unfoldingWord_en_tn/en_tn_62-2PE.tsv

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22PEfrontintromvk90# Introduction to 2 Peter<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the book of 2 Peter<br><br>1. Introduction (1:12)<br>1. Reminder to live godly lives because God has enabled us to do so (1:315)<br>1. Reminder of the veracity of apostolic teaching (1:1621)<br>1. Prediction of false teachers (2:13)<br>1. Examples of divine judgment (2:410a)<br>1. Description and denunciation of false teachers (2:10b22)<br>1. Reminder that Jesus will return at the right time (3:113)<br>1. Concluding exhortation to live godly lives (3:1417)<br><br>### Who wrote the book of 2 Peter?<br><br>The author identified himself as Simon Peter. Simon Peter was an apostle. He also wrote the book of 1 Peter. Peter probably wrote this letter while in a prison in Rome, just before he died. Peter called this letter his second letter, so we can date it after 1 Peter. He addressed the letter to the same audience as his first letter. The audience probably was Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor.<br><br>### What is the book of 2 Peter about?<br><br>Peter wrote this letter to encourage believers to live good lives. He warned them about false teachers who were saying Jesus was taking too long to return. He told them that Jesus was not slow in returning. Instead, God was giving people time to repent so that they would be saved.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “2 Peter” or “Second Peter.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The Second Letter from Peter” or “The Second Letter Peter Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Who were the people Peter spoke against?<br><br>It is possible that the people Peter spoke against were those who would become known as Gnostics. These teachers distorted the teachings of Scripture for their own gain. They lived in immoral ways and taught others to do the same.<br><br>### What does it mean that God inspired Scripture?<br><br>The doctrine of Scripture is a very important one. 2 Peter helps readers to understand that while each writer of Scripture had his own distinct way of writing, God is the true author of Scripture (1:20-21).<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Peter. Also, the word “you” is always plural and refers to Peters audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the book of 2 Peter?<br><br>For the following verses, there are differences between some of the ancient manuscripts. The ULT text follows the reading that most scholars consider to be original and puts the other reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the language of wider communication in the region, translators may want to consider using the reading found in that version. If not, translators are advised to follow the reading in the ULT.<br>* “to be kept in chains of lower darkness until the judgment” (2:4). Some ancient manuscripts have, “to be kept in pits of lower darkness until the judgment.”<br>* “They enjoy their deceitful actions while they are feasting with you” (2:13). Some manuscripts have, “They enjoy their actions while they are feasting with you in love feasts.”<br>* “Bosor” (2:15). A few other manuscripts read, “Beor.”<br>* “The elements will be burned with fire, and the earth and the deeds in it will be revealed” (3:10). Other manuscripts have, “The elements will be burned with fire, and the earth and the deeds in it will be burned up.”<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
32PE1introwjw50# 2 Peter 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and Formatting<br><br>1. Introduction (1:12)<br>2. Reminder to live good lives, because God has enabled us to do so (1:315)<br>3. Reminder of the veracity of apostolic teaching (1:1621)<br><br>Peter begins this letter in [1:12](../01/01.md) by giving his name, identifying the people to whom he is writing, and offering a greeting. That was the way people typically began letters at this time.<br><br>## Special Concepts in this Chapter<br><br>### Knowledge of God<br><br>Having experiential knowledge of God means to belong to him or to have a relationship with him. Here, “knowledge” is more than just mentally knowing about God. It is the knowledge of personal relationship in which God saves a person and gives him grace and peace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/know]])<br><br>### Living godly lives<br><br>Peter teaches that God has given believers all that they need for living godly lives. Therefore, believers should do everything they can to obey God more and more. If believers continue to do this, then they will be effective and productive through their relationship with Jesus. However, if believers do not continue living godly lives, then it is as though they have forgotten what God did through Christ to save them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br><br>## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter<br><br>### The truth of Scripture<br><br>Peter teaches that the prophecies in Scripture were not made up by men. The Holy Spirit revealed Gods message to the men who spoke them or wrote them down. Also, Peter and the other apostles did not make up the stories they told people about Jesus. They witnessed what Jesus did and heard God call Jesus his son.
42PE11n1difigs-123personΣίμων Πέτρος1In this culture, letter writers would give their own names first, and they would refer to themselves in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the first person. If your language has a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, you could also use that. Alternate translation: “I, Simon Peter, am writing this letter” or “From Simon Peter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
52PE11xf2utranslate-namesΣίμων Πέτρος1**Simon Peter** is the name of a man, a disciple of Jesus. See the information about him in Part 1 of the Introduction to 2 Peter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
62PE11v381figs-distinguishδοῦλος καὶ ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1a servant and apostle of Jesus ChristThis phrase gives further information about Simon Peter. He describes himself as being both a **servant of Jesus Christ** and one given the position and authority of being Christs **apostle**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
72PE11mbg7figs-123personτοῖς…λαχοῦσιν1to those who have receivedIn this culture, after giving their own names, letter writers would then say to whom they were writing, naming those people in the third person. If that would be confusing in your language, you could use the second person. Alternate translation: “to you who have received” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
82PE11yy7jfigs-explicitτοῖς ἰσότιμον ἡμῖν λαχοῦσιν πίστιν1to those who have received the same precious faithThat these people have **received a faith** implies that God has given that faith to them. Alternate translation: “to those to whom God has given a faith equal in value with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
92PE11x186figs-abstractnounsτοῖς ἰσότιμον…λαχοῦσιν πίστιν1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **faith**, you could express the idea behind it with a verb, such as “trust” or “believe.” Alternate translation: “to those whom God has made to trust” or “to those whom God has made to believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
102PE11y157figs-exclusiveἡμῖν1with usHere, the word **us** refers to Peter and the other apostles, but not to those to whom he is writing. Alternate translation: “as we apostles have received” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
112PE11xdydἐν δικαιοσύνῃ1The word **by** indicates the means through which they received the faith. Alternate translation: “by means of the righteousness”
122PE11fpslfigs-abstractnounsδικαιοσύνῃ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν καὶ Σωτῆρος1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **righteousness**, you could translate the idea behind it with an adjective such as “righteous” or “right.” Alternate translation: “the righteous acts of our God and Savior” or “the right way of our God and Savior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
132PE12oaejtranslate-blessingχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1In this culture, letter writers would offer a good wish for the recipient before introducing the main business of the letter. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing. Alternate translation: “May God increase his kind acts to you and make you more peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]])
142PE12y7l9figs-explicitχάρις…καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1May grace and peace be multipliedGod is the one who will give **grace** and **peace** to believers. If your readers would misunderstand this, you can make that information explicit. Alternate translation: “May God increase his grace and peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
152PE12ui01figs-abstractnounsχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract nouns **grace** and **peace**, you could express the ideas behind them with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “May God multiply his kind acts to you and give you a more peaceful spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
162PE12n59nfigs-metaphorχάρις…καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη1May grace and peace be multipliedPeter speaks of **grace and peace** as if they were objects that could increase in size or number. If this is confusing in your language, you can use a different metaphor that means that these things will increase, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “May God increase his grace and peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
172PE12x8nafigs-youὑμῖν1Here the pronoun **you** is plural, since Peter is writing to believers in Jesus as a group. Generally, throughout the letter the pronouns “you” and “your” are plural for this same reason. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
182PE12vq19figs-abstractnounsἐν ἐπιγνώσει τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν1in the knowledge of God and of Jesus our LordIf you would not use an abstract noun here, you can translate **knowledge** using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because you know God and Jesus our Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
192PE12xgaxἐν ἐπιγνώσει τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν1This could mean: (1) “because of knowing God and Jesus our Lord” or (2) “through knowing God and Jesus our Lord.”
202PE12pmb9figs-possessionτοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν1Here, **our Lord** means “the person who is lord over us” or “the person who rules over us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
212PE13ywj9grammar-connect-logic-resultὡς…ἡμῖν τῆς θείας δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ…δεδωρημένης1Here, **as** indicates that this verse provides the reason for the expected result, which is Peters command in [1:57](../01/05.md). Alternate translation: “Since his divine power has given to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
222PE13zwdofigs-exclusiveἡμῖν1Here, **us** refers to Peter and all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
232PE13rtxnwriting-pronounsτῆς θείας δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ1The pronoun **his** could refer to: (1) God. Alternate translation: “Gods divine power” (2) Jesus. Alternate translation: “Jesus, by his power as God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
242PE13xdrwfigs-abstractnounsτῆς θείας δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **power**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “God, because he can do anything,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
252PE13xz3sfigs-personificationτῆς θείας δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ…δεδωρημένης1Peter is speaking figuratively of Gods **divine power** as if it were a living thing that could give something to people. God is the one who is giving, and he uses his **divine power** to do so. Alternate translation: “God has used his divine power to give” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
262PE13x8qvgrammar-connect-logic-goalπρὸς ζωὴν καὶ εὐσέβειαν1Here, the word **for** indicates the purpose for which God has given all these things to believers. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of life and godliness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
272PE13epx9figs-hendiadysπρὸς ζωὴν καὶ εὐσέβειαν1for life and godlinessHere, **godliness** describes the word **life**. Alternate translation: “for a godly life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
282PE13xr1rfigs-abstractnounsεὐσέβειαν1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **godliness**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “acting honorably toward God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
292PE13bl1oδιὰ τῆς ἐπιγνώσεως1The word **through** here indicates the means by which God has given us all things for life and godliness. Alternate translation: “by means of the knowledge”
302PE13xvh0figs-abstractnounsδιὰ τῆς ἐπιγνώσεως τοῦ καλέσαντος ἡμᾶς1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **knowledge**, you can translate it with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “through our knowing the one who called us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
312PE13cxxoτοῦ καλέσαντος ἡμᾶς1This phrase could refer to: (1) God. Alternate translation: “of God, who called us” (2) Jesus. Alternate translation: “of Jesus, who called us”
322PE13an3zfigs-exclusiveἡμᾶς1usHere, **us** refers to Peter and his audience, fellow believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
332PE13twp8διὰ δόξης καὶ ἀρετῆς1Here, **through** indicates the means by which God called us. Alternate translation: “by means of his glory and excellence”
342PE13xmxhfigs-abstractnounsδιὰ δόξης καὶ ἀρετῆς1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract nouns **glory** and **excellence**, you could express the ideas behind them with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because he is so great and so good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
352PE14g7fcδι’ ὧν1Here, **through** indicates the means by which God gave his promises. Alternate translation: “by means of which”
362PE14m91mwriting-pronounsδι’ ὧν1Here, **which** refers back to words from the previous verse. It could refer to: (1) “his glory and excellence.” Alternate translation: “through his glory and excellence” (2) “all the things for life and godliness.” Alternate translation: “by giving us all of these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
372PE14zspefigs-exclusiveἡμῖν1Here, **us** refers to Peter and his audience, fellow believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
382PE14dl8vwriting-pronounsδεδώρηται1The pronoun **he** could refer to: (1) God. Alternate translation: “God has given” (2) Jesus. Alternate translation: “Jesus has given” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
392PE14xnjnfigs-abstractnounsτὰ τίμια καὶ μέγιστα ἡμῖν ἐπαγγέλματα δεδώρηται,1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **promises**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “he has promised to us precious and great things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
402PE14zxijgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα διὰ τούτων γένησθε θείας κοινωνοὶ φύσεως1This is a purpose clause. Peter is stating the purpose for which God has given to us precious and great promises. In your translation, follow the conventions of your language for purpose clauses. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order that through them you might be sharers of the divine nature” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
412PE14f42fδιὰ τούτων1The word **through** here indicates the means by which you might be sharers of the divine nature. Alternate translation: “by means of them”
422PE14umh8writing-pronounsδιὰ τούτων1Here the pronoun **them** refers back to the precious and great promises of the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “through these promises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
432PE14yk7gfigs-abstractnounsθείας…φύσεως1The abstract noun **nature** refers to the inherent features of something or what it is like. Alternate translation: “of what God is like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
442PE14p2yjfigs-metaphorἀποφυγόντες τῆς…φθορᾶς1Peter speaks figuratively of people not suffering from the **corruption** that wicked desires cause as if they had **escaped** from that corruption. If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, you could express this with a non-figurative expression. Alternate translation: “no longer being corrupted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
452PE14xxujfigs-metonymyἐν τῷ κόσμῳ1Here, **the world** could mean: (1) the place where we all live, where we are surrounded by sinful people and temptations to sin. Alternate translation: “that is all around us” (2) the system of values that people share who do not honor God. Alternate translation: “of the worlds ungodly value system” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
462PE14wnecἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ1Here, **by** indicates the means by which the world became corrupt. It does not indicate the means by which Peters addressees escaped corruption. Alternate translation: “by means of lust”
472PE14kjnhfigs-abstractnounsφθορᾶς1corruptionIf your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **corruption**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “things that corrupt you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
482PE15exd9figs-explicitκαὶ αὐτὸ τοῦτο δὲ1The phrase **with respect to this very thing** refers to what Peter has just said in the previous verses. If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and now because of these things that God has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
492PE15ceirσπουδὴν πᾶσαν παρεισενέγκαντες1The phrase **applying all diligence** indicates the means by which one is to do the action of supplying that follows. Alternate translation: “by means of applying all diligence”
502PE15xp0nfigs-idiomσπουδὴν πᾶσαν παρεισενέγκαντες1Here, **applying all diligence** is an idiom that means doing ones best or making the best effort. Alternate translation: “making every effort” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
512PE15j0trfigs-abstractnounsἐπιχορηγήσατε ἐν τῇ πίστει ὑμῶν1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **faith**, you could express the idea behind it with a verb such as “trust” or “believe.” Alternate translation: “as you trust in Jesus, add” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
522PE15tukxfigs-youὑμῶν1The pronoun **your** is plural here, since Peter is writing to believers in Jesus as a group. Generally, throughout the letter the pronouns “you” and “your” are plural for this same reason. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
532PE15wj3wfigs-abstractnounsτὴν ἀρετήν…τῇ ἀρετῇ1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **goodness**, you could express the idea behind it with an adjective phrase in both occurrences in this verse. Alternate translation: “doing what is good … doing what is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
542PE15x74ifigs-ellipsisἐν δὲ τῇ ἀρετῇ τὴν γνῶσιν1Peter is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from earlier in the sentence. Alternate translation: “and supply in your goodness, knowledge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
552PE15r61tfigs-abstractnounsτὴν γνῶσιν1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **knowledge**, you could express the idea behind it using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “knowing more about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
562PE16anfsfigs-ellipsisἐν δὲ τῇ γνώσει τὴν ἐνκράτειαν1Peter is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from earlier in the sentence. Alternate translation: “and supply in knowledge, self-control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
572PE16anfafigs-abstractnounsτῇ γνώσει1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **knowledge** , you could translate it using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “knowing more about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
582PE16s5nifigs-abstractnounsτὴν ἐνκράτειαν…τῇ ἐνκρατείᾳ1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **self-control**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase in both occurrences in this verse. Alternate translation: “controlling yourself … controlling yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
592PE16wloyfigs-ellipsisἐν δὲ τῇ ἐνκρατείᾳ τὴν ὑπομονήν1Peter is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from earlier in the sentence. Alternate translation: “and supply in self-control, endurance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
602PE16ajagfigs-abstractnounsτὴν ὑπομονήν…τῇ ὑπομονῇ1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **endurance**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase in both occurrences in this verse. Alternate translation: “enduring hardship … enduring hardship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
612PE16milefigs-ellipsisἐν δὲ τῇ ὑπομονῇ τὴν εὐσέβειαν,1Peter is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from earlier in the sentence. Alternate translation: “and supply in endurance, godliness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
622PE16x7gofigs-abstractnounsτὴν εὐσέβειαν1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **godliness**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “acting honorably toward God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
632PE17nbk3figs-ellipsisἐν δὲ τῇ εὐσεβείᾳ τὴν φιλαδελφίαν1Peter is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from earlier in the sentence. Alternate translation: “and supply in godliness, brotherly affection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
642PE17a8tifigs-abstractnounsτὴν φιλαδελφίαν…τῇ φιλαδελφίᾳ1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **brotherly affection**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “being concerned for your brothers and sisters … being concerned for your brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
652PE17xzwnfigs-ellipsisἐν δὲ τῇ φιλαδελφίᾳ τὴν ἀγάπην1Peter is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from earlier in the sentence. Alternate translation: “and supply in brotherly affection, love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
662PE17h713figs-abstractnounsτὴν ἀγάπην1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **love**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “loving others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
672PE18tlhvgrammar-connect-logic-resultταῦτα γὰρ ὑμῖν ὑπάρχοντα καὶ πλεονάζοντα1The word **For** here indicates that Peter is giving a reason why his audience should obey the command given in [1:57](../01/05.md). Alternate translation: “Because these things existing and increasing in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
682PE18ecc5grammar-connect-condition-hypotheticalταῦτα γὰρ ὑμῖν ὑπάρχοντα καὶ πλεονάζοντα, οὐκ ἀργοὺς οὐδὲ ἀκάρπους καθίστησιν1Peter is describing a conditional situation. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express it that way. Alternate translation: “For if these things are existing and increasing in you, then they will cause you to be neither barren nor unfruitful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
692PE18jz77figs-explicitταῦτα1Here, **these things** refers back to the faith, goodness, knowledge, self-control, endurance, godliness, brotherly affection, and love which Peter mentioned in [1:57](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
702PE18l7yjfigs-metaphorοὐκ ἀργοὺς οὐδὲ ἀκάρπους καθίστησιν1Peter speaks of a person who does not possess these qualities as if he were a field that will not produce a crop. If that is confusing in your language, you can use a different metaphor with that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “cause you to be neither unproductive nor useless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
712PE18qcavfigs-doublenegativesοὐκ ἀργοὺς οὐδὲ ἀκάρπους καθίστησιν1If your language does not use this passive form, you could state this in positive terms. Alternate translation: “cause you to produce and bear fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
722PE18f9qmfigs-doubletοὐκ ἀργοὺς οὐδὲ ἀκάρπους1The words **barren** and **unfruitful** mean basically the same thing. In combination with the negatives **neither** and **nor**, they are used together to emphasize that this person will not be unproductive but will experience great benefits from knowing Jesus. If it is confusing in your language to use two words together that mean the same thing, you can just use one word with that meaning. Alternate translation: “not unproductive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
732PE18ppd8figs-abstractnounsεἰς τὴν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἐπίγνωσιν1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **knowledge**, you could express the idea behind it using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “in your knowing our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
742PE19k6lvgrammar-connect-logic-resultγὰρ1**For** indicates that Peter is giving another reason why his audience should obey the command given in [1:57](../01/05.md). Peter gave a positive reason in [1:8](../01/08.md) and gives a negative reason here. Alternate translation: “Because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
752PE19gg2cfigs-genericnounᾧ…μὴ πάρεστιν ταῦτα, τυφλός ἐστιν1he in whom these things are not presentHere, **he** does not refer to a specific person, but to any person who does not have these things. Alternate translation: “anyone who does not have these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
762PE19vycffigs-explicitταῦτα1The phrase **these things** refers back to the faith, goodness, knowledge, self-control, endurance, godliness, brotherly affection, and love, which Peter mentioned in [1:57](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
772PE19h6fnfigs-metaphorτυφλός ἐστιν μυωπάζων1is blind, nearsightedIn this metaphor, Peter speaks of a person who does not possess these qualities as if the person were **blind** or **nearsighted**. He means this in a spiritual sense, that this person cannot see what is spiritually important. If that is confusing in your language, you can use a different metaphor with that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is like a blind or shortsighted person who cannot see their importance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
782PE19xenffigs-hendiadysτυφλός ἐστιν μυωπάζων1Although the words **blind** and **nearsighted** have similar meanings, **blind** is more extreme than **nearsighted,** and a person cannot be both at the same time. If it is confusing in your language to describe someone using both of these words in this way, you can use a word like “or” between them or show how they might work together. Alternate translation: “he … is blind or nearsighted” or “he … is blindly nearsighted” or “he … is so nearsighted that he is blind to what is spiritually important” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
792PE19i0hqfigs-abstractnounsλήθην λαβὼν τοῦ καθαρισμοῦ1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **forgetfulness**, you could express the idea behind it in this phrase with a verb. Alternate translation: “having forgotten the cleansing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
802PE19gq4dfigs-abstractnounsτοῦ καθαρισμοῦ τῶν πάλαι αὐτοῦ ἁμαρτιῶν1of the cleansing from his past sinsIf your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **cleansing**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “that God has cleansed him from his old sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
812PE19gopxfigs-metaphorτοῦ καθαρισμοῦ τῶν πάλαι αὐτοῦ ἁμαρτιῶν.1Peter is speaking figuratively of forgiving sin as if sin were something that made people dirty and thus required **cleansing** from God. Alternate translation: “the forgiving of his past sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
822PE110ob38grammar-connect-logic-resultδιὸ1Peter uses **Therefore** to introduce a description of what his readers should do as a result of what he has just said. He is referring specifically to the two reasons for obedience given in [1:89](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “Because of these reasons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
832PE110xfdbfigs-metaphorἀδελφοί1Peter is using the term **brothers** figuratively as a way to directly address his fellow believers in Jesus. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
842PE110ot7yfigs-gendernotationsἀδελφοί1Peter is using the term **brothers** in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Be sure that this is clear in your translation so that your readers do not get the impression that Peter is addressing only men. If you use a non-figurative word such as “believers” to translate the metaphor **brothers**, you may need to use both the masculine and the feminine forms of that word in your language. If you retain the metaphor, you could state “my brothers and sisters.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
852PE110raa1figs-doubletβεβαίαν ὑμῶν τὴν κλῆσιν καὶ ἐκλογὴν ποιεῖσθαι1to make your calling and election sureThe words **calling** and **election** share similar meanings and both refer to God choosing believers to belong to him. Peter uses them together to emphasize this idea. If your readers would misunderstand this connection, you could use just one word and provide the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “make sure that God has really chosen you to belong to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
862PE110pm78writing-pronounsταῦτα γὰρ ποιοῦντες1Here, **these things** refers back to the faith, goodness, knowledge, self-control, endurance, godliness, brotherly affection, and love which Peter mentioned in [1:57](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
872PE110xx39grammar-connect-condition-hypotheticalταῦτα γὰρ ποιοῦντες οὐ μὴ πταίσητέ ποτε1Peter is describing a conditional situation. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express it that way. Alternate translation: “For if you do these things, then you will certainly not ever stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
882PE110kd2tοὐ μὴ πταίσητέ ποτε1The combination of words here expresses strong emphatic negation. Alternate translation: “you will most certainly never stumble”
892PE110jcv9figs-metaphorοὐ μὴ πταίσητέ ποτε1you will not ever stumbleHere, **stumble** could mean: (1) abandoning faith in Christ. Alternate translation: “you will certainly not abandon faith in Christ” (2) committing sin. Alternate translation: “you will certainly not practice sinful behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
902PE111xvh1grammar-connect-logic-resultγὰρ1**For** indicates that Peter is giving a reason why his readers should want to obey the commands given in [1:57](../01/05.md) and [1:10](../01/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
912PE111sl6cfigs-explicitοὕτως1Here, **in this way** refers back to the way of living that includes the faith, goodness, knowledge, self-control, endurance, godliness, brotherly affection, and love, which Peter mentioned in [1:57](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
922PE111f45vfigs-activepassiveπλουσίως ἐπιχορηγηθήσεται ὑμῖν ἡ εἴσοδος εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον βασιλείαν1will be richly provided to you the entry into the eternal kingdomIf your language does not use this passive form, you could express this with an active form. Alternate translation: “God will richly provide to you the entrance into the eternal kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
932PE111k1e4figs-abstractnounsεἰς τὴν αἰώνιον βασιλείαν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ Σωτῆρος, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **kingdom**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase, such as “where our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ rules.” Alternate translation: “into the eternal place where our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
942PE112du69grammar-connect-logic-resultδιὸ1Connecting Statement:Peter uses **Therefore** to introduce the purpose of his letter. In order to encourage his readers to do everything he has said in [1:510](../01/05.md), and especially because of the promise in [1:11](../01/11.md), he wants to keep reminding them about these things. Use a natural form in your language to show that this introduces a result or purpose for saying what came before. Alternate translation: “Because these things are very important” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
952PE112xxjqwriting-pronounsτούτων1Here, **these things** refers back to what Peter has stated in the previous verses, specifically to faith, goodness, knowledge, self-control, endurance, godliness, brotherly affection, and love, which Peter mentioned in [1:57](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
962PE112onqhfigs-activepassiveἐστηριγμένους ἐν1If your language does not use this passive form, you could express this with an active form. Alternate translation: “you learned well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
972PE112l2khfigs-metaphorἐστηριγμένους ἐν τῇ παρούσῃ ἀληθείᾳ1you are strong in the present truthHere, **established** is used figuratively to refer to one being firmly committed to something. Alternate translation: “you strongly believe the truth that you now have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
982PE112jys8ἐν τῇ παρούσῃ ἀληθείᾳ1Here, **in** has the meaning of “in reference to” or “with regard to.” Alternate translation: “in reference to the present truth”
992PE112pqq2figs-metaphorἐν τῇ παρούσῃ ἀληθείᾳ1Here, **present** is used figuratively as if **truth** were an object that could be there with Peters audience. Here it does not refer to present time. Alternate translation: “in the truth that you have” or “in the truth that is with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1002PE112yy7rfigs-abstractnounsἐν τῇ παρούσῃ ἀληθείᾳ1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **truth**, you could express the idea behind it with an adjective, such as “true.” Alternate translation: “in these true teachings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1012PE113p1dagrammar-connect-words-phrasesδὲ1**But** could mean: (1) Peter is contrasting what he just said in the previous verse with what he is about to say. His audience already knows the truth, but he wants to remind them again. Alternate translation, as in the UST: “Nevertheless.” (2) Peter is connecting this statement with what he said at the beginning of the previous verse. Peter is always ready to remind them of the truth, and he thinks it is correct to do so. Alternate translation: “And” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
1022PE113ax2afigs-metaphorἐφ’ ὅσον εἰμὶ ἐν τούτῳ τῷ σκηνώματι1as long as I am in this tentPeter speaks of his body as if it were a **tent** that he is wearing and will take off. Being in his body represents being alive. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you can indicate this directly. Alternate translation: “as long as I am in this body” or “as long as I live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1032PE113vmj2figs-metaphorδιεγείρειν ὑμᾶς ἐν ὑπομνήσει1to stir you up in remembrancePeter uses **arouse** figuratively to refer to causing his readers to think about these things. If your readers would misunderstand this usage, you could translate this with a non-figurative expression. Alternate translation: “to remind you of these things so that you will think about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1042PE113q0svfigs-abstractnounsδιεγείρειν ὑμᾶς ἐν ὑπομνήσει1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **remembrance**, you could express the idea behind it in this phrase with the verb “remind.” Alternate translation: “to remind you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1052PE114slejgrammar-connect-logic-resultεἰδὼς1In this clause Peter is giving a reason why he will always remind his audience of doctrinal truths in this letter, specifically faith, goodness, knowledge, self-control, endurance, godliness, brotherly affection, and love, which Peter mentioned in [1:57](../01/05.md). Alternate translation: “This is because I know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1062PE114j8f5figs-metaphorταχινή ἐστιν ἡ ἀπόθεσις τοῦ σκηνώματός μου1the putting off of my tent is imminentPeter speaks of his body as if it were a **tent** that he is wearing and will take off. Being in his body represents being alive, and taking it off represents dying. Alternate translation: “I will soon take off this body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1072PE114fpngfigs-euphemismταχινή ἐστιν ἡ ἀπόθεσις τοῦ σκηνώματός μου1the putting off of my tent is imminent**Putting off** his **tent** is a nice way to refer to dying. If your readers would misunderstand this euphemism, you can indicate this directly. Alternate translation: “I will die soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
1082PE114yzagκαθὼς καὶ ὁ Κύριος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς, ἐδήλωσέν μοι1Suggested footnote: “Peter may be referring here to what Jesus told him, as recorded in John 21:1819.”
1092PE115aau5grammar-connect-words-phrasesδὲ καὶ1**Likewise** here could mean that: (1) this statement is in addition to what Peter just said in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Moreover” (2) this statement is contrasting what he just said in the previous verse with what he is about to say. Alternate translation: “But” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
1102PE115xz8dfigs-abstractnounsἑκάστοτε, ἔχειν ὑμᾶς…τὴν τούτων μνήμην ποιεῖσθαι1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **remembrance**, you could express the idea behind it in this phrase with the verb “remind.” Alternate translation: “to remind you of these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1112PE115c2iwwriting-pronounsτούτων1of these thingsHere, **these things** refers to what Peter has said in the previous verses, specifically the faith, goodness, knowledge, self-control, endurance, godliness, brotherly affection, and love which Peter mentioned in [1:57](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1122PE115ivw6figs-euphemismμετὰ τὴν ἐμὴν ἔξοδον1after my departurePeter uses the word **departure** as a nice way to speak of his death. If your readers would misunderstand this term, you could use a more common euphemism in your language, or state it directly. Alternate translation: “after my passing” or “after I die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
1132PE116k3rmgrammar-connect-logic-resultγὰρ1Connecting Statement:**For** indicates that in [1:1621](../01/16.md) Peter explains to the believers why they should remember “these things,” which were mentioned in [1:57](../01/05.md). Alternate translation: “This is because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1142PE116vc99figs-exclusiveἐγνωρίσαμεν1we have not followedHere, **we** refers to Peter and the other apostles. It does not refer to his readers. Alternate translation: “we apostles did not follow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1152PE116jwy8figs-hendiadysτὴν…δύναμιν καὶ παρουσίαν1the power and comingThe words **power** and **coming** work together to refer to the same thing; they may be translated as a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the powerful coming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
1162PE116zs6vτὴν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ δύναμιν καὶ παρουσίαν1coming of our Lord Jesus ChristIn this clause Peter refers to the second coming of the Lord Jesus to earth. This future event was foreshadowed by the powerful appearance of Jesus known as the “transfiguration,” which is described in Matthew 17:18, Mark 9:18, and Luke 9:2836. Peter was an eyewitness of that event.
1172PE116v4kdfigs-exclusiveτοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1of our Lord Jesus ChristHere, **our** refers to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1182PE116miqeἐπόπται γενηθέντες1This phrase indicates the means by which the apostles had made known to others the second coming of Jesus. The apostles based their teaching about the return of Jesus partly on their eyewitness experience. Alternate translation: “by means of becoming eyewitnesses”
1192PE116xxhhwriting-pronounsτῆς ἐκείνου μεγαλειότητος1The pronoun **that one** refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “of the majesty of Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1202PE116k3w3figs-abstractnounsτῆς ἐκείνου μεγαλειότητος1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **majesty**, you could express the idea behind it with an adjective such as “majestic.” Alternate translation: “of his majestic nature” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1212PE117x93agrammar-connect-logic-resultγὰρ1Here, **For** indicates that what follows in [1:1718](../01/17.md) is the reason that Peter can say in the previous verse that he was an eyewitness to the majesty of Jesus. Use a connector that indicates that this is a reason or explanation. Alternate translation: “I say this because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1222PE117q605guidelines-sonofgodprinciplesπαρὰ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς1**Father** is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
1232PE117xlphfigs-abstractnounsλαβὼν…παρὰ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς τιμὴν καὶ δόξαν1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract nouns **honor** and **glory**, you could translate them with equivalent expressions that use verbs. Alternate translation: “and God the Father honored and glorified him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1242PE117m33hfigs-activepassiveφωνῆς ἐνεχθείσης αὐτῷ τοιᾶσδε ὑπὸ τῆς Μεγαλοπρεποῦς Δόξης1when such a voice was brought to him by the Majestic GloryIf your language does not use this passive form, you could state this in active form. Alternate translation: “when he heard that voice come to him from the Majestic Glory” or “when he heard the voice of the Majestic Glory speak to him” or “when the Majestic Glory spoke to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1252PE117o62fwriting-quotationsφωνῆς ἐνεχθείσης αὐτῷ τοιᾶσδε ὑπὸ τῆς Μεγαλοπρεποῦς Δόξης1Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “such a voice having been brought to him by the Majestic Glory, and this is what God said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
1262PE117sz0pwriting-pronounsἐνεχθείσης αὐτῷ1The pronoun **him** refers to Jesus. If your readers would misunderstand this connection, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “having been brought to Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1272PE117yd8gfigs-metonymyτῆς Μεγαλοπρεποῦς Δόξης1the Majestic GloryPeter refers to God in terms of his **Glory**. The glory of God is closely associated with God himself and here substitutes for his name. Alternate translation: “God, the Supreme Glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1282PE117cxh2guidelines-sonofgodprinciplesὁ Υἱός μου1**Son** is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
1292PE117ppumwriting-pronounsμου…μου…ἐγὼ1The pronouns **my** and **myself** refer to God the Father, who is the one speaking in the quotation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1302PE118ezn2figs-exclusiveταύτην τὴν φωνὴν ἡμεῖς ἠκούσαμεν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, ἐνεχθεῖσαν1we ourselves heard this voice having been brought from heavenWith the words **we ourselves**, Peter is referring to himself and to the disciples James and John, who also heard the voice of God. Alternate translation: “we, James, John, and I, heard this voice that came from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1312PE118chy4figs-activepassiveἐξ οὐρανοῦ, ἐνεχθεῖσαν1we ourselves heard this voice having been brought from heavenIf your language does not use this passive form, you could express this with an active form. Alternate translation: “having come from heaven” or “that came from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1322PE118mlm9σὺν αὐτῷ, ὄντες1when we were with himThis is a temporal phrase that can begin with “when.” Alternate translation: “when we were with him”
1332PE118ricvwriting-pronounsσὺν αὐτῷ1Here, **him** refers to Jesus, not God the Father. If your readers would misunderstand this reference, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “being with Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1342PE118daqifigs-explicitτῷ ἁγίῳ ὄρει1The **mountain** Peter refers to is the mountain on which Jesus was powerfully transformed in the event known as the “transfiguration.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this information explicitly. Alternate translation: “on the holy mountain on which Jesus was powerfully transformed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1352PE119h498ἔχομεν βεβαιότερον τὸν προφητικὸν λόγον1The word translated as **very certain** could refer to: (1) something that is extremely reliable. In this case, Peter is saying in [1:1819](../01/18.md) that we have two reliable witnesses to Jesus glory: Gods own voice speaking on the mountain of transfiguration and the extremely reliable prophetic scriptures. Alternate translation: “We also have the most reliable prophetic word” (2) something that is confirmed by something else. In this case, Peter is saying that Gods voice on the mountain confirms, or makes even more trustworthy, the prophetic scripture that we already trusted completely. Alternate translation: “we have the prophetic word confirmed”
1362PE119z3nafigs-exclusiveἔχομεν1we haveHere, **we** refers to all believers, including Peter and his readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1372PE119l7zqfigs-explicitβεβαιότερον τὸν προφητικὸν λόγον1this more certain prophetic wordPeter uses the phrase **prophetic word** to refer figuratively to the entire Old Testament. It does not refer only to those Old Testament books called “the Prophets,” nor only to the predictive prophecies within the Old Testament. Alternate translation: “the Scriptures, which the prophets spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1382PE119sjd3figs-pronounsᾧ καλῶς ποιεῖτε προσέχοντες1to which you do well to pay attentionHere the relative pronoun **which** refers to the prophetic word mentioned in the previous phrase. Peter instructs the believers to pay close attention to the prophetic message, which is the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
1392PE119xilffigs-declarativeᾧ καλῶς ποιεῖτε προσέχοντες1Peter uses the statement **you do well** to tell his audience that they should pay attention to the Old Testament Scriptures. If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, you could translate this phrase as a suggestion or command. Alternate translation: “to which you should pay attention” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
1402PE119xt8ifigs-simileὡς λύχνῳ φαίνοντι ἐν αὐχμηρῷ τόπῳ1as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day may dawnPeter compares the prophetic word to a **lamp** that gives light in the darkness. Just as a lamp gives light in order for someone to see in **a dark place**, so the prophetic word gives believers guidance for how to live properly in this sin-filled world. If your readers would misunderstand this simile, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “a guide for you to know how to live in this world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1412PE119hmb7figs-metaphorἕως οὗ ἡμέρα διαυγάσῃ1Peter speaks figuratively of Christs second coming by calling it the new **day** that comes in the morning. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “until the day Christ returns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1422PE119kc3lfigs-metaphorφωσφόρος ἀνατείλῃ ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν1the morning star may rise in your heartsPeter speaks figuratively of Christ as the **morning star**, which is a star that indicates daybreak and the end of the night. Christ will **rise** by bringing light into the hearts of believers, ending all doubt and bringing full understanding of who he is. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way or change the metaphor to a simile. Alternate translation: “Christ brings full understanding to you like the morning star shines its light into the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1432PE119v0jufigs-metonymyἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν1in your heartsHere, **hearts** is a metonym for peoples minds. Alternate translation: “in your minds” or “to help you understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1442PE119bl8sfigs-explicitφωσφόρος1the morning starThe **morning star** refers to the planet Venus, which is sometimes visible in the sky just before the sun rises, thus indicating that daybreak is near. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make this information more explicit. Alternate translation: “the star that appears just before the sun rises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1452PE120wcn9τοῦτο πρῶτον γινώσκοντες1Above all, you must understandPeter uses **first** here to refer to the degree of importance. It does not to refer to order in time. Alternate translation: “Most importantly, you must understand”
1462PE120ctizfigs-declarativeτοῦτο πρῶτον γινώσκοντες1Peter is using a statement to give an instruction. If it would be helpful in your language, you can indicate this by translating it as a command. If you do so, it might be helpful to start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Above all, know this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
1472PE120s4k2figs-infostructureπᾶσα προφητεία Γραφῆς ἰδίας ἐπιλύσεως οὐ γίνεται1every prophecy of scripture does not coms from ones own interpretationHere, **ones own interpretation** could mean: (1) that the Old Testament prophets did not base any of their prophecies on their own interpretations of what God had said, but only prophesied what God revealed to them. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of information. Alternate translation: “no prophet interpreted his prophecy according to his own interpretation” (2) that no individual person can interpret scripture on his or her own, but only with the help of the Holy Spirit and the larger community of believers. Alternate translation: “no one is able to explain any prophecy in the Bible through his own ability” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
1482PE120p5xofigs-abstractnounsἰδίας ἐπιλύσεως1The word **interpretation** is an abstract noun that represents an action. If your readers would misunderstand this abstract noun, you could use a verb. Alternate translation: “no prophet interpreted his prophecy according to what he himself thought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1492PE121isqjgrammar-connect-logic-resultγὰρ1**For** indicates that what follows is the reason that the statement of the previous verse is true. It could mean: (1) the prophets could not prophesy according to their own interpretations, because true prophecy could only come from the Holy Spirit. (2) no one can interpret prophecy without help from the Holy Spirit, because the prophecy came from the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “The reason for this is that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1502PE121evx4figs-activepassiveοὐ…θελήματι ἀνθρώπου ἠνέχθη προφητεία ποτέ1If your language does not use this passive form, you could express this with an active form, and you could state who did the action. Alternate translation: “no prophet ever prophesied by the will of man” or “the will of man never produced any prophecy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1512PE121yxdxfigs-abstractnounsοὐ…θελήματι ἀνθρώπου ἠνέχθη προφητεία ποτέ1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **will**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase, such as “what a man desires.” Alternate translation: “no prophecy was ever made according to what a man desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1522PE121x2hvfigs-gendernotationsθελήματι ἀνθρώπου1Peter is using the term **man** in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “by human desire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
1532PE121mh2sfigs-metaphorὑπὸ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου φερόμενοι, ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ Θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι1men spoke from God being carried along by the Holy SpiritPeter speaks figuratively of the **Holy Spirit** helping the prophets to write what God wanted them to write as if the Holy Spirit **carried** them from one place to another. Alternate translation: “men spoke from God by the Holy Spirit directing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1542PE121x1xwfigs-ellipsisἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ Θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι1In this phrase, Peter is leaving out a word that it would need in many languages in order to be complete. If this word is required in your language, it can be supplied from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “men spoke prophecy from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1552PE2intromv790# 2 Peter 2 General Notes<br><br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br><br>1. Prediction of false teachers (2:13)<br>1. Examples of divine judgment (2:410a)<br>1. Description and denunciation of false teachers (2:10b22)<br><br>Peter continues this letter in [2:13](../02/01.md) by predicting that false teachers will try to deceive the believers, just as false prophets did during the time true prophets were writing the Old Testament. Then in [2:410a](../02/04.md) Peter describes examples of God punishing those who acted similarly to the coming false teachers. Peter then closes this section in [2:10b22](../02/10.md) by describing the wicked character and deeds of these false teachers.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br><br>“Flesh” is a metaphor for a persons sinful nature. It is not the physical part of man that is sinful. “Flesh” represents the human nature that rejects all things godly and desires what is sinful. This is the condition of all humans before they receive the Holy Spirit by believing in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])<br><br>### Implicit information<br><br>There are several analogies in [2:48](../02/04.md) that are difficult to understand if the Old Testament has not yet been translated. Further explanation may be necessary. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1562PE21us8ugrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1The term translated **Now** could refer to: (1) a new topic expressed by **Now** in the ULT. (2) a contrast between the false prophets in this clause and the true Old Testament prophets mentioned in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “But” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
1572PE21l2cgfigs-explicitἐν τῷ λαῷ1false prophets also came to the people, as false teachers will also come to youHere, **the people** refers specifically to the Israelites. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” or “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1582PE21tbz8translate-unknownαἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας1destructive heresiesHere, **heresies** refers to opinions that are contrary to the teaching of Christ and the apostles. Alternate translation: “opinions of destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
1592PE21x2bnfigs-abstractnounsαἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας,1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **destruction**, you could express the idea behind it with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “destructive heresies” or “heresies that destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1602PE21jif2figs-possessionαἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας1Peter is using the possessive form to describe an opinion that is characterized by **destruction**. If your readers would misunderstand this term, you could use the adjective “destructive” instead of the noun “destruction.” Alternate translation: “destructive heresies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1612PE21wnuvαἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας1Here, **destruction** could refer to: (1) the eternal damnation of those who teach or accept these **heresies**. Alternate translation: “heresies that result in their eternal damnation” (2) the destruction of the faith of those who teach or accept these **heresies**. Alternate translation: “heresies that destroy their faith in the Messiah”
1622PE21xscufigs-explicitτὸν ἀγοράσαντα αὐτοὺς Δεσπότην1the masterHere, **master** refers to Jesus. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate Translation: “master Jesus who bought them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1632PE21g99zfigs-metaphorτὸν ἀγοράσαντα αὐτοὺς Δεσπότην1the master who bought themPeter uses the phrase **master who bought** to speak figuratively of Jesus as the owner of the people he has saved from damnation by paying the penalty for their sins with his death. If it would be helpful to your readers, you can express this in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “Jesus who saved them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1642PE21xaangrammar-connect-logic-resultἐπάγοντες ἑαυτοῖς ταχινὴν ἀπώλειαν1Here, **bringing** indicates that this clause is the result of the deeds of the false teachers described in the previous clauses. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make a new sentence here and state this connection plainly. Alternate translation: “As a result, they are bringing swift destruction on themselves.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1652PE21xk1xταχινὴν ἀπώλειαν1Here,**swift** could mean: (1) their destruction will come soon. Alternate translation: “destruction that will happen soon” or “imminent destruction” (2) their destruction will be sudden or quick. Alternate translation: “quick destruction”
1662PE21flv3figs-abstractnounsἐπάγοντες ἑαυτοῖς ταχινὴν ἀπώλειαν1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **destruction**, you could express the idea behind it with a verb, such as “destroy.” Alternate translation: “they are causing themselves to be destroyed soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1672PE22eevbfigs-explicitπολλοὶ1If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly, as the UST does, that this refers to people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1682PE22xzw1figs-metaphorἐξακολουθήσουσιν1Here Peter uses the word **follow** figuratively to refer to someone imitating the actions of someone else, like someone who walks behind another person in the same direction. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you can express this literally. Alternate translation: “will imitate their licentious acts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1692PE22dg82writing-pronounsαὐτῶν ταῖς ἀσελγείαις1Here the pronoun **their** refers to the false teachers introduced in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you can express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the licentious acts of these false teachers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1702PE22z53eταῖς ἀσελγείαις1Here, **licentious acts** refers to immoral sexual actions that demonstrate a lack of self-control. Alternate translation: “uncontrolled sensual acts”
1712PE22fz5mwriting-pronounsδι’ οὓς1Here, **whom** refers to the false teachers. It does not refer to the licentious acts in the previous clause. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly, as the UST does, that this refers to the false teachers. Alternate translation: “through these false teachers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1722PE22cqjbfigs-metaphorἡ ὁδὸς τῆς ἀληθείας1Peter uses the phrase **the way of truth** here figuratively to refer to the Christian faith or how a Christian person lives his or her life. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you can express this literally. Alternate translation: “the true Christian manner of living” or “the true Christian faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1732PE22vspmfigs-possessionἡ ὁδὸς τῆς ἀληθείας1Peter is using the possessive form to describe **the way** that is characterized by **truth**. If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, you could use the adjective “true” instead of the noun “truth.” Alternate translation: “the true way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
1742PE22nzx7figs-activepassiveἡ ὁδὸς τῆς ἀληθείας βλασφημηθήσεται1the way of truth will be slanderedIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form and say who will do the action. Alternate translation: “unbelievers will slander the way of truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1752PE22x3oofigs-personificationἡ ὁδὸς τῆς ἀληθείας βλασφημηθήσεται1Peter speaks figuratively of **the way of truth** as if it were a person who could be **slandered** or shown disrespect. Alternate translation: “they will say bad things about the way of truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1762PE22l8tafigs-explicitἡ ὁδὸς τῆς ἀληθείας βλασφημηθήσεται1Peter assumes that his audience will know that unbelievers will be the ones who slander the Christian faith when they see the sensual lives of the false teachers and their followers. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the way of truth will be slandered by unbelievers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1772PE23xs4gἐν πλεονεξίᾳ1Here, **in** indicates the reason for what the false teachers do. Alternate translation: “because of greed”
1782PE23td8qfigs-abstractnounsἐν πλεονεξίᾳ1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **greed**, you could translate the idea behind it with an adjective, such as “greedy.” Alternate translation: “because they are greedy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1792PE23dl1kπλαστοῖς λόγοις1they will exploit you with false wordsHere, **false words** are the means by which the false teachers will exploit their victims. Alternate translation: “by means of false words”
1802PE23xbnffigs-metonymyπλαστοῖς λόγοις1Peter is using the term **words** to describe the teachings of the false teachers that were conveyed by using **words**. Alternate translation: “by false teachings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1812PE23bormwriting-pronounsἐμπορεύσονται1Here, **they** refers to the false teachers introduced in [2:1](../02/01.md). If your readers would misunderstand this, you can state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these false teachers will exploit you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1822PE23xtwswriting-pronounsοἷς τὸ κρίμα ἔκπαλαι οὐκ ἀργεῖ1Here, **whom** refers to the false teachers introduced in [2:1](../02/01.md). If your readers would misunderstand this, you can state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “condemnation from long ago is not idle for these false teachers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1832PE23xvw3οἷς τὸ κρίμα ἔκπαλαι οὐκ ἀργεῖ1Here, **for whom** indicates that the condemnation is directed again the false teachers. Alternate translation: “against whom condemnation from long ago is not idle”
1842PE23k359figs-parallelismοἷς τὸ κρίμα ἔκπαλαι οὐκ ἀργεῖ, καὶ ἡ ἀπώλεια αὐτῶν οὐ νυστάζει1their condemnation from long ago is not idle, and their destruction does not sleepThese two long phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the false teachers will certainly be condemned. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “their destruction from long ago is certain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1852PE23jetwfigs-doublenegativesοἷς τὸ κρίμα ἔκπαλαι οὐκ ἀργεῖ, καὶ ἡ ἀπώλεια αὐτῶν οὐ νυστάζει1whose condemnation from long ago is not idle, and their destruction does not sleepYou can translate these phrases with verbs in positive terms. Alternate translation: “their condemnation from long ago is active, and their destruction is awake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
1862PE23jvh9figs-personificationτὸ κρίμα ἔκπαλαι οὐκ ἀργεῖ, καὶ ἡ ἀπώλεια αὐτῶν οὐ νυστάζει1Peter speaks of **condemnation** and **destruction** figuratively as if they are people who can be **idle** or **sleep**. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express the meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “condemnation from long ago is not ineffective, and their destruction is not delayed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1872PE23c57ufigs-abstractnounsοἷς τὸ κρίμα ἔκπαλαι οὐκ ἀργεῖ, καὶ ἡ ἀπώλεια αὐτῶν οὐ νυστάζει1their condemnation has not been idle, and their destruction is not asleepIf your readers would misunderstand the abstract nouns “condemnation” and “destruction”, you could express the ideas behind them with verbal forms. Alternate translation: “they are not idly condemned from long ago, and they will not be destroyed too late” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1882PE24k2g4grammar-connect-logic-resultγὰρ1**For** indicates here that Peter is giving the reason for the result he implicitly described in the previous verse. He is saying why the destruction of the false teachers is certain. Alternate translation: “This is because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1892PE24s115grammar-connect-condition-factεἰ1Connecting Statement:Here, **if** indicates the beginning of a conditional sentence that extends from [2:4](../02/04.md) to [2:10](../02/10.md). Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Since God did not spare the angels who had sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
1902PE24pr13οὐκ ἐφείσατο1did not spareHere, **spare** means “to refrain from punishing.” Alternate translation: “did not refrain from punishing”
1912PE24dzi2figs-distinguishἀγγέλων ἁμαρτησάντων1Peter uses **who had sinned** to distinguish the angels who were punished by God from those that were not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
1922PE24xwxntranslate-textvariantsσειροῖς ζόφου1Some of the best ancient manuscripts read “pits” instead of “chains.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it has. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading in the ULT. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
1932PE24uzy2figs-metaphorσειροῖς ζόφου1in chains of darknessThis phrase could refer to: (1) chains in a very dark place. Alternate translation: “in chains in darkness” (2) a very deep darkness that imprisons them like chains. Alternate translation: “bound in darkness like chains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1942PE24b54vtranslate-namesταρταρώσας1having been thrown down to TartarusThe word **Tartarus** is a term from Ancient Greek religion that refers to the place where evil spirits and wicked men who have died are punished. Some Ancient Jewish literature written in Greek uses **Tartarus** as a term for the place where God punishes the wicked. Alternate translation: “he cast them into hell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
1952PE24xgmpfigs-explicitπαρέδωκεν1God is the one who **handed over** the angels who had sinned. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could make that explicit in your translation. Alternate translation: “God handed over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1962PE24jjzwfigs-metaphorπαρέδωκεν1Here, Peter speaks figuratively of God imprisoning the angels who sinned like someone who has **handed over** a criminal to the prison guards for imprisonment. Alternate translation: “imprisoned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1972PE24c2akgrammar-connect-logic-goalεἰς κρίσιν1to judgmentThis phrase gives the purpose or goal for which the sinning angels are being held in captivity. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
1982PE24plhpfigs-abstractnounsεἰς κρίσιν1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **judgment**, you could translate it with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “to be judged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1992PE24e0uefigs-explicitεἰς κρίσιν τηρουμένους1This phrase refers to the sinful angels mentioned earlier in the verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “those sinful angels who are being kept for judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2002PE24ppvcfigs-activepassiveεἰς κρίσιν τηρουμένους1If your language does not use this passive form, you could express this with an active verbal form and you could indicate who is doing the action. Alternate translation: “those whom God is keeping for judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2012PE25zx4kgrammar-connect-condition-factκαὶ1Here, **and** indicates the beginning of the second condition in a conditional sentence that extends from [2:4](../02/04.md) to [2:10](../02/10.md). Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Since” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
2022PE25hpv7figs-metonymyἀρχαίου κόσμου οὐκ ἐφείσατο1he did not spare the ancient worldHere, **world** refers to the people who lived in it. Alternate translation: “he did not spare the people who lived in the ancient times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2032PE25f000οὐκ ἐφείσατο1As in [2:4](../02/04.md), the word **spare** here means “to refrain from punishing.” Alternate translation: “did not refrain from punishing”
2042PE25t2w9writing-pronounsοὐκ ἐφείσατο1Here, **he** refers to God. If it would be helpful for your readers, you can express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God did not spare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2052PE25iw5vfigs-idiomὄγδοον, Νῶε1Here, **eighth** is an idiom used to refer to a group of eight people. It means that Noah was one of only eight people in the ancient world whom God did not destroy. If your readers would misunderstand this, you can express the literal meaning of the idiom. Alternate translation: “eight people, including Noah” or “with seven others, Noah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2062PE25xrswtranslate-namesΝῶε1**Noah** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2072PE25llfufigs-distinguishΝῶε, δικαιοσύνης κήρυκα1This phrase gives us more information about Noah. It tells us that Noah proclaimed **righteousness** to the ungodly people of the ancient world. It does not distinguish this Noah from any other person named Noah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
2082PE25kro6figs-abstractnounsδικαιοσύνης κήρυκα1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **righteousness**, you could express the idea behind it with an equivalent expression. In this context, the term refers righteous deeds. Alternate translation: “a preacher of righteous deeds” or “a preacher of how to act rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2092PE25xy9ufigs-possessionδικαιοσύνης κήρυκα1Peter could be using the possessive form to refer to: (1) a preacher who is characterized by righteousness. Alternate translation: “a preacher who is righteous” (2) a preacher who tells others to live righteously. Alternate translation: “one who urged others to live righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2102PE25enbsκατακλυσμὸν κόσμῳ ἀσεβῶν ἐπάξας1This clause indicates when God protected Noah and his other seven family members, when he brought a flood upon the world, as it is translated in the UST.
2112PE25z814figs-possessionκόσμῳ ἀσεβῶν1Peter could be using the possessive form to refer to: (1) the human content of the ancient world. Alternate translation: “the world that contained ungodly people” (2) the world as being characterized by ungodliness. Alternate translation: “the ungodly world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2122PE26xhcbgrammar-connect-condition-factκαὶ1Here, **and** indicates the beginning of the third condition in a conditional sentence that extends from [2:4](../02/04.md) to [2:10](../02/10.md). Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “Since” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
2132PE26ap1jfigs-infostructureκαὶ πόλεις Σοδόμων καὶ Γομόρρας τεφρώσας καταστροφῇ κατέκρινεν1If it would be natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “and he condemned the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah to destruction, having reduced them to ashes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
2142PE26gp3eπόλεις Σοδόμων καὶ Γομόρρας τεφρώσας1having reduced the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah to ashesThis phrase indicates the means by which God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah. Alternate translation: “by means of reducing the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah to ashes”
2152PE26xi0ntranslate-namesΣοδόμων καὶ Γομόρρας1**Sodom and Gomorrah** are the names of two cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2162PE26xfyxwriting-pronounsκαταστροφῇ κατέκρινεν1Here, **he** refers to God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “God condemned them to destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2172PE26w1b9figs-abstractnounsκαταστροφῇ κατέκρινεν1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **destruction**, you could translate the idea behind it with an verb, such as “destroy.” Alternate translation: “he condemned them to be destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2182PE26hgt7grammar-connect-logic-resultὑπόδειγμα μελλόντων ἀσεβέσιν τεθεικώς1an example of what is going to happen to the ungodlyThis clause indicates the result of what happened in the previous clauses of the verse. Gods destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah resulted in them being an **example** and a warning of what happens to others who disobey God. Alternate translation: “with the result that God set them as an example of the things that will happen to the ungodly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2192PE26eocyfigs-genericnounἀσεβέσιν1Here, **ungodly** refers to wicked people in general, not to one specific wicked person. Alternate translation: “to an ungodly person” or “to ungodly people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
2202PE27fm1pgrammar-connect-condition-factκαὶ1Connecting Statement:Here, **and** indicates the beginning of the fourth condition in a conditional sentence that extends from [2:4](../02/04.md) to [2:10](../02/10.md). Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “since” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
2212PE27zif8writing-pronounsἐρύσατο1the behavior of the lawless in their sensualityHere, **he** refers to God. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation, as in the UST: “God rescued” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2222PE27xjq6translate-namesΛὼτ1Connecting Statement:**Lot** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2232PE27uknffigs-distinguishκαταπονούμενον ὑπὸ τῆς τῶν ἀθέσμων ἐν ἀσελγείᾳ ἀναστροφῆς1Connecting Statement:This clause is giving more information about **Lot**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could begin a new sentence here to clarify this. Alternate translation: “He was being oppressed by the behavior of the lawless ones in licentiousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
2242PE27mortfigs-activepassiveκαταπονούμενον ὑπὸ τῆς τῶν ἀθέσμων ἐν ἀσελγείᾳ ἀναστροφῆς1If your language does not use this passive form, you could express this with an active form. Alternate translation: “the behavior of the lawless ones in licentiousness oppressed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2252PE27x8vygrammar-connect-logic-resultὑπὸ τῆς τῶν ἀθέσμων ἐν ἀσελγείᾳ ἀναστροφῆς1Here, **by** could refer to: (1) the thing that was oppressing Lot, as in the ULT. (2) the reason why Lot was oppressed. Alternate translation: “because of the behavior of the lawless ones in licentiousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2262PE27wrbafigs-abstractnounsὑπὸ τῆς τῶν ἀθέσμων…ἀναστροφῆς1If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the abstract noun **behavior** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “by what the lawless ones did” or “by how the lawless ones acted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2272PE27wq2rἐν ἀσελγείᾳ ἀναστροφῆς1Here, **in** indicates the content of what the lawless people were doing. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate **in licentiousness** with an adjective. Alternate translation: “the licentious behavior”
2282PE27xnysfigs-abstractnounsτῆς τῶν ἀθέσμων ἐν ἀσελγείᾳ ἀναστροφῆς1If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the abstract noun **licentiousness** with an adjective. See how you translated the plural form of this term in [2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “the licentious behavior of the lawless ones” or “the wild sensual behavior of the lawless ones”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2292PE27k79dfigs-explicitτῶν ἀθέσμων1Here, **the lawless ones** refers to the people who lived in the city of Sodom, where Lot lived. If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the lawless people of Sodom” or “of the people who act as if there is no law in Sodom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2302PE28dvlewriting-backgroundγὰρ1Peter uses **for** here to provide background information about Lots life in Sodom. This is to help readers understand why Peter called Lot a righteous person in the previous verse. Peter is not using **for** here to indicate result. Use the natural form in your language for introducing background information. Alternate translation: “now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
2312PE28sn4wfigs-abstractnounsβλέμματι γὰρ καὶ ἀκοῇ1If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the abstract nouns **seeing** and **hearing** with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “for by what he saw and what he heard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2322PE28b1bafigs-explicitὁ δίκαιος1that righteous manThis refers to Lot. If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “righteous Lot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2332PE28xdlwἐνκατοικῶν ἐν αὐτοῖς1This clause indicates the time when Lot dwelled in Sodom. Alternate translation: “when he lived among them”
2342PE28xa7gwriting-pronounsαὐτοῖς1Here, the pronoun **them** refers to the inhabitants of Sodom. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could specify what the pronoun **them** refers to. Alternate translation: “the people of Sodom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2352PE28ujf1figs-idiomἐνκατοικῶν ἐν αὐτοῖς ἡμέραν ἐξ ἡμέρας1This phrase, **day from day**, is an idiom meaning “day after day” or “every day.” You may need to express this literally in your language. Alternate translation: “living among them day after day” or “living among them every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2362PE28hpi4figs-synecdocheψυχὴν δικαίαν…ἐβασάνιζεν1was tormenting his righteous soulHere, **soul** refers to Lots thoughts and emotions. The immoral behavior of the citizens of Sodom and Gomorrah disturbed him emotionally. Alternate translation: “was greatly disturbed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2372PE28co5vἀνόμοις ἔργοις1This phrase could mean: (1) the lawless works were the means by which Lot tormented his soul. Alternate translation: “with lawless works” (2) the lawless works were the reason why Lot tormented his soul. Alternate translation: “because of lawless works”
2382PE29j0m1grammar-connect-condition-factοἶδεν Κύριος1This verse and the next verse are the end of a conditional sentence that extends from [2:4](../02/04.md) to [2:10](../02/10.md). Peter is giving the result of the previous conditions being true. If you have made [2:410](../02/04.md) into separate sentences, then you will need to indicate that [2:9](../02/09.md) is the result of the previous conditions being true. Alternate translation: “Therefore, it is true that the Lord knows how” or “Since these things are true, it is also true that the Lord knows how” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
2392PE29xk2agrammar-connect-words-phrasesἀδίκους δὲ εἰς ἡμέραν κρίσεως κολαζομένους τηρεῖν1Here, **but** could refer to: (1) a contrast between the previous clause and what follows, as in the ULT and UST. (2) a simple connection between the previous clause and what follows. Alternate translation: “and to keep the unrighteous ones to be punished in the day of judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2402PE29bcf3figs-ellipsisπειρασμοῦ…ἀδίκους δὲ εἰς ἡμέραν κρίσεως κολαζομένους τηρεῖν1In this clause, Peter is leaving out some words that it would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “a trial and the Lord knows how to keep the unrighteous ones to be punished in the day of judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2412PE29xdosgrammar-connect-logic-goalκολαζομένους1This is a purpose clause. Peter is stating the purpose for which God is keeping the unrighteous people. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “in order to be punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
2422PE29qwcmfigs-activepassiveἀδίκους…κολαζομένους τηρεῖν1If your language does not use this passive form, you could express this with an active form. Alternate translation: “to keep the unrighteous ones to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2432PE29ms6uεἰς ἡμέραν κρίσεως1Here, **in** could refer to: (1) when the unrighteous ones will be punished. Alternate translation: “on the day of judgment” (2) the point in time up to which the unrighteous ones will be punished. Alternate translation: “until the day of judgment”
2442PE29xnf3figs-possessionἡμέραν κρίσεως1Peter is using the possessive form to describe a **day** that is characterized by **judgment**. If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, you could use a phrase to explain it. Alternate translation: “the day when God judges mankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
2452PE210skh8grammar-connect-words-phrasesδὲ1Connecting Statement:Here, **but** indicates a connection between the last clause of the previous verse and what follows. It does not indicate a contrast between “the unrighteous” in the previous verse and “those going after the flesh” in this verse. Alternate translation: “and especially those going after the flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2462PE210xuxwfigs-metaphorτοὺς ὀπίσω…πορευομένους1Connecting Statement:Peter uses the phrase **going after** figuratively to refer to habitually doing something. This expression is frequently used in the Bible to describe people worshiping false gods or engaging in sexual immorality. If your readers would misunderstand this, you can express this plainly. Alternate translation: “those habitually engaging in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2472PE210eb1kfigs-metonymyσαρκὸς1those who go after the flesh in its lusts of defilementHere, **flesh** is used figuratively to refer to persons sinful nature. If your readers would misunderstand this figure of speech, you could express this literally. Alternate translation: “their sinful nature” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2482PE210xg5aἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ μιασμοῦ1those who go after the flesh in its lusts of defilementHere, **in** indicates that this phrase shows the means by which the wicked people go after the flesh. Alternate translation: “by means of practicing its lusts of defilement”
2492PE210xndvfigs-abstractnounsἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ μιασμοῦ1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **defilement**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “in its lusts that defile” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2502PE210c571grammar-connect-words-phrasesκαὶ κυριότητος καταφρονοῦντας1Here, **and** indicates that this clause provides an additional characteristic of those mentioned in the previous clause. It does not indicate a second group of wicked people. These wicked people not only pursue their sinful desires, but also despise authority. Alternate translation: “and who also despise authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
2512PE210axr4κυριότητος καταφρονοῦντας1Here, **authority** could refer to: (1) Gods authority, as suggested from the examples of rebelling against God in the previous verses. Alternate translation: “despising Gods authority” (2) angelic authority, as suggested by the insulting of “glorious ones” mentioned in the remainder of the verse. Alternate translation: “despising the authority of angels”
2522PE210n89fτολμηταὶ1**Audacious ones** marks the beginning of the second section of this chapter, which continues until the end of [2:22](../02/22.md). In this section Peter describes the wicked character and deeds of the false teachers.
2532PE210nkjmfigs-exclamationsτολμηταὶ αὐθάδεις1The words **Audacious ones** and **Self-willed ones** are exclamations that emphasize the bold pride of the false teachers. Alternate translation: “They are so audacious and self-willed!” or “How audacious and self-willed they are!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
2542PE210esb2αὐθάδεις1self-willed**Self-willed** means “doing whatever one wants to do.” Alternate translation: “Those who do whatever they want”
2552PE210x82cwriting-pronounsοὐ τρέμουσιν1Here, **they** refers to the false teachers Peter introduced in [2:1](../02/01.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “These false teachers do not tremble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2562PE210f4giδόξας…βλασφημοῦντες1This clause indicates the time when the false teachers do not tremble. Alternate translation: “when insulting glorious ones”
2572PE210s7l1δόξας1Here, **glorious ones** could refer to: (1) spiritual beings, such as angels, demons, or both. Alternate translation: “glorious spiritual beings” (2) important human beings, such as church leaders. Alternate translation: “glorious people”
2582PE211u2jkfigs-distinguishἰσχύϊ καὶ δυνάμει μείζονες ὄντες1This clause could refer to: (1) a contrast between the description of the **angels** in this clause with their behavior in the next clause. Alternate translation: “despite being greater in strength and power” (2) a description of the **angels**. Alternate translation: “who are greater in strength and power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
2592PE211ljdyfigs-ellipsisἰσχύϊ καὶ δυνάμει μείζονες ὄντες1Peter is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from the surrounding context, which is a description of the false teachers. Alternate translation: “being greater in strength and power than these false teachers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2602PE211vg2jfigs-doubletἰσχύϊ καὶ δυνάμει μείζονες ὄντες1The words **strength** and **power** mean similar things. Peter is using them together for emphasis. Together, the words describe extreme power. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate this pair of words with a single expression. Alternate translation: “being much more powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2612PE211v1qtwriting-pronounsοὐ φέρουσιν κατ’ αὐτῶν…βλάσφημον κρίσιν1do not bring insulting judgments against themHere, **them** could mean: (1) the “glorious ones.” Alternate translation: “do not bring an insulting judgment against these glorious ones.” (2) the false teachers. Alternate translation: “do not bring an insulting judgment against these false teachers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2622PE212ytrjwriting-pronounsοὗτοι1Here, **these** refers to the false teachers introduced in [2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: “these false teachers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2632PE212y4blfigs-metaphorοὗτοι…ὡς ἄλογα ζῷα1these unreasoning animals are naturally made for capture and destruction.Peter describes the false teachers by comparing them to **unreasoning animals**. Just as **animals** cannot think rationally, neither can these people. Alternate translation: “these false teachers are like animals who are not capable of thinking rationally” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2642PE212xhxjfigs-distinguishγεγεννημένα φυσικὰ εἰς ἅλωσιν καὶ φθοράν1This clause gives more information about the unreasoning animals and thus, by way of comparison, the false teachers. Alternate translation: “which have by nature been born for capture and destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
2652PE212yxsyγεγεννημένα φυσικὰ εἰς ἅλωσιν καὶ φθοράν1Here, **by nature** means that the unreasoning animals (and false teachers by comparison) were destined for capture and destruction due to their very nature as animals born for this purpose. Alternate translation: “according to their nature, these animals are born for capture and destruction”
2662PE212x14hgrammar-connect-logic-goalεἰς ἅλωσιν καὶ φθοράν1This is a purpose clause. The word **for** here indicates that what follows it is the purpose for which these animals have been born. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of capture and destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
2672PE212erfhfigs-abstractnounsεἰς ἅλωσιν καὶ φθοράν1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract nouns **capture** and **destruction**, you could express the ideas behind them with verbs. Alternate translation: “in order to capture and destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2682PE212ipd4ἐν οἷς ἀγνοοῦσιν βλασφημοῦντες1This clause could refer to: (1) more information about the false teachers. Alternate translation: “who slander those things in which they are ignorant” (2) the reason the false teachers will be destroyed. Alternate translation: “because they slander those things in which they are ignorant”
2692PE212c4b8ἐν οἷς ἀγνοοῦσιν1Here, **those things** could refer to: (1) the “glorious ones” of [2:10](../02/10.md). Alternate translation: “who slander those of whom they are ignorant” (2) the Christian teachings that these false teachers are rejecting. Alternate translation: “who slander the teachings of which they are ignorant”
2702PE212xzcpwriting-pronounsἐν τῇ φθορᾷ αὐτῶν καὶ φθαρήσονται1Here, the pronouns **they** and **their** refer to the false teachers introduced in [2:1](../02/01.md). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these false teachers will also be destroyed in their destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
2712PE212jw8dfigs-activepassiveκαὶ φθαρήσονται1If your language does not use this passive form, you could express this with an active form, and you can state who will do the action. Alternate translation: “God will also destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2722PE212h4v8καὶ φθαρήσονται1Here, **also** is used for emphasis and may be translated as “indeed” or “surely.” Alternate translation: “they will indeed be destroyed” or “they will surely be destroyed”
2732PE212ai6aἐν τῇ φθορᾷ αὐτῶν1This clause indicates the time when the false teachers will be destroyed. Alternate translation: “at the time of their destruction”
2742PE212ig4vfigs-abstractnounsἐν τῇ φθορᾷ αὐτῶν1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **destruction**, you could express the idea behind it with a verb, such as “destroy.” Alternate translation: “when they are destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2752PE213p7g7figs-metaphorἀδικούμενοι μισθὸν ἀδικίας1Peter speaks of the punishment that the false teachers will receive figuratively as if it were a wage they had earned. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this in a non-figurative manner. Alternate translation: “receiving the punishment they deserve for their unrighteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2762PE213x4gdfigs-abstractnounsἀδικίας1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **unrighteousness**, you could translate it with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “of the wrong things they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2772PE213xjr6figs-abstractnounsἡδονὴν1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **pleasure**, you can translate it with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “something that pleases” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2782PE213e62sfigs-abstractnounsτὴν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ τρυφήν1their reveling during the dayHere, **reveling** refers to immoral activity that includes gluttony, drunkenness, and sexual activity. If your readers would misunderstand this abstract noun, you can translate it with with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “their ability to revel in the day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2792PE213hl1eτὴν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ τρυφήν1This phrase indicates the time when the false teachers were **reveling**. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate **in** as “during.” Doing these things “during the day” indicates that these people are not ashamed of this behavior. Alternate translation: “reveling during the day”
2802PE213u1rcfigs-metaphorσπίλοι καὶ μῶμοι1They are stains and blemishesPeter speaks of the false teachers as if they were **stains** or **blemishes** on a garment that cause shame for those who wear it. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could translate it as a simile. Alternate translation: “like stains and blemishes on clothes, which cause disgrace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2812PE213pwd5figs-doubletσπίλοι καὶ μῶμοι1They are stains and blemishesThe words **stains** and **blemishes** share similar meanings. Peter is using them together for emphasis. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could translate them with a single expression. Alternate translation: “unsightly stains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
2822PE213vz0jfigs-ellipsisσπίλοι καὶ μῶμοι1For emphasis, here Peter is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from the context. Alternate translation: “They are stains and blemishes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
2832PE213x3ujfigs-abstractnounsἐντρυφῶντες ἐν ταῖς ἀπάταις αὐτῶν1If your readers would misunderstand this, you can translate the abstract noun **deceptions** with an adjective like “deceptive.” Alternate translation: “reveling in their deceptive deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2842PE214v7t4figs-metonymyὀφθαλμοὺς ἔχοντες μεστοὺς μοιχαλίδος1having eyes full of adulteryHere, **eyes** refers figuratively to a persons desires, and **eyes full** means that a person constantly desires one thing. Alternate translation: “constantly desiring an adulteress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2852PE214xo71ὀφθαλμοὺς ἔχοντες μεστοὺς μοιχαλίδος1This clause could mean: (1) the false teachers constantly desired to have immoral sexual relations with any woman they saw, thereby viewing every women as a potential adulteress. Alternate translation: “constantly desiring women with whom to commit adultery” (2) the false teachers were constantly looking for immoral women with whom to have immoral sexual relations. Alternate translation: “constantly seeking sexually immoral women”
2862PE214xb2qfigs-explicitδελεάζοντες ψυχὰς ἀστηρίκτους1This clause refers to the actions of the false teachers Peter introduced in [2:1](../02/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these false teachers entice unstable souls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2872PE214wt89figs-synecdocheδελεάζοντες ψυχὰς ἀστηρίκτους1enticing unstable soulsHere, **souls** refers to persons. Alternate translation: “enticing unstable people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
2882PE214mn07figs-explicitκαρδίαν γεγυμνασμένην πλεονεξίας ἔχοντες1This clause refers to the actions of the false teachers Peter introduced in [2:1](../02/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “they have hearts trained in covetousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2892PE214xgkbfigs-activepassiveκαρδίαν γεγυμνασμένην πλεονεξίας ἔχοντες1If your language does not use this passive form, you could express this with an active form, and you could state who did the action. Alternate translation: “they trained their hearts to be covetous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2902PE214c55ufigs-metonymyκαρδίαν γεγυμνασμένην πλεονεξίας ἔχοντες1hearts trained in covetousnessPeter is using **hearts** figuratively to refer to whole persons, including their thoughts, desires, and emotions. The term can thus be translated here with the reflexive pronoun “themselves.” Alternate translation: “having trained themselves to covet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
2912PE214sbp2figs-abstractnounsκαρδίαν γεγυμνασμένην πλεονεξίας ἔχοντες1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **covetousness**, you could express the idea behind it with a verb. Alternate translation: “having training their hearts to covet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2922PE214sv4rfigs-idiomκατάρας τέκνα1Peter is using a Hebrew idiom in which a person is said to be a “child” of the thing that characterizes that person. Here **children of cursing** refers to people who are cursed by God. He is not speaking of people who curse others. Alternate translation: “accursed people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2932PE214c7ccfigs-exclamationsκατάρας τέκνα1These words are an exclamation that emphasizes the wickedness of the false teachers. Alternate translation: “They are such cursed children!” or “What cursed children they are!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
2942PE215et62figs-metaphorκαταλειπόντες εὐθεῖαν ὁδὸν1abandoning the right way, led astray, having followedPeter uses the metaphor **Abandoning the straight way** to give an image of walkers leaving a certain pathway. He speaks figuratively of the false teachers refusing to live their lives in obedience to the Lord as if they had stopped walking on the Lords path. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could express this in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “refusing to live in obedience to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2952PE215ky5qfigs-idiomεὐθεῖαν ὁδὸν1the right wayHere, **the straight way** refers to the way of living life that is right and pleasing to the Lord. Peter may also be using it here to refer specifically to the Christian faith, similar to his use of “the way of truth” in [2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “the right way of the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2962PE215x3k9figs-metaphorἐπλανήθησαν1Here, Peter continues the path metaphor from the previous clause. He figuratively describes the wicked lifestyles of the false teachers as if they had been **led astray** from the straight path. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could translate this in a non-figurative manner. Alternate translation: “they have been behaving wickedly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2972PE215b39gfigs-activepassiveἐπλανήθησαν1If your language does not use this passive form, you could express this with an active form. Alternate translation: “they went astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
2982PE215xkt6figs-explicitἐξακολουθήσαντες τῇ ὁδῷ τοῦ Βαλαὰμ τοῦ Βοσὸρ, ὃς μισθὸν ἀδικίας ἠγάπησεν1In this verse, Peter compares the false teachers to **Balaam**. Peter assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to a story recorded in the Old Testament book of Numbers. In that story, Balaam was hired by wicked kings to curse the Israelites. When God did not allow Balaam to do so, he used wicked women to seduce the Israelites into sexual immorality and idol worship so that God would punish them for their disobedience. Balaam did these wicked things because he wanted to be paid by the wicked kings, but he was eventually killed by the Israelites when they conquered the land of Canaan. You could indicate this explicitly if it would be helpful to your readers, particularly if they would not know the story. Alternate translation, as a statement: “following the way of Balaam son of Bosor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness so much that he led the Israelites into immorality and idolatry in order to receive money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2992PE215xi4qfigs-metaphorἐξακολουθήσαντες τῇ ὁδῷ τοῦ Βαλαὰμ τοῦ Βοσὸρ1Here, Peter uses the word **followed** figuratively to refer to someone imitating the actions of someone else, like someone who walks behind another person in the same direction. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you can express this literally. Alternate translation: “having imitated the way of Balaam son of Bosor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3002PE215v9lxtranslate-namesΒαλαὰμ…Βοσὸρ1the right way**Balaam** and **Bosor** are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3012PE215alxlfigs-metaphorτῇ ὁδῷ τοῦ Βαλαὰμ τοῦ Βοσὸρ1Here, Peter uses **the way of Balaam** figuratively to refer to how Balaam lived his life. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you can express this literally. Alternate translation: “the manner of living of Balaam son of Bosor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3022PE215v3wnwriting-pronounsὃς μισθὸν ἀδικίας ἠγάπησεν1Here, the pronoun**who** refers to Balaam. It does not refer to Bosor, nor to the false teachers. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this directly. If you begin a new sentence, you will have to replace the comma with a period. Alternate translation: “Balaam loved the wages of unrighteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3032PE215befrfigs-possessionὃς μισθὸν ἀδικίας ἠγάπησεν1Peter is using the possessive form to describe **wages** that are characterized by **unrighteousness**. If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, you could use a phrase to explain it. Alternate translation: “who loved the unrighteous wages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3042PE215x5ggfigs-abstractnounsμισθὸν ἀδικίας1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **unrighteousness**, you could express the idea behind it with the adjective “unrighteous.” Alternate translation: “the unrighteous wages” or “the wages for unrighteous acts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3052PE216z37wfigs-abstractnounsἔλεγξιν…ἔσχεν1he had a rebukeIf your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **rebuke**, you can express it as a verb and you could state who did the action. Alternate translation: “God rebuked him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3062PE216gsm7figs-explicitἔλεγξιν…ἔσχεν1he had a rebukeIf your readers would misunderstand who did this, you could specify who rebuked Balaam. This clause could mean: (1) the donkey rebuked Balaam. Alternate translation: “a donkey rebuked him” (2) God rebuked Balaam through the donkey. Alternate translation: “God rebuked him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3072PE216x7zufigs-explicitἰδίας παρανομίας1This **transgression** specifically refers to Balaams use of wicked women to lead the Israelites into sexual immorality and idolatry. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for his wicked act of leading the Israelites into immorality” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3082PE216xsppfigs-abstractnounsτὴν τοῦ προφήτου παραφρονίαν1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **irrationality**, you could express the idea behind it with an adjective like “irrational” or “foolish.” Alternate translation: “the irrational action of the prophet” or “the foolish action of the prophet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3092PE216tf38figs-explicitἐκώλυσεν τὴν τοῦ προφήτου παραφρονίαν1restrained the madness of the prophetHere, **the prophet** refers to Balaam. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “restrained the madness of the prophet Balaam” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3102PE217x5rjwriting-pronounsοὗτοί1**These men** refers to the false teachers introduced in [2:1](../02/01.md). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “These false teachers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3112PE217t137figs-metaphorοὗτοί εἰσιν πηγαὶ ἄνυδροι1These men are springs without waterPeter speaks figuratively of the false teachers to describe their uselessness. People expect **springs** to provide water to quench thirst, but **waterless springs** leave thirsty people disappointed. In the same way, false teachers, although they promise many things, are unable to do what they promise. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could translate this in a non-figurative way or turn the metaphor into a simile. Alternate translation: “These men are disappointing, like springs without water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3122PE217hzu1figs-metaphorὁμίχλαι ὑπὸ λαίλαπος ἐλαυνόμεναι1mists driven by a stormPeter gives a second figurative description of the uselessness of the false teachers. When people see storm clouds, they expect rain to fall. When the winds from the **storm** blow the clouds away before the rain can fall, the people are disappointed. In the same way, false teachers, although they promise many things, are unable to do what they promise. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could translate this in a non-figurative way, or turn the metaphor into a simile. Alternate translation: “they never give what they promise” or “they are disappointing like rain clouds that the storm drives away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3132PE217von6figs-doubletοὗτοί εἰσιν πηγαὶ ἄνυδροι, καὶ ὁμίχλαι ὑπὸ λαίλαπος ἐλαυνόμεναι1mists driven by a stormThese two metaphors mean similar things. Peter is using them together for emphasis. If your readers would misunderstand this connection, you could translate them with a single expression. Alternate translation: “These are men who surely never give what they promise” or “These are men who surely disappoint” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
3142PE217xe3yfigs-activepassiveοἷς ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους τετήρηται1for whom the gloom of darkness has been reservedIf your language does not use this passive form, you could express this with an active form, and you can state who did the action. Alternate translation: “for whom God has reserved the gloom of darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3152PE217v90zὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους1This could mean: (1) the **gloom** is characterized by **darkness**. Alternate translation: “the dark gloom” (2) the **gloom** is identical to the **darkness**. Alternate translation: “the gloom, which is darkness.”
3162PE217xrpffigs-metaphorὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους1Here, Peter uses **gloom** and **darkness** figuratively to refer to hell. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this directly. Alternate translation: “for whom God has reserved the gloom of darkness of hell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3172PE218xgocgrammar-connect-logic-resultγὰρ1Here, **For** indicates the reason why the false teachers are reserved for punishment in the gloom of darkness, as mentioned in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “This is so because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3182PE218cxt8ὑπέρογκα…ματαιότητος φθεγγόμενοι1speaking arrogant things of vanityThis clause indicates the means by which the false teachers entice others to sin. Alternate translation: “by means of speaking arrogant things of vanity”
3192PE218x2byfigs-possessionὑπέρογκα…ματαιότητος1speaking arrogant things of vanityPeter is using the possessive form to describe **arrogant** speech that is characterized by **vanity**. Alternate translation: “vain, arrogant things” or “vain and arrogant things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3202PE218n2prfigs-abstractnounsματαιότητος1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **vanity**, you could express the idea behind it with an adjective, such as “vain.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3212PE218f8tgwriting-pronounsδελεάζουσιν ἐν ἐπιθυμίαις σαρκὸς1They entice people by the lusts of the fleshHere, the pronoun **they** refers to the false teachers introduced in [2:1](../02/01.md). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these false teachers entice by the lusts of the flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3222PE218t543figs-metaphorἐν ἐπιθυμίαις σαρκὸς1Here, **flesh** is used figuratively to refer to a persons sinful nature. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could express this literal meaning for the metaphor. Alternate translation: “by the lusts of their sinful natures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3232PE218bibqἀσελγείαις1Here, **licentious acts** refers to immoral sexual actions that demonstrate a lack of self-control. See how you translated this term in [2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “uncontrolled sensual acts”
3242PE218nks3figs-metaphorτοὺς ὀλίγως ἀποφεύγοντας τοὺς ἐν πλάνῃ ἀναστρεφομένους1those who are barely escaping from those who live in errorHere, Peter speaks figuratively of people who recently became believers as **those barely escaping** from sinful humanity. He also refers to unbelievers who still live according to their sinful desires as **those living in error**. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could express this in a non-figurative manner. Alternate translation: “people who recently ceased living sinfully as other people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3252PE219xqlaἐλευθερίαν αὐτοῖς ἐπαγγελλόμενοι1This clause refers to another means by which the false teachers enticed their followers, continuing from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “They also entice them by promising freedom to them”
3262PE219uyw6figs-metaphorἐλευθερίαν αὐτοῖς ἐπαγγελλόμενοι1promising freedom to them, while they themselves are slaves of corruptionHere, **freedom** is a metaphor for the ability to live exactly as one wants. Alternate translation: “promising to give them the ability to live exactly as they want to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3272PE219je1kwriting-pronounsἐλευθερίαν αὐτοῖς ἐπαγγελλόμενοι1Here, the pronoun **them** refers to those people who are deceived by the false teachers. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “promising freedom to those whom they deceive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3282PE219n0bhfigs-rpronounsαὐτοὶ δοῦλοι ὑπάρχοντες τῆς φθορᾶς;1Peter uses the word **themselves** here to emphasize the irony of spiritually enslaved people promising spiritual freedom to others. Alternate translation: “while they themselves are slaves of destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
3292PE219v5ttfigs-metaphorδοῦλοι1Peter speaks figuratively of people who live sinfully as if they were **slaves** to sin who need to escape from their captivity. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could express this as a simile. Alternate translation: “like slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3302PE219xyuafigs-possessionδοῦλοι…τῆς φθορᾶς1Peter is using the possessive form to describe **slaves** that are characterized by **destruction**. Alternate translation: “slaves that will be destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3312PE219b79vfigs-metaphorᾧ γάρ τις ἥττηται, τούτῳ δεδούλωται1For by what someone has been overcome, by this he has been enslavedPeter speaks of a person as being **enslaved** when anything has control over that person, he speaks of that thing as the master of that person. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could translate this non-figuratively or as a simile. Alternate translation: “For if a person is overpowered by something, that person becomes controlled by that thing” or “For if a person is overpowered by something, that person becomes like a slave to that thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3322PE219xqmyfigs-activepassiveᾧ γάρ τις ἥττηται, τούτῳ δεδούλωται1If your readers would misunderstand this passive sentence, you could express this with an active form. Alternate translation: “For if something overpowers a person, that thing enslaves that person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3332PE220v3xcγὰρ1Here, **For** could refer to: (1) another explanation of Peters statement “themselves being slaves of destruction” in the previous verse, (2) a transition from what Peter said in the previous verse to what he is going to say in this verse. Here, **For** does not indicate the reason or result of what was said in the previous verse. Alternate translation, as in the UST: “And”
3342PE220q96igrammar-connect-condition-factεἰ…ἀποφυγόντες τὰ μιάσματα τοῦ κόσμου, ἐν ἐπιγνώσει τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ Σωτῆρος, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τούτοις δὲ πάλιν ἐμπλακέντες ἡττῶνται, γέγονεν αὐτοῖς τὰ ἔσχατα χείρονα τῶν πρώτων1Peter is speaking as if this were a hypothetical possibility, but he means that it is actually true. If your language does not state something as a condition if it is certain or true, and if your readers might misunderstand and think that what Peter is saying is not certain, then you can translate his words as an affirmative statement. Alternate translation: “they have escaped the impurities of the world through the knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, but having become entangled and overcome by them again, the last has become worse for them than the first” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-fact]])
3352PE220efnjfigs-metaphorεἰ…ἀποφυγόντες τὰ μιάσματα τοῦ κόσμου1Using a similar metaphor to that in [2:18](../02/18.md), here Peter speaks figuratively of believers as if they had been slaves to the **defilements** of the world and have **escaped** that captivity. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could express this in a non-figurative manner. Alternate translation: “if they have ceased living in the defiling manner of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3362PE220xpo9figs-abstractnounsτὰ μιάσματα τοῦ κόσμου1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **defilements**, you could express the idea behind it with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “the things that sinful human society does to defile itself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3372PE220lu22figs-metonymyτὰ μιάσματα τοῦ κόσμου1the impurities of the worldHere, the **world** refers to human society, which has been corrupted by sin. Alternate translation: “the defiling practices of sinful human society” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3382PE220bi73figs-abstractnounsἐν ἐπιγνώσει τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ Σωτῆρος, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1through the knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus ChristIf your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **knowledge**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase. See how you translated similar phrases in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “by knowing our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3392PE220zxcffigs-possessionτοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ Σωτῆρος1Here, **our Lord** means “the person who is lord over us” or “the person who rules over us.” The conjunction **and** indicates that **our** also applies to **Savior**, meaning “the person who saves us.” Alternate translation: “of the person who rules over us and saves us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3402PE220ih4wfigs-activepassiveτούτοις…πάλιν ἐμπλακέντες ἡττῶνται1If your language does not use this passive form, you could express this with an active form, and you could supply the doer of the action from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “these things having entangled them again; these things have overcome them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3412PE220ygagfigs-metaphorπάλιν ἐμπλακέντες1Here, Peter speaks figuratively of people who seem to have been believers but have returned to living sinfully as if they have become **entangled** in a net. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could express this is a non-figurative manner. Alternate translation: “if they have begun to live sinfully again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3422PE220noa9writing-pronounsτούτοις1Here, the pronoun **these things** refers to “the defilements of the world.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could specify this in your translation. Alternate translation: “by these defilements of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3432PE220d6rawriting-pronounsαὐτοῖς1Connecting Statement:Here, the pronoun **them** refers to the false teachers introduced in [2:1](../02/01.md) and discussed in [2:1219](../02/12.md). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these false teachers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3442PE220d42gfigs-nominaladjγέγονεν αὐτοῖς τὰ ἔσχατα χείρονα τῶν πρώτων1the last has become worse for them than the firstHere, the adjectives **last** and **first** function as nouns. They are plural, and ULT supplies the noun **things** in each case to show that. If your language does not use adjectives in this way, you could supply a more specific singular noun. Alternate translation: “the final condition for them is worse than their original condition” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
3452PE221x7gdgrammar-connect-logic-resultγὰρ1Here, **For** indicates the reason why the last condition of the false teachers was worse than their first condition, as mentioned in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “This is so because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3462PE221e3dvwriting-pronounsαὐτοῖς1Here, the pronoun **them** refers to the false teachers introduced in [2:1](../02/01.md). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for these false teachers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3472PE221xg05figs-possessionτὴν ὁδὸν τῆς δικαιοσύνης1Peter is using the possessive form to describe **the way** that is characterized by **righteousness**. If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, you could use a phrase to explain it. Alternate translation: “the righteous way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3482PE221pm7bfigs-idiomτὴν ὁδὸν τῆς δικαιοσύνης1the way of righteousnessPeter speaks figuratively of life as a **way** or path. This phrase refers to the way of living life that is right and pleasing to the Lord. Peter may also be using it here to refer specifically to the Christian faith, similar to his use of “the way of truth” in [2:2](../02/02.md) and “the straight way” in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “the manner of living that pleases the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3492PE221lib0ἐπιγνοῦσιν1This clause indicates that the next clause describes an event that happened after the event of this clause. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “after having known it”
3502PE221ic3cfigs-metaphorὑποστρέψαι ἐκ τῆς…ἁγίας ἐντολῆς1to turn away from the holy commandmentHere, **to turn away from** is a metaphor that means to stop doing something. Alternate translation: “to stop obeying the holy commandment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3512PE221j7s6figs-genericnounτῆς…ἁγίας ἐντολῆς2Peter uses **the holy commandment** to speak of the commands of God in general. He is not referring to one specific **commandment**. These commands were **delivered** by the apostles to the believers. Alternate translation: “the holy commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
3522PE221xwidfigs-abstractnounsτῆς…ἁγίας ἐντολῆς2If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express the ideas behind the abstract noun **commandment** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “what God commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3532PE221blr5figs-activepassiveτῆς παραδοθείσης αὐτοῖς ἁγίας ἐντολῆς1the holy commandment delivered to themIf your language does not use this passive form, you could express this with an active form, and you could state who did the action. Alternate translation: “the holy commandment that the apostles delivered to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3542PE222hqr3writing-pronounsσυμβέβηκεν αὐτοῖς τὸ τῆς ἀληθοῦς παροιμίας1This has happened to them according to the true proverbHere, **This** refers to the **proverb** Peter states later in this verse. It does not refer back to a statement from the previous verse. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “What this true proverb says has happened to them” or “This true proverb describes what happened to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3552PE222pc36writing-pronounsαὐτοῖς1This has happened to them according to the true proverbHere, the pronoun **them** refers to the false teachers introduced in [2:1](../02/01.md). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to these false teachers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3562PE222h42rwriting-proverbsκύων ἐπιστρέψας ἐπὶ τὸ ἴδιον ἐξέραμα, καί, ὗς λουσαμένη, εἰς κυλισμὸν βορβόρου1A dog returns to its own vomit, and a washed pig to wallowing in the mudPeter uses two proverbs to illustrate what the false teachers have done. These proverbs make a figurative comparison: Just as a dog returns to eat its own vomit and a washed pig rolls in the mud again, so these false teachers, who once stopped living a sinful life, have now gone back to living sinfully. Although they knew “the way of righteousness,” they went back to doing the things that defile them morally and spiritually. If your readers would misunderstand the meaning, you could translate these proverbs as similes. Alternate translation: “They are like dogs that eat their own vomit or like clean pigs that go back to rolling in the mud.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])
3572PE222xgjptranslate-unknownκύων1A **dog** is an animal that is considered to be unclean and disgusting by Jews and many cultures of the Ancient Near East. Therefore, calling someone a **dog** was an insult. If dogs are unfamiliar to your culture and you have a different animal that is considered unclean and disgusting or whose name is used as an insult, you could use the name of this animal instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
3582PE222xycptranslate-unknownὗς1A **pig** is an animal that is considered to be unclean and disgusting by Jews and many cultures of the Ancient Near East. Therefore, calling someone a **pig** was an insult. If pigs are unfamiliar to your culture and you have a different animal that is considered unclean and disgusting or whose name is used as an insult, you could use the name of this animal instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
3592PE3introc1id0# 2 Peter 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Reminder that Jesus will return at the right time (3:113)<br>2. Concluding exhortation to live godly lives (3:1417)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fire<br><br>People often use fire to destroy things or to make something pure by burning off the dirt and worthless parts. Therefore, when God punishes the wicked or purifies his people, that action is often associated with fire. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fire]])<br><br>### Day of the Lord<br><br>The exact time of the coming day of the Lord will come as a surprise to people. This is what the simile “like a thief in the night” means. Because of this, Christians are to be prepared at all times for the coming of the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
3602PE31n92ffigs-explicitἀγαπητοί1**Beloved ones** refers here to those to whom Peter is writing, which can be extended to all believers. If your readers would misunderstand this term, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Beloved fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3612PE31aah9writing-pronounsἐν αἷς1Here, **which** refers to both this letter and the previous letter that Peter had written to this group of believers. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could start a new sentence to say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “In both of these letters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3622PE31gc3mfigs-metaphorδιεγείρω ὑμῶν ἐν ὑπομνήσει τὴν εἰλικρινῆ διάνοιαν1I am stirring up your sincere mindHere, Peter uses **arouse** figuratively, as if the minds of his readers are asleep, to refer to causing his readers to think about these things. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could translate this with a non-figurative expression. See how you translated this term in [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “to remind your sincere mind of these things so that you will think about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3632PE31deoafigs-abstractnounsἐν ὑπομνήσει1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **remembrance**, you could express the idea behind it in this phrase with a verb. See how you translated this term in [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “to remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3642PE31qxt2figs-metaphorὑμῶν…τὴν εἰλικρινῆ διάνοιαν1Although the word **pure** usually refers to something being uncontaminated or not mixed with something else, Peter uses it figuratively here to indicate that his readers have minds which have not been deceived by the false teachers. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could express this in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “your undeceived minds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3652PE32bp8rgrammar-connect-logic-goalμνησθῆναι1Here, Peter is stating a purpose for which he is writing this letter. Alternate translation (without a comma preceding): “that you should remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
3662PE32gxj7figs-activepassiveτῶν προειρημένων ῥημάτων, ὑπὸ τῶν ἁγίων προφητῶν1the words spoken beforehand by the holy prophetsIf your language does not use this passive form, you could state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the words that the holy prophets spoke previously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3672PE32p4i5figs-metonymyτῶν προειρημένων ῥημάτων1Peter is using **words** here to describe the prophecies of the Old Testament prophets that were conveyed by using words, especially those prophecies about the future return of Christ. Alternate translation: “the prophecies spoken previously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3682PE32ijnqfigs-explicitὑπὸ τῶν ἁγίων προφητῶν1Here, **prophets** refers to the Old Testament prophets whom Peter also referred to in [1:1921](../01/19.md). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by the holy Old Testament prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3692PE32yhi7figs-activepassiveτῆς τῶν ἀποστόλων ὑμῶν ἐντολῆς τοῦ Κυρίου καὶ Σωτῆρος1the command of the Lord and Savior through your apostlesIf your language does not use this passive form, you could state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the command of our Lord and Savior, which your apostles gave to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3702PE32jnq2figs-abstractnounsτῆς…ἐντολῆς τοῦ Κυρίου καὶ Σωτῆρος1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **command**, you could express the idea behind it with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “what our Lord and Savior commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3712PE32jx0ufigs-genericnounτῆς…ἐντολῆς τοῦ Κυρίου καὶ Σωτῆρος1Peter uses **command** here to speak of the commands of Jesus in general. He is not referring to one specific command. These commands were delivered by the apostles to the believers. Alternate translation: “the commands of the Lord and Savior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
3722PE32vusdfigs-abstractnounsτοῦ Κυρίου1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **Lord**, you could express the idea behind it with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “the person who rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3732PE32x9rgfigs-abstractnounsΣωτῆρος1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **Savior**, you could express the idea behind it with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “the person who saves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3742PE32tsn4τῶν ἀποστόλων ὑμῶν1This phrase indicates the means by which **the command of the Lord and Savior** was given to Peters readers. Alternate translation: “by means of your apostles”
3752PE32xbuofigs-explicitτῶν ἀποστόλων ὑμῶν1Here, **your apostles** could refer to: (1) the apostles who proclaimed the teachings of Christ to Peters readers or ministered to them in some way. Alternate translation: “the apostles who serve you” (2) all apostles, who belong to all Christians. Alternate translation: “the apostles of us all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3762PE33lm1aτοῦτο πρῶτον γινώσκοντες1knowing this firstPeter uses **first** here to refer to the degree of importance. It does not to refer to order in time. See how you translated this in [1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “Most importantly, you must understand”
3772PE33xcd9figs-declarativeτοῦτο πρῶτον γινώσκοντες1knowing this firstPeter is using a statement to give an instruction. If it would be helpful in your language, you can indicate this by translating it as a command. If you do so, it might be helpful to start a new sentence here. See how you translated this in [1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “Above all, know this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
3782PE33mjgrfigs-abstractnounsἐλεύσονται…ἐν ἐμπαιγμονῇ ἐμπαῖκται1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **mockery**, you could express the idea behind it with a verb. Alternate translation: “mockers will come and mock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3792PE33s69nfigs-metaphorκατὰ τὰς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας αὐτῶν πορευόμενοι1Here, Peter uses **going** figuratively to refer to habitually doing something, like someone who walks toward something. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you can express this literally. Alternate translation: “those habitually living according to their own lusts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3802PE33znh2figs-explicitκατὰ τὰς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας αὐτῶν πορευόμενοι1Here, **lusts** refers to sinful desires that are opposed to Gods will. Alternate translation: “living according to their own sinful desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3812PE34fe37writing-quotationsκαὶ λέγοντες1Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “and they will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
3822PE34hgdmfigs-rquestionποῦ ἐστιν ἡ ἐπαγγελία τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ?1Where is the promise of his coming?The mockers ask this rhetorical question to emphasize that they do not believe that Jesus will return. Alternate translation: “There is no promise of his coming!” or “The promise of his coming is not true!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3832PE34lw3yfigs-idiomποῦ ἐστιν ἡ ἐπαγγελία τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ?1Here, **Where** is used idiomatically to ask what has happened to the promise. The mockers are not asking for the location of something. If your readers would misunderstand this idiom, you could translate this in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “What happened to the promise of his coming?” or “What has come about regarding the promise of his coming?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3842PE34zrj7figs-metonymyποῦ ἐστιν ἡ ἐπαγγελία τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ1Where is the promise of his coming?Here, **promise** refers to the fulfillment of the promise that Jesus will return. Alternate translation: “Where is the fulfillment of the promise of his coming?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3852PE34wm6zwriting-pronounsἡ ἐπαγγελία τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ1Here, the pronoun **his** refers to Jesus. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the promise of Jesus coming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3862PE34u54wfigs-explicitτῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ1Here, **his coming** refers to the return of the Lord Jesus to earth. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the return of Jesus to earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3872PE34xfkrfigs-metaphorἀφ’ ἧς γὰρ οἱ πατέρες ἐκοιμήθησαν1Here, **the fathers** is used figuratively. It could refer to: (1) the Old Testament ancestors of the Israelites, often called “the patriarchs.” Alternate translation: “For since Israels patriarchs fell asleep” (2) those leaders of the first generation of Christians who had died by the time Peter wrote this letter. Alternate translation: “For since the first Christian leaders fell asleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3882PE34t6hlfigs-euphemismοἱ πατέρες ἐκοιμήθησαν1the fathers fell asleepHere, **fell asleep** is a euphemism meaning they died. You could either use a similar euphemism for death in your language or say this in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “the fathers died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
3892PE34c2enfigs-hyperboleπάντα οὕτως διαμένει ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς κτίσεως1all things continue in the same way from the beginning of creationHere, **all things** is an exaggeration the mockers use to argue that nothing in the world has ever changed, so it cannot be true that Jesus will return. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
3902PE34yue7figs-abstractnounsἀπ’ ἀρχῆς κτίσεως1from the beginning of creationIf your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **creation**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “since God created the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3912PE35g2phfigs-activepassiveλανθάνει γὰρ αὐτοὺς τοῦτο, θέλοντας1If your language does not use this passive form, you could state this in active form. Alternate translation: “For they willingly hide this from themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3922PE35xgsyfigs-ellipsisθέλοντας ὅτι οὐρανοὶ ἦσαν ἔκπαλαι1Peter is leaving out some of the words that this clause would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from the end of the verse. Alternate translation: “that the heavens existed long ago by the word of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
3932PE35mku9figs-activepassiveγῆ…συνεστῶσα τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ λόγῳ1If your language does not use this passive form, you could state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the word of God formed the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3942PE35s77fἐξ ὕδατος καὶ δι’ ὕδατος συνεστῶσα1had been formed from water and through waterThis clause refers to God causing the land to come up **out of** and **through** the **water**, gathering the bodies of water together to make the land appear.
3952PE35o7szfigs-metonymyτῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ λόγῳ1Here, **the word of God** refers to the Gods specific commands by which the earth was created. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by the commands of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3962PE36jh4rwriting-pronounsδι’ ὧν1through whichHere, **which** refers both to Gods word and water. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “through the word of God and water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
3972PE36nyb7figs-activepassiveὕδατι κατακλυσθεὶς1If your language does not use this passive form, you could state this in active form and you could state who did the action. You may need to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “God flooded the world with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3982PE36hvc3ὁ τότε κόσμος1Here, **at that time** refers to the time when the world existed before the flood. It does not refer to the exact time when the universe was created. Alternate translation: “the world that existed then”
3992PE36xm5iὕδατι κατακλυσθεὶς1This phrase indicates the means by which the ancient world was destroyed. Alternate translation: “by having been flooded by water”
4002PE37alp6grammar-connect-logic-contrastοἱ δὲ νῦν οὐρανοὶ καὶ ἡ γῆ1Here, **But** indicates that Peter is contrasting the past destruction of the ancient world he mentioned in the previous verse with the future destruction of the present world. If your readers would misunderstand this contrast, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “In contrast, the present heavens and the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
4012PE37b2infigs-activepassiveοἱ…νῦν οὐρανοὶ καὶ ἡ γῆ, τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ τεθησαυρισμένοι εἰσὶν, πυρὶ1If your language does not use this passive form, you could state this in active form and say who has done the action. Alternate translation: “God, by that same word, has reserved the present heavens and the earth for fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4022PE37e673figs-explicitτῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ1by the same wordHere, **word** refers to “the word of God,” which Peter said in [3:56](../03/05.md) was the means by which the heavens and earth were created and a flood destroyed the world. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by the same word of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4032PE37ghcogrammar-connect-logic-goalπυρὶ1Here, **for** indicates the purpose for which God has been reserving the present heavens and earth. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
4042PE37nl8wfigs-metonymyπυρὶ1Here, Peter uses **fire** to refer to what fire does, which is burn. Alternate translation: “for burning with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4052PE37jl5dfigs-activepassiveτηρούμενοι εἰς ἡμέραν κρίσεως1being kept for the day of judgmentIf your language does not use this passive form, you could state this in active form and say who is doing the action. It might also be helpful to begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “God is keeping them for the day of judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4062PE37u7x2εἰς ἡμέραν κρίσεως1Here, **for** could refer to: (1) the purpose for which God is keeping the present heavens and earth. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of the day of judgment” (2) the point in time up to which God is keeping the present heavens and earth. Alternate translation: “until the day of judgment”
4072PE37y3ggfigs-abstractnounsἡμέραν κρίσεως καὶ ἀπωλείας τῶν ἀσεβῶν ἀνθρώπων1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract nouns **judgment** and **destruction**, you could express the ideas behind them with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “the day when God judges mankind and destroys the ungodly men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4082PE37zxxkfigs-gendernotationsτῶν ἀσεβῶν ἀνθρώπων1Although the term **men** is masculine, Peter is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “of the ungodly people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
4092PE38s5cyἓν…τοῦτο μὴ λανθανέτω ὑμᾶς1Alternate translation: “do not fail to understand this one fact” or “do not ignore this one thing”
4102PE38enh9ὅτι μία ἡμέρα παρὰ Κυρίῳ ὡς χίλια ἔτη1that one day with the Lord is like a thousand yearsHere, **with the Lord** means “in the judgment of the Lord.” Alternate translation: “that from the Lords point of view, one day is like a thousand years”
4112PE38o1wcfigs-doubletμία ἡμέρα παρὰ Κυρίῳ ὡς χίλια ἔτη, καὶ χίλια ἔτη ὡς ἡμέρα μία1These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize that God does not perceive of time the same way that humans do. What might seem to be a short or long time for people would not seem so for God. If your readers would misunderstand this connection, you could combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “one day and 1,000 years are alike for the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
4122PE39zv9mfigs-metonymyοὐ βραδύνει Κύριος τῆς ἐπαγγελίας1Here, **promise** refers to the fulfillment of the **promise** that Jesus will return. See how you translated it in [3:4](../03/04.md). Alternate translation: “The Lord does not delay to fulfill his promise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4132PE39dzq8figs-explicitὥς τινες βραδύτητα ἡγοῦνται1as some consider slownessHere, **some** refers to the “mockers” introduced in [3:3](../03/03.md) and anyone else who believed that the Lord is slow to fulfill his promises, because Jesus had not yet returned. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “as some, such as these mockers, consider slowness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4142PE39a18lfigs-ellipsisἀλλὰ μακροθυμεῖ εἰς ὑμᾶς1Peter is leaving out a word that this clause would need in many languages in order to be complete. This word can be supplied from the beginning of the verse. If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, you could state who is the one being **patient** and begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “But God is patient toward you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4152PE39szykgrammar-connect-logic-resultμὴ βουλόμενός τινας ἀπολέσθαι1This clause indicates the reason why God is delaying the return of Jesus. Alternate translation: “because he does not want any to perish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4162PE39l9ayfigs-ellipsisἀλλὰ πάντας εἰς μετάνοιαν χωρῆσαι1Peter is leaving out words that this clause would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from the the previous clause. Alternate translation: “but he wants all to move on to repentance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4172PE39jwjofigs-abstractnounsἀλλὰ πάντας εἰς μετάνοιαν χωρῆσαι1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **repentance**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “but all to repent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4182PE310w6magrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1ButHere, **But** indicates a contrast between what the mockers believed about God and what God will really do. Although the Lord is being patient and wants people to repent, he will indeed return and bring judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
4192PE310c5m1figs-simileἥξει…ἡμέρα Κυρίου ὡς κλέπτης1the day of the Lord will come as a thiefPeter speaks of the **day** when God will judge everyone as if it were a **thief** who will come unexpectedly and take people by surprise. If your readers would misunderstand this simile, you could express this in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “the day of the Lord will come unexpectedly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
4202PE310fu2qwriting-pronounsκλέπτης, ἐν ᾗ1Here, **which** refers to “the day of the Lord”. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could express this explicitly and begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “a thief. In the day of the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4212PE310z32kfigs-activepassiveστοιχεῖα…λυθήσεται1If your language does not use this passive form, you could state this in an active form and you could indicate who will do the action. Alternate translation: “God will destroy the elements” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4222PE310zgd3στοιχεῖα…λυθήσεται1Here, **elements** could refer to: (1) the basic elements that make up the natural universe. Alternate translation: “the components of nature will be destroyed” (2) the heavenly bodies, such as the sun, moon, and stars. Alternate translation: “the heavenly bodies will be destroyed”
4232PE310lz8tστοιχεῖα δὲ καυσούμενα λυθήσεται1Here, **being burned up** refers to the means by which the elements will be destroyed. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the elements will be destroyed by means of burning” or “and the elements will be destroyed by means of fire”
4242PE310j1gjfigs-activepassiveγῆ καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ ἔργα εὑρεθήσεται1the earth and the deeds in it will be revealedGod will see all the **earth** and all the **deeds** of everyone, and he will then judge everything. If your language does not use this passive form, you could state this in active terms. Alternate translation: “God will find the earth and the deeds in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4252PE310qnu5figs-explicitγῆ καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ ἔργα εὑρεθήσεται1Here, **deeds** refers to the actions of people on the earth. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the earth and what people have done in it will be found” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4262PE310z9f6γῆ καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ ἔργα εὑρεθήσεται1Here, **found** indicates that the removal of the heavens and elements will leave the earth and what has been done on it exposed for God to see and judge. Alternate translation: “the earth and the deeds in it will be exposed” or “the earth and the deeds in it will be revealed”
4272PE311buq4grammar-connect-logic-resultτούτων οὕτως πάντων λυομένων1This clause indicates the reason for the expected result that follows in the rest of the verse. Peter tells his readers that Gods future destruction of heaven and earth should result in them living holy and godly lives. Alternate translation: “Because of all of these things being thus destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4282PE311nq63figs-activepassiveτούτων οὕτως πάντων λυομένων1If your language does not use this passive form, you could state this in active form and you could state who will do the action. Alternate translation: “Since God will thus destroy all of these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4292PE311tpfgwriting-pronounsτούτων1Here, **these things** refers to the heavens, the elements, and the earth mentioned in the previous verse. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these things that I have just described” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4302PE311t8wxfigs-rquestionποταποὺς δεῖ ὑπάρχειν ὑμᾶς?1Peter is using the question form for emphasis. If your readers would misunderstand this emphasis, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. If it you translate these words as a statement, then you will need to change the question mark at the end of the next verse into a period. Alternate translation: “it is certainly necessary for you to be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4312PE311qouifigs-ellipsisἐν ἁγίαις ἀναστροφαῖς καὶ εὐσεβείαις1Peter is leaving out words that this clause would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from the context. Alternate translation: “living with holy behaviors and godly acts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
4322PE312bqnnπροσδοκῶντας καὶ σπεύδοντας1Here, **waiting for and hastening** are two things Peter wanted his readers to do while also living holy and godly lives, as stated in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “while expecting and hastening”
4332PE312b73owriting-pronounsδι’ ἣν1Here, **which** refers to “the day of God” from the previous clause. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of that day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4342PE312ko6cπυρούμενοι1This phrase indicates the means by which the heavens will be destroyed. Alternate translation: “by means of being set on fire”
4352PE312rq9gfigs-activepassiveοὐρανοὶ πυρούμενοι, λυθήσονται1If your language does not use this passive form, you could state this in active form and say who will do the action. Alternate translation: “God will destroy the heavens with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4362PE312v15iστοιχεῖα…τήκεται1the elementsHere, **elements** could refer to: (1) the basic elements that make up the natural universe. Alternate translation: “the components of nature will be destroyed” (2) the heavenly bodies, such as the sun, moon, and stars. Alternate translation: “the heavenly bodies will be destroyed” See how you translated this in [3:10](../03/10.md).
4372PE312i1ryκαυσούμενα1the elementsThis phrase indicates the means by which the heavens will be destroyed. Alternate translation: “by means of being burned up by heat”
4382PE313ptmyfigs-infostructureκαινοὺς…οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινὴν, κατὰ τὸ ἐπάγγελμα αὐτοῦ προσδοκῶμεν1Peter put the direct object of the main verb at the front of this sentence for emphasis. If your language uses a similar construction for emphasis, it would be appropriate to have it here in your translation. But if this construction would be confusing in your language, you could express this emphasis in another way and change the structure of the sentence. Alternate translation: “according to his promise, we are waiting for new heavens and a new earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
4392PE313r2y9writing-pronounsκατὰ τὸ ἐπάγγελμα αὐτοῦ1Here, the pronoun **his** could refer to: (1) God. Alternate translation: “according to Gods promise” (2) Jesus. Alternate translation: “according to Jesus promise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4402PE313evi0τὸ ἐπάγγελμα αὐτοῦ1Here, **promise** could refer to: (1) Gods promise to create a new heavens and earth, as promised in Isaiah 65:17 and Isaiah 66:22. Alternate translation: “his promise of new heavens and a new earth” (2) the promise of Jesus second coming, as in [3:4](../03/04.md). Alternate translation: “his promise of the return of Jesus”
4412PE313df3vfigs-personificationἐν οἷς δικαιοσύνη κατοικεῖ1in which righteousness dwellsHere, **righteousness** is spoken of figuratively as though it were a person who could dwell somewhere. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “in which righteousness exists” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
4422PE313r5qofigs-abstractnounsἐν οἷς δικαιοσύνη κατοικεῖ1in which righteousness dwellsIf your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **righteousness**, you could translate the idea behind it with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “in which everyone is righteous” or “in which everyone does what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4432PE314d178grammar-connect-logic-resultδιό1Peter uses **Therefore** to introduce a description of what his readers should do as a result of what he has just said. He is referring specifically to the discussion of the coming day of the Lord given in [3:1013](../03/10.md). Alternate translation: “Because of these reasons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4442PE314qjcafigs-explicitἀγαπητοί1Here, **beloved ones** refers to those whom Peter is writing to, which can be extended to all believers. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. See how you translated this in [3:1](../03/01.md). Alternate translation: “beloved fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4452PE314ndxdwriting-pronounsταῦτα1Here, **these things** refers back to the events related to the coming day of the Lord, which Peter described in [3:1013](../03/10.md). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these things that will happen on the day of the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4462PE314fj1lfigs-activepassiveσπουδάσατε ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι αὐτῷ εὑρεθῆναι1If your language does not use this passive form, you could state this in an active form. Alternate translation: “be diligent so that God will find you spotless and blameless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4472PE314s141figs-doubletἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι1spotless and blamelessThe words **spotless** and **blameless** share similar meanings. Peter is using them together for emphasis. If your readers would misunderstand this connection, you could translate them with a single expression. Alternate translation: “completely pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
4482PE314byr8writing-pronounsαὐτῷ1Here, the pronoun **him** could refer to: (1) Jesus. Alternate translation: “by Jesus” (2) God. Alternate translation: “by God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4492PE314rtygἐν εἰρήνῃ1Here, **in peace** could refer to: (1) having peace with God. Alternate translation, as in the UST: “at peace with God” (2) feeling peace in ones heart. Alternate translation: “with peace in your heart”
4502PE315g35ufigs-explicitτὴν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν μακροθυμίαν, σωτηρίαν ἡγεῖσθε1consider the patience of our Lord as salvationBecause the Lord is patient, the day of judgment has not yet happened. This gives people an opportunity to repent and be saved, as Peter explained in [3:9](../03/09.md). If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “consider the patience of our Lord as an opportunity to repent and be saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4512PE315pd30figs-abstractnounsτὴν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν μακροθυμίαν, σωτηρίαν ἡγεῖσθε1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract nouns **patience** and **salvation**, you could translate the ideas behind them with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “that our Lord is patient to save people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4522PE315vbsofigs-abstractnounsσωτηρίαν1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **salvation**, you could translate the idea behind it with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “to save people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4532PE315vo82figs-metaphorὁ ἀγαπητὸς ἡμῶν ἀδελφὸς Παῦλος1Peter is using the term **brother** figuratively to refer to Paul as a fellow believer in Jesus. Alternate translation: “our beloved fellow Christian brother Paul” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)
4542PE315nnd7figs-activepassiveκατὰ τὴν δοθεῖσαν αὐτῷ σοφίαν1according to the wisdom having been given to himIf your language does not use this passive form, you could state this in active form and you could state who did the action. Alternate translation: “according to the wisdom that God gave to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4552PE315esr7figs-abstractnounsκατὰ τὴν δοθεῖσαν αὐτῷ σοφίαν1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **wisdom**, you could translate the idea behind it with an adjective, such as “wise.” Alternate translation: “according to the wise words having been given to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4562PE316zzkofigs-explicitἐν πάσαις ταῖς ἐπιστολαῖς1Here, the context suggests that Paul is the author of **the letters**. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in all Pauls letters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4572PE316wil1writing-pronounsλαλῶν ἐν αὐταῖς περὶ τούτων1Here, **these things** could refer to: (1) the events related to the day of the Lord discussed in [3:1013](../03/10.md) and called “these things” in [3:14](../03/14.md). Alternate translation: “these things that will happen on the day of the Lord” (2) the need to live godly lives and consider that Gods patience is for saving people, as discussed in [3:1415](../03/14.md). Alternate translation: “these things I have just said about living blamelessly and about Gods patience” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4582PE316z4cjwriting-pronounsἃ οἱ ἀμαθεῖς καὶ ἀστήρικτοι στρεβλοῦσιν1Here, **which** refers to the things in Pauls letters that are difficult to understand. If your readers would misunderstand this phrase, you could express this explicitly and start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “The ignorant and unstable ones distort these difficult things found in Pauls letters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4592PE316weh2figs-metaphorἃ οἱ ἀμαθεῖς καὶ ἀστήρικτοι στρεβλοῦσιν1Here, **distort** is used figuratively to describe changing the meaning of a statement in order to give a false meaning like twisting something so that it changes shape. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could express this in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “which the ignorant and unstable ones interpret falsely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4602PE316sg60figs-explicitὡς καὶ τὰς λοιπὰς Γραφὰς1Here, **the other scriptures** refers to both the entire Old Testament and the New Testament texts that had been written by the time Peter wrote this letter. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “as also the other authoritative scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4612PE316sh4jgrammar-connect-logic-resultπρὸς τὴν ἰδίαν αὐτῶν ἀπώλειαν1to their own destructionHere, **to** indicates that this clause provides the result of the “ignorant and unstable ones” falsely interpreting the scriptures. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “resulting in their own destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4622PE316wrqufigs-abstractnounsπρὸς τὴν ἰδίαν αὐτῶν ἀπώλειαν1to their own destructionIf your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **destruction**, you could express the idea behind it with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “so that they will be destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4632PE317kn3dgrammar-connect-logic-resultοὖν1Connecting Statement:Here, Peter uses **therefore** to introduce a description of what his readers should do as a result of what he has said, which could be: (1) the destruction of those who falsely interpret the scriptures mentioned in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Because those who falsely interpret the Scriptures will be destroyed” (2) the previous content of the entire letter, especially the sure destruction of the false teachers. Alternate translation: “Because of all these things I have told you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4642PE317wk5vfigs-explicitἀγαπητοί1Here, **beloved ones** refers to those whom Peter is writing to, which can be extended to all believers. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. See how you translated this in [3:1](../03/01.md) and [3:14](../03/14.md). Alternate translation: “beloved fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4652PE317bq8ogrammar-connect-logic-resultπρογινώσκοντες1Connecting Statement:Here, Peter is giving the reason why his readers should heed his command in the next phrase. Alternate translation: “since you know beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4662PE317w3spfigs-metaphorἵνα μὴ…ἐκπέσητε τοῦ ἰδίου στηριγμοῦ1you might not lose your own steadfastnessHere, Peter speaks figuratively of **steadfastness** as if it were a possession that believers could **lose**. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could express it in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “so that you might not stop being steadfast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4672PE317v5cbfigs-abstractnounsἵνα μὴ…ἐκπέσητε τοῦ ἰδίου στηριγμοῦ1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **steadfastness**, you could express the idea behind it with the adjective “steadfast.” Alternate translation: “so that you might not lose your own steadfast faith” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns)
4682PE317um49grammar-connect-logic-resultτῇ τῶν ἀθέσμων πλάνῃ συναπαχθέντες1This clause indicates the reason why people might lose their own steadfastness. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could express this explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of being led astray by the error of the lawless ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4692PE317xjhtfigs-activepassiveτῇ τῶν ἀθέσμων πλάνῃ συναπαχθέντες1If your language does not use this passive form, you could state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the error of the lawless ones having led you astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4702PE317h2ikfigs-metaphorτῇ τῶν ἀθέσμων πλάνῃ συναπαχθέντες1Here, Peter uses **led astray** figuratively to describe people being deceived into living wickedly by false teachers as if they had been led away from the straight path. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could translate this in a non-figurative manner. Alternate translation: “having been deceived into living wickedly by the error of the lawless ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4712PE317px85τῇ τῶν ἀθέσμων πλάνῃ1This phrase indicates the means by which one might be led astray. Alternate translation: “by means of the error of the lawless ones”
4722PE318ccm3figs-metaphorαὐξάνετε…ἐν χάριτι, καὶ γνώσει τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ Σωτῆρος, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1grow in grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus ChristHere, **grow** is used figuratively to express experiencing or having something in increasing amounts. If your readers would misunderstand this metaphor, you could express this in a non-figurative manner. Alternate translation: “have more and more of the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4732PE318zjqaἐν χάριτι, καὶ γνώσει1Here, **in** means “with reference to.” Alternate translation: “with reference to the grace and knowledge”
4742PE318lk3cfigs-abstractnounsχάριτι1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **grace**, you could translate it with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “kind acts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4752PE318qlbcfigs-abstractnounsγνώσει1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **knowledge**, you could translate it with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “what you know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4762PE318z13ofigs-possessionτοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ Σωτῆρος1Here, **our Lord** means “the person who is lord over us” or “the person who rules over us.” The conjunction and indicates that our also applies to **Savior**, meaning “the person who saves us.” If you include both of these phrases in your translation, then you will also need to put a comma at the end of the second phrase. Alternate translation: “of the person who rules over us and saves us,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
4772PE318bpnrfigs-abstractnounsαὐτῷ ἡ δόξα1If your readers would misunderstand the abstract noun **glory**, you could translate it with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “May everyone glorify him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
4782PE318u1g9figs-idiomεἰς ἡμέραν αἰῶνος1Here, **to the day of the age** is an idiom that means “forever.” If your readers would misunderstand this idiom, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “to eternity” or “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])