t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom In his hand 0 This is an idiom which means “in his control” or “he is responsible for.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 95:4 gf4l depths 0 deep places 95:4 bx51 heights 0 high places 95:5 xy9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his hands formed 0 The word “hands” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “he himself formed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 95:6 ab7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction kneel 0 put both knees on the ground, often to show submission (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 95:7 cey6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the people of his pasture 0 The word “pasture” is a metonym for the food that animals eat in the pasture, which in turn is a synecdoche for everything that Yahweh provides for his people. Alternate translation: “we are the people whose needs he meets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 95:7 kr47 pasture 0 an area where animals find grass to eat 95:7 f66d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the sheep of his hand 0 The word “hand” here refers to how Yahweh protects his people the way a shepherd protects his sheep. Alternate translation: “the people whom he protects like a shepherd protects his sheep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 95:7 l8vp Today—oh, that you would hear his voice! 0 “Oh, that you would hear his voice today!” The psalmist purposely interrupts what he is saying. 95:7 qm6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy hear his voice 0 Here “his voice” represents God speaking or what he says. Alternate translation: “listen to God speak” or “hear what God says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 95:8 jf37 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nNow the writer writes the words that Yahweh spoke. 95:8 g9zt harden your heart 0 Alternate translation: “become stubborn” 95:8 a62x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Meribah, & Massah 0 These are places in the desert that Moses named because the Israelites rebelled against God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 95:9 z4ax rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor tested me & tried me 0 These two phrases are both metaphors for the people seeing how much evil they could do before Yahweh would punish them. The phrases say basically the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “tested me” or “wanted to see if they could do evil things without my punishing them … tested whether I would continue to be patient with them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 95:9 tdc4 my deeds 0 Alternate translation: “the amazing things I had done” 95:10 ms7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers forty years 0 “40 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 95:10 mu82 that generation 0 Alternate translation: “all of those people” or “that entire generation of people” 95:10 ejg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor wander astray 0 God speaks of the people as if they were sheep, which will go wherever they want to and not stay near their shepherd. Alternate translation: “move away from me” or “go their own way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 95:10 b41a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they have not known my ways 0 Yahweh’s commands are spoken of as if they were paths on which the people should walk. The people not obeying Yahweh’s commands is spoken of as if they did not know these paths. Alternate translation: “they have not obeyed my commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 95:11 l98t my resting place 0 Alternate translation: “the place where I would have allowed them to rest” 96:intro hdp3 0 # Psalm 096 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 96 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh, the king\n\nYahweh is king over all the earth and is worthy of all praise. 96:1 i5dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 96:1 sm6u a new song 0 a song no one has ever sung before 96:1 mlu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all the earth 0 This refers to the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “all you people who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 96:2 e8ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy bless his name 0 The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “bless Yahweh” or “do what makes Yahweh happy” See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 96:2 m2w2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns announce his salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “save.” Alternate translation: “announce that he has saved us” or “tell people that he is the one who saves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 96:3 w4ht Declare his glory among the nations 0 Alternate translation: “Tell all the people in every nation about his great glory” 96:4 t9di rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Yahweh is great and is to be praised greatly 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is great. Praise him greatly” or “Yahweh is great, and people should praise him greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 96:4 lx5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive He is to be feared above all other gods 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Fear him above all other gods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 96:6 x8v4 in his presence 0 Alternate translation: “where he is” 96:6 c8fx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Splendor and majesty are in his presence 0 The psalmist speaks as if splendor and majesty are people who can stand before a king. Alternate translation: “Everyone knows of his splendor and majesty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 96:6 geu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Strength and beauty are in his sanctuary 0 The words “strength” and “beauty” are metonyms for the ark of the covenant decrees, which is found in the sanctuary. Alternate translation: “It is his sanctuary that contains the ark of the covenant decrees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 96:7 pq3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Ascribe to Yahweh & ascribe praise to Yahweh for his glory and strength 0 This can be restated to removed the abstract nouns “praise,” “glory,” and “strength.” See how these words are translated in [Psalms 29:1](../029/001.md). Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh … praise Yahweh because he is glorious and strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 96:8 y25v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Give to Yahweh the glory that his name deserves 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **glory**, you could express the same idea with a verb or adjective. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 29:2](../029/002.md). Alternate translation: “Honor Yahweh just as his name deserves” or “Proclaim that Yahweh is glorious just as his name deserves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 96:8 mvb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his name deserves 0 Here “name” refers to the person of God. Alternate translation: “he deserves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 96:8 pw15 his courts 0 the temple courtyard where the priests sacrificed animals to Yahweh 96:9 z4rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Bow down to Yahweh 0 The implied information is that the people were to bow down in worship. Alternate translation: “Bow down to worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 96:9 hjw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in the splendor of holiness 0 The abstract nouns “splendor” and “holiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “because he is gloriously beautiful and holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 96:9 pb7y tremble 0 to shake because of fear 96:9 ud6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all the earth 0 Here “earth” represents the people. Alternate translation: “all the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 96:10 hsr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The world also is established 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “He also established the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 96:10 yhs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive it cannot be shaken 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing can shake it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 96:11 p26n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Let the heavens be glad, and let the earth rejoice 0 This could mean: (1) the heavens and the earth are spoken of as if they have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the heavens are glad and the earth rejoices” or (2) “the heavens” and “the earth” are metonyms for those who dwell in those places. Alternate translation: “Let those who live in the heavens be glad and let those who live on the earth rejoice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 96:11 v2y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit that which fills it shout with joy 0 The implied information is that this refers to all the creatures living in the sea. They are spoken of as if they should shout with joy like people might do. Alternate translation: “the sea creatures shout joyfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 96:12 ms99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Let the fields rejoice and all that is in them 0 “Let the fields and all that is in them rejoice.” The psalmist speaks as if “the fields” and the animals that live in them have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the fields themselves and all the animals that live in them are rejoicing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 96:12 j65h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification let all the trees in the forest shout for joy 0 This speaks about the trees as if they were people who could shout for joy. Alternate translation: “let it be as if all the trees in the forest shout for joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 96:13 gp2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He is coming to judge the earth. He will judge the world & and the peoples 0 The three phrase have similar meanings; the last two phases are used to strengthen the first. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 96:13 jp59 to judge & will judge 0 Another possible meaning is “to rule … will rule.” 96:13 yk8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy He will judge the world with righteousness 0 Here “the world” is a metonym for all the people in the world. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 9:8](../009/008.md). Alternate translation: “He will judge all the people of the world righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 96:13 yn8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the peoples with his faithfulness 0 The words “he will judge” are understood. Alternate translation: “he will judge the peoples with his faithfulness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 96:13 z7r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns with his faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “fairly, according to what he knows is true” or (2) Alternate translation: “using the same standard for all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 97:intro ydx4 0 # Psalm 097 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 97 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s authority\n\nAll people who worship idols are disgraced because Yahweh rules over all the world. 97:1 myd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 97:1 aa9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification let the earth rejoice; let the many coastlands be glad 0 The earth and the coastlands are said to have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Rejoice and be glad every person on the earth and near the seas” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 97:1 n5lw coastlands 0 This could mean: (1) “lands near the seas” or (2) “islands.” 97:2 rl3n Clouds and darkness surround him 0 Alternate translation: “We cannot see him; it is as if he were sitting in the dark with clouds all around him” 97:2 h2md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Righteousness and justice are the foundation of his throne 0 The word “throne” is a metonym for the deeds and words of the one who sits on it. The psalmist speaks as if righteousness and justice were physical objects that made the throne secure. Alternate translation: “He is righteous and just in everything he does” or “He is able to rule because he rules righteously and justly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 97:2 tat1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the foundation of his throne 0 Here “the foundation of his throne” refers to how Yahweh rules his kingdom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 97:3 e96v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Fire goes before him 0 The psalmist speaks as if fire were a person walking before King Yahweh and telling people that the king was coming. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 97:3 nz83 consumes his adversaries 0 Alternate translation: “burns up his enemies” 97:4 th94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the earth sees and trembles 0 The writer speaks of the earth as if it were a person who sees what Yahweh does and trembles in fear. Alternate translation: “like a person, the earth sees and trembles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 97:4 c2ef trembles 0 shakes with fear 97:5 r8fc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The mountains melt like wax before Yahweh 0 The writer speaks of the mountains crumbling before Yahweh as if they were wax that was exposed to a fire. Alternate translation: “The mountains are unable to stand as Yahweh comes near” or “The mountains crumble in Yahweh’s presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 97:6 t73s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The skies declare his justice 0 This could mean: (1) the psalmist speaks as if the skies are Yahweh’s messengers who declare that Yahweh is just. Alternate translation: “Everyone can see that God is just, the same way that everyone can see the skies” or (2) the skies refer to the beings that live in the heavens. Alternate translation: “All those who live in heaven declare that Yahweh is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 97:8 t6tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Zion heard & the towns of Judah 0 This refers to the people who live in these lands. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion heard … the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 97:9 fh9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are most high above all 0 The psalmist speaks as if those who were strong enough to rule were the physically higher than others. Alternate translation: “rule over all the people who live on” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 97:9 etq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You are exalted far 0 The psalmist speaks as if those who were strong enough to rule were the physically higher than others. Alternate translation: “You are high, far” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 97:10 v6ge rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he takes them out of the hand of the wicked 0 Here the word “hand” represents power. Yahweh rescuing people from the power of wicked people is spoken of as if he took them out of their hands. Alternate translation: “he rescues them from the power of the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 97:11 zi9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Light is sown for & and gladness for 0 These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sows light for those who do right, and he sows gladness for those with honest hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 97:11 c84h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Light is sown for the righteous 0 The word “sown” is a metaphor for actions with future results. “Light” is a metaphor for good things. Alternate translation: “Yahweh plans for good things to happen to the righteous in the future” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 97:11 s7rl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the righteous 0 The adjective “righteous” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 97:11 a81f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis gladness for those with honest hearts 0 The words “is sown” are understood. The word “sown” is a metaphor for actions with future results. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **gladness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “happy.” Alternate translation: “gladness is sown for those with honest hearts” or “Yahweh plans for people with honest hearts to be happy in the future” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 97:11 tqu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche those with honest hearts 0 The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “honest people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 97:12 bkn2 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis verse has a command followed by the reason for the command. If your language requires the reason to precede the command: “Because of what Yahweh has done for you, you righteous people, be glad and give thanks when you remember his holiness.” 97:12 h6wc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Be glad in Yahweh 0 This idiom means to be glad because of what Yahweh has done. Alternate translation: “Be glad because of what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 97:12 df6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy when you remember his holiness 0 This could mean: (1) “when you remember how holy he is” or (2) “to his holy name,” a metonym for “to him.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 98:intro rt9w 0 # Psalm 098 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 98 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\n\nEveryone and every thing should sing praises to Yahweh because he is worthy of all praise. 98:1 p45q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 98:1 p2zl a new song 0 a song no one has ever sung before. See how this is translated in [Psalms 96:1](../096/001.md). 98:1 diq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his right hand and his holy arm have 0 The words “right hand” and “holy arm” refer to Yahweh’s strength. Together they emphasize how great his strength is. Alternate translation: “his very great power has” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 98:1 wsb2 right hand 0 the more powerful and skilled hand 98:1 q78c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy holy arm 0 Here “arm” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “the power that is his alone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 98:1 q2q6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns have given him victory 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word ****, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “have enabled him to be victorious over his enemies” or “has enabled him to defeat his enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 98:2 e23q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns made known his salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “save.” Alternate translation: “showed people that he saves his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 98:2 r9rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns showed his justice to all the nations 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “just.” The word “nations” is a metonym for “the people who live in all the nations.” Alternate translation: “showed the people who live in all the nations that he is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 98:3 p5wz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom calls to mind 0 “remembers.” See how “call to mind” is translated in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 98:3 k1dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all the ends of the earth 0 This is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “people from all over the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 98:3 g1bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns will see the victory of our God 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **victory**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “defeat.” Alternate translation: “will see our God defeat his enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 98:4 qdk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all the earth 0 This is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “all people in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 98:4 l8fc burst into song 0 Alternate translation: “suddenly begin singing happily” 98:4 p9j9 sing for joy 0 Alternate translation: “sing because you are happy” 98:4 si76 sing praises 0 Alternate translation: “sing praises to God” 98:5 mn38 melodious 0 delightful or pleasing musical sound 98:6 q5hb the horn 0 an animal horn used as a musical instrument 98:6 ulk2 make a joyful noise 0 “raise a shout.” See how “shout” is translated in [Psalms 47:1](../047/001.md). 98:7 cyl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Let the sea shout and everything in it 0 The psalmist speaks as if the sea were a person who could shout to God. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the sea and everything in it were shouting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 98:7 gsp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the world and those who live in it 0 The psalmist speaks as if the world were a person. Alternate translation: “and let it be as if the world and those who live in it were shouting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 98:7 wcf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the world 0 This is a metonym for the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: “the people in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 98:8 t1an rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Let the rivers clap their hands, and let the mountains shout for joy 0 The psalmist speaks as if the rivers and mountains were people who could clap and shout. Alternate translation: “Let it be as though the rivers are clapping their hands and mountains were shouting for joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 98:9 r45f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the nations with fairness 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “he will judge the nations with fairness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 98:9 qd66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the nations 0 This is a metonym for “the people who live in the nations.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 98:9 lp38 with fairness 0 Alternate translation: “honestly” or “using the same standard for everyone” 99:intro wma5 0 # Psalm 099 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 99 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s justice\n\nGod is just and fair. Moses, Aaron and Samuel each prayed to him and obeyed him and he answered their prayers. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) 99:1 k3aw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 99:1 gp6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the nations 0 This refers to the people of all nations. Alternate translation: “the people of all nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 99:1 mf5d tremble 0 shake with fear 99:1 rm8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He sits enthroned above the cherubim 0 You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “He sits on his throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 99:1 i5p3 quakes 0 shakes 99:2 w3l7 Yahweh is great in Zion; he is exalted above all the nations 0 Alternate translation: “Not only is Yahweh great in Zion, he is exalted above all the nations” or “Not only does Yahweh rule in Zion, he rules over all the nations” 99:2 e9l4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he is exalted above all the nations 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people in all the nations exalt him” or “people in all nations praise him greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 99:3 r44j Let them praise your great and awesome name 0 Here the author shifts from speaking about God, to speaking to God. After this phrase though, he shifts back to speaking about God. 99:4 c51t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he loves justice 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “what is just.” Alternate translation: “he loves doing what is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 99:4 f41e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns You have established fairness 0 Here, **fairness** is a metonym for the laws that are fair. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **fairness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The laws you have established are fair” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 99:5 j6yj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit worship at his footstool 0 Here the word “footstool” likely refers to the ark of the covenant, which the biblical writers often spoke of as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. The translation can make explicit that the people are to worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “worship Yahweh at his footstool” or “worship Yahweh before his throne in the temple” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 99:7 cv85 solemn 0 important, given seriously 99:8 v1qa You answered them 0 Alternate translation: “You answered your people” 99:9 lw8c his holy hill 0 Alternate translation: “Mount Zion” 100:intro n9yp 0 # Psalm 10 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 100 is the last of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s care for his creation\n\nGod made mankind and takes good care of people. 100:1 m9ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 100:1 xue7 Shout joyfully to Yahweh 0 “Raise a shout to Yahweh.” See how “shout” is translated in [Psalms 47:1](../047/001.md). 100:1 szl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all the earth 0 This refers to all the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 100:2 kub7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor come before his presence 0 The psalmist speaks as if he is telling the readers to go into the throne room of a king. Alternate translation: “go to where he is with joyful singing” or “he can hear you, so sing joyfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 100:3 uxa7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the sheep of his pasture 0 God’s people are like his sheep. Alternate translation: “the people God provides for and protects” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 100:3 z4at pasture 0 a grassy area for feeding animals 100:4 tb64 with thanksgiving 0 Alternate translation: “while thanking him” or “while giving thanks to him” 100:4 zt85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy bless his name 0 The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “bless Yahweh” or “do what makes Yahweh happy” See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 100:5 qn11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his covenant faithfulness endures forever 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he is faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 100:5 e52y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis his truthfulness through all generations 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **truthfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “his truthfulness endures through all generations” or “he is truthful through all generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 100:5 nly8 through all generations 0 “generation after generation.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 89:4](../089/004.md). 101:intro vhm3 0 # Psalm 11 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 101 is a psalm asking God’s help in living as a person should.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Encouragement\n\nThe psalmist wanted to encourage all the good people in the land restrain all the evil people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) 101:1 icq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 101:1 lx29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I will sing of covenant faithfulness and justice 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “justice” can be translated with adjectives. Alternate translation: “I will sing that you are faithful to your covenant and that you are just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 101:2 v15m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will walk in the way of integrity 0 Here David speaks about “living” as if it were “walking.” Alternate translation: “I will live in a way that is honest and right” or “I will live a life full of integrity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 101:2 x9km rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will walk with integrity within my house 0 Here David speaks about “living” as if it were walking.” Also, David speaks of overseeing his house with integrity, as if integrity were a physical object residing in his house. Alternate translation: “I will oversee my house with integrity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 101:3 ebd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I will not put wrongdoing before my eyes 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word ****, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. The idiom, “put evil before my eyes,” means to approve of it. Alternate translation: “I will not approve of anyone doing anything that is wrong in my presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 101:3 l5pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification it will not cling to me 0 David describes “evil” as if it were something unable to cling to him. This means that he would avoid evil things and people doing evil things. Alternate translation: “I will completely avoid evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 101:3 cx52 cling 0 hold on to something or someone very tightly 101:4 v5jw to evil 0 Alternate translation: “to anything that is evil” 101:5 f3b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet a proud demeanor and an arrogant attitude 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how prideful such people are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 101:5 nsy2 a proud demeanor 0 “a proud outward appearance.”” This refers to a person being so proud that anyone who looks at him can see how proud he is. 101:6 p6qp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I will look to the faithful of the land to sit at my side 0 This means that David would allow those people to be around him and live with him. Alternate translation: “I will allow the faithful of the land to live with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 101:6 ph2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the faithful 0 This refers to the people who are faithful to God. Alternate translation: “the faithful people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 101:6 qs64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walk in the way of integrity 0 Here David speaks about “living” as if it were “walking.” Alternate translation: “live in a way that is honest and right” or “live lives full of integrity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 101:7 n792 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Deceitful people will not & liars will not 0 These two phrases have the same idea and are used together to emphasize how David will not tolerate deceitful people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 101:7 pag2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive liars will not be welcome 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will not welcome liars” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 101:7 hk5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche before my eyes 0 Here “my eyes” refers to David himself. Alternate translation: “before me” or “in my presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 101:8 xql1 Morning by morning 0 Alternate translation: “Every day” 101:8 e3n4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 101:8 nwb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit from the city of Yahweh 0 David is referring to the city that he is in as “the city of Yahweh.” This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “from this city, which is Yahweh’s city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 102:intro ew2b 0 # Psalm 12 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 102 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Salvation\n\nThe author does not want to die young. He also wants to see Jerusalem saved. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 102:1 p5kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 102:1 g5ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the afflicted 0 This refers to a man who is afflicted. Alternate translation: “the afflicted man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 102:3 z22d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile my days pass away like smoke 0 Here “my days” refers to the author’s life and the idea of “smoke” is something that quickly disappears. Alternate translation: “my life passes away quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:3 uzi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my bones burn like fire 0 Here the author refers to his “body” as his “bones.” Alternate translation: “my body feels like it is burning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:4 c6kx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My heart is crushed 0 Here the author refers to himself as his “heart.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I am in despair” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 102:4 g6gz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I am like grass that has withered 0 This is another way to describe his despair. Alternate translation: “I feel like I am drying up like withered grass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:6 lb9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I am like a pelican of the wilderness 0 He compares his loneliness to that of a pelican, which is often seem alone instead of with other birds. Alternate translation: “I am lonely and despised like a pelican in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:6 e6su a pelican 0 a large fish-eating bird 102:6 mja3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I have become like an owl in the ruins 0 The author continues to describe loneliness by comparing himself to an owl in abandoned ruins. Alternate translation: “I have become alone like an owl in abandoned ruins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:6 z5z7 an owl 0 This is a bird that is awake at night. Alternate translation: “a night bird” 102:7 g7mv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I lie awake like a solitary bird 0 The writer compares himself to a bird to emphasize his feeling of loneliness. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:9 w9f3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I eat ashes like bread 0 David would have sat in ashes as an act of mourning, therefore ashes would have fallen on his food. Alternate translation: “I eat ashes like I eat bread” or “As I mourn, ashes fall on the bread that I eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:9 x9c8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit mix my drink with tears 0 David did not purposefully mix his drink with tears; rather his tear would have fallen into his cup while he mourned and wept. Alternate translation: “my tears fall into the cup that I drink” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 102:10 n1sq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have lifted me up to throw me down 0 God has not literally lifted and thrown David’s body to the ground; rather David says this to describe what he is feeling and experiencing. Alternate translation: “it is like you have lifted me up to throw me down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 102:11 p3fu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile My days are like a shadow that fades 0 David compares his time left to live on earth to a fading shadow. Alternate translation: “My time to remain alive is short like an evening shadow that will soon be gone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:11 i6b5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I have withered like grass 0 As David’s body becomes weak and he is nearing the end of his life, he compares himself to withering grass. Alternate translation: “my body has become weak like withered grass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:11 zgl8 withered 0 dry and wrinkled 102:12 u198 your fame is for all generations 0 Alternate translation: “you will be recognized for all generations to come” 102:12 ge7b fame 0 being known by many people 102:13 xp79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy have mercy on Zion 0 Here “Zion” refers to the people who live in Zion. Alternate translation: “have mercy on the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 102:13 rn9d upon her 0 The word “her” refers to Zion. 102:14 ew61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit hold her stones dear 0 The “stones” refer to the stones that were part of the city walls before they were destroyed. Alternate translation: “still love the stones that were formerly in the city walls” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 102:15 h2k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your name 0 Here “your name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 102:15 n7ut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche will honor your glory 0 The people will honor Yahweh because of his glory. Here Yahweh is referred to by his glory. Alternate translation: “will honor you because you are glorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 102:16 p45x will appear in his glory 0 Alternate translation: “will be seen as glorious” or “people will see his glory” 102:17 c68k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the destitute 0 This refers to destitute people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 102:17 l5ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives he will not reject their prayer 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will accept their prayers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 102:18 ex9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive This will be written for future generations 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will write this for future generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 102:19 p7h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism For he has looked down from the holy heights; from heaven Yahweh has viewed 0 These two phrases have similar meaning and are used together for emphasize how God looks down from heaven. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 102:19 f2bl the holy heights 0 Alternate translation: “his holy place high above the earth” 102:20 zeq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive those who were condemned to death 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “those whom the authorities had sentenced to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 102:21 jgk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism proclaim the name of Yahweh in Zion and his praise in Jerusalem 0 These two phrases have the same meaning and emphasize the idea of praising the name of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 102:23 vj74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor taken away my strength 0 David describes God causing him to become weak as if his strength were a physical item that could be taken away from him. Alternate translation: “has caused me to become weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 102:23 bbe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my days 0 The word “days” here refers to his life. Alternate translation: “my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 102:24 zb7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not take me away 0 David is asking God to not let him die. Alternate translation: “do not take me away from the earth” or “do not let me die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 102:24 tyv4 you are here throughout all generations 0 Alternate translation: “you are present throughout all generations” 102:26 r72f they will all grow old 0 The word “they” refers to “the earth” and “the heavens.” 102:27 fd7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your years will have no end 0 Here David describes the length of time that God is alive as his “years.” This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “you will live forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 102:28 va7h will live on 0 Alternate translation: “will continue to live” 102:28 nf8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor live in your presence 0 Here David describes the descendants being protected by Yahweh as being in his presence. Alternate translation: “be protected as they live in your presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 103:intro b1ht 0 # Psalm 13 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 103 is the first in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s grace\n\nGod is good to us by forgiving our sins and not punishing us as much as we deserve. His loving-kindness goes on from generation to generation. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) 103:1 j269 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 103:1 dn28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism I give praise to Yahweh with all my life, and with all that is within me, I give praise to his holy name 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how much he will praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will praise Yahweh with all that I am” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 103:1 tv2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy give praise to his holy name 0 This refers to praising Yahweh’s name as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 103:1 qlm6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche all that is within me 0 “all of me” or “all that I am.” David uses this phrase to refer to himself and to emphasize his devotion to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 103:3 ts4f your & you 0 David is speaking to himself, so he uses the words “your” and “you” to refer to himself. Many translations express this with “my” and “me” as the UST does. 103:4 d9r5 your & you 0 David is speaking to himself, so he uses the words “your” and “you” to refer to himself. Many translations express this with “my” and “me” as the UST does. 103:4 ktm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He redeems your life from destruction 0 This means that Yahweh keeps him alive. Alternate translation: “He saves me from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 103:4 n5d6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he crowns you with covenant faithfulness and acts of tender mercy 0 Here blessing someone and treating them with great honor is described as if it were placing a crown on that person’s head. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “mercy” can be translated with adverbs. Alternate translation: “he blesses you by acting faithfully and mercifully towards you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 103:5 u7y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy He satisfies your life with good things 0 The phrase “your life” refers to “you,” but it emphasizes that Yahweh gives blessings throughout life. Alternate translation: “He satisfies you with good things through your life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 103:5 ga8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile your youth is renewed like the eagle 0 Having your “youth renewed” means to feel young again. Here David compares this feeling of youth to the swiftness and strength of an eagle. Alternate translation: “you feel young and are strong like an eagle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 103:5 c2mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your youth 0 The word “youth” refers to the strength one had as a young adult. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 103:6 g16e does acts of justice for 0 Alternate translation: “causes justice to happen to” 103:6 d2hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit all who are oppressed 0 Who is doing the oppressing can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “all who are oppressed by men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 103:7 b1ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis his deeds to the descendants of Israel 0 The words “he made known” are understood from the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “he made known his deeds to the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 103:8 s8zz has great covenant loyalty 0 Alternate translation: “is full of mercy and love” 103:9 whp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He will not always discipline; he is not always angry 0 These two phrases have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 103:10 ma6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He does not deal with us & or repay us 0 These two phrases are parallel and emphasize that God does not punish us as we deserve. Alternate translation: “He does not repay us with the punishment we deserve for our sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 103:10 e5pc deal with us 0 Alternate translation: “punish us” 103:11 me8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile For as the skies are high & toward those who honor him 0 The simile compares the great distance between heaven and earth to the greatness of God’s love for his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 103:11 e326 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns so great is his covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “so he is very faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 103:12 tv54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile As far as the east & removed the guilt of our sins from us 0 The distance between east and west is so far that it cannot be measured. In this simile, that distance is being compared to how far God moves our guilt away from us. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 103:13 yv8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile As a father has compassion & on those who honor him 0 Here the author compares a father’s compassion for his children to Yahweh’s compassion for those who honor him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 103:14 l1y7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive how we are formed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “what our bodies are like” or “how he formed our bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 103:14 pmk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he knows that we are dust 0 When Yahweh created Adam the first man he created him from dust. Alternate translation: “he remembers that he created us from dust” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 103:15 dwr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile As for man, his days are like grass 0 In this simile, the length of man’s life is being compared to the short length of time that grass grows before it dies. Alternate translation: “The length of man’s life is short like that of grass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 103:15 zx2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile he flourishes like a flower in a field 0 In this simile, how man grows over time is compared to how a flower grows. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 103:15 p86d flourishes 0 To “flourish” is to grow well or be healthy. 103:16 pk91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The wind blows over it, and it disappears & where it once grew 0 These phrases continue to talk about flowers and grass. They compare how flowers and grass die to how man dies. Alternate translation: “The wind blows over the flowers and grass and they disappear, and no one can tell where they once grew—it is the same way with man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 103:17 x8ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the covenant faithfulness of Yahweh is 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 103:17 c87z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism is from everlasting to everlasting 0 This means that Yahweh’s love continues forever. Alternate translation: “will continue forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 103:17 h9c9 their descendants 0 Alternate translation: “the descendants of those who honor him” 103:18 qg3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism They keep his covenant and remember to obey his instructions 0 These two phrases have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 103:19 zz3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh has established his throne in the heavens 0 Here Yahweh’s reign as king is referred to as his “throne.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken his seat in the heavens where he rules as king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 103:19 wr38 has established 0 Alternate translation: “has made” 103:19 q47p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his kingdom rules 0 Here Yahweh is referred to by “his kingdom” to emphasize his authority as king. Alternate translation: “he rules” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 103:21 hie6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom carry out his will 0 This is an idiom meaning to “do his will.” Alternate translation: “do his will” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 103:22 kgz3 in all the places where he reigns 0 Alternate translation: “praise him in all the places where he reigns” 103:22 te1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with all my life 0 This phrase means that he will praise Yahweh wholeheartedly and is used to emphasize his devotion to him. Alternate translation: “with all of me” or “with all my soul” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 104:intro zu6w 0 # Psalm 14 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 104 is the second in the series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s creation\n\nGod has created everything good on earth, in the sky and in the sea. 104:1 n2h6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. This psalm is a song of praise. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 104:1 h3du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with all my life 0 This phrase means that he will praise Yahweh wholeheartedly and is used to emphasize his devotion to him. Alternate translation: “with all of me” or “with all my soul”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 104:1 pn87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet you are clothed with splendor and majesty 0 The words “splendor” and “majesty” have similar meanings and emphasize the greatness of Yahweh’s glory. They are described as clothing Yahweh like a garment. Alternate translation: “you have splendor and majesty all around you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:2 a2ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile You cover yourself with light as with a garment 0 Yahweh is described as being covered with light as if the light were a garment around him. Alternate translation: “You are covered in light” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 104:2 dy5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile you spread out the heavens like a tent curtain 0 Here God is described as spreading out the heavens like someone spreads out a tent when setting it up. Alternate translation: “you spread out the heavens like someone sets up a tent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 104:3 mw5b You lay the beams of your chambers on the clouds 0 “You build your upper rooms in the heavens.” This is referring to his house is so tall that the upper floor extends into the clouds. 104:3 wvf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you make the clouds your chariot 0 Here the clouds are described as carrying Yahweh as if they were a chariot. Alternate translation: “you make the clouds carry you like a chariot” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:3 cb6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you walk on the wings of the wind 0 Here the blowing of the wind is described as wings on which Yahweh walks. Alternate translation: “you walk upon the wind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:4 h3wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification He makes the winds his messengers 0 This could mean: (1) he causes the wind to be able to carry a message like a messenger, “He makes the winds to be like his messengers” or (2) “He makes his messengers swift like the wind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:4 hx2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification flames of fire his servants 0 This could mean: (1) “he causes flames of fire to be like his servants.” He causes fire to serve him like a servant would or (2) “he makes his servants to be like flames of fire”and (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:4 m17r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis flames of fire his servants 0 This can be stated with the implied information from the previous line. Alternate translation: “He makes the flames of fire his servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 104:5 slc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom He laid the foundations of the earth 0 Here the phrase “laid the foundations” means “created.” Alternate translation: “He created the whole earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 104:6 uvx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile You covered the earth with water like a garment 0 Here the water that covered the earth is being compared to how a large garment is able to completely cover something. Alternate translation: “You completely covered the earth with water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 104:7 cyi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Your rebuke made the waters & they fled 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how God spoke and the waters went away. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 104:7 xcn5 recede 0 move back, go down 104:7 e57p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification they fled 0 Here the psalmist speaks about the waters receding as if they fled like an animal after hearing Yahweh’s voice. The word “fled” means to run away quickly. Alternate translation: “rushed away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 104:8 scr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The mountains rose, and the valleys spread out 0 Here the psalmist speaks of God causing the mountains and valleys to move and change as if they chose to move themselves. They are described this way to emphasize God’s power. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 104:8 l42f for them 0 The word “them” refers to the waters. 104:9 n9ik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification a boundary for them that they will not cross 0 Here the psalmist speaks of God causing the waters not to cross the boundary that he created for them as if the waters themselves chose not to cross it. They are described this way to emphasize God’s authority over them. Alternate translation: “a boundary for them that they cannot cross” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 104:9 dvf6 boundary 0 border 104:10 iif6 streams 0 small rivers 104:11 lyg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the wild donkeys quench their thirst 0 It can be stated clearly that they quench their thirst by drinking the water. Alternate translation: “the wild donkeys drink the water to quench their thirst” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 104:12 agc8 riverbanks 0 the ground at the edges of a river 104:12 f9hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they sing among the branches 0 Here David describes birds chirping as if they were singing. Alternate translation: “they chirp among the tree branches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:13 t46e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He waters the mountains from his water chambers in the sky 0 This means that God causes it to rain. The waters are described as residing in chambers in the sky. Alternate translation: “He waters the mountains by causing the rains to fall from the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:13 umz5 the fruit of his labor 0 Alternate translation: “the many good things that you create” 104:14 e34g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and plants for man to cultivate 0 The words “he makes” and “grow” are understood from the previous phrase, and can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “and he makes the plants grow for man to cultivate” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 104:16 wk1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The trees of Yahweh get plenty of rain 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh provides plenty of rain for his trees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 104:17 hms7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit There the birds make their nests 0 They makes their nests in the cedars. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The birds make their nests in the cedars” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 104:17 hw3v stork 0 This is a type of bird. Alternate translation: “bird” 104:18 k4ms hyraxes 0 I hyrax is a small animal that looks like a large rodent. Alternate translation: “rock badger” 104:19 ph3b seasons 0 This word refers to different weather changes through the year. Some places have rainy season and dry season, while others have spring, summer, fall, and winter. 104:19 e39s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the sun knows its time 0 Here David describes the sun as if it knows what time of day it is. Alternate translation: “he made the sun to set when it is time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 104:20 qx53 You make 0 “Yahweh, you make.” Here the authors switches from speaking about Yahweh to speaking to him. 104:21 lyz7 prey 0 an animal that is food for another animal 104:21 jb9f and seek their food from God 0 Alternate translation: “but they rely on God to provide their food” 104:22 gx5s retreat 0 go back to their dens 104:22 y9tf dens 0 the homes of some mammals and small animals 104:24 z55t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor overflows with your works 0 Here David describes the amount of things that Yahweh had created as if they were a liquid overflowing out of a container. Alternate translation: “is filled with your work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:25 ci1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet deep and wide 0 “it is very deep and very wide.” The depth and width of the sea emphasizes how large it is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 104:25 px6m teeming with innumerable creatures 0 Alternate translation: “having in them more creatures than anyone could count” 104:25 ury2 innumerable 0 more than anyone can count 104:25 qyy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism both small and great 0 This means creatures of all sizes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 104:26 hy31 The ships travel there 0 Alternate translation: “The ships travel on the sea” 104:27 f1i2 All these 0 Alternate translation: “All these creatures” 104:27 ty2m give them their food on time 0 Alternate translation: “give them their food when they need it” 104:28 zi19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit When you give to them, they gather 0 It may be helpful to state that it is food that is given. Alternate translation: “When you give food to them, they gather it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 104:28 lri9 gather 0 collect 104:28 rs7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit when you open your hand 0 This describes Yahweh as opening his hand to give food to the creatures. Alternate translation: “when you open your hand to feed them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 104:29 mel5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit hide your face 0 This means that Yahweh does not look at them or pay attention to them. Alternate translation: “when you do not look upon them” or “when you ignore them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 104:29 w8jz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit return to dust 0 This means that their bodies decay and are and become soil again. Alternate translation: “their bodies decay and return to the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 104:30 nc9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom When you send out your Spirit 0 This refers to his Spirit being sent to give life to creatures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 104:30 ufs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive they are created 0 It is Yahweh’s spirit that created them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 104:30 bvs4 you renew the countryside 0 Alternate translation: “you cause the land to be full of new life” 104:34 wqg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my thoughts be sweet 0 He is comparing his thoughts to something that tastes sweet. Alternate translation: “my thoughts be pleasing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:35 j2if vanish 0 disappear 104:35 d8e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj let the wicked be no more 0 The phrase “the wicked” refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “may wicked people disappear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 105:intro lfu2 0 # Psalm 15 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 105 is the third in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\n\nGod protected Abraham and Jacob. He worked throughout Israel’s history to bring Israel into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) 105:1 zzf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 105:1 vd4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy call on his name 0 Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “call on him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 105:1 x3bs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the nations 0 This refers to the people in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 105:3 te1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Boast in his holy name 0 Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Boast in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 105:3 a47m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche let the heart of those who seek Yahweh rejoice 0 Here “the heart” represents the person who seeks Yahweh. Alternate translation: “let the people who seek Yahweh rejoice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 105:4 hn4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Seek Yahweh and his strength 0 To “seek Yahweh’s strength” means to ask him to strengthen you. Alternate translation: “Seek Yahweh and ask him to give you his strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 105:5 bp9g Recall 0 remember and think about 105:5 d8xx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis his miracles and 0 The word “recall” is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “recall his miracles and” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 105:5 mlf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the decrees from his mouth 0 Here “mouth” refers to the things that he spoke. Alternate translation: “the decrees that he has spoken” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 105:6 h2s3 you descendants of Abraham & you people of Jacob 0 The author is speaking to the Israelites, calling them these names. 105:6 qt6k Abraham his servant 0 Alternate translation: “Abraham, Yahweh’s servant” 105:8 dsi3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He keeps in mind & the word that he commanded 0 These two phrases share similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. The word “word” refers to the covenant. Alternate translation: “He keeps in mind his covenant forever, the promise he made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 105:8 jiu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom keeps in mind 0 This means to remember and think about something. Alternate translation: “remembers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 105:8 myq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers a thousand generations 0 “1,000 generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 105:9 f63m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom He calls to mind 0 The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “he remembers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 105:9 q6jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism the covenant that he made with Abraham & his oath to Isaac 0 Both of these phrases “the covenant” and “the oath” refer to the same promise that Yahweh made to his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 105:9 xgp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis his oath to Isaac 0 The words “that he made” are undestood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “his oath that he made to Isaac” or “his oath that he gave to Isaac” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 105:12 mm4y Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe psalmist is writing about Israel. 105:12 y52u when they were only few in number 0 The word “they” refers to the Israelites. 105:12 xll7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit were strangers in the land 0 It is implied that “the land” refers to Canaan. Alternate translation: “were foreigners in the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:13 m9g6 They went from 0 Alternate translation: “They continued to wander” 105:13 zb22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism from nation to nation and from one kingdom to another 0 These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 105:14 y2y2 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe psalmist is writing about Israel. 105:14 zit6 for their sakes 0 “for their own well-being.” This is referring to Israel. 105:15 ex2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole Do not touch my anointed ones 0 Here “touch” means to harm, it’s an exaggeration Yahweh used to strengthen his warning to not harm his people. Alternate translation: “Do not harm the people I have anointed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 105:16 yy95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom He called for 0 “He sent.” This means that caused a famine to happen in the land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 105:16 ih1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the whole supply of bread 0 Here “bread” refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “the whole supply of food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 105:17 w46a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He sent a man ahead of them; Joseph 0 It may be helpful to state that he sent him ahead of them to Egypt. Alternate translation: “He sent a man ahead of them to Egypt; he sent Joseph who” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:17 a5yd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Joseph was sold as a servant 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joseph’s brothers sold him as a slave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 105:18 y8ja shackles 0 metal restraints used to fasten a prisoner’s wrists or ankles together 105:18 y4be rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive His feet were bound by shackles; on his neck was put an iron collar 0 These statements can be restated as active. Alternate translation: “The Egyptians bound his feet in shackles; they put an iron collar around his neck. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:19 d2i1 The word of Yahweh tested him 0 Alternate translation: “The message of Yahweh tested him” 105:20 t5jp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism The king sent servants to release him; the ruler of the people set him free 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that the king set Joseph free. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 105:23 cy4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Then Israel came into Egypt 0 Here “Israel” refers to Jacob. Jacob also brought his family with him. Alternate translation: “Then Israel and his family came into Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:24 dy5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh made his people fruitful 0 The writer speaks of the increase of Israel as if they were a plant that produced a lot of fruit. “God increased the number of his people greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 105:25 dlg8 to hate his people, to mistreat his servants 0 Alternate translation: “to hate his people and to mistreat his servants” 105:27 m86t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism They performed his signs among the Egyptians & his wonders in the land of Ham 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning. Alternate translation: “Moses and Aaron performed God’s miracles in Egypt among the descendants of Ham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 105:27 ejj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis his wonders in the land of Ham 0 The words “they performed” are understood fromt the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “and they performed his wonders in the land of Ham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 105:27 sf91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the land of Ham 0 Ham was an ancestor of the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “the land of Ham’s descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:28 x43u made that land dark 0 Alternate translation: “made the sky dark” 105:30 l4fr frogs 0 a small jumping reptile 105:30 svn6 even in the rooms of their rulers 0 Alternate translation: “they were even in the rooms of their rulers” 105:31 bg5e Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe psalmist continues to describe Yahweh’s judgment on Egypt. 105:31 xv9w swarms 0 large flying groups 105:31 p85g gnats 0 small flying insects like flies but smaller 105:32 xxb2 hail 0 ice that falls from the sky like rain 105:33 sa1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy He destroyed & he broke 0 God caused the hail, rain, and lightning to ruin the vines and trees. Alternate translation: “He caused it to destroy … and to break” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 105:34 pv2a so many locusts 0 Alternate translation: “there were so many locusts” 105:35 ytq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism The locusts ate up all of the vegetation & They ate up all the crops of the ground 0 These two phrase have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “The insects ate all the plants and all the crops in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 105:36 ur3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He killed every firstborn in their land, the firstfruits of all their strength 0 Here the second phrase about the “firstfruits” is used to describe the “firstborn” in the first phrase. Alternate translation: “He killed every firstborn in their land, which were the firstfruits of all their strength” or “Then Yahweh killed the oldest son in every house of the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 105:37 p9rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He brought the Israelites out with silver and gold 0 When the Israelites left Egypt they took silver and gold with them. Alternate translation: “He brought the Isrealites out of Egypt with silver and gold in their possession” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:37 jug1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives none of his tribes stumbled on the way 0 No one was left behind. This can be stated positively Alternate translation: “all of his tribes was able to make the journey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 105:38 b4ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Egypt was glad 0 Here “Egypt” refers to the people who live in Egypt. Alternate translation: The people of Egypt were glad (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 105:39 z8gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He spread a cloud for a covering 0 Here the psalmist describes Yahweh placing a cloud in the sky as if he were spreading out a garment. The cloud was a “covering” to protect them from the sun. Alternate translation: “He placed a cloud in the sky to protect them from the sun and heat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:39 tm1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit made a fire to light up the night 0 Yahweh placed a pillar of fire in the sky to give light during the night. Alternate translation: “placed a fire it the sky to light up the night” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:40 ny85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he brought quail 0 It may be helpful to make clear that quail are small birds Yahweh sent for them to eat. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sent small birds to eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:40 i82g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit with bread from heaven 0 Yahweh caused manna, a type of bread, to fall from the sky. Alternate translation: “with bread that fell from the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:41 kr8h they flowed 0 Alternate translation: “the waters flowed” 105:42 p4um rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom called to mind 0 This means to remember. Alternate translation: “remembered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 105:43 s27l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He led his people out & his chosen with shouts of triumph 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that God’s people were joyful when he led them out of Egypt. The people were shouting joyfully. Alternate translation: “He led his chosen people out with shouts of joy and triumph” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 105:43 is64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj his chosen 0 Here “chosen” refers to Yahweh’s chosen people. Alternate translation: “his chosen people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 105:43 vc3k shouts of triumph 0 the sound that people make when they are shouting with joy because they have defeated their enemies 105:45 x32z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism keep his statutes and obey his laws 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. “To keep” his statutes means to obey them. Alternate translation: “obey his laws and statutes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 106:intro b2l3 0 # Psalm 16 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 106 is the fourth in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Israel’s sin\n\nAlthough Israel continually sinned in the desert, God still took them to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) 106:1 m751 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 106:1 n4rk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns for his covenant faithfulness endures forever 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “for he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 106:2 mp3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who can recount the mighty acts of Yahweh & deeds? 0 The author asks this question to praise God and does not expect an answer. Alternate translation: “No one can recount the mighty acts of Yahweh … deeds.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 106:2 gxs8 praiseworthy deeds 0 Alternate translation: “deeds that are worthy of praise” 106:4 hu15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Call me to mind 0 The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “remember me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 106:5 a4xh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj of your chosen 0 The word “chosen” refers to Yahweh’s chosen people. Alternate translation: “of your chosen people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 106:5 hyv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis rejoice in the gladness & and glory 0 These are things that David says he will do, along with “seeing the prosperity of your chosen.” The words “I will” may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “I will rejoice in the gladness … and I will glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 106:5 xr8z gladness 0 joy, delight 106:5 upf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy glory with your inheritance 0 Here the phrase “your inheritance” refers to the Isrealites, who are Yahweh’s chosen people. Here “glory” means “to boast about” something; in this case they are boasting about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “boast of your greatness with your people” or “boast with your people about you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 106:7 f98d did not appreciate your marvelous deeds 0 Alternate translation: “were not grateful for the marvelous deed you did” 106:7 ba4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns they ignored your many acts of covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “they ignored the many things that you did because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 106:7 i9mu at the sea & the Sea of Reeds 0 These two phrases refer to the same sea. The second is the name of the sea. 106:8 gj3d Nevertheless, he 0 Alternate translation: “Even though what I have just said is true, he” 106:8 cz9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for his name’s sake 0 Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “for the sake of his own reputation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 106:9 f4nv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile through the depths, as through a wilderness 0 Here David compares the way that Yahweh led the Isrealites through the Sea of Reeds to the way people can be led across the dry ground of a wilderness. “The depths” refers the riverbed that appeared after Yahweh parted the waters. Alternate translation: “through the Seas of Reeds on dry ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 106:10 tc7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He saved them from the hand & and he rescued them from the hand 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are used together to emphasize that Yahweh saved them from their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 106:10 hd8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the hand of those who hated them 0 Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “the power of those who hated them” or “the control of those who hated them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 106:11 iwb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism covered their adversaries 0 This is a polite way to talk about them drowning. Alternate translation: “drowned their enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 106:12 z9pl Then they believed his words 0 Here the word “they” refers to “their ancestors” and the word “his” refers to “Yahweh.” 106:13 k4qa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit they did not wait for his instructions 0 It is implied that they did things without waiting to find out what Yahweh wanted them to go. Alternate translation: “they did things without first waiting for Yahweh’s instructions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 106:14 hxm8 insatiable cravings 0 Alternate translation: “cravings that could not be satisfied” 106:14 ut7k they challenged God 0 Alternate translation: “They rebelled against God” 106:15 p9dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but he sent a horrible disease 0 Here David speaks about Yahweh causing the people to be afflicted by a disease as if Yahweh sent a disease to them in the same way that someone sends a person or a messenger. Alternate translation: “but he caused them to suffer from a horrible disease” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 106:15 cz4b a horrible disease 0 a disease that caused people to slowly become weak and caused some of them to die 106:16 ymj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit In the camp 0 This refers to the Israelites’ camp in the wilderness. Alternate translation: “In the camp in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 106:17 rfy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The earth opened and swallowed up 0 Here how the ground opens up and buries the people is being compared to how a creature swallows something. Alternate translation: “The earth opened and buried” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 106:17 n2we rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Dathan 0 This was an official who rebelled against Moses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 106:17 acj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis covered the followers of Abiram 0 The followers of Abiram were also buried when the earth opened and buried Dathan. Alternate translation: “it also covered the followers of Abiram” or “it also buried the followers of Abiram” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 106:17 trp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Abiram 0 This was an official who rebelled against Moses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 106:18 k3ir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Fire broke out among them; the fire consumed the wicked 0 These two phrases mean the same things and are written together to emphasize how the wicked people were killed by the fire. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 106:19 uq33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit They made a calf at Horeb and worshiped a cast metal figure 0 This information can be reordered so that it is clear that the calf was the cast metal figure. Alternate translation: “At Horeb, they made a cast metal figure of a calf and worshiped it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 106:20 em83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit They traded the glory of God for the image of a bull 0 This means that instead of worshiping God they worshiped the image of the bull. Alternate translation: “They traded worshiping the glory of God to worship the image of a bull” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 106:20 ke98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the glory of God 0 Here God is referred to by his glory. Alternate translation: “their glorious God” or “God who is glorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 106:22 ej25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession the land of Ham 0 This refers to the land where Ham’s descendants lived. Alternate translation: “the land where Ham’s descendant live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) 106:22 s85r mighty acts 0 Alternate translation: “awesome things” 106:23 s6ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor stood in the breach before him, to turn away his anger from destroying them 0 Here David speaks about Moses persuading Yahweh not to destroy the Israelites as intervening with him in the breach. Alternate translation: “stood between Yahweh and the Israelites and begged Yahweh to not destroy them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 106:24 rv7l his promise 0 This refers to Yahweh’s promise that he would allow them to take the land of Canaan as their possession. 106:25 g1re grumbled 0 complained 106:26 rxu8 raised his hand 0 The word “his” refers to Yahweh. Also, it was custom to raise a hand when swearing an oath. 106:27 gk8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism scatter their descendants & in foreign lands 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “and that he would make their descendants live in foreign lands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 106:27 yf1j scatter 0 This means to disperse or spread out something. 106:28 ju2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the sacrifices offered to the dead 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the sacrifices that they offered to the dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 106:28 sm42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj to the dead 0 “The dead” refers to the idols and gods that the Israelites were worshiping. Alternate translation: “to gods who are dead” or “to lifeless gods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 106:29 fu7m a plague broke out 0 Alternate translation: “a plague spread” 106:29 m7n8 provoked him to anger 0 Alternate translation: “angered him” 106:30 eqn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Then Phinehas rose to intervene 0 Phinehas intervened among the people, punishing them for their sin. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Then Phinehas rose to intervene among the people because of their sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 106:31 s4km rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive It was counted to him as a righteous deed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People credited it to him as a righteous deed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 106:32 p4gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Meribah 0 This is a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 106:32 zj4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy suffered because of them 0 Moses suffered because of the peoples’ sin. Here the word “them” is a pronoun for the people and a metonym referring to their sin. Alternate translation: “suffered because of their actions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 106:35 kf8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but they mingled with the nations 0 Hey David speaks of the people intermarrying with the women from other nations as “mingling” with them. Alternate translation: “but they mixed in marriage with the other nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 106:36 j9ws which became a snare to them 0 The idols became a snare to them. 106:38 f98r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism They shed innocent blood, the blood of their sons and of their daughters 0 The phrase “shedding blood” is a descriptive euphemism used for “killing.” Alternate translation: “They shed innocent blood when they killed their sons and daughters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 106:39 dy5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive They were defiled by their deeds 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Their deeds defiled them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 106:39 b2u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit in their actions they were like prostitutes 0 Here David compares their unfaithfulness to Yahweh to the unfaithfulness of a prostitute. Alternate translation: “they were as unfaithful to Yahweh as prostitutes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 106:40 ef5t So Yahweh was angry with his people & he despised his own people 0 Alternate translation: “So Yahweh was angry with his people and despised them” 106:41 wrc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy He gave them into the hand of the nations 0 Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “God allowed the nations to take control of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 106:41 ukn1 those who hated them 0 Alternate translation: “people who hated them” 106:42 q1ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive they were brought into subjection to their authority 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “their enemies caused them to be subject to their authority” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 106:43 k223 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom were brought low by their own sin 0 Here the phrase “brought low” means to be destroyed. Also, If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “their sin ruined them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 106:44 mj3k Nevertheless, he 0 “Even though what I have just said is true, he.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 106:8](../106/008.md). 106:44 ry5x their distress 0 Alternate translation: “their affliction” or “their suffering” 106:45 try4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom called to mind 0 The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “remembered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 106:45 fi1e He & relented because of his steadfast love 0 Alternate translation: “He … decided that because he still loved them very much he would not punish them” 106:46 vqs1 their conquerers 0 “their captors.” This refers to the Isrealites’ enemies who had taken them captive. 106:46 i4vh to have pity on them 0 Alternate translation: “to be compassionate on them” 106:47 p7rh General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nHere 106:48 is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 4 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 90 and ends with Psalm 106. 106:47 n47s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to your holy name 0 Here Yahweh is referred to by his “holy name.” Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 106:48 qmx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May Yahweh, the God of Israel, be praised 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May people praise Yahweh the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 106:48 qzy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism from everlasting to everlasting 0 This refers to two extremes and means for all time. See how you translated this in [Psalms 41:13](../041/013.md). Alternate translation: “for all eternity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 107:intro j88n 0 # Psalm 17 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 107 is the last in a series of five psalms of praise to God (Psalm 103-107).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\n\nThe psalmist praises Yahweh for saving people lost in the desert, in prison, sick, in a storm at sea, homeless and oppressed. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) 107:1 h2en rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 107:1 he6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his covenant faithfulness endures forever 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 107:2 p5ij rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the redeemed of Yahweh 0 “The redeemed” refers to the people whom Yahweh has saved. Alternate translation: “those whom Yahweh has saved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 107:2 j8q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom speak out 0 This means to tell others about something. Alternate translation: “tell about what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 107:2 ftq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from the hand of the enemy 0 Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the power of the enemy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 107:3 vj8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism from the east & and from the south 0 Here the four directions are given to emphasize that he gather them from everywhere. Alternate translation: “from every direction” or “from every part of the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 107:3 fu7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis from the east and from the west, from the north and from the south 0 This describes the places that Yahweh gather his people from. Alternate translation: “he has gathered them from the east and from the west, from the north and from the south” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 107:4 un2c They wandered 0 Alternate translation: “Some people wandered” 107:4 hnu5 on a desert road 0 Alternate translation: “on a road that was in the desert” 107:4 c3wb in which to live 0 Alternate translation: “that they could live in” 107:6 j2tf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Then they called out to Yahweh in their trouble 0 It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:6 xe6n their distress 0 Alternate translation: “their difficulties” or “their afflictions” 107:8 cw6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Oh that people would praise Yahweh for his covenant faithfulness 0 Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 107:8 a7ad for humanity 0 Alternate translation: “for all people” 107:9 v9jj For he satisfies the longings of those who are thirsty 0 Alternate translation: “For he gives water to those who desire it—to those who are thirsty” 107:9 pk1w the desires of those who are hungry he fills up with good things 0 Alternate translation: “to those who are very hungry and desire food, he give them good things to eat” 107:10 d8zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Some sat 0 It is implied that these are people that Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: “Yahweh also rescued people who sat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:10 pb1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet in darkness and in gloom 0 Both “darkness” and “gloom” have basically the same meaning and are used to emphasize how dark the prison was. Alternate translation: “in complete darkness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 107:11 hv2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism they had rebelled against God’s word & rejected the instruction of the Most High 0 These phrases have similar meanings and emphasize how much they had rebelled again God, which is why they had been imprisoned. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 107:12 n1vf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche He humbled their hearts through hardship 0 Here the heart represents a person, but specifically his will. Alternate translation: “He humbled them by allowing them to suffer hardship” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 107:12 pw85 hardship 0 This could mean: (1) “trouble” or (2) “hard labor.” 107:12 rn21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit they stumbled and there was no one to help them up 0 The word “stumbled” refers to times when these people got into very difficult situations. Alternate translation: “they got into trouble and there was no one to help them out of it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:13 ee2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Then they called out to Yahweh in their trouble 0 It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md). Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:13 w6na their distress 0 “difficulties” or “afflictions.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md) 107:13 qk74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he brought 0 Here David describes Yahweh saving them from their distress as if their distress were a physical place that he was bringing them out of. Alternate translation: “he saved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 107:14 h4hv He brought them 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh brought those in prison” 107:14 ca58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet darkness and gloom 0 Both “darkness” and “gloom” have basically the same meaning and are used to emphasize how dark the prison was. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:10](../107/010.md). Alternate translation: “complete darkness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 107:15 hl74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Oh that people would praise Yahweh for his covenant faithfulness 0 Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:8](../107/008.md). Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 107:16 xw9f For he 0 Alternate translation: “because he” 107:16 a9c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism For he has broken the gates of bronze and cut through the bars of iron 0 Both of these phrases describe Yahweh freeing his people from prison and are used to emphasize that Yahweh truly freed them. Alternate translation: “He freed his people from prison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:17 cg19 They were foolish in their rebellious ways 0 Alternate translation: “They were foolish in the way they rebelled against Yahweh” 107:17 w525 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and afflicted 0 “and they suffered.” Specifically they were afflicted by becoming sick. Alternate translation: “and they became sick” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:18 qkk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they came close to the gates of death 0 Here the act of “dying” is described as a place, “the gates of death” Alternate translation: “they almost died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 107:19 h1yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Then they called out to Yahweh in their trouble 0 It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md). Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:20 q29l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification He sent his word and healed them 0 Here David describes Yahweh speaking as sending his words as if they were a messenger. This could mean: (1) “He commanded for them to be healed and they were healed” or (2) “He encouraged them and healed them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 107:21 b9jy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Oh that people would praise Yahweh for his covenant faithfulness 0 Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:8](../107/008.md). Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 107:22 qpm7 of thanksgiving 0 Alternate translation: “that show that they are thankful” 107:22 ct4t in singing 0 Alternate translation: “by singing about them” 107:23 w4vq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and do business overseas 0 They would sail to places and buy and sell things with the people there. Alternate translation: “selling things in cities far away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:25 h9pa he commanded and aroused the windstorm that stirs up the seas 0 Alternate translation: “he commanded the wind and caused it become a great windstorm that stirred up the sea” 107:25 wyy3 windstorm 0 a strong wind, like the wind that accompanies a strong rain storm 107:25 j3g8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor that stirs up the seas 0 Here David describes the winds causing the waves to become high as if the wind was an object fiercely stirring something. Alternate translation: “that caused the waves of the sea to become very high” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 107:26 y5x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole They reached up to the sky; they went down to the depths 0 This describes the ships rising and falling with the waves. The extremes of rising to the sky and falling to the depths are an exaggeration to express how horrible the windstorm was and how large the waves were. Alternate translation: “their ships would rise very high on the waves and then they would fall very low between the waves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 107:26 jma2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Their lives melted away in distress 0 This idiom describes the sailors’ great fear. Alternate translation: “The men were terrified and greatly distressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 107:27 yjm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom were at their wits’ end 0 The phrase “at their wit’s end” means that they did not know what to do. Alternate translation: “and they did not know what to do” or “they had no idea what to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 107:28 j371 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Then they called out to Yahweh in their trouble 0 It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md). Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:28 i5p5 Then they 0 The word “they” refers to the sailors. 107:28 jw4k he brought them 0 Alternate translation: “he guided them” 107:29 yp9j He calmed the storm 0 Alternate translation: “He made the wind stop” 107:29 ca97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the waves were stilled 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he made the waves still” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 107:30 pch1 their desired harbor 0 Alternate translation: “to the harbor where they wanted to go” 107:31 bw2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Oh that people would praise Yahweh for his covenant faithfulness 0 Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:8](../107/008.md). Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 107:32 r3mg praise him in the council of the elders 0 “when the elders sit together.” The elders sat together to discuss issues in the community and to make decisions for the community. 107:33 ni1b He turns 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes” 107:34 d8df because of the wickedness of its people 0 Alternate translation: “because the people that live there are wicked” 107:35 iw79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He turns the wilderness into a pool of water and dry land into springs of water 0 Both of these phrases have similar meaning and emphasize how Yahweh makes water appear in the wilderness. Alternate translation: “He make springs and lakes in land that used to be desert” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 107:36 h54c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj He settles the hungry there 0 The word “there” refers to the places where Yahweh made springs and lakes appear. Also, the phrase “the hungry” refers to people who are hungry. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes people who are hungry live there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 107:37 u1tb to plant vineyards 0 Alternate translation: “to plant vineyards in” 107:37 bsi7 and to bring in an abundant harvest 0 Alternate translation: “so that they can produce a plentiful harvest” 107:38 rb6h so they are very numerous 0 Alternate translation: “so that their people are very numerous” 107:38 ah11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes He does not let their cattle decrease in number 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “He keeps their cattle very numerous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 107:39 aqn7 They 0 The word “They” refers to the people who were hungry that Yahweh had settled in the land. This sentence describes how they were before Yahweh settled them in the land. 107:39 x3qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive They were diminished and brought low 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Their leaders diminished their number and brought them low” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 107:39 sl5d were diminished 0 Alternate translation: “became fewer in number” 107:39 fpr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom brought low 0 This means to be humiliated. Alternate translation: “humiliated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 107:40 k39h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor pours contempt on 0 Here David speaks of Yahweh showing contempt for the leaders as if contempt were a liquid he poured out on them. Alternate translation: “shows contempt for” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 107:40 i78e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the leaders 0 “the nobles.” This refers to the leaders who oppressed the people. Alternate translation: “the leaders who oppressed them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:40 b5e5 where there are no roads 0 Alternate translation: “where people never go” 107:41 eaq2 But he 0 Alternate translation: “But Yahweh” 107:41 a9fb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the needy 0 This refers to needy people. Alternate translation: “needy people” or “poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 107:41 n1pw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile cares for his families like a flock 0 Here David compares how Yahweh cares for his people to how a shepherd cares for his sheep. This could mean: (1) “makes the number of people in their families increase like flocks” or (2) “takes care of them like a shepherd cares for his sheep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 107:42 j8l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj The upright 0 This refers to people who live in an upright way. Alternate translation: “Upright people” or “People who do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 107:42 pa98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all wickedness 0 Here wicked people are referred to as “wickedness.” Alternate translation: “all wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 107:42 s6wb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom shuts its mouth 0 This means to not say anything in response. Alternate translation: “has nothing to say against Yahweh in reply” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 107:43 fk8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom take note of these things 0 This means to think about these things. Alternate translation: “think about these things” or “remember these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 107:43 u9kq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns meditate on Yahweh’s acts of covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “meditate on the things that Yahweh has done that show that he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 108:intro vpj5 0 # Psalm 18 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 108 is a psalm of war.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Victory\n\nGod promised success to the psalmist, but Yahweh failed to help him conquer the country of Edom. He needed God to give him victory over Edom. 108:1 lxd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 108:1 c1mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My heart is fixed, God 0 Here David is referring to himself by his heart. Also, the word “fixed” means to trust completely. Alternate translation: “My heart is fixed on you, God” or “I am trusting completely in you, God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 108:1 tuz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I will sing praises also with my honored heart 0 Here David is represented by his “heart.” David refers to himself as having the honor of praising God. Alternate translation: “You honor me by allowing me to sing praises to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 108:2 gl6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Wake up, lute and harp 0 Here David describes playing his instruments as waking them up from sleep. Alternate translation: “I will praise you by playing the lute and the harp” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 108:2 dnf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I will wake up the dawn 0 Here David is describing the dawn waking up like a person waking up in the morning. Alternate translation: “I will be praising you when the dawn comes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 108:2 yj5i dawn 0 when the sun rises 108:4 ce4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism your covenant faithfulness is great above the heavens; and your trustworthiness reaches to the skies 0 These two phrases have similar meanings. They speak of the greatness of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness as if they were objects that were tall enough to reach up to the sky. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “For your covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are greater than the distance between heaven and earth” or “For you are more faithful to your covenant and more worthy of people trusting you than the sky is higher than the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 108:5 y6qh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Be exalted, God, above the heavens 0 The psalmist is asking God to show that he is exalted. Being exalted above the heavens represents being great. Alternate translation: “God, show that you are exalted above the heavens” or “God, show that you are great in the heavens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 108:5 v9cz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy may your glory be exalted 0 Here Yahweh is referred to by his “glory.” Alternate translation: “may you be exalted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 108:6 ewv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive So that those you love may be rescued 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: Because those you love need rescuing” or “Rescue those you love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 108:6 yda2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with your right hand 0 Here Yahweh’s “right hand” refers to his power. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 108:6 m9rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy answer me 0 Answering here represents responding to his request. Alternate translation: “respond to my request” or “answer my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 108:7 e11p General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis verse is the same as [Psalms 60:6](../060/006.md). 108:7 j6ax rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God has spoken in his holiness 0 Here David describes God speaking something because he is holy as speaking “in his holiness,” as if his holiness were something that he was physically inside of. Alternate translation: “God, because he is holy, has said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 108:7 vkv8 I will divide Shechem and apportion out the Valley of Succoth 0 Here God is speaking about dividing the land of Shechem and the Valley of Succoth. 108:7 mr5j apportion 0 to divide into portions 108:8 tt4v General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis verse is the same as [Psalms 60:7](../060/007.md). 108:8 acw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Ephraim also is my helmet 0 God speaks of the tribe of Ephraim as if it were his army. The helmet symbolizes equipment for war. Alternate translation: “Ephraim is like a helmet I have chosen” or “The tribe of Ephraim is my army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 108:8 sj9d helmet 0 a hard hat that soldiers wear to protect their heads from injury 108:8 yz46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Judah is my scepter 0 God chose men from the tribe of Judah to be the kings of his people, and he speaks of that tribe as if it were his scepter. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Judah is like my scepter” or “Judah is the tribe through whom I rule my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 108:9 db77 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis verse is the same as [Psalms 60:8](../060/008.md). 108:9 xz1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Moab is my washbasin 0 God speaks of Moab being unimportant as if Moab were a washbasin or a lowly servant. Alternate translation: “Moab is like a bowl that I use for washing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 108:9 n1ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor over Edom I will throw my shoe 0 God was probably speaking of taking ownership of Edom as if he were symbolically throwing his shoe onto that land to show that he owns it. However some versions have other interpretations. Alternate translation: “I take ownership of the land of Edom” or “I throw my shoe onto the land of Edom to show that it is mine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 108:10 ian9 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis verse is the same as [Psalms 60:9](../060/009.md). 108:11 f164 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis verse is almost the same as [Psalms 60:10](../060/010.md). 108:11 htl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion God, have you not rejected us? 0 The psalmist uses this question to express his sadness that it seems that God has rejected them. Alternate translation: “It seems like you have rejected us!” or “God, you seem to have abandoned us!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 108:11 mze2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor You do not go into battle with our army 0 The psalmist speaks of God helping their army as if God were to go and fight with them. Alternate translation: “you do not help our army when we go into battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 108:12 h6li General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis verse is the same as [Psalms 60:11](../060/011.md). 108:12 va87 is futile 0 Alternate translation: “is worthless” 108:13 vs71 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis verse is the same as [Psalms 60:12](../060/012.md). 108:13 wk3a will triumph 0 Alternate translation: “will defeat our enemies” 108:13 a18r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he will trample down our enemies 0 The psalmist speaks of God helping their army defeat their enemies as if God were to trample down the enemies. Alternate translation: “he will enable us to trample down our enemies” or “he will make us able to defeat our enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 109:intro r1w7 0 # Psalm 19 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 109 is a psalm of vengeance against an enemy who has lied about him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Enemies destroyed\n\nThis enemy lied about the psalmist. So he asked God to completely destroy his enemy and his enemy’s family. 109:1 w5rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 109:1 ka6w For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 109:2 tj2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj For the wicked and deceitful 0 The words “wicked” and “deceitful” refer to people. They have similar meanings and emphasize how bad these people are. Alternate translation: “For wicked and deceitful men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 109:4 e77p In return for my love 0 Alternate translation: “Although I loved them” 109:4 p5ny my love 0 Alternate translation: “my love for them” 109:4 lek5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit they accuse me 0 The word “they” refers to the people who are wicked and deceitful. You may need to make explicit that those who accuse the psalmist do so falsely. Alternate translation: “they accuse me falsely” or “they slander me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 109:6 p353 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Appoint a wicked man & appoint an accuser 0 These two phrases are parallel and the phrases “a wicked man” and “an accuser” refer to the same person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 109:6 axd7 at his right hand 0 Alternate translation: “at my enemy’s right hand” 109:7 li65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive When he is judged, may he be found guilty 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “When he is on trial, may the judge find him guilty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 109:7 sfk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive may his prayer be considered sinful 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “consider his prayer sinful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 109:8 s7dn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom May his days be few 0 The phrase “his days” refers to the length of his life. Alternate translation: “May he not live a long time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 109:8 nt3y his office 0 Alternate translation: “his position of authority” 109:10 d7fa handouts 0 food or money given to beggars 109:10 ba23 their ruined home 0 Alternate translation: “their destroyed homes” 109:11 s52u the creditor 0 someone who lends money to another person but expects that the person will pay the money back 109:11 f7aq plunder 0 steal by force 109:13 i5qb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism May his children be cut off; may their name be blotted out 0 These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize his children being destroyed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 109:13 hn3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May his children be cut off 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Cause his children to be cut off” or “Cause his children to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 109:13 i4f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor may their name be blotted out in the next generation 0 Here the idea of there being no one to carry on the family name is spoke of as “their name being blotted out.” Alternate translation: “may there be no one to carry on his name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 109:14 k5nj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May his ancestors’ sins be mentioned to Yahweh 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May you remember the sins of his ancestors, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 109:14 hen7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive may the sin of his mother not be forgotten 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May you not forget the sins that his mother committed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 109:15 bg71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor May their guilt always be before Yahweh 0 Here David speaks about Yahweh thinking about their guilt as if their guilt is something physically present before him. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh continually think about their sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 109:15 g7c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy may Yahweh cut off their memory from the earth 0 David uses the word “earth” to refer to all the people that live on the earth. Also, the phrase “their memory” refers to people remembering them after they have died. Alternate translation: “may Yahweh make it so that no one on earth remembers them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 109:16 yx2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit this man never bothered to show any covenant faithfulness 0 This refers to him showing covenant faithfulness to people. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “this man never bothered to show any covenant faithfulness to people” or “this man never did anything to show that he was faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 109:16 x4b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the oppressed, the needy 0 This refers to oppressed and needy people. Alternate translation: “oppressed people, needy people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 109:16 ju66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the disheartened 0 This refers to people who are disheartened. Alternate translation: “disheartened people” or “people who have lost hope” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 109:16 qim3 to death 0 “until they died.” This means that he harassed them until they died. 109:17 va8l may it come back upon him 0 Alternate translation: “may his curses come upon him” 109:18 msj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He clothed himself with cursing as his garment 0 David speaks of the wicked person’s behavior as if it were his clothing. Alternate translation: “He cursed other people as often as he wore clothing” or “He cursed people all the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 109:18 dq39 as his garment 0 Alternate translation: “as if they were his clothing” 109:18 h86c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his curse came into his inner being like water, like oil into his bones 0 Possible meanings are: (1) He spoke curses so often that they became a part of his identity. “the curses that he speaks are part of who he is” or (2) the curse that he spoke happened to him. “his whole being was cursed by the curse he spoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 109:18 h7bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit like water 0 This refers to how a person drinks water. Alternate translation: “like water a person drinks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 109:18 bkc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit like oil into his bones 0 This refers to how oil soaks into bones when rubbed on the skin. Alternate translation: “like olive oil soaks into a person’s bones when it is rubbed on his skin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 109:19 u676 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile May his curses be to him like the clothes he wears to cover himself 0 People wore their clothes everyday. David speaks of a wicked person always being cursed as if his curses always covered him as his clothing does. Alternate translation: “Let his curses be on him every day like the garment he wears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 109:19 j7lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis like the belt he always wears 0 The words “may his curses be to him” are understood from the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “may his curses be to him like the belt he always wears” or “and let his curses always be on him like the belt he always wears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 109:20 l5zl May this be the reward 0 Alternate translation: “May these curses be the reward” 109:21 a7fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom deal kindly with me 0 This is a request for Yahweh to treat him kindly. Alternate translation: “treat me kindly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 109:21 zbn1 your name’s sake 0 Alternate translation: “the sake of your reputation” 109:21 qx2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Because your covenant faithfulness is good 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because you are good and are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 109:22 c385 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet oppressed and needy 0 These two words have similar meanings and emphasize that he is unable to help himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 109:22 b3t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my heart is wounded within me 0 Here David speaks of being in great despair as his heart being wounded. Alternate translation: “I am full of grief and despair” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 109:23 gx1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am fading away like the shadow & like a locust 0 David feels like he is going to die soon and describes this feeling by comparing himself to a fading shadow and to how the wind blows away locust. Alternate translation: “I feel like I am about to die, like an evening shadow that will soon disappear, like a locust is easily blown away by the wind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 109:24 b9m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit My knees are weak 0 This means that he is weak and it is difficult for him to stand. Alternate translation: “I have difficulty standing” or “My body is weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 109:24 v9cy from fasting 0 Alternate translation: “because I am not eating any food” 109:24 i7xf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I am turning to skin and bones 0 This means that he has lost a lot of weight. Alternate translation: “my body has become very thin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 109:25 li9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive I am disdained by my accusers 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “My accusers ridicule me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 109:25 qvc7 shake their heads 0 This is an act of disapproval. 109:26 u86i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns save me by your covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “save me because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 109:27 hv1a May they know 0 The word “they” refers to David’s accusers and the people who say bad things about him. 109:27 j58d have done this 0 Alternate translation: “have saved me” 109:28 acp8 Though they curse me 0 The word “they” refers to the people who accuse David and say bad things about him. 109:28 ryv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive may they be put to shame 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may they be ashamed” or “let them be ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 109:28 u9an but may your servant rejoice 0 “but may I, your servant, rejoice” or “I am your servant, let me rejoice.” David uses the phrase “your servant” to refer to himself. 109:29 mfp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism May my adversaries be clothed & may they wear 0 These two phrase have them same meaning and are used together for emphasize how greatly he wishes for them to be ashamed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 109:29 qa66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor be clothed with shame 0 Here David speaks of them being ashamed as if were clothing they wore. Alternate translation: “be very ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 109:29 xhb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile may they wear their shame like a robe 0 David speaks of them being ashamed as if it were a robe that they wore. Alternate translation: “may their shame cover them just like their robe is wrapped around them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 109:30 d8ig rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom With my mouth I give 0 This means that he will speak. Alternate translation: “I will speak and give” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 109:31 pa49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will stand at the right hand of the one who is needy 0 This means that he will help and defend the poor person. Alternate translation: “will defend the one who is needy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 110:intro h1ti 0 # Psalm 110 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 110 is a psalm honoring the king as he becomes king and also a prophecy about Christ. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### King\n\nThe king will be able to conquer his enemies. Christ is seen as both high priest and king. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]]) 110:1 u94e rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 110:1 xte6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Sit at my right hand 0 The phrase “my right hand” refers to the place of honor. Alternate translation: “Sit at the place of honor which I have for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 110:1 ke66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor make your enemies your footstool 0 Here David describes Yahweh placing his master’s enemies under his power and control as putting them under his feet like a footstool. Alternate translation: “put your enemies under your power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 110:2 pjk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Yahweh will hold out the scepter of your strength 0 Here David speaks of Yahweh extending the area that the king rules as holding out his scepter. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will extend the area over which you powerfully rule” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 110:2 s6mj rule among your enemies 0 “King, rule among your enemies.” This is spoken to the king as a command. 110:3 v9sn of their own free will 0 “by their own choice.” This means that they will chose to follow the king. 110:3 m1bp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit on the day of your power 0 This refers to the day that the king will lead his armies into battle. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “on the day that you lead your armies into battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 110:3 nr17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification from the womb of the dawn & like the dew 0 David describes the dew as a baby to whom the dawn gives birth. Alternate translation: “in the morning … like the dew” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 110:3 t8fr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from the womb of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew 0 David is telling the king that he will have youthful strength each morning by comparing it to how the dew appears early each morning. Alternate translation: “each morning you will be filled with youthful strength to sustain you just like each morning the dew appears to water and sustain the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 110:4 ng77 You are 0 Yahweh is speaking to the lord, the one David calls “my master” in [Psalms 110:1](../110/001.md). 110:4 c4te rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit will not change 0 This means that he will not change what he has said. Alternate translation: “will not change his mind” or “will not change what he has said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 110:4 qp9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis after the manner of Melchizedek 0 The idea of being priest is understood from the previous phrase. It can be stated clearly here. Alternate translation: “after the manner that Melchizedek was priest” or “in the same way that Melchizedek was priest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 110:5 icc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom The Lord is at your right hand 0 When the lord goes to battle, Yahweh stands at his right hand in order to help him. Alternate translation: “The Lord helps you in battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 110:5 e4t4 The Lord 0 The word “Lord” refers to Yahweh. 110:5 ij3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy He will kill 0 The word “He” refers to Yahweh. He will cause the kings to be defeated and die, but he will allow the king’s armies to kill the enemy kings. Alternate translation: “He will cause the kings to die” or “He will allow your armies to kill the kings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 110:5 d7kw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit kings 0 This refers to his enemies. Alternate translation: “enemy kings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 110:5 zlj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit on the day of his anger 0 Here David speaks of the day when Yahweh will become angry and defeat the kings as “the day of his anger.” Alternate translation: “on the day of judgment when his patience turns to anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 110:6 zrf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he will fill the battlegrounds with dead bodies 0 This means that Yahweh will cause this to happen, not that he will personally kill all of the people who die on the battleground. Alternate translation: “he will cause the battlegrounds to be filled with death bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 110:6 sc5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he will kill the leaders in many countries 0 This means that Yahweh will cause this to happen, not that he will personally kill the leaders. Alternate translation: “he will cause the leaders in many countries to be killed” or “he will allow the leaders in many countries to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 110:7 uw7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He will drink of the brook along the road 0 The king only stops briefly for a drink and then he continues the pursuit of his enemies. Alternate translation: “As he pursues his enemies, he will only stop to drink quickly from a brook” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 110:7 mb7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche of the brook 0 This means the he will drink water from the brook. A brook is a small stream. Alternate translation: “he will drink water from the brook” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 110:7 hi2c and then 0 Alternate translation: “and so” or “therefore” 110:7 qf91 he will lift his head 0 This could mean: (1) the king lifts up his own head or (2) Yahweh lifts up the head of the king. 110:7 c1xr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he will lift his head up high after victory 0 People raised their heads when they are victorious, confident, and joyful. Alternate translation: “he will confidently lift his head after victory” or “he will be victorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 111:intro mk5d 0 # Psalm 111 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 111 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles and care. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s character\n\nGod is great. He has given his people food and a land always keeps his promises to his people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) 111:1 gj78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 111:1 ydq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with my whole heart 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person’s entire inner being and emotions. Alternate translation: “with all that I am” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 111:1 wk3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet in the assembly of the upright, in their gathering 0 These two phrases mean that same thing and may be combined if necessary. Alternate translation: “in the gathering of upright people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 111:2 t1nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive eagerly awaited by all those who desire them 0 The word “them” refers to the “works of Yahweh.” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “all those who desire the works of Yahweh eagerly await them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 111:2 hfu9 eagerly awaited 0 This could mean: (1) “sought after” or (2) “studied.” 111:4 iu4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that will be remembered 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that people will always remember” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 111:5 b5ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom call to mind 0 This is an idiom that means to remember. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 111:6 xr2m his powerful works 0 Alternate translation: “his works that demonstrated his power” 111:6 v69n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the inheritance of the nations 0 The writer speaks of the land that belonged to the nations in Canaan as if it were their inheritance. Alternate translation: “the land that belonged to other nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 111:7 t14c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The works of his hands 0 Here the word “hands” refers to Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “The works that he does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 111:8 aj31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive They are established forever 0 This means that Yahweh’s instructions are unchangeable and will last forever. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “He has established them forever” or “They will last forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 111:8 shk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive to be observed faithfully and properly 0 This could mean: (1) Yahweh has given his instructions in a faithful and proper manner or (2) his people are to observe Yahweh’s instructions in a faithful and proper manner. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for his people to observe them faithfully and properly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 111:9 e4zm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy holy and awesome is his name 0 Here the word “name” refers to Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is holy and awesome” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 111:10 x95h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the beginning of wisdom 0 The word “wisdom” can be translated as “wise.” Alternate translation: “the first step to becoming wise” or “the most important thing to become wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 111:10 rv8i those who carry out his instructions 0 Alternate translation: “those who obey his instructions” 111:10 vh6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns His praise endures forever 0 The word “praise” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “People will praise him forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 112:intro s165 0 # Psalm 112 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 112 is a wisdom psalm teaching the value of a righteous life. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Righteous people\n\nThe righteous people will be well-known for their generosity and they will not have to worry about bad news because God is taking care of them. 112:1 m17p rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 112:1 s1nc greatly delights 0 Alternate translation: “takes great pleasure” 112:2 yd3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the descendants of the godly man will be blessed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless the descendants of the godly man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 112:3 uu3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Wealth and riches are in his house 0 Here the word “house” represents the family. The words “Wealth” and “riches” mean basically the same thing and indicate an abundance of wealth. Alternate translation: “His family is very wealthy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 112:4 kw55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Light shines in the darkness for the godly person 0 The writer speaks of God blessing the godly person in difficult times as if it were a light shining in darkness. Alternate translation: “The blessings that a godly person receives from God are like a light that shines in the darkness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 112:5 q9qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis lends money 0 The understood information can be made clear. Alternate translation: “lends his money to other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 112:6 vvk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive For he will never be moved 0 he will not be troubled or overwhelmed by circumstances for his trust is in Yahweh? If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “For nothing will ever move him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 112:6 d3ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the righteous person will be remembered forever 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will remember the righteous person forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 112:8 b8q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche His heart is tranquil 0 “His heart is supported.” Here the word “heart” refers to the person. This could mean: (1) “He is at peace” or (2) “He is confident” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 112:9 yw9m his righteousness endures forever 0 “his righteous deeds will endure forever.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 112:3](../112/003.md). 112:9 d44a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he will be exalted with honor 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will exalt him by giving him honor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 112:10 rn5k will see this 0 “will see that things go well for the godly person.” The word “this” refers to everything good that the writer has described in the previous verses about the godly person. 112:10 c3ev rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction he will grind his teeth in rage 0 The grinding of teeth is an expression of extreme anger. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 35:16](../035/016.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 112:10 xx9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor melt away 0 The writer speaks of the wicked person’s eventual death as if that person were something, such as ice, that can melt. Alternate translation: “eventually die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 112:10 ig26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the desire of the wicked people will perish 0 Here, **desire** could mean: (1) the emotional desire that wicked people have. Alternate translation: “the things that wicked people want to do will never happen” or (2) it is a metonym for the things that wicked people have desired. Alternate translation: “wicked people will lose the things that they desired” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 113:intro p4uj 0 # Psalm 113 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 113 is a psalm of praise to God for his goodness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\n\nGod helps the poor and gives children to the wife who cannot conceive children. 113:1 qx3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 113:1 pvw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the name of Yahweh 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 113:3 fc3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism From the rising of the sun to its setting 0 This phrase refers to the directions east, where the sun rises, and west, where the sun sets. The writer uses these two extremes to represent everywhere on earth. See how you translated this in [Psalms 50:1](../050/001.md). Alternate translation: “Everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 113:3 l5e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh’s name should be praised 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh, himself. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people should praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 113:4 s2f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his glory reaches above the skies 0 The glory of God is spoken of as if it was very high. Alternate translation: “his glory is higher than the skies” or “his glory is enormously great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 113:5 wih3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who is like Yahweh our God, who has his seat on high 0 This is the first part of a rhetorical question that the writer asks to emphasize that there is no one like Yahweh. It may be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no one like Yahweh our God, who has his seat on high” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 113:5 q76s who has his seat on high 0 Alternate translation: “who is enthroned on high” or “who rules in the highest position” 113:6 ig92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion who looks down at the sky and at the earth 0 This is the second part of a rhetorical question that the writer asks to emphasize that there is no one like Yahweh. It may be translated as a statement that begins a new sentence. Alternate translation: “There is no one like Yahweh our God, who looks down at the sky and at the earth.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 113:7 d8bp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He raises up the poor & from the ash heap 0 These two phrases are parallel. The writer speaks of Yahweh helping and honoring people who are poor as if Yahweh caused them to stand up from sitting in dirt and ashes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 113:7 rib6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction out of the dirt & from the ash heap 0 Sitting in dirt and ashes represents either poverty or despair. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 113:8 ztn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism so that he may seat him with princes, with the princes of his people 0 Here the second phrase clarifies that the first phrase refers to the princes of Yahweh’s people. These two statements can be combined. Alternate translation: “so that Yahweh may seat him next to rulers of his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 113:9 c3e3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy He gives a home to the barren woman of the house 0 Here “home” refers to the children that live in a home. Alternate translation: “He gives children to the woman who had none” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 114:intro vu9f 0 # Psalm 114 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 114 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles in bringing the people of Israel to the promised land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\n\nThe psalmist praised God for opening up the Red Sea for the people to cross, for providing the earthquake that stopped the Jordan River so the people could cross and providing water from a rock for the people to drink. 114:1 eph8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 114:1 d4dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism When Israel left Egypt, the house of Jacob from a people who spoke a foreign language 0 These two lines are parallel, with “Israel” and “the house of Jacob” meaning the same thing and “Egypt” and “that foreign people” referring to the same people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 114:1 trv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the house of Jacob from a people who spoke a foreign language 0 The word “house” here represents the family or descendents. The verb may be supplied to this phrase. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jacob left people who spoke a language that the descendants of Jacob did not understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 114:2 rxv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Judah became his holy place, Israel his kingdom 0 Possible meanings for **Judah** and **Israel** are: (1) they refer to the land. Alternate translation: “The land of Judah became Yahweh’s holy place, the land of Israel became his kingdom” or (2) they are metonyms for the people of Judah and Israel. Alternate translation: “The people of Judah became those among whom Yahweh lived, the people of Israel became those over whom he ruled” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 114:3 pq6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The sea looked and fled 0 The writer speaks of the Sea of Reeds as if it were a person who fled away as Yahweh led the people of Israel through on dry ground. Alternate translation: “It was as though the sea looked and fled” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 114:3 wht9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the Jordan turned back 0 The writer speaks of the Jordan River as if it were a person who retreated as Yahweh led the people of Israel through on dry ground. Alternate translation: “it was as though the Jordan retreated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 114:4 hr5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The mountains skipped like rams, the hills skipped like lambs 0 The writer speaks of the mountains and hills as if they are alive. He is probably speaking of an earthquake when he describes their fear at the presence of Yahweh as if they were jumping like rams and lambs. Alternate translation: “It was as if the mountains shook like jumping rams and the hills shook like jumping lambs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 114:5 a5rh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerses 5-6 contain four rhetorical questions. The expected answer to each question is found in verse 7, “because of the presence of the Lord.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 114:6 m256 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification skip like rams & skip like lambs 0 The writer speaks of the mountains and hills as if they are alive. He is probably speaking of an earthquake when he describes their fear at the presence of Yahweh as if they were jumping like rams and lambs. See how you translated similar phrases in [Psalms 114:4](./004.md). Alternate translation: “shake like jumping rams … shake like jumping lambs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 114:7 xi33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Tremble, earth, before the Lord, at the presence of the God of Jacob 0 The last two phrases are parallel. The verb may be supplied in the second line. Alternate translation: “Tremble, earth, before the Lord, tremble at the presence of the God of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 114:7 k6tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Tremble, earth 0 This could mean: (1) the writer is speaking to the earth as if it were a person and commands it to tremble with fear before God or (2) the word “earth” is a metonym for those who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “Tremble, everyone one earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 114:8 u6n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He turned the rock into a pool of water, the hard rock into a spring of water 0 These two phrases are parallel. The writer describes Yahweh causing water to flow from the rock as if he turned the rock into water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 114:8 ca4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the hard rock into a spring of water 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “He turned the hard rock into a spring of water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 115:intro it4i 0 # Psalm 115 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 115 is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s power\n\nGod is in heaven and is able to do whatever he wants. Idols can not do anything. Therefore, people and priests should trust God for their protection. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 115:1 i2ig rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 115:1 l7ze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Not to us, Yahweh, not to us 0 The writer repeats the phrase “Not to us” in order to emphasize that they are not worthy to receive the honor that is due only to Yahweh. If necessary, a verbal phrase may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “Do not bring honor to us, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 115:1 a1ln to us 0 The word “us” refers to the people of Israel. 115:1 xrr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy but to your name bring honor 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “but bring honor to yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 115:1 ckd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns for your covenant faithfulness and for your trustworthiness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trustworthiness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant and you are worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 115:2 frw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why should the nations say, “Where is their God?” 0 This rhetorical question emphasizes that there should be no reason for the nations to say what they say. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “The people of the nations should not be able to say, ‘Where is their God?’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 115:2 ya4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Where is their God? 0 The people of other nations use this question to mock the people of Israel and to express that they do not see Yahweh helping them. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 115:4 ums8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the work of men’s hands 0 Here the word “hands” represents the people who made the idols. Alternate translation: “things which men have made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 115:5 p4em rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Those idols have mouths 0 The idols do not have real mouths, eyes, ears, or noses. Rather, people made them with the likeness of mouths, eyes, ears, and noses. The writer is emphasizing that these idols are not really alive. You can make clear the implied information. Alternate translation: “People have given mouths to those idols” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 115:7 n3bn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Those idols have hands 0 The idols do not have real hands, feet, or mouths. Rather, people made them with the likeness of hands, feet, and mouths. The writer is emphasizing that these idols are not really alive. You can make this implicit information clear. Alternate translation: “People have given hands to those idols” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 115:7 ak88 but do not feel 0 Alternate translation: “but those hands do not feel” 115:8 x5i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Those who make them are like them, as is everyone who trusts in them 0 Those who make and worship idols become lifeless and powerless, just like those idols. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Those who make them become lifeless like they are, as does everyone who trusts in them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 115:9 tqr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Israel, trust in Yahweh 0 The word “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “People of Israel, trust in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 115:9 l1tq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your help and shield 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh as if he were a shield because he protects his people as a shield would protect them from harm. Alternate translation: “the one who helps you and protects you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 115:10 fa9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy House of Aaron 0 Here the word “House” represents the family or descendants. This phrase refers to the priests, who were descendants of Aaron. Alternate translation: “Descendants of Aaron” or “Priests” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 115:12 sbd2 takes notice of us 0 Alternate translation: “has paid attention to us” 115:12 bns5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the family of Israel 0 This refers to the people of Israel, who are descendants of Jacob, who also called Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 115:12 bu8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the family of Aaron 0 This refers to the priests, who are descendants of Aaron. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Aaron” or “the priests” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 115:13 j4vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism both young and old 0 “both small and great.” Possible meanings are that this refers: (1) to social status or (2) to age. In either case, the two extremes represent every person, regardless of age or social status. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 115:14 fg71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit May Yahweh increase your numbers more and more 0 The writer is speaking of the number of children that the people of Israel would have. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh increase the number of your children more and more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 115:14 ezp4 yours and your descendants’ 0 “both your children and your descendants’ children.” The writer clarifies that his request for more children applies not only to the present generation, but to their descendants, as well. 115:15 psd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May you be blessed by Yahweh, who made heaven and earth 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh, who made heaven and earth, bless you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 115:16 qu64 the earth he has given to mankind 0 This does not mean that the earth does not belong to Yahweh, but that has given the earth to mankind as a dwelling place. 115:17 n4er rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj The dead 0 The adjective “dead” may be translated with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “People who are dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 115:17 m2zu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis nor do any who go down into silence 0 This parallel phrase has a similar meaning to phrase before it. The verb may be supplied from that previous phrase to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “nor do any who go down into silence praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 115:17 hd34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor nor do any who go down into silence 0 The writer speaks of the grave or the place of the dead as a place of silence where no one can speak. This is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: “nor do any who go to the place of the dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 115:18 m43y But we 0 The word “we” refers to the people of Israel who are still alive. 116:intro r7gl 0 # Psalm 116 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 116 is a psalm of praise for saving the psalmist’s life. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Healing\n\nThe author was very sick and expected to die but God healed him. So he will pay his vow and sacrifice an offering of thanks. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) 116:1 y25k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 116:1 w8ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche he hears my voice and my pleas for mercy 0 Here the word “voice” represents the person who is speaking. The abstract nouns “pleas” and “mercy” can be stated as “plead” and “merciful.” Alternate translation: “he hears me when I plead for him to be merciful to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 116:3 mte5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The cords of death surrounded me 0 The writer speaks of death as if it were a person who could capture him and bind him with ropes. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:4](../018/004.md). Alternate translation: “I felt like I was about to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 116:3 w8sp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the snares of Sheol confronted me 0 The writer speaks of “Sheol,” the place of the dead, as if it were a person who could trap him with snares. Alternate translation: “I felt as if I were ready to enter the grave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 116:4 sp5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy called on the name of Yahweh 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “called out to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 116:4 uq14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche rescue my life 0 Here the word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “rescue me” or “keep me from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 116:6 wd2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the naive 0 This refers to people who are inexperienced or who cannot care for themselves. The adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “those who are naive” or “those who are helpless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 116:6 ll37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I was brought low 0 The writer speaks of being humbled as in being in a lower position. Alternate translation: “I was helpless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 116:7 sc4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My soul can return to its resting place 0 The writer speaks of having peace and confidence as if it were a place where his soul can rest. The word “soul” represents the person. Alternate translation: “I can rest in peace again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 116:8 x6na rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you rescued my life from death 0 Here the word “you” refers to Yahweh. The word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “you have saved me from death” or “you have kept me from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 116:8 i9p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis my eyes from tears 0 The verbal phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “you have rescued my eyes from tears” or “you have kept me from crying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 116:8 b6lj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my feet from stumbling 0 The verbal phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase to make the meaning clear. The feet here represent the person. Stumbling here probably represents being killed by his enemies. Alternate translation: “you have rescued me from stumbling” or “you have kept me from being killed by my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 116:9 nz3e in the land of the living 0 “in this world where people are alive.” This is in contrast to the place of the dead. 116:10 v8l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive I am greatly afflicted 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I suffer greatly” or “People afflict me very much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 116:11 i5hw In my confusion I said 0 Alternate translation: “I said too quickly” or “I said without considering” 116:11 m4td All men are liars 0 Alternate translation: “Every person is a liar” or “All people are liars” 116:12 vxb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How can I repay Yahweh & to me? 0 The writer asks this leading question to introduce how he will respond to what Yahweh has done for him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how I will repay Yahweh … to me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 116:13 s8vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I will raise the cup of salvation 0 This is probably a reference to a drink offering, which was a sacrifice that involved pouring wine on the altar, and which the writer will offer in response to Yahweh saving him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I will present a drink offering to Yahweh because he saved me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 116:13 fa8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy call on the name of Yahweh 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “call on Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 116:15 brj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Precious in the sight of Yahweh is the death of his faithful ones 0 The word “Precious” here does not imply that Yahweh values the death of his saints, but that the death of his saints is costly to him and grieves him. Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh considers the death of his saints to be a costly thing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 116:16 xp66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the son of your servant woman 0 This is likely a reference to the writer’s mother and indicates that she faithfully worshiped Yahweh. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “as my mother was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 116:16 r6jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you have taken away my bonds 0 The writer speaks of being in danger of dying as if he had been chained in prison. Alternate translation: “you have saved me from death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 116:17 nqi1 the sacrifice of thanksgiving 0 Alternate translation: “a sacrifice to express my thankfulness” 116:17 qr1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy will call on the name of Yahweh 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “will call on Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 116:18 ttr5 I will fulfill & all his people 0 See how you translated [Psalms 116:14](../116/014.md). 116:19 u16b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the courts of Yahweh’s house 0 The word “house” refers to Yahweh’s temple. Alternate translation: “in the courtyards of Yahweh’s temple” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 116:19 hv6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification in your midst, Jerusalem 0 The writer speaks to Jerusalem as though it were a person. Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 117:intro kfu1 0 # Psalm 117 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 117 is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\n\nEveryone should praise God for his love and unending faithfulness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) 117:1 wmd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 117:2 ce43 For his 0 Alternate translation: “Because his” 117:2 t4z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his covenant faithfulness is great toward us 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he does great things for us because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 117:2 uht9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the trustworthiness of Yahweh endures forever 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trustworthiness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective or a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “Yahweh remains trustworthy forever” or “Yahweh will forever be worthy of people trusting him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 118:intro z9au 0 # Psalm 118 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 118 is a psalm of war and is about Christ. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Rejected stone\n\nThe author praised Yahweh for his rescuing him. God enabled him to overpower his enemies. The new Testament, and even Jesus himself, saw the rejected stone as a reference to the Messiah’s rejection by the Jewish leaders. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) 118:1 g414 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 118:1 af6g Give thanks to Yahweh, for he is good 0 Alternate translation: “Thank Yahweh because of the good things he does” 118:1 qcw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his covenant faithfulness endures forever 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 118:2 zs4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Let Israel say 0 The word “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Let the people of Israel say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 118:3 cy9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Let the house of Aaron say 0 Here the word “house” represents the family and descendants of a person. This phrase refers to the priests, who were descendants of Aaron. Alternate translation: “Let the descendants of Aaron say” or “Let the priests say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 118:3 iu6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns His covenant faithfulness endures forever 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 118:1-2](./001.md). Alternate translation: “He remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 118:4 e43s the loyal followers of Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “those who fear Yahweh” or “those who worship Yahweh” 118:5 j39j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor set me free 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh saving him from distress as if Yahweh had taken him from a place of confinement to a wide open space where he could move about freely. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 118:6 eux4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion what can man do to me? 0 The writer asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is nothing that man can do to hurt him since Yahweh is with him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “people cannot do anything to harm me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 118:7 j4le rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh is on my side as my helper 0 To be on one’s side is an idiomatic expression that indicates that that person approves of and will help another. Alternate translation: “Yahweh approves of me and will help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 118:7 k4dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I will look in triumph on those who hate me 0 It is implied that Yahweh is the one who will defeat the writer’s enemies, while the writer looks on. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “I will see Yahweh defeating all those who hate me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 118:8 c7t1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to take shelter in Yahweh 0 God is spoken of as if he were a shelter, a place where people can be protected. Alternate translation: “to seek protection from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 118:9 rm2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to take refuge in Yahweh 0 This verse is parallel to the one preceding it. God is spoken of as if he were a refuge, a place where people can be protected. Alternate translation: “to seek protection from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 118:10 f41h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy All the nations 0 Here the word “nations” represents the armies of those nations. The writer uses hyperbole to emphasize the great number of armies that surrounded him. Alternate translation: “The armies of many nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 118:10 hvq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in Yahweh’s name 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “by Yahweh’s power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 118:10 tc44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I cut them off 0 The writer speaks of defeating the enemy armies as if he were cutting them off like a person would cut a branch off of a plant. Alternate translation: “I defeated them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 118:12 j3q1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile They surrounded me like bees 0 The writer compares the enemy armies to a swarm of bees. Alternate translation: “They surrounded me like a swarm of bees would surround a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 118:12 j2cs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile they disappeared as quickly as fire among thorns 0 Just like dry thorns burn out quickly, the attack of the enemy armies was quickly over. Alternate translation: “their attack lasted only a short time, as a fire that consumes thorns quickly dies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 118:13 y5sd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to knock me down 0 The writer speaks of the enemy armies trying to defeat him as if they were trying to push him down onto the ground. Alternate translation: “in order to defeat me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 118:14 r27j Yahweh is my strength and joy 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh gives me strength and joy” 118:15 y8x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The joyful shout of victory is heard in the tents of the righteous 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People hear the joyful shout of victory in the tents of the righteous” or “The righteous shout joyfully for victory in their tents” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 118:15 yq3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the right hand of Yahweh conquers 0 Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has conquered by his great strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 118:16 p8gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction The right hand of Yahweh is exalted 0 Here, to raise one’s hand is a gesture of victory. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has exalted his right hand” or “Yahweh has raised his right hand in victory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 118:17 t6ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet I will not die, but live 0 The writer states the same idea both negatively and positively to emphasize that he will certainly live. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 118:18 ta77 Yahweh has punished me 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh has disciplined me” 118:18 f92a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification he has not handed me over to death 0 The writer speaks of death as if it were a person under whose power Yahweh could place the writer. Alternate translation: “he has not allowed me to die” or “he has not allowed my enemies to kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 118:19 h3z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Open to me the gates of righteousness 0 “Open to me the gates through which the righteous people enter.” This is a reference to the gates of the temple, and the writer is addressing the gatekeepers. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Open for me the temple gates” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 118:20 auq4 the gate of Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “the gate that leads to Yahweh’s presence” or “Yahweh’s gate” 118:21 u256 I will give thanks to you 0 Here the writer begins to speak to Yahweh. 118:21 dqj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns you have become my salvation 0 The word “salvation” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you have saved me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 118:22 kk3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone 0 This is likely a proverb that the writer has used to describe either the king or the nation of Israel. That which others have considered worthless, Yahweh has made to be the most important. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) 118:23 ta5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom it is marvelous in our eyes 0 This could mean: (1) “it is a marvelous thing for us to see” or (2) “we consider it to be a marvelous thing.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 118:24 k6jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet rejoice and be glad 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “be very glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 118:26 wj3i Blessed is he who comes in the name of Yahweh 0 Here the priests begin to address the king. 118:26 iq2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he who comes in the name of Yahweh 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “the one who comes in the power of the Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 118:26 eh79 we bless you from the house of Yahweh 0 Here the priests address the people. 118:26 lp9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the house of Yahweh 0 The word “house” refers to the temple. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s temple” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 118:27 l5mq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he has given us light 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh blessing his people as if Yahweh were shining a light on them. Alternate translation: “he has blessed us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 118:27 r4wh bind the sacrifice with cords 0 Alternate translation: “tie the sacrifice with rope” 118:28 rb4j You are my God 0 Here the writer begins to speak again and addresses Yahweh directly. 118:29 b2wp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Oh 0 This is an exclamation that should be translated with whatever exclamation of emphasis you have in your language to make it sound natural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 118:29 vx5j give thanks to Yahweh; for he is good 0 “thank Yahweh because of the good things he does.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 118:1](../118/001.md). 118:29 k1qj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns his covenant faithfulness endures forever 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 118:1-2](./001.md). Alternate translation: “he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:intro yf89 0 # Psalm 119 General Notes\n\n## Formatting in this chapter\n\nThis is an alphabetic psalm with twenty-two groups of eight verses each all beginning with the same letter of the alphabet in the alphabetical order of the Hebrew alphabet.\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 119 is a wisdom psalm about the Law of God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The Law\n\nThe author loved the law of God and was blessed by obeying it. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 119:1 ipj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 119:1 r86i Blessed are those 0 Alternate translation: “How good it is for those” 119:1 a56q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those whose ways are blameless 0 How a person behaves is spoken of as “ways” or “paths.” Alternate translation: “those whose behavior is blameless” or “those whom no one can blame for doing wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:1 sjt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who walk in the law of Yahweh 0 The way a person lives or behaves is spoken of as walking. Alternate translation: “who live according to the law of Yahweh” or “who obey the law of Yahweh.” This phrase clarifies the meaning of “whose ways are blameless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:2 wxv2 who seek him with all their heart 0 To “seek” God means to want to know him. 119:2 r3jr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom with all their heart 0 This is an idiom which means intensely or sincerely. Alternate translation: “with all their being” or “with everything in them” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:3 c892 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nMost of this psalm is addressed to God, and the words “you” and “your” almost always refer to him. 119:3 f4is They do no wrong 0 They do not disobey Yahweh. 119:3 rps7 they walk in his ways 0 Here their behavior is spoken of as “walking,” and the way God wants them to behave is spoken of as “his ways.” Alternate translation: “they behave as Yahweh wants them to” 119:4 a6ze keep your instructions 0 Alternate translation: “obey all the things that you have declared that we should do” 119:4 w8v4 carefully observe them 0 This is to carefully know and understand the commandments and to obey those commandments. 119:5 gu12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I would be firmly established 0 The writer speaks of being established in God’s commandments as if no one could physically make him move. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:5 eqk4 observance of your statutes 0 Alternate translation: “in obeying your statutes” 119:6 v2e6 I would not be put to shame 0 The writer does not want to be ashamed when he is in God’s presence. 119:6 ecl7 all your commandments 0 Alternate translation: “all that you have commanded us” 119:7 hd5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom an upright heart 0 “a sincere heart.” A person who is sincere will do what is right. The heart refers to the center of emotions in a person. See how you translated “uprightness” in [Psalms 25:21](../025/021.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:8 v49a your statutes 0 “Statutes” refers to God’s laws or commands. 119:9 lp29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How can a young person keep his path pure? 0 This question is used to introduce a new value to the word of God. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how a young person can keep his path pure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 119:9 gm1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor keep his path pure 0 The writer compares living according to God’s law as a path kept clear of obstructions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:10 h5t8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom With my whole heart 0 This is an idiom. The heart refers to all of one’s emotions, feelings, desires, and will. Alternate translation: “with all my being” or “with everything in me” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:10 kqg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Do not let me stray from your commandments 0 Here to disobey God’s commandments is described as straying off a path. Alternate translation: “Do not let me disobey your commandments” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:11 f3ke rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have stored up your word in my heart 0 “I have put your words in my heart.” This is a metaphor that means “I have memorized your word.” The heart is pictured as a container that can hold what people think. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:14 ktv7 more than in all riches 0 Alternate translation: “more than all the wealth” 119:15 e5hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism I will meditate & and pay attention 0 These are parallel thoughts that have similar meanings, which are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 119:15 v9ru meditate on your instructions 0 Alternate translation: “think carefully about what you have instructed us” 119:15 rb5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom pay attention 0 This idiom refers to thinking clearly about what is being discussed. Alternate translation: “give careful thought” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:16 il7r I delight 0 to take pleasure 119:17 fr7n your servant 0 The writer called himself “your servant” to show his humility. 119:18 jpj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Open my eyes so that I may see 0 The author speaks of gaining understanding, knowledge and wisdom as being able to see. Alternate translation: Help me to understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:18 d25d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor marvelous things in your law 0 The author speaks of insight into the law as objects to marvel at. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:18 a35a in your law 0 Alternate translation: “in your instructions” or “in your commands” 119:19 att5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am a foreigner in the land 0 This could mean: (1) the writers speaks of his short life on earth as if he were a foreigner who would not stay long in the land. Alternate translation: “I am like a foreigner living a short time in the land” or (2) the writer’s ignorance of God’s law as if he were a foreigner who did not know the laws of the land. Alternate translation: “I am ignorant like a foreigner in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:20 y84c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My desires are crushed by the longing 0 The writer speaks of his desires being very strong as if they were in pain. Alternate translation: “My inner being strongly desires to know” or “My soul aches because I want so much to know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:21 r8y6 who are cursed 0 This could mean: (1) God will curse them or (2) they deserve God’s punishment. Alternate translation: “who deserve your punishment” 119:21 k8t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who wander from your commandments 0 The writer speaks of disobeying God’s commandments as if they were a path that can be wandered off from. Alternate translation: “who go away from the path of your commandments” or “who disobey your commandments” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:22 nqp7 Spare me from 0 Alternate translation: “Keep me from” or “Rescue me from” 119:23 z9ci Though rulers plot and slander me 0 Alternate translation: “Though rulers make plans to harm me and say bad things about me” 119:24 pb1g Your covenant decrees are my delight 0 Alternate translation: “Your covenant decrees make me very happy.” 119:24 rta6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification they are my counselors 0 God’s decrees are spoken of as if they were people. Alternate translation: “they are like wise counselors to me” or “they give me wise counsel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 119:25 v3c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom My life clings to the dust 0 This is an idiom. Possible meanings are that: (1) he thought that he would die soon, or (2) he lay in the dust because he was very sad, or (3) he realized that he desired the worthless things of the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:25 cn62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Give me life by your word 0 This is an idiom. Here “life” refers to purpose and significance, not just biological life. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:25 ks95 by your word 0 Alternate translation: “according to your promise” 119:26 u8j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my ways 0 What a person does or how he behaves is spoken of as if it were a road or way. Alternate translation: “what I have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:27 x7qh wondrous teachings 0 Alternate translation: “amazing teachings” 119:28 n45q with grief 0 Alternate translation: “because I am so sad” 119:28 n4h6 Strengthen me 0 “Make me strong.” This may refer to physical strength or spiritual strength. 119:29 n1pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Turn from me the path of deceit 0 The word “path” here refers to a way of behaving. Alternate translation: “Keep me from following the path of deceit” or “Prevent me from being deceptive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:29 p23d deceit 0 This could mean: (1) “lying” or (2) “believing lies” or “following lies.” 119:30 u8gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the way of faithfulness 0 How a person behaves or acts is spoken as if it were a road or way. Alternate translation: “to be faithful to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:31 hf1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I cling to your covenant decrees 0 Holding tightly to them refers to being committed to obeying them. Alternate translation: “I hold tightly to your covenant decrees” or “I am committed to obeying your covenant decrees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:31 zc7g covenant decrees 0 This refers to the law of Moses. 119:32 zq4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will run in the path of your commandments 0 The writer speaks of being focused or committed to obeying God’s commands as if one is running on a path. Alternate translation: “I will be committed to obey your commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:32 fzh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you enlarge my heart 0 This is an idiom. This could mean: (1) “you help me gain greater understanding of your commands” or (2) “you give me greater desire to obey your commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:33 eg16 your statutes 0 This is another way of describing the law of Moses. 119:33 j4dt to the end 0 This could mean: (1) “completely” or (2) “to the end of my life” or (3) “to the end of time.” 119:34 uwv4 keep your law 0 Alternate translation: “obey your law” 119:34 r2ux I will observe it with all my heart 0 Alternate translation: “I will surely observe your law” or “I am completely committed to doing what it says” 119:34 ij5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom with all my heart 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “with all my being” or “with everything in me” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:35 bh21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Guide me in the path of your commandments 0 “Guide me according to your commandments” or “Teach me to obey your commandments.” God’s commandments are compared to a path that a person walks in obedience to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:36 uc28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Direct my heart toward 0 This is an idiom. The “heart” here refers to the will, desires, and choices that directs one’s life. Alternate translation: “Make me want” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:36 vct5 your covenant decrees 0 “to obey your covenant decrees.” This is referring to obeying the law of Moses. 119:36 ah76 unrighteous gain 0 “the desire for riches.” This is referring to wealth gained by illegal methods or wrongdoing towards others. 119:37 t9za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Turn my eyes from looking at worthless things 0 This is a metaphor that refers to one desiring things that have no eternal value. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:37 vdd9 revive me in your ways 0 Alternate translation: “make me able to live as you wish me to live” 119:37 xeu1 revive me 0 Alternate translation: “make my life strong” or “give me strength” 119:38 yk2j Carry out for your servant your promise that you made to those who honor you 0 Alternate translation: “Do for your servant what you promised to do for those who honor you” 119:38 x2tw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit your servant 0 The writer referred to himself as God’s servant to show his humility. Alternate translation: “me, your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 119:39 yau8 I dread 0 Alternate translation: “I am very afraid of” 119:39 mk9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns your righteous judgments are good 0 God judges rightly and his decisions are good. Alternate translation: “Your judgments are righteous and good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:40 yl75 See 0 This refers to being aware of the situation. The focus is on knowledge or understanding, rather than just observing. 119:40 d8v4 I have longed for your instructions 0 This could mean: (1) “I want very much to know your instructions” or (2) “I want very much to obey what you teach us to do.” 119:40 pr5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns revive me in your righteousness 0 The word “righteousness” is an abstract noun and refers to being righteous. Alternate translation: “revive me because you are righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:40 ci53 revive me 0 This could mean: (1) “Keep me alive” or (2) “Make me strong.” 119:41 fa7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis your salvation 0 You may make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “give me your salvation” or “save me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 119:42 vms5 a reply 0 Alternate translation: “an answer” or “a response” 119:43 j9dg Do not take the word of truth from my mouth 0 Here the writer is represented by his “mouth.” This could mean: (1) “never prevent me from speaking the message about the truth” or (2) “never prevent me from speaking the true message.” 119:44 mp4n I will observe 0 Alternate translation: “I will obey” 119:45 lq9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will walk securely 0 To walk securely is to live one’s life securely. Alternate translation: “I will live securely in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 119:45 h23e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I seek your instructions 0 To “seek” is to perceive, or gain understanding of God’s instructions as if one can see them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:46 uj95 solemn commands before kings 0 Alternate translation: “serious commands to kings” or “instructions to kings” 119:47 y49b I delight in your commandments 0 This could mean: (1) “I find delight in studying your commandments” or (2) “I am delighted that I have the opportunity to study your commandments.” 119:48 v87b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom lift up my hands to 0 This is an idiom which means to honor, cherish or respect God’s commandments. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:49 gb3p Call to mind your promise 0 “Remember your promise.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md) 119:50 mlp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences This is my comfort in my affliction: that your promise has kept me alive 0 This clause can be restructured. Alternate translation: “The reason for my comfort is that your promise has kept me alive in my affliction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]]) 119:51 n3rr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj The proud 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “The proud people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 119:51 f89y scoffed at 0 to mock someone or something that is looked down on, doubted, or not honored 119:52 nhe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit from ancient times 0 This is a reference to when the decrees, the Law, were given to Moses many years before. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 119:53 x2f1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Hot anger has taken hold of me 0 This is an idiom. Anger is expressed as if it is a person that can grab another person. Alternate translation: “I have become very angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 119:54 t7xf Your statutes have been my songs 0 Alternate translation: “I have used your statutes as lyrics to my music” or “I have created songs from your statutes” 119:55 ntb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I think about your name 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “I think about you, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:55 iwf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I keep your law 0 This is an idiom which means to obey the law. Alternate translation: “I obey your law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:56 ch5n my practice 0 Alternate translation: “my habit” 119:56 ii8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I have observed your instructions 0 This is an idiom which means to follow or to obey those instructions. Alternate translation: “I have obeyed your instructions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:57 f7jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Yahweh is my portion 0 This means Yahweh is all he wants. Just as the Levites did not receive vast territories of land for the Lord was to be their portion so the writer claims Yahweh as the satisfier of his needs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 119:59 x88a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche turned my feet 0 Here “feet” represent the whole person. To repent and choose to obey God’s laws is like turning one’s feet on a path to head in another direction. Alternate translation: “changed my direction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:60 uuk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet I hurry and do not delay 0 The writer expresses the same idea both positively and negatively in order to emphasize the urgency with which he obeys Yahweh’s commands. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 119:61 i6di rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The cords of the wicked have ensnared me 0 In this metaphor, wicked or evil people tried to cause the writer to sin like a hunter seeking to catch an animal with a trap. Alternate translation: “My enemies have tried to catch me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:63 tvy5 I am a companion of all who honor you 0 Alternate translation: “I am a friend of all who honor you” 119:64 p7l3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The earth, Yahweh, is full of your covenant faithfulness 0 People everywhere in the world being able to see evidence of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if his covenant faithfulness filled the earth. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **covenant faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 33:5](../033/005.md). Alternate translation: “People everywhere on earth can see that you, Yahweh, are faithful to your covenant” or “Throughout the earth, there is evidence that you, Yahweh, are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:65 d39z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person to your servant 0 The writer refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “to me, your servant” or “to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 119:65 k4vq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom by means of your word 0 This is an idiom. “Your word” refers to the promises Yahweh has made to the writer. Alternate translation: “as you have promised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:66 x5n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences Teach me proper discernment and understanding, for I have believed in your commandments 0 Some languages may require change in logical progression. Alternate translation: “Since I have believed in your commandments, teach me proper discernment and understanding” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-intro]]) 119:67 ln6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Before I was afflicted 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Before you afflicted me” or “Before you punished me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 119:67 t586 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I went astray 0 Disobeying God is spoken of as if the person walked on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “I disobeyed you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:67 qc4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I observe your word 0 Here “word” represents commandments. Alternate translation: “I obey your commandments” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:69 f9re rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj The arrogant 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Arrogant people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 119:69 g5zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor smeared me with lies 0 People telling many lies about a person is spoken of as if they made the person dirty by spreading lies over him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:69 ljt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with my whole heart 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s will. Alternate translation: “with complete commitment” or “completely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:70 kwi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Their hearts are hardened 0 Here “hearts” represents the people’s wills. A person being stubborn is spoken of as if their hearts or wills were hard like a rock. Alternate translation: “They are stubborn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:72 ll7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Instruction from your mouth is 0 Here “mouth” represents what God says. Alternate translation: “The instructions you have spoken are” or “Your instructions are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:72 l1f9 than thousands of pieces of gold and silver 0 This can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “than a large amount of money” or “than great wealth” 119:73 hf5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your hands have made and fashioned me 0 God creating a person is spoken of as if God used his hands to shape the person the way someone may shape clay into an object. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:73 wc9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Your hands 0 Here “hands” represents God’s power or action. Alternate translation: “You” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:74 u7a8 because I find hope in your word 0 Alternate translation: “because I trust what you say” or “I confidently believe what you say” 119:75 zx24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in faithfulness you afflicted me 0 God promises to reward the righteous and punish wrongdoers, so he is faithful to do what he says he will. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “you punished me because you are faithful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:76 zzf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Let your covenant faithfulness comfort me 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Comfort me by showing me that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:76 k57e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person your servant 0 The writer refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “me, your servant” or “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 119:78 j2en rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Let the proud be put to shame 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Put the proud to shame” or “Cause those who are proud to be ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 119:78 l2cs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the proud 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “proud people” or “those who are proud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 119:79 i7zp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor turn to me 0 People returning in friendship to the writer is spoken of as if they physically turn towards him. Alternate translation: “come to me” or “unite with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:79 u1zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases those who know your covenant decrees 0 This could mean: (1) this further describes those who honor God or (2) this indicates the purpose for those who honor God to return to the writer. Alternate translation: “so that they may learn your covenant decrees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 119:80 b84y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy May my heart be blameless 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts and motives. Alternate translation: “May I be blameless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:80 xg4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive I may not be put to shame 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I may not be ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 119:81 kx77 I hope in your word 0 Alternate translation: “I confidently trust in what you say” 119:82 vm5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My eyes long to see your promise 0 Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I wait and wait for you to do what you promised to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:83 pgx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I have become like a wineskin in the smoke 0 A wineskin is ruined when it hangs for a long time in a smoke-filled place. The writer compares himself to a wineskin that has been ruined by smoke to emphasize that he feels useless. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 119:84 dl2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How long must your servant endure this; when will you judge those who persecute me? 0 The writer uses a question to request God to punish those who persecute him. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please do not make wait any longer. Punish those who persecute me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 119:84 jt81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person must your servant 0 The writer refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “must I, your servant” or “must I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 119:85 j1jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The proud have dug pits for me 0 The proud are seeking to capture the writer or cause him to do wrong. This is spoken of as if they were hunters digging holes to trap the writer like an animal. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:85 spv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj The proud 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Proud people” or “Those who are proud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 119:87 pds6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism They have almost made an end to me on earth 0 This is a polite way of speaking about someone killing someone else. Alternate translation: “They have almost killed me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 119:88 x4ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns By your steadfast love 0 “According to your steadfast love.” The phrase “steadfast love” or “faithfulness” can be stated as an adverb. Alternate translation: “because you faithfully love me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:89 sp49 your word stands forever 0 Alternate translation: “what you have said will be true forever” 119:89 t6jr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your word is established firmly in heaven 0 This speaks about what God has said as if it were an object that stands firmly upright. Alternate translation: “what you have said will be true in heaven forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:90 uer7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom for all generations 0 “for all future generations.” This is an idiom that means “forever.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:91 es2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification all things are your servants 0 All created things are spoken of as if they were persons who can serve God. Alternate translation: “all things serve you” or “all things obey your commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 119:93 cck9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes I will never forget 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will always remember” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 119:93 n64v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit for through them you have kept me alive 0 It is implied that the writer obeys God’s instructions. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “for you have kept me alive because I obey them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 119:94 qu81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for I seek your instructions 0 Trying hard to obey God’s instructions is spoken of as if instructions were an object for which a person must search. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:95 d7bk I will seek to understand 0 Alternate translation: “I will try hard to understand” 119:96 p32w everything has its limits 0 Alternate translation: “all things have an end” 119:96 tr87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but your commandments are broad, beyond limits 0 God’s commandments always being true and perfect is spoken of as if God’s commandments were an object that is so wide that it never ends. Alternate translation: “but your commandments are without limits” or “but your commandments are eternal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:98 yp9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your commandments are always with me 0 Constantly thinking about God’s commandments is spoken of as if the commandments were an object that the writer keeps with him always. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:101 m6vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have kept my feet back from every evil path 0 Avoiding doing what is evil is spoken of as if it were avoiding walking on paths that are evil. Alternate translation: “I have avoided doing what is evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:101 xel3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche kept my feet 0 Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “kept myself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:101 cs59 observe your word 0 Alternate translation: “obey your word” or “observe your commands” 119:102 kf28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have not turned aside from your righteous decrees 0 Continuing to obey God’s righteous decrees is spoken of as if the writer has not physically turned away from the righteous decrees. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I always obey your righteous decrees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 119:103 t4ms rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor How sweet are your words to my taste, yes, sweeter than honey to my mouth! 0 The writer delighting in what God says is spoken of as if God’s words were food that tasted sweet to the writer. Alternate translation: “Your words are good and delightful!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:104 bv6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I gain discernment 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **discernment**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I learn to discern what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:104 p647 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor therefore I hate every false way 0 Evil behavior is spoken of as if it were a false way or road. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:105 b1vw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path 0 These two phrases have similar meanings. They speak about God telling a person how to live as if the person were walking on a path and God’s words were a light that helps the person see where to go. Alternate translation: “Your words tell me how to live my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:105 id73 Your word 0 Here “word” represents all that God communicates to people. 119:107 k2ca as you have promised in your word 0 Alternate translation: “as you have promised to do” 119:108 de1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor freewill offerings of my mouth 0 The writer speaks of his prayer as if it were a sacrifice that he is offering to God. Alternate translation: “my prayer as a sacrifice to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:108 guc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche of my mouth 0 Here “mouth” represents the whole person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:109 r1uz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom My life is always in my hand 0 This is an idiom that means the writer’s life is always in danger. Alternate translation: “My enemies are often trying to kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:109 p41n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes I do not forget your law 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I always remember your laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 119:110 axl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The wicked have set a snare for me 0 Wicked people trying to capture and kill the writer is spoken of as if they were hunters setting a trap to catch an animal. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:110 ike3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj The wicked 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 119:110 n3qq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have not strayed from your instructions 0 Not disobeying God’s instructions is spoken of as if the writer has not walked away from God’s instructions. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I obey your instructions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 119:111 ma4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I claim your covenant decrees as my heritage forever 0 The writer always cherishing and obeying God’s decrees is spoken of as if the decrees are land or a possession that the writer will inherit. Alternate translation: “Your laws will belong to me forever” or “Your covenant decrees are like a heritage I will keep forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:111 p236 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche they are the joy of my heart 0 Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “they make me joyful” or “I delight in them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:112 yy19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy My heart is set on obeying 0 Here “heart” represents the writer’s will. The phrase “heart is set” is an idiom. It is a way of saying the writer is determined. Alternate translation: “I am determined to obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:112 a2c7 to the very end 0 This could mean: (1) “every one of them” (2) “to the very end of my life” or (3) “to the very end of time” 119:113 ewl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who have a double mind 0 A person who is not sincere and not fully committed to obeying God is spoken of as if the person has two minds. Alternate translation: “who are not completely committed to obeying you” or “who are insincere” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:114 p5ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my hiding place 0 God making the writer safe is spoken of as if God were a place where the writer could go and hide. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:114 pas2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my shield 0 God protecting the writer is spoken of as if God were the writer’s shield. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:114 wtx3 I hope in your word 0 Here “wait” means to wait expectantly. This has the idea of hope and trust. Alternate translation: “I trust in your word” 119:114 l68r your word 0 Here “word” represents what God communicates to people. 119:116 f189 Sustain me by your word 0 Alternate translation: “Give me strength as you said you would” or “Enable me to be strong as you promised” 119:116 zw3z and not be ashamed of my hope 0 Here “my hope” represents the writer’s trust in God and his promises. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “Do not disappoint me” or “Do not cause me shame by not doing what you promised to do” 119:117 pq8s Support me 0 Alternate translation: “Help me” or “Strengthen me” 119:118 kd3f those people are deceptive and unreliable 0 This could mean: (1) “those people lie and no one can trust them” or (2) “those people make deceitful plans but they will fail” 119:119 tbp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile You remove all the wicked of the earth like slag 0 Slag is the waste or undesired leftovers in the process of refining gold or other metals. Yahweh removes the wicked people as if they were trash. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 119:119 z8fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 119:119 e1lj like slag 0 Alternate translation: “like trash” or “like waste” 119:120 p82w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My body trembles in fear of you 0 Here “body” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I shake because I fear you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:120 n7mg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I am afraid of your righteous decrees 0 It is implied that the writer is afraid of God’s righteous decrees because the writer knows that God punishes those who disobey his decrees. You can make the full meaning of this statement explicit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 119:121 du8n do not abandon me to my oppressors 0 Alternate translation: “do not allow people to oppress me” 119:122 dv7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Guarantee the welfare of your servant 0 The writer speaks about himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “Guarantee my welfare” or “Help and protect me, your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 119:122 x86e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the proud 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are proud” or “proud people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 119:123 r56e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My eyes grow tired as I wait 0 Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I grow tired because I wait and wait” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:123 z4cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns for your salvation and for your righteous word 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “for you to save me as you promised to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:123 ptu5 your righteous word 0 Alternate translation: “your righteous promise” 119:124 k6pq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Show your servant 0 The writer speaks about himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “Show me” or “Show me, your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 119:124 ygx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns your covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adverb or adjective. Alternate translation: “that you faithfully love me” or “that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:125 van8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns give me understanding 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **understanding**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “enable me to understand what you want me to know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:126 g82b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person It is time for Yahweh to act 0 The writer is speaking to Yahweh in the third person. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “It is time for you to act, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 119:126 n98z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom people have broken your law 0 This is an idiom. Here “have broken” means “disobeyed.” This is a way of saying the people have disobeyed God’s law. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:128 z4ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I carefully follow all your instructions 0 A person carefully obeying all of God’s instructions is spoken of as if as if the instructions were leading a person and that person follows behind. Alternate translation: I carefully obey all of your instructions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:128 p1py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor every path of falsehood 0 People doing what is evil is spoken of as if they are walking on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “all the bad ways some people live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:130 m49k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The unfolding of your words gives light 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s words as if those words were fabric that is folded, and of the person who explains Yahweh’s words as if they are unfolding that fabric. Alternate translation: “The explanation of your words gives light” or “When someone explains your words, they give light” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:130 d6rx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The unfolding of your words gives light 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s words giving wisdom to a person as if his words were shining a light on them. Alternate translation: “The explanation of your words gives people wisdom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:131 qm6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I open my mouth and pant, for I long for your commandments 0 The writer speaks of his desire for Yahweh’s commandments as if he were a dog panting for water. Alternate translation: “I earnestly long for your commandments” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:132 jqh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction Turn to me 0 To turn towards someone means to pay attention to that person. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 119:132 ar7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy love your name 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “love you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:133 mja8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Direct my footsteps 0 Here the word “footsteps” represents the writer as he is walking. He speaks of the way he lives, or his conduct, as if he were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “Direct me” or “Teach me how to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:133 y2w5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification do not let any sin rule me 0 The writer speaks of sin as if it were a person who has authority over him. This could mean: (1) “do not let me habitually commit any sin” or (2) “do not let sinful men rule me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 119:134 a4a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Redeem me from human oppression 0 The word “oppression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Save me from people who oppress others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:135 g736 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Let your face shine on your servant 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards him as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on him. Alternate translation: “Act favorably towards your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:136 jv4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Streams of tears 0 The writer speaks of his many tears as if they were streams of water. Alternate translation: “Many tears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:136 sst5 observe your law 0 Alternate translation: “obey your law” 119:138 hus8 covenant decrees 0 Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md). 119:139 z79n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Anger has destroyed me 0 This is an idiom. The phrase is an exaggeration for “I am extremely angry.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 119:140 r9cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive has been tested very much 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I have tested your word many times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 119:140 q5x5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns your servant loves 0 The writer speaks of himself as if he were another person. Alternate translation: “I, your servant, love” or “I love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 119:141 x2xe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive I am & despised 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People despise me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 119:143 q6qq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification distress and anguish have found me 0 The psalmist speaks of distress and anguish as if they were people. Alternate translation: “I have become distressed and anguished” or “my body and my mind are suffering” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 119:145 fux2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche with my whole heart 0 The psalmist speaks of his whole being as if it were only his heart. Alternate translation: “completely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:146 g5gk covenant decrees 0 Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.”See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md). 119:147 kg9u dawn of the morning 0 Alternate translation: “before the sun first appears” 119:148 c1n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom My eyes are open before the night watches change 0 This is an idiom. In Hebrew culture, the night was usually divided into three “watches” or periods. Alternate translation: “I am awake all night” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:149 uw93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in your covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:150 r7sh they are far from your law 0 Alternate translation: “they have strayed from your law” or “they do not pay any attention to your laws” 119:151 l238 all your commandments are trustworthy 0 Alternate translation: “I can trust your commandments” 119:152 tc7x covenant decrees 0 Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md) 119:152 zx3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor set them in place 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s commands as if they were posts set in the ground. Alternate translation: “given them for people to obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:153 i4e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Look on my affliction 0 The psalmist speaks of affliction as if it were an object that people could see. Alternate translation: “Look at how much I am suffering” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:154 rqf5 Plead my cause 0 Alternate translation: “Defend me against those who accuse me” 119:154 l7lr keep me 0 Alternate translation: “protect my life” or “give me life” 119:155 cc3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Salvation is far from the wicked 0 God not saving a person is spoken of as if salvation were far from the person. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **Salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “save.” Alternate translation: “You will certainly not save the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:156 r4u3 Great are your merciful actions 0 Here “great” means “many.” Alternate translation: “You have shown mercy to people many times” or “You have done many merciful things” 119:156 gus8 as you always do 0 Another possible meaning is “because you do what is just.” 119:157 a4rf My persecutors 0 Alternate translation: “Those who persecute me” 119:157 x688 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I have not turned from 0 This is an idiom. “I have not stopped obeying” or “I have not stopped believing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:157 n1r7 covenant decrees 0 Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md). 119:158 keb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the treacherous 0 The adjective “treacherous” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “treacherous people” or “those who betray me” or “my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 119:158 fs8u do not keep 0 Alternate translation: “do not obey” 119:159 rv26 See 0 Alternate translation: “Look at me so you can see” 119:159 r1n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns by your covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:160 iir8 The essence of your word is truth 0 Alternate translation: “Your word is completely true” or “Your word can be trusted” 119:161 tq5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my heart stands in awe of your word 0 The psalmist speaks of the heart as if it could be amazed. The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am amazed at your word” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 119:162 n1dy plunder 0 This could mean: (1) things that soldiers and robbers take from those they have defeated in battle or (2) things of great value or “treasure.” 119:163 jx6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet hate and despise 0 These two words mean almost the same thing. Alternate translation: “hate very strongly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 119:163 ue4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy falsehood 0 Possible meanings are this is a metonym for: (1) “people who lie” or (2) “the false words that people say.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:165 fin9 nothing makes them stumble 0 This could mean: (1) “nothing makes them do wrong” or (2) “nothing causes them trouble.” 119:167 t7k7 I observe your solemn commands 0 Alternate translation: “I obey your solemn commands” 119:167 iqz6 solemn commands 0 Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 119:2](../119/002.md). 119:168 zj2b I keep your instructions 0 Alternate translation: “I obey your instructions” 119:169 cgi3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor give me understanding into your word 0 The psalmist speaks of the ability to understand as if it were a solid object. Alternate translation: “help me understand your word” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:170 r59u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor May my plea come before you 0 The psalmist speaks of the words he says in prayer as if they were people who want to speak to a king. Alternate translation: “May you hear my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:171 x454 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor May my lips pour out praise 0 The psalmist speaks of his lips as if they were a container and his praise a liquid that could be poured out. Here the word “lips” is a synecdoche which represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I desire to praise you much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:172 hk6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my tongue sing 0 The psalmist speaks of his tongue either: (1) as if it were a person or (2) as a synecdoche for his whole being. Alternate translation: “me sing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:173 ui9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche May your hand help me 0 The hand is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Please help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:173 vx9b have chosen 0 Alternate translation: “have chosen to obey” 119:174 l3rh for your rescue 0 Alternate translation: “you to rescue me” 119:174 wa6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns your law is my delight 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **delight**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. “I very much enjoy obeying your law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:175 z1ep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor may your righteous decrees help me 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s decrees as if they were a person who could help him. Alternate translation: “may I listen to your righteous decrees and so become wise and strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:176 xw7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I have wandered off like a lost sheep 0 The psalmist compares his disobedience to Yahweh to a sheep that has wandered away from the flock. Alternate translation: “I have left your way like a sheep that has left its flock” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 119:176 ap6x seek your servant 0 Alternate translation: “because I am your servant, come and search for me” 120:intro x4aj 0 # Psalm 120 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 120 is a psalm of deliverance from liars. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Fighting\n\nThe author did not want to fight, but the people he lived with wanted to fight him. 120:1 xq2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 120:1 d8u6 In my distress 0 Alternate translation: “In my trouble” or “When I was in trouble” 120:2 a439 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Rescue my life 0 Here the word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “Rescue me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 120:2 yy4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche those who lie with their lips and deceive with their tongues 0 Here the phrases “their lips” and “their tongues” represent the people who speak lies and deceit. Alternate translation: “those who lie to me and try to deceive me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 120:3 rl7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How will he punish you, and what more will he do to you, you who have a lying tongue? 0 The writer asks this as a leading question to explain what God will do to liars. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how God will punish you, and this is what he will do to you, you who have a lying tongue.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 120:3 k1uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche you who have a lying tongue 0 Here “a lying tongue” represents the person who speaks lies. Alternate translation: “you who tell lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 120:4 tp2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will punish you with the arrows of a warrior 0 The writer speaks of God severely punishing liars as if God were shooting them with arrows. Alternate translation: “He will punish you severely, as if he were shooting you with warrior’s arrows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 120:4 gu1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive sharpened over burning coals of the broom tree 0 This refers to how people forged the tip of the arrow in a fire. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that he sharpened over burning coals of the broom tree” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 120:5 mg3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I temporarily live in Meshech; I lived previously among the tents of Kedar 0 These two places were far away from each other. The writer is likely using the names metaphorically to represent living among cruel and barbaric people. Alternate translation: “It is as if I live in Meshech or among the tents of Kedar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 120:5 qx4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the tents of Kedar 0 This phrase represents the people of Kedar who live in those tents. Alternate translation: “the people who live in Kedar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 120:7 sf92 I am for peace 0 Alternate translation: “I want peace” 120:7 lr78 they are for war 0 Alternate translation: “they want war” 121:intro n97g 0 # Psalm 121 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 121 is a worship psalm.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\n\nGod always watches over those who believe in him and protects them from harm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) 121:1 xgy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 121:1 cb45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy lift up my eyes 0 This expression means “look at” or “focus my attention on.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 121:1 yb6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion From where will my help come? 0 The writer uses this question to focus attention on the source of his help. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will tell you from where my help comes.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 121:2 d3ip My help comes from Yahweh 0 This is the answer to the previous question. 121:3 r43x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThere is a shift here to the second person. This could mean: (1) the writer begins speaking to the people of Israel or (2) the writer is quoting another person speaking to the writer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 121:3 uj6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your foot to slip 0 The slipping of a foot is associated with falling. Alternate translation: “you to fall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 121:3 l1fp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he who protects you will not slumber 0 Here to “slumber” means he would stop protecting. The negative form strengthens the statement. Alternate translation: “God will not fall asleep and stop protecting you” or “God will always protect you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 121:3 j2nn he who protects you 0 God 121:4 eq68 the guardian 0 God 121:4 b5yf See 0 This word alerts us to pay attention to the important information that follows. 121:4 f8qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet never slumbers or sleeps 0 These two words mean the same thing. Here to “slumber” means to stop protecting. The negative form strengthens the statement. Alternate translation: “will not sleep and stop protecting you” or “will always protect you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 121:5 sk2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh is the shade at your right hand 0 Here “shade” refers to protection. Alternate translation: “God is beside you to protect you from things that would hurt you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 121:5 hq1i at your right hand 0 Here this expression means to be beside or near to the writer. 121:6 p2y6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism The sun will not harm you by day, nor the moon by night 0 The contrasting terms “day” and “night” refer to those extremes and everything in between. Alternate translation: “God protects you from the elements at all times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 121:6 wzt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis nor the moon by night 0 It is implies that “will not harm you” is implied here. The full meaning of this statement may be made clear. Alternate translation: “nor will the moon harm you by night” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 121:7 au24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your life 0 This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 122:intro x7wj 0 # Psalm 122 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 122 is a psalm about Jerusalem.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Jerusalem\n\nJerusalem is an important city, the center of government and religious activities; so the author prays for peace for the city. 122:1 lck5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 122:1 x5k5 A song of ascents 0 This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) 122:2 d2gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe Jerusalem, our feet are standing within your gates! 0 The writer briefly stops speaking to his audience and speaks directly to the city of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is spoken to as if it was a person who could hear the writer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 122:2 gjq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche our feet are standing 0 Here “feet” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “we are standing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 122:2 pe5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within your gates 0 Here “gates” refers to the city. Alternate translation: “inside you, Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 122:4 xbf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the name of Yahweh 0 Here “name” refers to Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 122:5 xk6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the house of David 0 Here “house” refers to the descendants of David. Alternate translation: “the descendants of David” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 122:6 q9u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe May those who love you have peace 0 This section states the content of the prayer that the writer wants his audience to pray. He asks them to speak directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 122:7 qxx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe 0 This verse finishes the prayer that the writer wants his audience to pray. He asks them to speak directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 122:7 exb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism May there be peace within & may they have peace within 0 These two phrases have the same meanings and are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “May the people in Jerusalem live in peace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 122:7 d4tc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche within the walls that defend you & within your fortresses 0 Here Jerusalem is referred to by the fortress walls that protects it. The terms “walls” and “fortress” refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “within Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 122:8 hz78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIn this section, the writer speaks directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 122:8 i3zr For the sake 0 Alternate translation: “For the well-being” 122:8 b3mx May there be peace within you 0 Alternate translation: “May the people in you live in peace” 122:9 nt39 I will seek good for you 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **good**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “I will pray that people treat you well” 123:intro vet5 0 # Psalm 123 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 123 is a psalm asking for deliverance from the contempt of proud people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust\n\nJust as a servant trusts his master to protect him, so the author is trusting God to stop proud people from insulting him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 123:1 iym8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 123:1 ja7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I lift up my eyes 0 Here the author refers to his eyes because that is the part of the body used for seeing. Alternate translation: “I look to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 123:1 kx53 enthroned 0 sitting on a throne and ruling as king 123:2 kyd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism as the eyes of servants & as the eyes of a maid & so our eyes look 0 These three phrases have similar meanings. The third phrase, about the Israelites, is being compared to how the servants and maids look to their masters and mistresses for help. In each case “eyes” refers to the whole person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 123:2 xe43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy master’s hand & mistress’s hand 0 Here “hand” refers to the provision for needs. Alternate translation: “master’s provision … mistress’s provision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 123:2 av8s maid 0 servant girl 123:2 cs6v mistress 0 woman who has authority over servant girls 123:2 kj4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns has mercy on us 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **mercy**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “act mercifully toward us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 123:3 e5sh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Have mercy on us 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **mercy**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 123:2](../123/002.md). Alternate translation: “act mercifully toward us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 123:3 rn1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor we are filled with humiliation 0 Here humiliation is spoken of as if it were something that could be fill up a person. “we are very disgraced” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 123:4 h3h7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom We are more than full 0 This idiom means that the amount is excessive, in a negative sense. Alternate translation: “We have had too much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 123:4 fq81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism of the scoffing & and with the contempt 0 There two phrases have very similar meanings and are used together to emphasize how much they have been mocked by the people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 123:4 xq36 scoffing 0 Alternate translation: “mocking” or “insults” 123:4 gp8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the insolent 0 This refers to the insolent people. Alternate translation: “rude and arrogant people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 123:4 ugx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the proud 0 This refers to the proud people. Alternate translation: “the people who are proud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 124:intro khc4 0 # Psalm 124 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 124 is a psalm of praise for God’s delivering the Israelites from their enemy’s attack. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh saves\n\nGod saved the Israelites from their enemy who wanted to completely destroy them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 124:1 fes4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 124:1 uf2u song of ascents 0 This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) 124:1 zqy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo “If Yahweh had not been on our side 0 This is the beginning of a hypothetical statement about something that did not actually happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 124:2 qz9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side 0 This is the continuation of a hypothetical statement about something that did not actually happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 124:3 n3uw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo then they would have swallowed us up alive 0 This is the end of a hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If Yahweh had not been on our side” in [Psalms 124:1](../124/001.md) and continues with the words “if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side when men rose up against us” in [Psalms 124:2](./002.md). It describes a result that did not happen because Yahweh was actually on their side. “They were not able to swallow us up alive because Yahweh was on our side.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 124:3 g8z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor swallowed us up alive 0 This metaphor describes how the Israelites could have died to how a fierce animal would attack a smaller animal to eat. Alternate translation: “killed us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 124:3 tq3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy their anger raged against us 0 Here “their anger” refers to the enemies who were angry. Alternate translation: “they were very angry with us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 124:4 ca3n General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIn these two verses the author compares the enemies of Israel to a flood of water. 124:4 hgr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo The water would have swept us away; the torrent would have overwhelmed us 0 This is the end of a hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If Yahweh had not been on our side” in [Psalms 124:1](../124/001.md) and continues with the words “if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side when men rose up against us” in [Psalms 124:2](./002.md). It describes a result that did not happen because Yahweh was actually on their side. “The water did not sweep us away, and the torrent did not overwhelm us because Yahweh was on our side” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 124:4 x86j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The water would have swept us away 0 Here the enemies of the writer are spoken of as if they were a flood of water. Alternate translation: “Our enemies would have easily defeated us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 124:4 mkg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the torrent would have overwhelmed us 0 Here the enemies of the writer are spoken of as if they were a flood of water that would have drowned the Israelites. Alternate translation: “our enemies would have overwhelmed us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 124:5 j6yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo Then the raging waters would have drowned us 0 This is the end of a hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If Yahweh had not been on our side” in [Psalms 124:1](../124/001.md) and continues with the words “if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side when men rose up against us” in [Psalms 124:2](./002.md). It describes a result that did not happen because Yahweh was actually on their side. “The raging waters did not drown us because Yahweh was on our side” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 124:5 rxj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the raging waters would have drowned us 0 Here the enemies of the writer are spoken of as if they were a raging river that would have drowned the Israelites. Alternate translation: “our enemies would have destroyed us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 124:6 thg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor torn by their teeth 0 The enemies are spoken of as if they were wild animals that would destroy the Israelites by eating them. Alternate translation: “destroyed as if we were eaten by wild animals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 124:7 fr8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor escaped like a bird out of the snare of the fowlers 0 The writer describes his escape from the enemies as if he was a bird that had escaped from the snare of the hunters. Alternate translation: “escaped from our enemies as a bird escapes from the trap that hunters have set” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 124:7 r8zv snare 0 a small trap of string or wire made for catching small animals or birds 124:7 a4a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the snare has been broken 0 The plot of the enemies to catch the writer failed as if it was a snare that had broken. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 125:intro bc6u 0 # Psalm 125 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 125 is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\n\nGod protects good people. He will not allow the evil people to rule over the good people because they might make them do evil. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) 125:1 d4h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 125:1 spt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Those who trust in Yahweh are like Mount Zion, unshakable, forever enduring 0 People who trust in Yahweh are spoken of as if they were Mount Zion. Mountains are unable to be moved. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 125:2 t72p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile As the mountains surround Jerusalem, so Yahweh surrounds his people 0 Yahweh’s protection is spoken of as if he was the mountains surrounding Jerusalem. Jerusalem was surrounded by several mountains, which protected it from attack. Alternate translation: “As the hills that surround Jerusalem protect it, so Yahweh protects his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 125:2 z93n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism now and forever 0 Here, this phrase means “always.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 125:3 we9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The scepter of wickedness 0 Here the scepter of wickedness represents the rule of wicked people. Alternate translation: “Wicked people” or “Wicked rulers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 125:4 m8s8 Do good, Yahweh 0 This is a request. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, please do good things” or “Yahweh, I beg you to do good things” 125:4 y93a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy are upright in their hearts 0 Here, “hearts” refers to their desires. Alternate translation: “desire to do the right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 125:5 t4ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor turn aside 0 Refusing to obey Yahweh is spoken of as turning away from a good path. Alternate translation: “leave good and go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 125:5 daf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their crooked ways 0 Here wicked ways are spoken of as if they were a path that is not straight. Alternate translation: “their wicked ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 125:5 ru69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit lead them away 0 People are lead away in order to punish them. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “lead them away to punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 126:intro q9ig 0 # Psalm 126 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 126 is a psalm of praise for Yahweh bringing captives home.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Sorrow and joy\n\nPeople may have sorrow now; but later it will turn into joy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/joy]]) 126:1 h3wt rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 126:1 y7ss restored the fortunes of Zion 0 Alternate translation: “made Zion prosperous again” 126:2 wxr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor our mouths were filled with laughter 0 Laughing is spoken of as if their mouths were a container and their laughter was in it. It can be made clear that this laughter was a response to their joy. Alternate translation: “we laughed for joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 126:2 g1bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis our tongues with singing 0 The verbs “were filled” can be stated clearly. Singing is spoken of as if their tongues were containers and singing was in them. Alternate translation: “our tongues were filled with singing” or “we sang songs of joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 126:2 xir4 they said among the nations 0 “the people of the nations said among themselves.” The pronoun is used before introducing what it references. This is very unusual. 126:3 js5q Yahweh did great things for us; how glad we were! 0 Alternate translation: “How glad we were, because Yahweh did these great things for us!” 126:5 i43v Those who sow in tears 0 Alternate translation: “Those who weep as they sow” 127:intro ipx7 0 # Psalm 127 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 127 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Blessings\n\nGod wants his people to have rest. It is a blessing to have many children. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/rest]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 127:1 nt9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 127:1 m7vn song of ascents 0 This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) 127:2 qvi2 to rise up early, to come home late 0 A person who works hard often has to wake up earlier in the morning and return home late at night. 127:2 vc2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom eat the bread of hard work 0 This is an idiom. Bread often represents the food a person needs every day in order to live. Alternate translation: “work hard for your daily needs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 127:3 qz98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor heritage 0 property that a person can inherit from his ancestors. Children normally receive an inheritance from their parents. Inheritance goes from parents to children. This passage uses parents inheriting children from Yahweh as a metaphor for Yahweh being the only one who can give children. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 127:4 iyl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like arrows in the hand of a warrior, so are the children of one’s youth 0 Arrows are very important to a warrior because they protect him in battle. Children are spoken of as if they are a warrior’s arrow. Alternate translation: “Having many children will help to protect you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 127:5 vf7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his quiver full of them 0 A quiver is a container for arrows. Having many children is spoken of as if the children were arrows in a quiver. Alternate translation: “a home full of children” or “many children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 128:intro f8w6 0 # Psalm 128 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 128 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Respect\n\nThose people who respect God will live well and have many children. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) 128:1 xub9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 128:1 h11n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Blessed is everyone who honors Yahweh 0 This phrase occurs in the passive voice to avoid implying that Yahweh is obligated to bless those who honor him. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless everyone who honors him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 128:2 xw8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche What your hands provide 0 A man can be referred to by his hands because that is the part of the body he works with. Alternate translation: “What you provide” or “What you work for” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 128:2 b9im rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet you will be blessed and prosper 0 The words “be blessed” and “prosper” share similar meanings and emphasize God’s favor. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you and prosper you” or “Yahweh will make you blessed and prosperous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 128:3 x211 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a fruitful vine in your house 0 The wife is spoke of as a vine producing a lot of fruit. This implies that children are like fruit and the wife will have many children. Alternate translation: “very productive and give you many children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 128:3 mf2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile your children will be like olive plants 0 Children are compared to olive plants because of the way they grow to surround something. Children will surround the table and make it full. Alternate translation: “you will have many children who will grow and prosper” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 128:3 vlk1 around your table 0 This refers to the place where a family gathers to eat. Often, all those who eat a man’s table are under his authority or control. 128:4 v5em rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the man will be blessed who honors Yahweh 0 This can be stated as an active verb. “Yahweh will bless the man who honors him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 128:5 iz4u all the days of your life 0 Alternate translation: “throughout your lifetime” 128:6 cd66 May peace be on Israel 0 Alternate translation: “May Israel have peace” 129:intro p9dv 0 # Psalm 129 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 129 is a psalm of deliverance from Israel’s many enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh saves\n\nIsrael’s enemies have always persecuted them but God has saved them from their enemies. He prays that this enemy will be destroyed with no one to wish them well. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 129:1 ut36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 129:3 wpl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The plowers plowed on my back 0 The cuts from a whipping are spoken of as the plow of a plowman. A farmer plowed deep lines into a field. Alternate translation: “My enemies have cut me deeply on my back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 129:3 nq4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they made their furrows long 0 This is a continuation of the plowing metaphor. The “furrow” is the line the farmer plowed. Alternate translation: “they made their cuts long” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 129:4 yzu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he has cut the ropes of the wicked 0 Israel is spoken of as being bound by evil people. Alternate translation: “he has freed us from our enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 129:5 z781 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May they all be put to shame and turned back 0 Yahweh is not explicitly mentioned as the one who does these things. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh shame them and defeat them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 129:6 s2gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile May they be like the grass on the housetops that withers before it grows up 0 The psalmist speaks of his enemies dying and being few in number. He compares them to the little bit of grass that grows on the roof of a house and withers and is not enough to cut or bundle. Alternate translation: “May they die and may there be few of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 129:7 s57h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile that cannot fill & together 0 These words finish the simile that begins in ([Psalms 129:6](../129/006.md)). The psalmist speaks of his enemies dying and being few in number. He compares them to the little bit of grass that grows on the roof of a house and withers and is not enough to cut or bundle. “May they be like the grass, which cannot fill … together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 129:8 pu7b the blessing of Yahweh be on you 0 Alternate translation: “Yahweh bless you” 130:intro c2ly 0 # Psalm 130 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 130 is a psalm of praise that God forgives sins. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Forgive\n\nGod forgives sin and helps the sinner. So Israel should trust in God for his forgiveness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 130:1 f4r9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 130:1 h3vi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Out of the depths I 0 The author’s sadness is spoken of as if it were a container. His sadness comes from the bottom of the container. Sadness is often spoken of as being a container that fills from the top to the bottom. Alternate translation: “Because I am very sad, I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 130:2 i2dr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche let your ears be attentive 0 The ears represent Yahweh, but because the author knows that Yahweh hears everything, he is really asking for Yahweh to respond. Alternate translation: “please listen” or “please respond” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 130:2 cvz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns to my pleas for mercy 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **mercy**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “merciful.” Alternate translation: “to my pleas and be merciful to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 130:3 fu8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion who could stand? 0 The speaker uses this question to express the futility of thinking that anyone could stand in this situation. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one could stand.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 130:3 l8mj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy who could stand 0 “Stand” often represents escaping or surviving when someone attacks. In this case, it would be to escape from being punished. Alternate translation: “no one could escape from your punishment” or “no one could survive your punishment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 130:6 lj6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My soul 0 “My soul” represents the psalmist. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 130:6 yb89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy My soul waits 0 The psalmist is spoken of as if he were waiting on something with expectation. Alternate translation: “I hope” or “I trust” or “I desire for something” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 130:6 ge7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile My soul waits & more than watchmen wait for the morning 0 The psalmist speaks of his desire for the Lord to help him as being greater than the desire that those who work all night have for the morning to come. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 130:6 cx47 watchmen 0 These are men who guard towns or fields against enemies or robbers. Here it refers to men who have to stay awake at night doing this. 130:7 ua2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Israel, hope in Yahweh 0 The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a man. Alternate translation: “You people of Israel, hope in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 130:8 i64f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who will redeem Israel from all his sins 0 The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a man. Alternate translation: “who will redeem the people of Israel from all their sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 131:intro ej7h 0 # Psalm 131 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 131 is a wisdom psalm teaching trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust\n\nThis psalm focuses on the concept of trust. A quiet trust in Yahweh is best. 131:1 ct5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 131:1 px11 song of ascents 0 This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) 131:1 kgc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my heart is not proud or my eyes haughty 0 The heart and the eyes represent the person. Alternate translation: “I am not proud or haughty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 131:1 tz2s I do not have great hopes for myself 0 Possible meanings are “I do not expect to do great things” or “I do not think I am great.” 131:1 xfb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor things that are beyond me 0 Things that are too hard for a person to understand are spoken of as if they are beyond the person or too far away from the person to be able to reach them. Alternate translation: “things that are too hard to understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 131:2 r92s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I have stilled and quieted my soul 0 The soul represents the person or his emotions. Being calm and peaceful is spoken of has having making one’s soul still and quiet. Alternate translation: “I am calm and peaceful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 131:2 sep5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my soul within me 0 The soul represents the person or his emotions. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 131:2 sim5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a weaned child with his mother 0 The psalmist speaks of himself being content and resting as if he were a young child that no longer demands breast milk from his mother. Alternate translation: “content like a young child that no longer cries for breast milk but rests in his mother’s arms” or “content and resting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:intro fp7w 0 # Psalm 132 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 132 is a royal psalm praising David. It might have been sung when David brought the ark to Jerusalem.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Ark\n\nThe Ark had been moved from one place to another several times. David wanted to make a permanent home for it. God had promised David that his son would be king after him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) 132:1 sq3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 132:1 lvf4 for David’s sake 0 Alternate translation: “because of what happened to David” 132:1 rsq8 call to mind 0 Alternate translation: “remember” or “think about” 132:2 v7zr the Mighty One of Jacob 0 This refers to God. 132:3 qz8t He said 0 Alternate translation: “King David said” 132:4 s5lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will not give sleep to my eyes or rest to my eyelids 0 Sleep and rest are spoken of as if they are things that can be given. Here eyes and eyelids represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will not allow my eyes to sleep or my eyelids to rest” or “I will not sleep or close my eyes and rest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 132:5 q4n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy until I find a place for Yahweh 0 Building a place for Yahweh is spoken of as finding a place for him. Alternate translation: “until I build a place for Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 132:5 ydb1 the Mighty One of Jacob 0 This refers to God. 132:6 ii2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit we heard about it in Ephrathah 0 The word “it” probably refers to where God’s sacred chest was. The phrase “in Ephrathah” probably refers to where they were when they heard about it. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “we who were in Ephrathah heard about where the sacred chest was” or “we in Ephrathah heard that the holy box was in Jaar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 132:6 nbj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names fields of Jaar 0 Jaar is probably another name for the city of Kiriath Jearim. This probably refers to the fields surrounding the city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 132:7 gcy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor we will worship at his footstool 0 Worshiping God at the covenant box is spoken of as bowing at the feet of the king who is sitting on his throne. This communicates humility and submission to God. Alternate translation: “we will go to God’s covenant box and worship him as king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:8 jkj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Arise, Yahweh, to your resting place 0 The verb “come” can be stated clearly. “Arise, Yahweh, and come to your resting place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 132:8 e7g1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your resting place 0 The place God chose for people to worship him is spoken of as if it were a place where he rests or lives eternally. Alternate translation: “the place where you stay” or “your tabernacle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:8 ktv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis you and the ark of your strength! 0 This could mean: (1) “come to the ark of your strength” or (2) “come, and make the ark of your strength come.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 132:8 pg13 the ark of your strength 0 Alternate translation: “the ark that shows your great power” 132:9 y1an rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor May your priests be clothed with integrity 0 Integrity is spoken of as if it were clothing. Alternate translation: “May people recognize that your priests have integrity” or “I want people see how your priests always do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:10 zns5 For your servant David’s sake 0 “Because of what happened to your servant David.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 132:1](../132/001.md). 132:10 e268 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not turn away from your anointed king 0 Here “turning away” means to reject someone. Alternate translation: “do not abandon the king that you anointed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:11 l5l7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will place one of your descendants on your throne 0 Making a king’s descendant become king in his place is spoken of as placing him on that king’s throne. AT “I will cause one of your descendants to rule Israel in your place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:12 ir7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sit on your throne 0 Ruling as king is spoken of as sitting on the throne. Alternate translation: “rule as king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:12 ht92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your sons 0 Here “your sons” represents the descendants of David that would become king. Alternate translation: “your descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 132:13 ym8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\n“He”, “my” and “I” refer to Yahweh and “her” refers to Zion. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 132:13 kw5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Zion & her 0 The author writes as though the city of Zion were a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 132:13 wvs3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he has desired her for his seat 0 “Yahweh has desired Zion for Yahweh’s seat.” Here, **seat** could mean: (1) his throne where he would rule, or (2) the place where he would stay. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 132:14 t9p9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification her 0 The author writes as though the city of Zion ([Psalms 132:13](../132/013.md)) were a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 132:14 y9cs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my resting place 0 The place God chose for people to worship him is spoken of as if it were a place where he rests or lives eternally. Alternate translation: “the place where I stay” or “my tabernacle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:15 afl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 God continues to speak about the city of Zion as if Zion was a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 132:15 gvy6 will abundantly bless her 0 Alternate translation: “will abundantly bless Zion” 132:15 md5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj will satisfy her poor with bread 0 Here “poor” refers to the poor people in Zion and “bread” probably represents food in general. Alternate translation: “will satisfy the poor people in Zion with food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 132:16 w9cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will clothe her priests with salvation 0 Salvation is spoken of as if it is clothing. This could mean: (1) “I will cause the priests to behave in a manner worthy of ones whom I have saved” or (2) “I will save her priests” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:17 vls7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will make a horn to sprout for David 0 God speaks of a powerful descendant of David as if he was the powerful horn of an animal. Alternate translation: “I will make a descendant of David become king after him” or “I will cause David to have a descendant who will be a powerful king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:17 yc3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor set up a lamp for my anointed one 0 God speaks of causing David’s descendants to continue to rule as king as if they were a lamp that would continue to shine. Alternate translation: “I will cause my anointed one’s descendants to continue to rule as king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:17 dms8 my anointed one 0 Alternate translation: “my chosen king” or “the king I have chosen” 132:18 gp1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will clothe his enemies with shame 0 Shame is spoken of as if it was clothing. This shame would result from losing in war. Alternate translation: “I will cause his enemies to be ashamed” or “I will cause his enemies to be defeated and ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:18 hdu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his crown will shine 0 The crown represents his rule, and greatness is spoken of as shining. Alternate translation: “he will be a great king” or “his greatness will shine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 133:intro lg1c 0 # Psalm 133 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 133 is a wisdom psalm about harmony. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Harmony\n\nHarmony between relatives is refreshing and brings a blessings from God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 133:1 s9bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 133:1 xwd2 song of ascents 0 This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) 133:1 d9ck Behold 0 This word is used to stress the importance of the statement that follows. 133:1 s8hv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for brothers to live together 0 The relationships among fellow God’s people is spoken of as if they were brothers. Alternate translation: “for God’s people to live together peacefully as brothers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 133:2 qj4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile It is like fine oil on the head 0 The goodness of unity among God’s people is spoken of as if it were like the fine oil that was poured on Aaron’s head. Alternate translation: “This unity is precious like the oil that was poured on Aaron’s head” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 133:3 r3pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like the dew of Hermon 0 The goodness of unity among God’s people is spoken of as it if it were refreshing like dew. Alternate translation: “refreshing like the dew of Hermon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 133:3 q5fz Hermon 0 This is a mountain in Israel that has snow on its peak year-round. 134:intro az9r 0 # Psalm 134 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 134 is a temple psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Watchmen\n\nThe watchmen who work at night should praise God. Then he will bless them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 134:1 x2de rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 134:1 y7mi all you servants of Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “all you who serve Yahweh” 134:2 fx9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction Lift up your hands 0 This is how people prayed or praised God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 134:2 x39j to the holy place 0 This could mean: (1) “to the temple” or (2) “to the holy place in the temple.” 134:3 d5zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism heaven and earth 0 The phrase “heaven and earth” here represents all things. Alternate translation: “everything in heaven and earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 135:intro qzj7 0 # Psalm 135 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 135 is a worship psalm focusing on worshiping God because his greatness.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\n\nThe people, priests and their helpers should praise God because he is so great. He defeated the Egyptians and led his people to the promise land. Idols have no power. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) 135:1 s987 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 135:1 q37i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Praise the name of Yahweh 0 Yahweh’s name represents him. “Praise Yahweh” or “Praise him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 135:2 hmn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy stand in Yahweh’s house 0 This represents serving Yahweh in his temple. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 135:2 acj2 our God 0 These words refer to Yahweh ([Psalms 135:1](../135/001.md)). 135:3 txp9 for it is pleasant to do so 0 Alternate translation: “because we get pleasure from praising his name” 135:4 e6pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh has chosen Jacob 0 “Jacob” here refers to his descendants, the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has chosen Jacob’s descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 135:4 tbz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis Israel as his possession 0 The beginning of the sentence can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “he has chosen Israel to be his possession” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 135:5 bu42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor that our Lord is above all gods 0 “I know that our Lord is above all gods.” Being greater than something is spoken of as being above it. Alternate translation: “that our Lord is greater than all gods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 135:7 g3hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor bringing the wind out of his storehouse 0 A storehouse is a place where things are kept for future use. This imagery shows God’s power to control the wind. Alternate translation: “causing the wind to blow by his power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 135:9 pln1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet signs and wonders 0 These two words mean basically the same thing and refer to the miraculous troubles that God had caused in Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 135:9 jjz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe into your midst, Egypt 0 The psalmist speaks as if the people of Egypt were listening to him. Alternate translation: “among you people of Egypt” or “among the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 135:9 eb2x against Pharaoh 0 Alternate translation: “to punish Pharaoh” 135:11 tnk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Sihon & Og 0 These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 135:12 xu2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He gave us their land as an inheritance 0 God’s gift of the land to the Israelites is spoken of as if it were inheritance from father to son. Alternate translation: “He gave us their land to have forever” or “He gave us their land to be ours forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 135:13 z179 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Your name 0 His name here represents his fame or reputation. Alternate translation: “Your fame” or “Your reputation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 135:18 wi2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Those who make them are like them 0 Being ignorant and powerless is spoken of as being like idols, which cannot speak, see, hear, or breathe. Alternate translation: “Those who make them are stupid and powerless like their idols” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 135:18 z43m as is everyone who trusts in them 0 Alternate translation: “and so are those who trust in the idols” 135:21 l26a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he who lives in Jerusalem 0 God is spoken of as if he lived in Jerusalem because the temple where the Israelites worshiped him was there. Alternate translation: “he whose temple is in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 136:intro wah2 0 # Psalm 136 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 136 is a worship psalm. It was written to be sung by two parts of the choir. One part would sing the first part of each of the lines and then the other part of the choir would sing the repeated refrain.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Israel blessed\n\nGod has blessed Israel throughout its history and taken care of the needy people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 136:1 my49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 136:1 ra72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations Oh 0 This is an exclamation that should be translated with whatever exclamation of emphasis you have in your language to make it sound natural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 136:1 f89e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns for his covenant faithfulness endures forever 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 136:2 f8xr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the God of gods 0 the God who is greater than the gods that other people worship (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 136:5 f8eu by wisdom 0 That is, because he is wise. 136:6 x27a spread out the earth above the waters 0 The ancient Israelites thought that the earth’s dry land was on top of the sea. Alternate translation: “placed the earth over the waters” 136:7 wi2k great lights 0 This is a reference to the sources of light for the earth, especially the sun and the moon. Alternate translation: “the sun and the moon and the stars” 136:8 f4vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to rule by day 0 The sun is spoken of as if it were a king. Alternate translation: “to mark the time of day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 136:8 h1q9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns for his covenant faithfulness endures forever 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 136:1](../136/001.md). Alternate translation: “because he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 136:9 m4de rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to rule by night 0 The moon, and stars are spoken of as if they were kings. Alternate translation: “to mark the time of night” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 136:11 v395 from among them 0 Alternate translation: “from among the people of Egypt” 136:12 eaa4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor with a strong hand and a raised arm 0 Here “hand” and “arm” represent power. Alternate translation: “with great power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 136:13 avd4 the Sea of Reeds 0 The soldiers of Pharaoh drowned in the Sea of Reeds. 136:15 a7s1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor overthrew Pharaoh 0 Here defeat is spoken of as if it were tipping someone over. Alternate translation: “defeated Pharaoh” or “defeated the king of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 136:15 mi4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Pharaoh 0 That is, the army of Pharaoh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 136:19 j4wg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Sihon 0 a man’s name (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 136:20 r49c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Og 0 a man’s name (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 136:23 q5t2 called us to mind 0 Alternate translation: “thought about us” 136:23 g78u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor helped us in our humiliation 0 The condition of feeling shame is spoken of as if it were a place that the Israelites had been in. This is a reference to the many times when the Israelites’ enemies had defeated them in battle and shamed them. Alternate translation: “cared when we were shamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 136:24 zn74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor has given us victory over our enemies 0 Causing people to be victorious and defeat their enemies is spoken of as giving them victory, as if victory were an object that can be given. Alternate translation: “has made us victorious over our enemies” or “has made us able to defeat our enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 136:26 vqb3 the God of heaven 0 Alternate translation: “the God who lives in heaven” or “the God whom the heavenly beings worship” 137:intro syg4 0 # Psalm 137 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 137 is a psalm of mourning and vengeance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Songs of Zion\n\nThe captives are told to sing songs of Zion there in Babylon but they felt too unhappy to want to sing. The army from Babylon was cruel when it destroyed Jerusalem and the people of Edom encouraged them to destroy Jerusalem. They prayed that God will be cruel to the people of Edom and Babylon. 137:1 g7si rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 137:1 kt8v By the rivers of Babylon 0 Alternate translation: “Next to one of the rivers near Babylon” 137:1 rih5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive we sat & wept & we thought 0 The writer does not include the readers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 137:2 j2py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive we hung 0 The writer does not include the readers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 137:2 xl9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy On the poplars there 0 Poplar trees do not grow in Israel. “Poplars” may here stand for all the trees in Babylon. Alternate translation: “On the trees in Babylon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 137:3 sad7 our captors required songs from us 0 Alternate translation: “our captors required us to sing” 137:3 htl1 required us to be happy 0 Alternate translation: “made us pretend to be happy” 137:3 j7ws one of the songs of Zion 0 This probably refers to songs that the Israelites had used in worship at the temple in Jerusalem. 137:5 s6nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification If I ignore the memory of you, Jerusalem 0 The writer speaks as if Jerusalem is listening to him. Alternate translation: “If I act as if I did not remember you, Jerusalem” or “If I try to forget you, Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 137:5 evg5 right hand 0 the hand most people use most often 137:7 fey4 Call to mind 0 Alternate translation: “Remember” or “Think about” 137:7 wp1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Call to mind, Yahweh, what the Edomites did 0 Here remembering what the Edomites did represents punishing them for what they did. Alternate translation: “Punish the Edomites, Yahweh, for what they did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 137:7 fk91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the day Jerusalem fell 0 Jerusalem being captured by an enemy army is spoken of as if it had fallen. Who captured Jerusalem can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “the day Jerusalem was captured” or “the day the Babylonian army entered Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 137:8 vlj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe psalmist addresses the people of Babylon as if they were there listening to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 137:8 c3dh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Daughter of Babylon 0 This represents the city of Babylon and its people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 137:8 w6kc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive may the person be blessed 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may God bless the person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 137:8 v1xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor pays you back for what you have done to us 0 The writer speaks of someone doing to others what they have done as if were payment. Alternate translation: “does to you what you did to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 137:9 v5tp dashes your little ones against a rock 0 Alternate translation: “smashes your babies’ heads against rocks” 138:intro lv6z 0 # Psalm 138 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Answered prayers\n\nGod answers prayers and he protects the psalmist from his enemies. 138:1 uq65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 138:1 hm3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will give you thanks with my whole heart 0 The heart here represents the emotions. Doing something sincerely or completely is spoken of as doing it with all one’s heart. Alternate translation: “I will sincerely thank you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 138:1 eq6r before the gods 0 This could mean: (1) “in spite of the false idols that exist” or (2) “before the heavenly assembly,” which means “in the knowledge of the angels in heaven.” 138:2 bda1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction I will bow down 0 Bowing down is a symbolic action that represents worship and giving honor. Alternate translation: “I will worship you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 138:2 p2fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy give thanks to your name 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “give thanks to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 138:2 t3ms rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns for your covenant faithfulness and for your trustworthiness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trustworthiness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant and you are worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 138:2 wkx6 your word 0 Alternate translation: “what you have said” or “your commands and promises” 138:2 m6ju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your name 0 This could mean: (1) “yourself” or (2) “your fame.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 138:4 zpz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your mouth 0 This expression stands for God himself. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 138:6 sg1t Yahweh is high, yet he cares for the lowly 0 Yahweh is above all creation in power, position, and authority. Yet his interest is in those who are humble in spirit, servants to all. This is a simple contrast. 138:6 ly27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the proud he knows from far off 0 This expression probably means that God is not faithful to those who are proud. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 138:7 se2w walk 0 live, exist 138:7 wu4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the middle of danger 0 Being in danger is spoken of as being in a physical place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 138:7 ez6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will reach out with your hand against the anger of my enemies 0 God is spoken of as if he will strike the enemies with his hand. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 138:7 uh62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns anger of my enemies 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **anger**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “angry.” Alternate translation: “my enemies, who are angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 138:8 uma6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, endures forever 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, remain faithful to your covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 138:8 hc8j the ones whom your hands have made 0 This expression probably refers to the nation of Israel. 138:8 m81b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your hands have made 0 God is spoken of as if he had physically used hands to create. Alternate translation: “you have created” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:intro spl6 0 # Psalm 139 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 139 is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s care\n\nGod created the psalmist in his mother’s womb and has taken care of him all of his life. No matter where he goes, God is always with him. 139:1 f2ij rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 139:1 m5if For the chief musician 0 Alternate translation: “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 139:1 z372 have examined 0 Alternate translation: “have tested” 139:2 rgf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism when I sit down and when I get up 0 The psalmist uses these two actions to represent everything he does. Alternate translation: “everything I do” or “everything about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 139:3 u269 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my path and my lying down 0 Here “path” stands for one’s behavior. “My path and my lying down” together represent everything about the psalmist. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 139:4 i5s4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor before there is a word on my tongue 0 Here “word on the tongue” represents speech. Alternate translation: “before I say anything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:5 q23v Behind me and before me you surround me 0 This expression refers to God’s presence everywhere. 139:5 xr3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor place your hand upon me 0 This expression refers to guidance and help. Alternate translation: “you guide and help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:6 yr6j too much for me 0 Alternate translation: “too much for me to understand” 139:6 m18y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor it is too high, and I cannot reach it 0 Being high and out of reach is an expression, in this case, about some knowledge that human beings cannot have. Alternate translation: “it is too difficult to understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:7 w65n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Where can I go from your Spirit? & Where can I flee from your presence? 0 These two questions are in parallel. The psalmist says that he cannot go away from God’s presence. Alternate translation: “I cannot escape from your Spirit.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 139:8 tdr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor if I make my bed in Sheol 0 “Making one’s bed” refers to staying somewhere. Alternate translation: “even if I stay in Sheol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:9 v6q9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole If I fly away on the wings of the morning and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea 0 The author uses exaggeration to explain that wherever he is, God is there too. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 139:9 rt5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor If I fly away on the wings of the morning 0 In the ancient near east, the sun was often imagined as if it had wings which enabled it to fly across the sky. Alternate translation: “If the sun could carry me with itself across the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:9 iph4 in the uttermost parts across the sea 0 Alternate translation: “very far away to the west” 139:10 fx9r will hold on to me 0 Alternate translation: “will help me” 139:11 z546 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor If I said, “Surely the darkness will cover me 0 The psalmist speaks of the night as if it were a blanket that could conceal him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:12 v3s8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The night would shine like the day 0 The night, which is dark, is spoken of as if it were bright with light. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:13 zvi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche You formed my inner parts 0 “Inner parts” refers to the interior organs of a person, but here the expression probably stands for the entire body. Alternate translation: “You made my entire body (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 139:14 t36w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy My soul knows this very well 0 Here “soul” probably refers to the psalmist’s innermost ability to be certain about God’s love and guidance. The translator may, however, treat “soul” here as metonymy for the psalmist’s mind and heart. Alternate translation: “I know this with all my heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 139:15 wrz7 intricately made 0 Alternate translation: “made with great complexity” 139:15 r8mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the depths of the earth 0 This is probably a way of speaking about a mother’s womb (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:16 i7h1 all the days assigned to me were recorded in your book even before the first one happened 0 This expression implies that ancient Israelites imagined that God wrote down his plans in a book. 139:17 e3mj How precious are your thoughts to me 0 Alternate translation: “I consider your thoughts very important” or “Your thoughts are very valuable to me” 139:17 j6ja How vast is their sum! 0 Alternate translation: “Your thoughts are so many.” 139:18 y1h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole they would be more in number than the sand 0 This hyperbole means that the writer would be unable to count God’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “there would be more than I could count” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 139:19 g2az rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe get away from me, you violent men 0 The psalmist is only pretending to speak directly to the violent men whom he has in mind. Translators may decide to express this command as a wish. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 139:20 t47k They rebel against you 0 Alternate translation: “They rebel against your authority, God” 139:20 lzi8 your enemies tell lies 0 Alternate translation: “your enemies lie about you” 139:21 f3gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Do I not hate those, Yahweh, who hate you? Do I not despise those who rise up against you? 0 These two sentences have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. Both of these questions actually make statements. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I hate those who hate you! I despise those who rise up against you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 139:21 s4kn rise up against 0 rebel against 139:23 e3ka rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Examine me 0 This is a request for God to tell the psalmist about any sinful thoughts that he may have. Alternate translation: “Please search me” or “I beg you to search me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 139:23 s3gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Examine me, God, and know my heart; test me and know my thoughts 0 These two sentences have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 139:24 r9qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor any wicked way 0 Here “way” stands for behavior. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:24 h9f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the everlasting way 0 Here “way” refers to trust and obedience in God. Anyone who “walks” this way will have everlasting life. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 140:intro qi17 0 # Psalm 140 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 140 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\n\nHe prayed that God would save him from his enemies who are lying about him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 140:1 g538 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 140:1 gc5w For the chief musician 0 This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 140:2 luc4 they cause battles 0 Here “battles” probably refers to conflict of any kind, including quarrels. 140:3 pz2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Their tongues wound like serpents 0 People who cause conflict by what they say are spoken of as if they had tongues of serpents. Of course, snakes do not do damage with their tongues, but with their bites and especially with poison. Neither can a person make his tongue sharp. Instead, here the idea of a sharp tongue stands for speaking in a way to cause trouble. And the idea the snakes have sharp tongues stands for the fact that many of them have poison. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 140:4 b8fg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the hands of the wicked 0 That is, the power of the wicked (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 140:5 fa3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor have set a trap & have spread a net & have set a snare 0 The exact kinds of traps are less important than the idea that wicked and proud people are planning to make trouble for the psalmist. If your readers do not know much about different ways of trapping, you may need to reduce this to one line. Alternate translation: “have set a trap to catch me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 140:6 w5qu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy listen to my cries 0 This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “listen to me as I call to you now for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 140:7 c56x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche you shield my head in the day of battle 0 A person’s head is in great danger during battle. Protecting the person’s head represents protecting the whole person. Alternate translation: “you protect me when I go to war” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 140:7 pz1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor battle 0 Here “battle” probably stands for any kind of severe trouble (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 140:8 c5jb do not grant the desires of the wicked 0 Alternate translation: “please do not allow the wicked to have what they desire” 140:8 hdj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 The adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 140:9 gn44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction raise their heads 0 This is a sign of being arrogant. Alternate translation: “are arrogant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 140:9 x51m let the mischief of their own lips cover them 0 This is a prayer that God would make the evildoers suffer from the trouble that they caused by the things they said. 140:9 a8kq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mischief of their own lips 0 The trouble that they themselves caused by what they said. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 140:9 tmk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cover them 0 That is, stop them from causing any more trouble. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 140:10 yxz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Let burning coals fall on them; throw them into the fire 0 Images of fire stand for severe punishment for the wicked. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 140:10 pqf9 bottomless pits 0 This is probably a reference to Sheol, the world of the dead. 140:11 sf31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom men of tongues 0 those who speak evil of others without cause (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 140:11 i174 secure on the earth 0 Alternate translation: “safe in this life” 140:11 k1fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification may evil hunt down the violent man 0 Here evil is spoken of as if it were someone taking revenge on another person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 140:12 em3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns he will give justice to the needy 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **justice**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “just.” Alternate translation: “He will act in a just manner to help the needy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 140:13 wfl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to your name 0 This represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 141:intro j6r9 0 # Psalm 141 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 141 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies and from sin. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s correction\n\nThe author prayed that God would keep him from sinning. He is glad to be corrected by good people. He asked God to show that he is right by destroying the evil leaders of the people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) 141:1 f34t rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 141:1 gns6 crying out 0 Alternate translation: “asking you for help” 141:1 uq2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification come quickly to me 0 The psalmist speaks as if Yahweh were a person who needed to come from another place to help him. What the psalmist wanted Yahweh to do can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “come quickly to help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 141:1 f66k Listen to me when I call 0 Alternate translation: “Please hear me when I call” or “I beg you to hear me when I call” 141:2 d4jp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile May my prayer be like incense 0 The psalmist asks Yahweh to accept and be pleased with his prayer the way he would accept and be pleased with incense. Alternate translation: “May the my prayer please you the way the sweet smell of incense pleases people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 141:2 vz6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my prayer 0 The psalmist wants Yahweh to be pleased with him because he is praying and because of the words of his prayer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 141:2 f9h1 my lifted hands 0 “the hands that I have lifted up.” Lifted hands are a metonym for prayer. People lifted their hands when they prayed or praised Yahweh. See how you translated “lift up your hands” in [Psalms 134:2](../134/002.md). 141:2 vf7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile be like the evening sacrifice 0 The means to be like the animal that was burned on the altar in the evening. The psalmist speaks as if he wants Yahweh to be as pleased with him as he is with those who bring animals to sacrifice. He wants Yahweh to be pleased because the psalmist is praying or because of the words of his prayer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 141:3 kge1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor place a guard over my mouth 0 The psalmist speaks as if evil words were prisoners trying to escape from his mouth. Alternate translation: “please help me not to say things that are evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 141:3 pt7y place a guard over 0 Alternate translation: “tell someone to guard” 141:3 hf52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor guard the door of my lips 0 The psalmist speaks as if evil words were prisoners trying to escape from his mouth. Alternate translation: “please help me not to say things when I should not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 141:4 cg6p participate in sinful activities 0 Alternate translation: “do sinful deeds” 141:4 ft7c their delicacies 0 Alternate translation: “their special foods” 141:5 z9wf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor hit me 0 The psalmist speaks as if giving a rebuke were physically hitting someone. Alternate translation: “rebuke me” or “hit me so I will listen when he corrects me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 141:5 d396 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns it will be a kindness to me 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **kindness**, you could express the same idea with an adverb. Alternate translation: “he will be acting kindly to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 141:5 vbt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile it will be like oil on my head 0 Possible meanings are that the psalmist speaks as if a person correcting him were putting oil on his head: (1) to honor him. Alternate translation: “when he corrects me, I will know that the one who corrects me is doing a good deed to me” or (2) to make his head feel better. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 141:5 sry9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche may my head not refuse to accept it 0 The head is a synecdoche for the person. The litotes can be translated as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “may I accept it gladly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 141:5 m2xw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my prayer is always against their wicked deeds 0 The words “wicked deeds” are a metonym for the people who do the wicked deeds. Alternate translation: “I always pray that Yahweh will stop wicked people from doing evil deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 141:6 k4ld rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Their leaders will be thrown down 0 This could mean: (1) “Someone will throw their leaders down” or (2) “Their leaders will throw them down.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 141:6 fj6j cliffs 0 ground that goes straight down a long way 141:7 b6wd our bones have been scattered 0 This could mean: (1) “people have thrown our bones around in different directions” or (2) as a result of the fall from the cliffs (141:6) “our bodies are broken and our bones lie in disorder.” 141:8 cjd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my eyes are on you 0 The eyes are a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am looking to see what you will do” or “I expect you to help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 141:8 wm6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in you I take refuge 0 “I am asking you to protect me” See how “take refuge” is translated in [Psalms 118:9](../118/009.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 141:8 wls6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my soul 0 The soul is a metonym for the whole person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 141:9 q9db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the snares that they have laid for me 0 The psalmist speaks of deceiving a good man so the good man will sin or so that the evil people can defeat him as if it were laying a trap for an animal. The word “snares” is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “people who are looking for ways to harm me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 141:9 y879 snares & traps 0 Bible experts disagree on the exact meanings of these words. It would be best either to translate one of them with the word for a net or cage that contains the prey and the other as a rope or vine that catches the prey by the leg or neck or to translate both with the general word for “traps.” See how these words are translated in [Psalms 140:5](../140/005.md). 141:9 g9xn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis from the traps of evildoers 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “and protect me from the traps that those who do evil have set” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 141:10 zb2q Let the wicked fall into their own nets 0 The psalmist speaks of evil people deceiving good people as if hunters were trapping animals. Alternate translation: “Let the wicked fall into the net traps they have made to trap other people” or “Let the bad things the wicked planned for the righteous happen to the wicked instead” 142:intro psy6 0 # Psalm 142 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 142 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\n\nThe psalmist is alone, and has many enemies surrounding him. Despite this, Yahweh will help him. Then, good people will join the author. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) 142:1 j93h rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 142:1 p2w2 A maschil 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 142:1 bue5 cave 0 open place under the earth large enough for people to walk around in 142:1 e46x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet I cry out for help to Yahweh & I plead for Yahweh’s favor 0 If these two lines are so much the same that the reader will get the wrong meaning, you can translate them as one line. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 142:1 gl9i with my voice 0 “using my voice” - 142:2 e15u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet pour out my lament before him & I tell him my troubles 0 If these two lines are so much the same that the reader will get the wrong meaning, you can translate them as one line. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 142:2 ay1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor pour out my lament before him 0 The psalmist speaks of telling Yahweh why he is sad as if he were pouring all of a liquid out of a container. Alternate translation: “I tell him all about why I am sad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 142:2 vh7u tell him my troubles 0 Alternate translation: “tell him about everything that makes me worry” 142:3 aks7 my spirit is weak within me 0 Alternate translation: “I am weak” or “I am extremely discouraged” 142:3 j7ir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit you know my path 0 “you know the path I should take.” The psalmist speaks as if what a person does were a path that that person walked along. Alternate translation: “you know the way I should live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 142:3 qy2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor In the way that I walk they have hidden a trap for me 0 The psalmist speaks of people wanting to harm him as if they were trying to trap an animal. Alternate translation: “They are making plans so that whatever I do they can harm me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 142:4 e9h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my life 0 This is a metonym for “me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 142:5 d83b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy called out to you 0 This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “called to you now for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 142:5 u3fb my portion 0 This could mean: (1) “all I want” or (2) “all I need” or (3) “all I have.” 142:5 v2uk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom in the land of the living 0 This idiom refers to a person being alive, as opposed to a person who is dead and in the place of the dead. Alternate translation: “while I am living” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 142:6 t4vr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Listen to my call 0 This is a call for help. See how you translated this in [Psalms 5:1](../005/001.md). Alternate translation: “Listen to me as I call to you now for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 142:6 y2xf I have been brought very low 0 This could mean: (1) “I am very needy” and (2) “I am very weak.” See how “we are very low” is translated in [Psalms 78:8](../078/008.md). 142:7 va7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Bring my soul out of prison 0 This is a request. The “soul” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “bring me out of prison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 142:7 w9yx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy give thanks to your name 0 The word “name” is a metonym for the person. See how you translated this in [Psalms 5:11](../005/011.md). Alternate translation: “give thanks to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 143:intro tm9v 0 # Psalm 143 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 143 is a deliverance psalm. The author prays for deliverance from his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\n\nThe author prayed for help from Yahweh against his enemies because he is God’s servant. 143:1 jk8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 143:1 c8pp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Hear my prayer 0 The words “my prayer” are a metonym for the person who is praying. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 39:12](../039/012.md). Alternate translation: “Listen to me as I pray to you” or “Be willing to do what I ask you to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 143:2 h1x7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Do not enter into judgment 0 To “enter into judgment” is an idiom that means to pronounce judgment. Alternate translation: “Please do not judge” or “I beg you not to judge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 143:2 ab38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person your servant 0 The psalmist speaks of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 143:2 u6lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in your sight no one is righteous 0 Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in your judgment no one is righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 143:3 p6sx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche pursued my soul 0 Here the word “soul” represents the person. Alternate translation: “pursued me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 143:3 u666 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor has crushed me to the ground 0 Defeating an enemy is spoken of as a heavy object crushing a lighter object on the ground. Alternate translation: “has completely defeated me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 143:4 j66k My spirit is overwhelmed within me 0 Alternate translation: “I am weak” or “I am extremely discouraged” 143:4 yv4a my heart despairs 0 Alternate translation: “I no longer have any hope” 143:5 nii3 call to mind 0 Alternate translation: “think about” 143:5 z21m your accomplishments 0 Alternate translation: “all that you have accomplished” or “all the great things you have done” 143:6 i96g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy spread my hands out to you 0 What one does with one’s body here is a metonym for the purpose of doing so. The Israelites would commonly pray while standing with their hands raised and spread out at their sides. Alternate translation: “pray to you with my hands lifted up at my sides” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 143:6 c8nl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my soul thirsts for you in a parched land 0 The psalmist speaks of wanting to be with God as if he were in a parched land and he also was about to die of thirst. Alternate translation: “I want to be with you the way a person in a parched land who is very thirsty wants water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 143:6 x1rn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my soul thirsts for you 0 The psalmist desires to know Yahweh. The intensity of his desire to know Yahweh is like one who is very thirsty. Alternate translation: “I long for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 143:6 m3qk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my soul 0 The soul is a metonym for the person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 143:6 zc2r parched land 0 A land where everything has died because there is no water. 143:7 r837 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification my spirit faints 0 Here the “spirit” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am weak” or “I am very discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 143:7 h5nt Do not hide your face from me 0 This is a request. “I beg you not to hide from me” or “Please, do not hide from me” 143:7 t1s2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Do not hide your face from me 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh refusing to do what the psalmist asks as if Yahweh were refusing to even look at the psalmist. This litotes can be stated as a positive. Alternate translation: “Do not refuse to listen to me” or “Please listen to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 143:7 yh17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism I will become like those who go down into the pit 0 Here the word “pit” refers to the place of the dead. This phrase is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: “I will become just another dead person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 143:8 cbz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Let me hear your covenant faithfulness 0 “Cause me to hear of your covenant faithfulness” or “Tell me of your covenant faithfulness.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Let me hear of how you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 143:8 z9rb in the morning 0 This could mean: (1) “in the morning,” at the time many people thought was the best time to pray, or (2) “morning by morning,” every day. 143:8 aut8 Show me 0 Alternate translation: “Tell me” 143:8 e86d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the way where I should walk 0 The psalmist speaks of the way people live as if it were a path on which they walk. Alternate translation: “how you want me to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 143:8 idb7 for I lift up my soul to you 0 This could mean: (1) “I pray to you” or (2) “I believe that you will guide and protect me.” 143:9 uh4d I flee to you to hide 0 This could mean: (1) “I flee to you so I can hide” and (2) “I flee to you so you will hide and protect me.” 143:10 hfy5 to do your will 0 Alternate translation: “to do what you want me to do” 143:10 u2i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lead me in the land of uprightness 0 This could mean: (1) “help me to live righteously” or (2) “may my life be free of trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 143:10 kpf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the land of uprightness 0 This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor for righteous living or (2) “a level land,” a metaphor for life free of trouble. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 143:11 drk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for your name’s sake 0 Yahweh’s name represents his reputation and character. Alternate translation: “because of who you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 143:12 d1cl the enemies of my life 0 Alternate translation: “the enemies who want to take my life” 143:12 wp4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns In your covenant faithfulness cut off my enemies 0 “Show your covenant faithfulness by cutting off my enemies.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because you are faithful to your covenant, cut off my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 143:12 wl46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the enemies of my life 0 “the enemies of my soul.” My “life” may be understood as representing the speaker. Alternate translation: “my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 144:intro j9c6 0 # Psalm 144 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 144 is a worship psalm. It is the first worship psalm in a series consisting of the final seven psalms (Psalms 144-150).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Safety\n\nPsalm 144 is a prayer for safety and prosperity for the nation of Israel. 144:1 kh8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 144:1 lg69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my rock 0 This could mean: (1) “the one who keeps me safe” or (2) “the one who gives me strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 144:1 r6cj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche who trains my hands for war and my fingers for battle 0 The words “hands” and “fingers” are synecdoches for “me.” If “war” and “battle” are the same word in your language, you can translate this as one line. Alternate translation: “who trains me for war and trains me for battle” or “who trains me for war” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 144:2 k7jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns my covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with anadverb. This could mean: (1) “the one who faithfully loves me” or (2) “the one who faithfully protects me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 144:2 bpc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my fortress & take refuge 0 The psalmist uses many metaphors to emphasize that Yahweh will protect him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 144:2 naw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my high tower 0 David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a fortress that protects him from attack. Yahweh is the one who protects David from harm. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 144:2 v4eq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my shield 0 David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a shield that protects a soldier. Yahweh is the one who protects David from harm. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 144:2 ig17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the one in whom I take refuge 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “the one to whom I go so he will protect me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 144:2 qyp9 the one who subdues nations under me 0 Alternate translation: “the one who enables me to defeat other nations” 144:3 la8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Yahweh, what is man that you take notice of him or the son of man that you think about him? 0 If your readers would misunderstand these questions, you can express them as statements. Alternate translation: “Man is so small compared to everything else you have made that I am surprised that you take notice of man and that you think about the son of man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 144:3 e6zt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet man & son of man 0 two words for human beings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 144:4 hu1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a breath & like a passing shadow 0 The writer compares humans to these thing to emphasize how short their lives are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 144:5 cp6t Cause & come down & touch & make 0 These words should probably be translated as requests, not commands, since the psalmist knows that God is greater than he is. 144:5 as4e Cause the sky to sink 0 This could mean: (1) tear the sky open or (2) bend the heavens like a tree branch bends when someone walks on it or as one bends a bow before shooting arrows. 144:6 jip6 Send & scatter & shoot & drive 0 These should probably be translated as requests, not commands, since the psalmist knows that God is greater than he is. 144:6 ye36 in confusion 0 Alternate translation: “so they do not know what to think or what to do” 144:7 w63l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of many waters 0 David speaks as if God were on land above a flood and had physical hands with which he could pull David out of a flood. The flood is a metaphor for the troubles caused by the “foreigners.” Alternate translation: “You who are able to act, help me overcome my troubles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 144:7 a8fn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from the hand of foreigners 0 Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the power of foreigners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 144:8 i188 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Their mouths speak lies 0 Here the word “mouths” represent the people who speak. Alternate translation: “They speak lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 144:8 f1nz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their right hand is falsehood 0 This could mean: (1) David speaks of the custom of raising the right hand to swear that what one is about to say in court is true, “they lie even when they swear to tell the truth,” or (2) the “right hand” is a metaphor for power, “everything they have gotten, they have gotten by telling lies.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 144:9 wz6d new song 0 This could mean: (1) “a song no one has ever sung before” or (2) “a song I have never sung before.” 144:10 rad1 who give & kings, who rescued 0 You may end a sentence at the end of [Psalms 144:9](../144/009.md) and start a new sentence here. “you. It is you who give … kings. It is you who rescued” 144:10 t9g4 David your servant 0 David speaks of himself as if he were someone else. “me, David, your servant” 144:10 r919 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from an evil sword 0 David speaks of evil people as if they were the swords they use as weapons. Alternate translation: “from evil people who were trying to kill him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 144:11 a7t7 Rescue me and free me 0 Alternate translation: “Please rescue me and free me” 144:11 iv5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from the hand of foreigners 0 Here “hand” refers to power. See how you translated these words in [Psalms 144:7](./007.md). Alternate translation: “from the power of foreigners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 144:11 vu7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Their mouths speak lies 0 The people are represented by their “mouths.” See how you translated these words in [Psalms 144:8](./008.md). Alternate translation: “They speak lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 144:11 me9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor their right hand is falsehood 0 This could mean: (1) David speaks of the custom of raising the right hand to swear that what one is about to say in court is true, “they lie even when they swear to tell the truth,” or (2) the “right hand” is a metaphor for power, “everything they have gotten, they have gotten by telling lies.”See how you translated these words [Psalms 144:8](./008.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 144:12 mxt8 like plants who grow to full size 0 healthy and strong 144:12 jn5c in their youth 0 the time when people develop 144:12 zf8s our daughters like carved corner pillars 0 Alternate translation: “may our daughters be like carved corner pillars” 144:12 qvz7 carved corner pillars 0 Alternate translation: “beautiful posts that hold up the corners of a large house” 144:12 ah7c pillars, shapely like those of a palace 0 Alternate translation: “pillars that are carved to make a palace beautiful” 144:13 m4xe rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers thousands and ten thousands in our fields 0 “thousands—even tens of thousands!—and fill up our fields” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 144:14 zjd7 No one will break through our walls 0 Alternate translation: “No one will be able to invade our city” 144:14 r26v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy no outcry 0 Here the outcry is associated with a severe problem that causes the person to cry out. Alternate translation: “no one crying in pain” or “no one crying for help” or “no one calling out for justice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 145:intro nm65 0 # Psalm 145 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 145 is a worship psalm. This is the second in a series of worship psalms consisting of the final seven psalms (Psalms 144-150).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\n\nGod is worthy of all praise. This is in part because he does such wonderful things for all who worship him. 145:1 rw8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 145:1 dl46 extol you 0 Alternate translation: “tell people how wonderful you are” 145:1 p5ni rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy bless your name 0 The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). Alternate translation: “bless you” or “do what makes you happy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 145:2 q3yg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy praise your name 0 The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “praise you” or “tell people how great you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 145:4 b492 your mighty actions 0 Alternate translation: “the things you can do because you are strong” 145:7 ri73 declare your abounding goodness 0 Alternate translation: “tell others how very good you are” 145:8 jqk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor abounding in covenant faithfulness 0 The psalmist speaks of covenant faithfulness as if it were a physical object of which one could possess a large amount. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “completely faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 145:9 k61r his tender mercies are over all his works 0 Alternate translation: “people can see him showing mercy in everything he does” 145:10 v1rj All you have made will give thanks 0 Alternate translation: “All the people you have made will give thanks” or “It will be as if everything you have made will give you thanks” 145:13 yys6 endures throughout all generations 0 Alternate translation: “remains forever” 145:14 f2te rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor supports all who are falling & raises up all those who are bent over 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh encouraging people as if he were helping people who were physically weak. You may need to translate both lines using only one line. AT “encourages those who are discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 145:15 w41b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The eyes of all wait 0 Here the word “eyes” represents those who watch and wait for Yahweh to act. Alternate translation: “Everyone watches and waits” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 145:16 xft8 You open your hand 0 Alternate translation: “You generously provide” 145:16 b2bx satisfy the desire of every living thing 0 Alternate translation: “you give everyone more than they need and as much as they want” 145:17 h9wa Yahweh is righteous in all his ways 0 Alternate translation: “People can see from everything that Yahweh does that he is righteous” 145:17 h24t faithful in all he does 0 Alternate translation: “and he is gracious in all he does” or “people can see from everything that Yahweh does that he is gracious” 145:18 kq17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is near to all those who call to him 0 Here “is near” means “ready to help.” Alternate translation: “is always ready to help all those who call to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 145:18 v98h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns to all who call to him in trustworthiness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trustworthiness**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “to all who tell only the truth when they pray” or “to all whom he trusts when they pray” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 145:21 asw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche My mouth will speak 0 Here the words “My mouth” represent the one speaking. Alternate translation: “I will speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 145:21 t2tr will speak out the praise of Yahweh 0 Alternate translation: “tell everyone how good Yahweh is” 145:21 nc4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy let all mankind bless his holy name 0 The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). Alternate translation: “let all people bless him” or “let all people do what makes him happy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 146:intro s9dj 0 # Psalm 146 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 146 is a worship psalm. It is the third in series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust\n\nTrusting people for protection is useless because they die. But God blesses everyone who trusts in him. He provides everything people need. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 146:1 xb8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 146:1 jq1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Praise Yahweh, my soul 0 Here “soul” represents the writer’s inner being. The writer is commanding his inner being to praise Yahweh. If your readers would misunderstand this question, you can express it as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will praise Yahweh with all my soul” or “I give praise to Yahweh with all my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 146:2 isg7 with all my life 0 Alternate translation: “until I die” or “while I live” 146:3 x34i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche in princes 0 Here “princes” represents all human leaders. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 146:3 br6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in mankind, in whom there is no salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “save.” Alternate translation: “in any person because they cannot save you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 146:3 ure6 in mankind 0 Alternate translation: “in humankind” or “in people” 146:4 xqq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism When a person’s life’s breath stops 0 This is a polite way to refer to someone dying. Alternate translation: When a person dies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 146:4 c8h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he returns to the ground 0 This means that just as God made the first human, Adam, from the soil, so will a person’s body decay and become soil again when he dies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 146:6 ci47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism Yahweh made heaven and earth 0 The words “heaven” and “earth” represent everything that exists in the physical universe. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 146:6 ca4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns observes trustworthiness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **trustworthiness**, you could express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “remains trustworthy” or “remains faithful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 146:7 zbn6 He executes justice 0 Alternate translation: “He decides matters fairly” 146:7 kk2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj for the oppressed 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “for oppressed people” or “for those whom other people oppress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 146:7 key9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj to the hungry 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “to hungry people” or “to those who are hungry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 146:8 tjb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor opens the eyes of the blind 0 Causing a blind person to see is spoken of as if Yahweh were opening the person’s eyes. Alternate translation: “causes the blind to see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 146:8 pav7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the blind 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “blind people” or “those who are blind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 146:8 ey4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh raises up those who are bowed down 0 Yahweh helping someone is spoken of as if he were physically helping someone to stand up. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helps those who are discouraged” or “Yahweh helps those who are weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 146:8 ml15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction who are bowed down 0 This action is a sign of distress or mourning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 146:9 l8p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he lifts up 0 God helping someone is spoken of as if he were physically lifting them up. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 146:10 kr81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy your God, Zion 0 Here “Zion” represents all the people of Israel. The writer is speaking to the people of Israel as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “your God, people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 146:10 il4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis for all generations 0 The words “will reign” are understood. Alternate translation: “will reign for all generations” or “will reign forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 147:intro z5be 0 # Psalm 147 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 147 is a worship psalm. It is the fourth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s control\n\nYahweh has created everything and controls all of nature. He provides for the animals and people. 147:1 u7wi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 147:1 g689 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis it is pleasant 0 The object may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “it is pleasant to sing praises” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 147:1 i9pm praise is suitable 0 Alternate translation: “praise is fitting” or “praise is appropriate” 147:3 ip6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds 0 The writer speaks of the people’s sorrow and discouragement as if they were physical wounds, and of Yahweh encouraging them as if he were healing those wounds. Alternate translation: “He encourages those who are sad and helps them to heal from their emotional wounds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 147:5 sq6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive his understanding cannot be measured 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one can measure his understanding” or “his understanding has no limit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 147:6 ret4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh lifts up the oppressed 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh honoring those who are oppressed as if Yahweh were lifting them up from the ground. Alternate translation: “Yahweh honors the oppressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 147:6 j87w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he brings the wicked down to the ground 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh humiliating the wicked as if Yahweh were forcing them to lie on the ground. Alternate translation: “he humiliates the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 147:7 x7xx with a harp 0 Alternate translation: “while playing a harp” 147:9 y81a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis to the young ravens when they cry 0 The verbal phrase can be supplied from the previous line. Alternate translation: “he gives food to the young ravens when they cry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 147:9 hrg8 when they cry 0 Alternate translation: “whey they chirp” or “when they call” 147:10 ih2w He finds no delight in the strength of a horse 0 Alternate translation: “Strong horses do not delight him” 147:10 vg8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the strong legs of a man 0 This could mean: (1) “strong legs” is a metonym that represents how swiftly a man can run. Alternate translation: “men who can run swiftly” or (2) “strong legs” represents the strength of the whole man. Alternate translation: “how strong a man is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 147:11 fe9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns who hope in his covenant faithfulness 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea with and adjective. Alternate translation: “who trust him because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 147:12 c1ra rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Jerusalem & Zion 0 The writer speaks to Jerusalem, which he also calls Zion, as if it were a person. The names of the city are metonyms for the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “people of Jerusalem … people of Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 147:13 v5j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche For he strengthens the bars of your gates 0 The phrase “the bars of your gates” represent the city as a whole. Yahweh will make Jerusalem secure from enemy invasion. Alternate translation: “For he protects Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 147:13 kjw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he blesses & among you 0 The writer speaks of those who live in Jerusalem as if they were Jerusalem’s children. Alternate translation: “he blesses those who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 147:14 jv5d He brings prosperity 0 “He brings peace.” This could mean: (1) Yahweh causes the people who live in Jerusalem to prosper materially and financially or (2) the word translated as “prosperity” means “peace” and Yahweh keeps Jerusalem safe from enemy attack. 147:15 a37s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification his command runs very swiftly 0 The writer describes God’s command as if it were a messenger that moves quickly to deliver God’s message. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 147:16 c1ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile He makes the snow like wool, he scatters the frost like ashes 0 These emphasize how easy it is for him to do these things. He covers the ground with snow as easily as a person covers something with a wool blanket. And, he removes the frost as easily as the wind blows ashes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 147:17 nl42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile He dispenses the hail like crumbs 0 Yahweh scatters hail as easily as a person would scatter bread crumbs. Alternate translation: “He dispenses the hail easily, as if it were crumbs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 147:17 ljb8 He dispenses 0 Alternate translation: “He sends” 147:17 iq6h hail 0 small pieces of ice that fall from the sky like rain 147:17 sid1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion who can withstand the cold he sends? 0 The writer uses this question to emphasize that it is difficult to endure the cold weather that Yahweh causes. Alternate translation: “no one can live in the cold he sends.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 147:18 db1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He sends out his command and melts them 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s command as if it were his messenger. The word “command” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “He commands the ice to melt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 147:19 h3ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism He proclaimed his word to Jacob, his statutes and his righteous decrees to Israel 0 These two lines mean the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh gave his law only to Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 147:19 m4av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis his statutes and his righteous decrees to Israel 0 The verbal phrase can be supplied from the previous line. Alternate translation: “He proclaimed his statutes and his righteous decrees to Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 147:19 c558 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet his statutes and his righteous decrees 0 The words “statutes” and “righteous decrees,” along with “word” in the previous line, all refer to the law of Moses. If your language does not have different words for these terms, you may combine the two lines into one, using either “Jacob” or “Israel” for the people who received them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 147:20 s9ly they do not know them 0 The other nations do not know Yahweh’s decrees. 148:intro ug77 0 # Psalm 148 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 148 is a worship psalm. It is the fifth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\n\nAll creation, including humans, should praise God for his greatness. 148:1 hy45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nParallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 148:1 y3gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Praise Yahweh, you in the heavens & you in the heights 0 “Praise Yahweh, you in the heavens … you in the sky.” These two lines are parallel, with phrase “the heights” meaning the same thing as “the heavens” in the previous line. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 148:3 ri28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Praise him, sun and moon 0 The writer speaks to the sun and moon as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, sun and moon, as people do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 148:3 qw9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification praise him, all you shining stars 0 The writer speaks to the shining stars as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, shining stars, as people do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 148:4 ek5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification Praise him, highest heaven 0 The phrase “highest heaven” is an idiom that refers to heaven itself. The writer speaks to heaven as if it were a person and commands it to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, highest heaven, as people do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 148:4 vf7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification you waters that are above the sky 0 The writer speaks to “the waters that are above the sky” as if they are people and commands them to praise Yahweh. The verbal phrase can be supplied from the previous line. Alternate translation: “praise him, you waters that are above the sky, as people do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 148:4 ut7b waters that are above the sky 0 The writer speaks of a place above the sky where water is stored and from which the rain comes. 148:5 ch3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Let them praise the name of Yahweh 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Let them praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 148:5 tcm6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive they were created 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he created them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 148:6 c9ty he issued a decree that will never change 0 This could mean: (1) “he gave a command that is permanent” or (2) “he gave a command that they will not disobey.” 148:6 n8cn he issued 0 Alternate translation: “he gave” 148:7 n48i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all ocean depths 0 This phrase represents every creature that lives in the depths of the oceans. Alternate translation: “all creatures in the ocean depths” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 148:8 s17i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification fire and hail, snow and clouds, stormy wind 0 The writer speaks to these natural phenomena as if they are people and commands them to praise Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 148:8 u52w stormy wind fulfilling his word 0 Alternate translation: “stormy wind that does what Yahweh commands” 148:9 e5cz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer continues to speak to things that are not human as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 148:10 b65a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism animals wild and tame 0 The words “wild” and “tame” are opposites. Together they encompass all animals. Alternate translation: “all animals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 148:11 j3b1 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe writer commands all people to praise Yahweh. 148:11 w92u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all nations 0 The word “nations” represents the people who live in those nations. Alternate translation: “people of every nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 148:12 g9p4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism young men and young women, elderly and children 0 The writer uses two merisms, one related to gender and one related to age, to represent every person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 148:13 r7cb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the name of Yahweh, for his name alone 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, for he alone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 148:13 lr9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his glory extends over the earth and the heavens 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s greatness as his glory being high above earth and heaven. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 148:14 qn5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He has lifted up the horn of his people 0 The writer speaks of strength as if it were the horn of an animal. Lifting up an animal horn was a symbolic action that represented military victory. Alternate translation: “He has made his people strong” or “He has given his people victory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 148:14 wv8t for praise from all his faithful ones 0 Alternate translation: “so that all his faithful ones praise him” 148:14 n4ru rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the people near to him 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh loving his people as if his people were physically close to him. Alternate translation: “the people he loves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 149:intro au8i 0 # Psalm 149 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 149 is a worship psalm. It is the sixth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\n\nThe people of Israel should praise God and conquer the other nations. 149:1 p2dk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe psalmist is speaking to all of God’s people, so you should use the plural command form if your language has one. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 149:1 e71a a new song 0 This could mean: (1) “a song you have never sung before” or (2) a song no one has ever sung before. 149:1 vlr1 sing his praise 0 Alternate translation: “praise him with songs” 149:2 r1nd rejoice in the one who made them 0 This could mean: (1) “rejoice because he made them” or (2) “rejoice because the one who made them is good.” 149:2 jyp7 rejoice in their king 0 The words “their king” is likely a reference to God. This could mean: (1) “rejoice because he is their king” or (2) “rejoice because their king is good.” 149:3 isj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy praise his name 0 The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “praise him” or “tell people how great he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 149:3 pu1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown tambourine 0 a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 149:4 hrp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns glorifies the humble with salvation 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **salvation**, you could express the same idea with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “glorifies the humble by saving them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 149:4 t8tz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the humble 0 This can be restated to remove the nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are humble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 149:5 b5tj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit on their beds 0 The translation can make explicit that this refers to when a person lies down at night to sleep in a bed. Alternate translation: “as they lie down to sleep at night” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 149:6 s1s6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche May the praises of God be in their mouths 0 The mouth represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “May they always be ready to praise God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 149:6 pq93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis a two-edged sword in their hand 0 If swords are not known, use the name of a local weapon. The word “sword” is a metonym for being ready to fight in war. Alternate translation: “may they always be ready to go to war for him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 149:7 c66f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the nations 0 The phrase “the nations” is a metonym for the people who live in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 149:8 ka3y chains 0 These are made of heavy metal and restrict the movement of prisoners. 149:8 ety5 shackles 0 a pair of chains or bands with a chain between that limits the movement of both a person’s hands or feet. 149:9 jie7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns They will execute the judgment that is written 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **judgment**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form such as “judge.” Alternate translation: “They will judge and punish the people of those nations as God wrote should be done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 150:intro r7f5 0 # Psalm 150 General Notes\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 150 is a worship psalm. It is last in a series of worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Instruments\n\nPeople should praise Yahweh with every type of musical instrument. 150:1 jx5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis focuses on praise or worship that is most commonly held in the temple. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 150:1 djp3 Praise God in his holy place 0 God’s temple was often referred to as his holy place. This was the most common place to go to worship God. 150:2 e6ff his mighty acts 0 “the great things he has done.” God’s **mighty acts** could mean: (1) natural such as thunderstorms and earthquakes or (2) miraculous such as healings and great victories in battle. 150:3 uqx4 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis chunk focuses on praising or worshiping God with musical instruments and dance. 150:4 m4dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown tambourines 0 A tambourine is a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 150:5 yat3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown cymbals 0 two thin, round metal plates that are hit together to make a loud sound (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 150:6 c7iw General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis verse is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 5 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 107 and ends with Psalm 150. 150:6 ht6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole everything that has breath 0 This is an exaggeration that calls on all people who are alive to praise God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])