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Merge Jane's edits to Philippians (#2292) 

Co-authored-by: justplainjane47 <justplainjane47@noreply.door43.org>
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/2292
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Larry Sallee 2022-03-04 13:48:09 +00:00
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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ PHP 1 7 sowf figs-idiom τὸ ἔχειν με ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμ
PHP 1 7 jn2s συνκοινωνούς μου τῆς χάριτος…ὄντας 1 being partakers with me of grace Alternate translation: “sharing in grace with me”
PHP 1 7 df00 figs-abstractnouns χάριτος 1 Here, **grace** refers to the way that God kindly gives us good things that we do not deserve. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **grace** with a verb or adjective. In this context, Paul considers both his imprisonment and his ministry of defending and confirming the gospel to be gifts from God. Alternate translation: “of God's gracious gift” or “in experiencing how kind God is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 7 o7ef figs-metonymy δεσμοῖς μου 1 Paul refers to his imprisonment in Rome by using the phrase **my chains**. Paul was chained to a guard and the Philippian Christians would have understood that Paul was referring to his imprisonment when he used the phrase **my chains** because of the close association between **chains** and being in prison. If this association is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or use plain language. Alternate translation: “my imprisonment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 1 7 wey7 figs-doublet καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀπολογίᾳ καὶ βεβαιώσει τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 At the time that Paul wrote this letter, the words translated **defense** and **confirmation** could be used to refer to defending and confirming in a court of law the truth of something against which a charge was made. These two words mean very similar things. The repetition is used to emphasize that this is hard work. If your language has one word for these ideas, use that here, and add emphasis another way. If there is a word or phrase that could be used with this legal sense but could also be used in the context of defending the gospel, consider using it here. Alternate translation: “and as I contend for the truth of the gospel” or “and as I labor to show people that the gospel is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 1 7 wey7 figs-doublet καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀπολογίᾳ καὶ βεβαιώσει τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 At the time that Paul wrote this letter, the words translated **defense** and **confirmation** could be used to refer to defending and confirming in a court of law the truth of something against which a charge was made. These two words mean very similar things. The repetition is used to emphasize that this is hard work. If your language has one word for these ideas, use that here and add emphasis another way. If there is a word or phrase that could be used with this legal sense but could also be used in the context of defending the gospel, consider using it here. Alternate translation: “and as I contend for the truth of the gospel” or “and as I labor to show people that the gospel is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
PHP 1 8 xun1 figs-idiom ἐν σπλάγχνοις Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 in the bowels of Christ Jesus The Greek word translated as **inner parts** is a term which refers to body organs, particularly to the intestines, liver, lungs, and heart. Paul is using **inner parts** figuratively to refer to love or affection. You can use the body part that represents the seat of affection in your language, or translate the plain meaning. Alternate translation: “with the heart of Christ Jesus” or “with the affection of Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 1 8 bo0r ἐν σπλάγχνοις Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ 1 in the bowels of Christ Jesus Here, **the inner parts of Christ Jesus** could mean: (1) the same kind of love as Christ Jesus gives to people. (2) love that originates with Christ Jesus. Alternate translation: “with love that comes from Christ Jesus”
PHP 1 9 w910 figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἐπιγνώσει καὶ πάσῃ αἰσθήσει 1 The word **knowledge** is an abstract noun. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** with a verb such as “see”. Alternate translation: “and that God will enable you to see the truth about Him and teach you to love wisely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ PHP 1 12 q288 figs-metaphor μᾶλλον εἰς προκοπὴν τοῦ ε
PHP 1 13 wi6n grammar-connect-logic-result ὥστε 1 my chains in Christ became apparent among the whole palace guard and all the others Here, the phrase **As a result** shows that what follows this phrase is the result of Paul’s circumstances which he began discussing in verse 12, namely, his imprisonment. Consider using a connecting word or phrase that will clearly show that what follows it is the result of Paul’s imprisonment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PHP 1 13 h1ly figs-metonymy δεσμούς μου 1 my chains in Christ became apparent Paul again refers to his imprisonment in a figurative way by using the phrase **my chains**. See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 1 13 f8az figs-explicit τοὺς δεσμούς μου…ἐν Χριστῷ 1 my chains in Christ Here, the phrase **my chains in Christ** means that Paul is imprisoned because of his work for the cause of Christ. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “my chains for the sake of Christ” or “my chains because I teach people about Christ” or “my chains for the cause of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 13 dm1m figs-metonymy πραιτωρίῳ 1 the whole palace guard The word **praetorium** refers to the place where a special group of soldiers stayed that protected the Roman emperor and his representatives. Here, Paul uses the name of the place to refer to the soldiers that stayed there. Consider translating this phrase in a way that is easily understood in your language. Alternate translation: “palace guard” or “company of palace soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 1 13 dm1m figs-metonymy πραιτωρίῳ 1 the whole palace guard The word **praetorium** refers to the lodging place of a special group of soldiers who protected the Roman emperor and his representatives. Here Paul uses the name of the place to refer to the soldiers that stayed there. Consider translating this phrase in a way that is easily understood in your language. Alternate translation: “palace guard” or “company of palace soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 1 14 a1kh ἀδελφῶν 1 See how you translated **brothers** in the previous verse [1:12](../01/12.md).
PHP 1 14 eurs figs-metaphor ἀδελφῶν 1 Paul is using the term **brothers** figuratively here to refer to anyone who is a fellow believer in Jesus. If this is not clear in your language, you can express this plainly. Alternative translation, “my companions who believe in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 1 14 sz29 figs-metaphor ἐν Κυρίῳ πεποιθότας τοῖς δεσμοῖς μου 1 The phrase **encouraged in the Lord** means that the Philippian Christians had grown in their trust of the Lord because of Paul’s imprisonment. Alternate translation: “trust the Lord more because of my chains” or “have received more courage from the Lord as a result of my imprisonment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ PHP 1 15 sa9n 0 Some indeed even proclaim Christ Beginning in this verse, and
PHP 1 15 vw1s τινὲς μὲν καὶ…τὸν Χριστὸν κηρύσσουσιν 1 Some indeed even proclaim Christ Alternate translation: “Some people are preaching the good news about Jesus”
PHP 1 15 z9y9 figs-abstractnouns διὰ φθόνον καὶ ἔριν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **envy** and **strife** by using them in a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because they are envious and seek their own evil purposes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 15 yh1c figs-abstractnouns εὐδοκίαν 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **goodwill** by using it in a verbal phrase. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 16 w0b8 figs-explicit ἐξ ἀγάπης 1 Here, the object of the word **love** is not specified. You can leave the object of **love** unspecified or, if it is needed in your language, you may specify the object of **love**. Here, the word **love** could refer to: (1) love for Paul. (2) love for Christ. Alternate translation: “The ones who proclaim the good news because they love Christ” (3) love for multiple objects, such as Paul and Christ and those who have not yet heard or believed in the gospel. Alternate translation: “The ones who proclaim the good news because of their love for me, and Jesus, and those who do not believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 16 w0b8 figs-explicit ἐξ ἀγάπης 1 Here the object of the word **love** is not specified. You can leave the object of **love** unspecified or, if it is needed in your language, you may specify the object of **love**. Here, the word **love** could refer to: (1) love for Paul. (2) love for Christ. Alternate translation: “The ones who proclaim the good news because they love Christ” (3) love for multiple objects, such as Paul and Christ and those who have not yet heard or believed in the gospel. Alternate translation: “The ones who proclaim the good news because of their love for me, and Jesus, and those who do not believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 16 ttr2 figs-activepassive εἰς ἀπολογίαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου κεῖμαι 1 I am appointed for the defense of the gospel If it would be more natural in your language, you could state the phrase **I am appointed for the defense of the gospel** in active form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 1 16 st7k figs-metaphor εἰς ἀπολογίαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου 1 for the defense of the gospel Paul is speaking of the gospel as though it were a place or person that could be attacked. If this is confusing in your language, you can use plain language. See how you translated “defense and confirmation of the gospel” in [1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “to prove that the message about Jesus is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 1 16 ia9l figs-explicit εἰς ἀπολογίαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου κεῖμαι 1 The phrase **I am appointed** could refer to: (1) God appointing Paul’s current situation of being in prison. Alternate translation: “I am appointed to be here for the defense of the gospel” (2) God appointing Paul to the ministry of defending the gospel. Alternate translation: “God has appointed me to the ministry of publicly defending the truth of the good news” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ PHP 1 20 ysty figs-doublenegatives ἐν οὐδενὶ αἰσχυνθήσομ
PHP 1 20 ch6v figs-abstractnouns ἐν πάσῃ παρρησίᾳ 1 whether through life or through death If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **boldness** with a similar adverb. Alternate translation: “always act boldly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 20 y78k figs-abstractnouns εἴτε διὰ ζωῆς εἴτε διὰ θανάτου 1 whether through life or through death If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **life** and **death** with their verbal forms. Alternate translation: “whether I live or I die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 21 n3jd figs-abstractnouns κέρδος 1 to die is gain The word **gain** is an abstract noun. If this would be unclear in your language, you may express the meaning behind this word by using a verb phrase. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 22 a21c figs-synecdoche ἐν σαρκί 1 Now if to live in the flesh Here, Paul is using the word **flesh** figuratively to refer to his entire body. The phrase **in the flesh** then refers to living as physical beings. If this would be confusing in your language, consider using a different word or phrase that refers to this present physical life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PHP 1 22 a21c figs-synecdoche ἐν σαρκί 1 Now if to live in the flesh Here Paul is using the word **flesh** figuratively to refer to his entire body. The phrase **in the flesh** then refers to living as physical beings. If this would be confusing in your language, consider using a different word or phrase that refers to this present physical life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PHP 1 22 mwl6 figs-metaphor τοῦτό μοι καρπὸς ἔργου 1 this is fruitful labor for me Here, the word **fruitful** refers to Paul’s work producing good results. This is a metaphor in which Paul’s anticipated productive work is compared to a plant or tree which produces good fruit. Alternate translation: “this will mean effectively serving God” or “this will mean productively working for the advancement of the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 1 22 kxuu figs-abstractnouns ἔργου 1 The word **labor** is an abstract noun. If this would be unclear in your language, you may express the meaning behind this word by using a verb phrase. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 1 23 tq29 figs-metaphor συνέχομαι δὲ ἐκ τῶν δύο 1 But I am hard pressed between the two The phrase **hard pressed** is a metaphor. Paul speaks as if he were experiencing literal pressure from two opposite sides at the same time. Paul uses this figurative expression to show his difficulty in deciding which decision is best, if given the option between living or dying. If this would be confusing in your language, you could translate this phrase using a metaphor that would make sense in your language, or you could choose to use plain language to express it. Alternate translation: “Both options have their advantages, so the decision is not an easy one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ PHP 1 23 hhjr figs-euphemism ἀναλῦσαι 1 Here Paul is referring to his
PHP 1 24 etly figs-synecdoche τὸ δὲ ἐπιμένειν ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ 1 The phrase **but remain in the flesh** means to remain alive in one’s body on earth. See how you translated **flesh** in [1:22](../01/22.md). If this would be unclear in your language, consider stating this plainly. Alternate translation: “but to remain in the body” or “but to remain on this earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PHP 1 24 k2j7 figs-ellipsis ἀναγκαιότερον 1 In the phrase **is more necessary** Paul leaves out the implied words “than departing” because he knows that his readers will understand them from the context. If this would be unclear in your language, consider supplying these omitted words in your translation. Alternative translation: “is more necessary than departing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 1 24 hnl7 ὑμᾶς 1 See how you translated the word **your** in [1:5](../01/05.md).
PHP 1 25 bu8d figs-explicit καὶ τοῦτο πεποιθὼς 1 having been persuaded of this The word **this** refers back to [1:24](../01/24.md) where Paul said that he believed it was more necessary that he remain alive on earth so that he could continue helping the Philippian Christians mature in their faith. If this would be unclear in your language, consider further explaining the word **this** in your translation. Alternate translation: “And being sure that it is better for you that I remain” or “And having been convinced that I should remain here, on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 25 bu8d figs-explicit καὶ τοῦτο πεποιθὼς 1 having been persuaded of this The word **this** refers back to [1:24](../01/24.md) where Paul said that he believed it was more necessary that he remain alive on earth so that he could continue helping the Philippian Christians mature in their faith. If this would be unclear in your language, consider further explaining the word **this** in your translation. Alternate translation: “And being sure that it is better for you that I remain” or “And having been convinced that I should remain here on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 1 25 xwl1 figs-activepassive τοῦτο πεποιθὼς 1 I know that I will remain If it would be more natural in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “because I am sure of this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 1 25 kmp4 figs-ellipsis μενῶ 1 I know that I will remain Here, the word **remain** refers to remaining alive on earth in one’s body in contrast to dying and leaving the earth to be with Christ. See how you translated the word **remain** in [1:24](../01/24.md) and make the meaning the same here. Alternate translation: “I will continue living on this earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 1 25 hzmd figs-doublet μενῶ καὶ παραμενῶ 1 I know that I will remain These two words mean very similar things. The first is more general and the second is more specific about remaining with someone. If your language has one word for both of these meanings, you could use that here. Alternate translation: “I will continue with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ PHP 2 1 xye5 figs-abstractnouns εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χρι
PHP 2 1 n82s εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Connecting Statement: In the original language in which Paul wrote this letter, the word **encouragement** could mean **encouragement** or it could mean “exhortation”, depending on the context it was used in. Here, the word encouragement could refer to: (1) “encouragement” (2) “exhortation” Alternate translation: “if there is any exhortation in Christ” (3) both the idea of “encouragement” and “exhortation” at the same time. Alternate translation: “if there is any encouragement and exhortation in Christ”
PHP 2 1 dapb figs-explicit εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ 1 Connecting Statement: Here, the phrase, **encouragement in Christ** probably means the encouragement that Christ gives to believers because they are in union with him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of the encouragement which comes from Christ” or “if Christ encourages you” or “because you are encouraged by being in Christ” or “since you are encouraged because of your union with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 1 k1b2 figs-explicit εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης 1 if any comfort of love Here, **love** probably refers to Christ’s love for the Philippians. Alternate translation: “if his love has given you any comfort” or “if his love for you has comforted you in any way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 1 del5 figs-ellipsis εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης, εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος, εἴ τις σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί 1 In the three occurrences of the phrase **if any** in this verse, the missing words, “there is,” are implied and can be supplied in your translation if omitting them cause confusion. Alternate translation: “if there is any comfort from love, if there is any fellowship of the Spirit, if there are any affections and compassions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 2 1 del5 figs-ellipsis εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης, εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος, εἴ τις σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί 1 In the three occurrences of the phrase **if any** in this verse, the missing words, “there is,” are implied and can be supplied in your translation if omitting them would cause confusion. Alternate translation: “if there is any comfort from love, if there is any fellowship of the Spirit, if there are any affections and compassions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 2 1 d63e figs-abstractnouns εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **comfort** and **love** by using verbal forms of these words and/or using them in a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “if Christ’s love for you has comforted you” or “if being loved by Christ has comforted you” or “if Christ’s love comforts you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 1 ub8e figs-explicit εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης 1 The phrase **comfort of love** refers to the comfort which the Philippian believers received from Christ’s love. If it would be clearer in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “if you have received any comfort from Christ’s love” or “if Christ’s love comforts you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 1 m84k εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος 1 if any fellowship of the Spirit The phrase **fellowship of the Spirit** could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit giving the Philippian Christians fellowship with each other. Alternate translation: “if the Spirit has produced any fellowship among you” or “if the Spirit has given you fellowship with each other” (2) the Philippian Christians' fellowship with the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “if you have fellowship with the Spirit” (3) both the Holy Spirit giving the Philippian Christians fellowship with each other and to their having fellowship with the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “if you have any fellowship with the Spirit and the Spirit has produced in you any fellowship with each other”
@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ PHP 2 6 els2 ἁρπαγμὸν 1 did not consider being equal with God somethi
PHP 2 7 x5rt grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 The word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the preceding clause in [2:6](../02/06.md) and what is expressed about Jesus in this verse and the next two verses. The contrast is made between the option of hanging onto divine rights and privileges and Jesus choice to surrender them. Choose the best form in your language to show the contrast that **Instead** expresses here. Alternate translation: “On the contrary” or “Rather” or “But instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
PHP 2 7 kvjd writing-pronouns ἀλλὰ ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Jesus. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider the best way to express the meaning of **he** to show that it refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “Instead, Jesus emptied himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 7 c64i figs-rpronouns ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 Here, the reflexive pronoun **himself** refers to Jesus and is used to emphasize the fact that Jesus freely and intentionally chose to empty himself of divine rights and privileges. Consider the best way to express the emphatic element of this pronoun<br>in your language. Alternate translation: “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
PHP 2 7 yu25 figs-metaphor ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 he emptied himself Here, Paul saying that Christ **emptied himself** is figurative, and not literal. By using this phrase, Paul is vividly expressing that Christ chose to give up many of his divine rights and privileges when he became human. The phrase **emptied himself** is a figurative way of saying that Jesus chose to give up divine privileges and honors. Paul expresses this in a metaphorical way in order to more vividly make his point. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “he gave up divine rights and privileges” or “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 7 yu25 figs-metaphor ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν 1 he emptied himself Here, Paul saying that Christ **emptied himself** is figurative and not literal. By using this phrase, Paul is vividly expressing that Christ chose to give up many of his divine rights and privileges when he became human. The phrase **emptied himself** is a figurative way of saying that Jesus chose to give up divine privileges and honors. Paul expresses this in a metaphorical way in order to more vividly make his point. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “he gave up divine rights and privileges” or “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 2 7 r5dn μορφὴν δούλου λαβών 1 The phrase, **having taken the form of a servant**, means that Jesus acted as a servant while on earth. It does not mean that Jesus simply appeared to be a servant. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, consider using an equivalent expression from your language, or state this in plain language. Alternative translation, “and acted as a servant”
PHP 2 7 qetl ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος 1 The phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** means that Jesus became a human being. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be human. Rather, it means that Jesus, who always existed as God, chose to take on a human body and appear on earth in human form. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider saying this in plain language. Alternate translation: “having become a human being”
PHP 2 7 tc8n figs-gendernotations ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων 1 in the likeness of men Here, the word **men** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. The word **men** is plural in form to emphasize the idea that Jesus resembled humanity in general. Consider the best way in your language to express this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity. Alternate translation: “in the likeness of human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
@ -171,10 +171,10 @@ PHP 2 9 f3ek grammar-connect-logic-result διὸ 1 The word **Therefore** intr
PHP 2 9 wmvd αὐτὸν ὑπερύψωσεν 1 Alternate translation: “greatly honored him”
PHP 2 9 mvb7 figs-metonymy τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα 1 the name that is above every name Here, **name** is a metonym that refers to the status or position associated with someone's name. Alternate translation: “the position that is above every other position” or “the position that was higher than any other position” or “the rank that is above every other rank” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 10 b3ai grammar-connect-logic-result ἵνα 1 The phrase **so that** connects this verse with the preceding verse, [2:9](../02/09.md) and shows that this verse and the next verse are the result of [2:9](../02/09.md). Use the most natural form in your language to show this connection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
PHP 2 10 tk45 figs-idiom ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, every knee bending is an idiomatic way of saying that Jesus will be worshiped and honored. If this would be clear in your language, consider using this expression, but if it would be misunderstood in your language, consider using an equivalent expression to communicate the idea of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 2 10 tk45 figs-idiom ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, **every knee** bending is an idiomatic way of saying that Jesus will be worshiped and honored by all. If this would be clear in your language, consider using this expression, but if it would be misunderstood in your language, consider using an equivalent expression to communicate the idea of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 2 10 xz1u figs-metonymy ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ, πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ 1 at the name of Jesus every knee would bend Here, **name** is a metonym for the person, telling who it is they will worship. Alternate translation: “before the person of Jesus” or “every person and being will worship Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 10 xn7a ἐπουρανίων καὶ ἐπιγείων καὶ καταχθονίων 1 The phrase **in heaven and on earth and under the earth** literally means “of heavenly things and of earthly things and of things under the earth” or “of heavenly beings and of earthly beings and of beings under the earth”. This phrase refers to all beings, including human beings and angels. This phrase emphasizes that all beings everywhere will bow in reverence to Jesus. Consider the best way to express this in your language. Alternate translation: “every being in heaven, and on earth, and under the earth”
PHP 2 11 xy4f figs-metonymy πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσηται 1 every tongue Here, Paul uses the word **tongue** figuratively to represent the mouth and what comes out of the mouth. Paul is figuratively describing what is said by associating it with the the tongue. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “every mouth will declare” or “every being will say” or “everyone will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 11 xy4f figs-metonymy πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσηται 1 every tongue Here Paul uses the word **tongue** figuratively to represent the mouth and what comes out of the mouth. Paul is figuratively describing what is said by associating it with the the tongue. If this is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “every mouth will declare” or “every being will say” or “everyone will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 2 11 mr2i grammar-connect-logic-goal εἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ Πατρὸς 1 to the glory of God the Father Here the word **to** expresses result. Alternate translation: “with the result that God the Father will be honored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
PHP 2 11 equs figs-abstractnouns εἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ Πατρὸς 1 to the glory of God the Father If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **glory** by using a verbal form of this word or by some other way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 12 jnp3 grammar-connect-words-phrases ὥστε 1 Connecting Statement: The phrase **So then** shows that [2:5-11](../02/05.md) is logically connected to [2:12-18](../02/12.md) and it introduces this section [2:12-18](../02/12.md), in which Paul gives practical directions regarding how the Philippian Christians should apply what Paul wrote about in [2:5-11](../02/05.md). The phrase **So then** shows that what follows it is the desired result of what preceded it in [2:5-11](../02/05.md). Use the most natural form in your language to show this relationship. Alternate translation: “Therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ PHP 2 18 bicj figs-explicit τὸ…αὐτὸ 1 The phrase **in the same manne
PHP 2 18 dr9c figs-yousingular καὶ ὑμεῖς χαίρετε καὶ συνχαίρετέ μοι 1 Connecting Statement: The phrases **you also rejoice** and **rejoice with me** are both commands or instructions given to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I urge each of you to rejoice, and also to rejoice with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 2 19 gml9 figs-abstractnouns ἐλπίζω δὲ ἐν Κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ 1 Now I hope in the Lord Jesus If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **hope** with a verb form such as “hoping.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 19 pq9g translate-names Τιμόθεον 1 **Timothy** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PHP 2 19 uvzh figs-ellipsis κἀγὼ εὐψυχῶ 1 Here, the word **also** indicates that there is an ellipsis in the words that follow it. The word **also** expresses and implies that if Paul was able to send Timothy to the Philippian Christians, then they would be encouraged by news of Paul also. If this would be unclear in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, as well as you, might be encouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 2 19 uvzh figs-ellipsis κἀγὼ εὐψυχῶ 1 Here, the word **also** indicates that there is an ellipsis in the words that follow it. The word **also** expresses and implies that if Paul were able to send Timothy to the Philippian Christians, then they would be encouraged by news of Paul also. If this would be unclear in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, as well as you, might be encouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 2 20 d9mw οὐδένα γὰρ ἔχω ἰσόψυχον 1 For I have no one like-minded Alternate translation: “For I have no one else who loves you like I do"
PHP 2 21 b922 figs-explicit οἱ πάντες γὰρ τὰ ἑαυτῶν ζητοῦσιν, οὐ τὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 For they all Here the words **they** and **their** refer to a group of people Paul does not think he can trust to help the believers in Philippi. If this would be misunderstood in your language, consider stating that explicitly. Alternate translation: “All the other people I might send to you seek what they want and not the things Jesus Christ wants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 22 gm8i figs-simile ὡς πατρὶ τέκνον, σὺν ἐμοὶ ἐδούλευσεν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον 1 as a child with his father, he served with me The point of this comparison is that children learn from their fathers and try to follow and imitate them as they work alongside them. Paul was not Timothy’s biological father, but he uses this simile to illustrate how Timothy worked alongside him and learned from him as, together, they advanced the gospel. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “he learned from me and imitated me as he served with me in the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ PHP 2 27 n0zd figs-abstractnouns ἀλλὰ ὁ Θεὸς ἠλέησεν αὐ
PHP 2 27 ioqq figs-explicit λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην 1 If the expression **sorrow upon sorrow** would be misunderstood in your language, consider using an equivalent expression, or state the meaning of this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “sorrow added to sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 27 dzgz λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην 1 The expression **sorrow upon sorrow** could mean: (1) adding the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death to the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ sickness. Alternate translation: “the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death added to the sorrow of his sickness” (2) adding the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death to the sorrow of Paul’s imprisonment. Alternate translation: “the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death added to the sorrow of my imprisonment”
PHP 2 28 kt1d writing-pronouns σπουδαιοτέρως οὖν ἔπεμψα αὐτὸν, ἵνα ἰδόντες αὐτὸν πάλιν, χαρῆτε κἀγὼ ἀλυπότερος ὦ 1 Here, both occurrences of the pronoun **him** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be misunderstood in your language, consider clarifying who **him** is referring to in a way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I sent Epaphroditus all the more eagerly, so that, having seen him again, you might rejoice, and I might be free from pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 2 28 y5gc figs-abstractnouns κἀγὼ ἀλυπότερος ὦ 1 and I might be free from pain Here, when Paul refers to **pain** he is referring to emotional pain. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **pain**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **pain** with an adjective such as “anxious” or “concerned” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “and I might be less anxious” or “and I might be less concerned about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 28 y5gc figs-abstractnouns κἀγὼ ἀλυπότερος ὦ 1 and I might be free from pain Here when Paul refers to **pain**, he is referring to emotional pain. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **pain**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **pain** with an adjective such as “anxious” or “concerned” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “and I might be less anxious” or “and I might be less concerned about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 29 y95x figs-yousingular προσδέχεσθε…αὐτὸν 1 Therefore welcome him The word **welcome** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to welcome him” or “each of you welcome him” or “all of you welcome him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 2 29 qx14 figs-abstractnouns ἐν Κυρίῳ μετὰ πάσης χαρᾶς 1 in the Lord with all joy If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **joy** with an adverb such as “joyfully,” as the UST does, or you can use a verbal form of this word such as “rejoicing.” Alternate translation: “Therefore, welcome him in the Lord with rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 29 l59w figs-yousingular ἐντίμους ἔχετε 1 The phrase **hold in honor** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to hold in honor” or “each of you honor” or “all of you honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ PHP 2 30 nhja figs-abstractnouns διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ 1 he
PHP 2 30 ffly figs-abstractnouns μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν 1 he came near even to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with an adjective such as “dying” or with a verbal form such as **died**, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “he was close to dying” or “he came close to dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 30 kjti figs-abstractnouns παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ 1 he came near even to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **life**, you could express the idea behind the phrase **risking his life** in some other way. Alternate translation: “He ran the risk of dying” or “He risked dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 30 x4rl figs-abstractnouns ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he came near even to death If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **service**, you could express the idea behind the word **service** by using a verb form such as “serve.” Alternate translation: “so that he might make up for your not being able to serve me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 2 30 g98z figs-explicit ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he might make up your lack of service to me The **lack of service** Paul speaks of here, is the inability of the Philippian believers to be present with him in prison. By sending Epaphroditus to Paul, the Philippian believers ministered to Paul’s needs through Epaphroditus, and so Epaphroditus supplied what they could not. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “so that he might supply what you could not give me” or “so that he might make up for what you could not give” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 2 30 g98z figs-explicit ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας 1 he might make up your lack of service to me The **lack of service** Paul speaks of here is the inability of the Philippian believers to be present with him in prison. By sending Epaphroditus to Paul, the Philippian believers ministered to Paul’s needs through Epaphroditus, and so Epaphroditus supplied what they could not. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “so that he might supply what you could not give me” or “so that he might make up for what you could not give” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 intro btx3 0 # Philippians 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In verses 4-8, Paul lists the ways he qualifies for being considered a righteous Jew. In every way, Paul was an exemplary Jew, but he contrasts this with the greatness of knowing Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Dogs<br><br>The people of the ancient Near East used dogs as an image to refer to people in a negative way. Not all cultures use the term “dogs” in this way.<br><br>### Resurrected bodies<br><br>We know very little about what people will be like in heaven. Paul teaches here that Christians will have some kind of glorious body and will be free from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Prize<br><br>Paul uses an extended illustration to describe the Christian life. The goal of the Christian life is to grow to be like Christ while we live on earth. We can never achieve this goal perfectly, but we must strive for it.
PHP 3 1 zu9l figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers Paul is using the term **brothers** figuratively here to refer to anyone who is a fellow believer in Jesus. If this is not clear in your language, you can express this plainly. See how you translated this word in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
PHP 3 1 ymm2 figs-yousingular χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ 1 rejoice in the Lord The word **rejoice** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to rejoice in the Lord” or “each of you rejoice in the Lord” or “all of you rejoice in the Lord” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular)
@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ PHP 3 2 yeax translate-unknown τοὺς κύνας 1 the dogs Paul speaks of th
PHP 3 2 n44a figs-explicit κακοὺς ἐργάτας 1 Here, the phrase **evil workers** refers to Jewish teachers who were teaching things that were contrary to the gospel. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you can state this using plain language. Alternate translation: "false teachers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 2 vc2u translate-unknown τὴν κατατομήν 1 The word **mutilation** is a sarcastic way of referring to circumcision, and the phrase **the mutilation** is a sarcastic way of referring to the people who taught that circumcision was necessary in order to be in right standing with God. By using the term **mutilation**, Paul is showing the Philippian believers that those who trust in circumcision, and not solely in Christ, mistakenly think that they can earn God’s favor by cutting their bodies. Consider the term that would best communicate this idea in your language, or you can state this using plain language. Alternate translation: “those who cut themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PHP 3 2 x8r2 figs-metonymy τὴν κατατομήν 1 the mutilation Here, **the mutilation** refers to the Jewish teachers, all circumcised, who were corrupting the gospel by teaching that it was necessary to be circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 3 3 y8yt figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς γάρ ἐσμεν 1 For we are Here, Paul uses **we** to refer to himself and the Philippian believers and anyone else who believes in Christ, so **we** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PHP 3 3 y8yt figs-exclusive ἡμεῖς γάρ ἐσμεν 1 For we are Here Paul uses **we** to refer to himself and the Philippian believers and anyone else who believes in Christ, so **we** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PHP 3 3 xt5r figs-metonymy ἡ περιτομή 1 the circumcision Here the term **the circumcision** is used metonymously to refer to all true Christians. Here Paul is using this term in contrast to its normal usage in the Bible. Normally, the term **the circumcision** was used to refer to Jewish males, since all Jewish males were circumcised at this time. Paul intentionally uses this term in a way that would have been surprising to his readers. Paul uses this term with a spiritual sense to refer to all Christians, both Jews and non-Jews. Paul uses the term **the circumcision** here to refer to the inward, spiritual circumcision that the Holy Spirit performs in the hearts of all true Christians. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could state this using plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 3 3 wn2n οἱ Πνεύματι Θεοῦ λατρεύοντες 1 Alternate translation: “the ones who are empowered by God’s Spirit to worship him” or “the ones who are enabled to worship God by his Spirit” or “the ones who worship God through his Spirit”
PHP 3 3 k8ph figs-ellipsis οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες 1 having no confidence in the flesh Here, the phrase **confidence in the flesh** is leaving out some implied words that would need to be supplied in some languages in order to make this idea complete. Paul is leaving out the words “works of the” in this phrase, and his full meaning is "having no confidence in the works of the flesh." If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could supply the words which are implied from the context. Alternate translation: “having no confidence in the works of the flesh” or “not trusting that circumcision will please God” or “not trusting that circumcision will earn God’s favor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ PHP 3 8 cv55 διὰ τὸ ὑπερέχον τῆς γνώσεως Χριστ
PHP 3 8 g1hy figs-explicit γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου μου 1 Here, the word **knowledge** does not refer to simply being mentally aware of something or someone, but rather, it refers to having a deep, intimate, personal knowledge or experience of someone or something. Here, it refers to having an intimate and personal knowledge or experience of Christ. Consider the best way to express this meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “intimately knowing Christ Jesus my Lord” or “deeply knowing and experiencing Christ Jesus my Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 8 dh2d figs-abstractnouns δι’ ὃν τὰ πάντα ἐζημιώθην 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **loss** earlier in this verse and in [3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: “for whom I have willingly lost all things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 8 cez0 ἡγοῦμαι 2 See how you translated the word **consider** earlier in this verse and in [3:7](../03/07.md).
PHP 3 8 ovd9 translate-unknown σκύβαλα 1 During Paul’s time this word was used to refer to excrement and that which was considered worthless and worthy of being thrown out. In the original language in which Paul wrote this letter, the term **dung** was a crude term that referred to things that were discarded as garbage including dung, and the specific meaning was determined by context. Here, this word could be referring to: (1) excrement, since in the preceding verses Paul has been discussing what comes from the flesh. Alternate translation: “excrement” or “crap” (2) garbage, since Paul is discussing what he now considers worth throwing away in order to gain and know Christ. Alternate translation: “garbage” or “refuse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PHP 3 8 ovd9 translate-unknown σκύβαλα 1 During Paul’s time this word was used to refer to excrement and things which were considered worthless and worthy of being thrown out. In the original language in which Paul wrote this letter, the term **dung** was a crude term that referred to things that were discarded as garbage, including dung, and the specific meaning was determined by context. Here, this word could be referring to: (1) excrement, since in the preceding verses Paul has been discussing what comes from the flesh. Alternate translation: “excrement” or “crap” (2) garbage, since Paul is discussing what he now considers worth throwing away in order to gain and know Christ. Alternate translation: “garbage” or “refuse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
PHP 3 8 vgf5 κερδήσω 1 See how you translated the word **gains** in [3:7](../03/07.md).
PHP 3 8 h3kq grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα Χριστὸν κερδήσω 1 The phrase **so that** is a purpose clause. In your translation, follow the conventions of your language for purpose clauses. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of gaining Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
PHP 3 9 iy4k figs-activepassive καὶ εὑρεθῶ ἐν αὐτῷ 1 be found in him If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the passive verbal phrase **be found** with an active form, and you could say who did the action. Alternate translation: “and God might find me belonging to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ PHP 3 14 cq3f figs-extrainfo τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ 1
PHP 3 14 agwg figs-explicit διώκω…ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 of the upward calling The phrase **in Christ Jesus** could be: (1) modifying the phrase **the upward calling of God**. Alternate translation: “the upward calling of God in Christ Jesus” or “the upward calling of God through Christ Jesus” (2) modifying the phrase **I press on**. Alternate translation: “I press on in Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 3 14 d75h figs-abstractnouns κατὰ σκοπὸν διώκω εἰς τὸ βραβεῖον τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 of the upward calling If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of a **goal**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **goal** in another way. Alternate translation: “I make it my main focus to win the prize of God’s upward calling in Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 15 de4y grammar-connect-words-phrases οὖν 1 as many as are perfect should think this way The word **Therefore** indicates that Paul is transitioning from teaching the Philippians using his personal experience in [Philippians 3:4-14](../03/04.md) to exhorting them in [Philippians 3:15-17](../03/15.md). Use the form that would best express this meaning in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
PHP 3 15 ki7f figs-ellipsis ὅσοι 1 God will also reveal that to you The phrase **as many as** is leaving out some words that are needed in many languages to be completely understandable. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “as many of you as” or “all of you who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 3 15 ki7f figs-ellipsis ὅσοι 1 God will also reveal that to you The phrase **as many as** is missing some words that are needed in many languages to be completely understandable. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “as many of you as” or “all of you who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 3 15 pb9p ὅσοι…τέλειοι 1 God will also reveal that to you Here, the word **perfect** does not mean “without sin,” but rather it means “spiritually mature.” Alternate translation: “as many as are spiritually mature”
PHP 3 15 yy22 καὶ τοῦτο ὁ Θεὸς ὑμῖν ἀποκαλύψει 1 God will also reveal that to you Alternate translation: “God will also make it clear to you” or “God will make sure you know it”
PHP 3 16 pxn9 figs-exclusive εἰς ὃ ἐφθάσαμεν, τῷ αὐτῷ στοιχεῖν 1 in what we have attained, we should live in it When Paul says **we** in this verse, he is speaking of himself and the Philippian Christians, so **we** is inclusive here. Your language may require you to mark these two uses of **we** as inclusive forms. Alternate translation: “let us all continue obeying the same truths we have already received” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
@ -348,12 +348,12 @@ PHP 3 18 h6pc νῦν δὲ καὶ κλαίων 1 weeping, I say Alternate tra
PHP 3 18 n8q2 figs-metonymy τοὺς ἐχθροὺς τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 as enemies of the cross of Christ Paul is figuratively describing the good news of Jesus’ death and resurrection and the work of sharing this good news by associating these things with **the cross of Christ**. Here, the phrase **the cross of Christ** is synonymous with the gospel message and the work of spreading the gospel message. The phrase **enemies of the cross of Christ** refers to the people who are opposed to the message of the gospel and who oppose the people who share the gospel with others. If this is not clear in your language, you could express this with plain language. Alternate translation: “as enemies of the good news about Jesus” or “as enemies of the message about Jesus and enemies of those who proclaim it” or “as enemies of the message about Jesus and enemies of those who share it with others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 3 19 v8gv figs-abstractnouns ὧν τὸ τέλος ἀπώλεια 1 whose end is destruction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **end**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **end** in another way. Alternate translation: “God will destroy these people when Jesus returns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 19 vcap figs-abstractnouns ὧν τὸ τέλος ἀπώλεια 1 whose end is destruction If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **destruction** by using a verb such as “destroy.” Alternate translation: “whom God will destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 19 hn9i figs-synecdoche ὧν ὁ Θεὸς ἡ κοιλία 1 whose god is their belly Here, Paul uses **belly** figuratively to represent all physical desires for pleasure. By Paul calling their **belly** their **god** he means that these people love and serve their physical desire for pleasure rather than loving and serving God. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture, or you can use plain language. Alternate translation: “who serve their desire for food and other pleasures rather than serve God” or “who obey their physical appetites instead of obeying God” or “who love pleasure more than they love God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PHP 3 19 hn9i figs-synecdoche ὧν ὁ Θεὸς ἡ κοιλία 1 whose god is their belly Here Paul uses **belly** figuratively to represent all physical desires for pleasure. By Paul calling their **belly** their **god**, he means that these people love and serve their physical desire for pleasure rather than loving and serving God. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture, or you can use plain language. Alternate translation: “who serve their desire for food and other pleasures rather than serve God” or “who obey their physical appetites instead of obeying God” or “who love pleasure more than they love God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
PHP 3 19 u9cl figs-metonymy ἡ δόξα ἐν τῇ αἰσχύνῃ αὐτῶν 1 their glory is in their shame Here, **shame** stands for the actions that people should be ashamed of but are not. Alternate translation: “they are proud of the things that should cause them shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 3 19 exy0 figs-abstractnouns ἡ δόξα ἐν τῇ αἰσχύνῃ αὐτῶν 1 their glory is in their shame If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **glory** by using an adjective such as “proud.” Alternate translation: “they are proud of the very things that they should be ashamed of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 19 r3t0 figs-abstractnouns ἡ δόξα ἐν τῇ αἰσχύνῃ αὐτῶν 1 their glory is in their shame If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **shame**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **shame** by using an adjective such as “ashamed.” Alternate translation: “they are proud of the very things that they should be ashamed of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 19 sv5z figs-metonymy οἱ τὰ ἐπίγεια φρονοῦντες 1 who are thinking about earthly things Here, **earthly** refers to all the things that pertain to everyday living on earth. The implied contrast that Paul is making here is between earthly things and spiritual things. Alternate translation: “All they think about is earthly things instead of the things of God” or “who only think about earthly things instead of the things of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 3 20 q1cc figs-exclusive ἡμῶν…ἀπεκδεχόμεθα 1 General Information: Here, when Paul uses **our** and **we**, he is referring to himself and the believers in Philippi, so **our** and **we** are inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PHP 3 20 q1cc figs-exclusive ἡμῶν…ἀπεκδεχόμεθα 1 General Information: Here when Paul uses **our** and **we**, he is referring to himself and the believers in Philippi, so **our** and **we** are inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
PHP 3 20 u8yr figs-abstractnouns πολίτευμα 1 our citizenship exists in heaven If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **citizenship**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **citizenship** with a concrete noun such as “citizen.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 3 21 r3zw writing-pronouns σώματι τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ 1 our citizenship exists in heaven Here, the pronoun **his** refers to Christ. Alternate translation: “to Christ’s glorious body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 3 21 deci figs-abstractnouns δύνασθαι 1 our citizenship exists in heaven If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **power**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **power** in some other way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ PHP 4 2 x5qf translate-names Εὐοδίαν…Συντύχην 1 I urge Euodia,
PHP 4 3 yb3f figs-yousingular σέ 1 I also ask you Here, **you** refers to the **true companion** and is singular. This is the only occurrence of the word **you** in Philippians that is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
PHP 4 3 hdz7 γνήσιε σύνζυγε 1 true companion The phrase **true companion** refers to a person with whom the Philippian believers were familiar at that time but whose identity is no longer known. Alternate translation: “my faithful helper in the work of the gospel”
PHP 4 3 wkp7 figs-ellipsis αἵτινες ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ συνήθλησάν μοι 1 with also Clement In the phrase **the gospel**, Paul is leaving out some of the words that would be needed in many languages for the sentence to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “who have labored with me in the work of spreading the gospel” or “who have labored with me in the work of telling people the gospel” or “who have labored with me in the work of sharing the gospel with people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 4 3 lb79 figs-metonymy τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ 1 with also Clement Here, Paul is using the phrase **the gospel** to refer specifically to the work of telling other people about Jesus. If your readers would misunderstand this, you can state this plainly. Alternate translation: “who have labored with me in the work of spreading the gospel” or “who have labored with me in the work of telling people the gospel” or “who have labored with me in the work of sharing the gospel with people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 4 3 lb79 figs-metonymy τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ 1 with also Clement Here Paul is using the phrase **the gospel** to refer specifically to the work of telling other people about Jesus. If your readers would misunderstand this, you can state this plainly. Alternate translation: “who have labored with me in the work of spreading the gospel” or “who have labored with me in the work of telling people the gospel” or “who have labored with me in the work of sharing the gospel with people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
PHP 4 3 gfq5 τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ 1 with also Clement See how you translated the phrase **the gospel** in [Philippians 1:5](../01/05.md).
PHP 4 3 cm3u translate-names Κλήμεντος 1 with also Clement **Clement** is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
PHP 4 3 s9h9 ὧν τὰ ὀνόματα ἐν βίβλῳ ζωῆς 1 whose names are in the Book of Life Alternate translation: “whose names God has written in the Book of Life”
@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ PHP 4 7 u1sz figs-extrainfo ἡ εἰρήνη τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 the peace of G
PHP 4 7 gejd figs-abstractnouns εἰρήνη 1 the peace of God If your readers would better understand it, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **peace** with an adjectival phrase such as “at peace” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “then God will help you be at peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 4 7 zr4x ἡ ὑπερέχουσα πάντα νοῦν 1 which surpasses all understanding The phrase **which surpasses all understanding** could mean: (1) that the peace God gives is so great that human minds are not able to understand it. Alternate translation: “which is greater than we can understand” (2) that the peace that God gives is superior to anything that humans can contrive through their own efforts. Alternate translation: “which humans cannot accomplish or attain by their own efforts”
PHP 4 7 sauc figs-abstractnouns ἡ ὑπερέχουσα πάντα νοῦν 1 which surpasses all understanding If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **understanding**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** by using a verbal form such as “understand.” Alternate translation: “which is greater than we can understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
PHP 4 7 sb6s figs-metaphor φρουρήσει τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν καὶ τὰ νοήματα ὑμῶν 1 will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ The word **guard** is a military term which refers to a soldier guarding a city or a fortress in order to protect it from enemy attacks. Here, Paul presents God’s peace as if it were a soldier who protects **hearts** and **minds** from worrying, and so this phrase literally means “will be like a soldier and guard your hearts and minds” or “will be like a soldier standing guard to protect your hearts and minds.” If your readers would not understand this metaphor in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express Paul’s meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “will keep your hearts and minds safe from attacks of worry and fear” or “will keep your hearts and minds safe” or “will protect your hearts and minds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 4 7 sb6s figs-metaphor φρουρήσει τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν καὶ τὰ νοήματα ὑμῶν 1 will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ The word **guard** is a military term which refers to a soldier guarding a city or a fortress in order to protect it from enemy attacks. Here Paul presents God’s peace as if it were a soldier who protects **hearts** and **minds** from worrying, and so this phrase literally means “will be like a soldier and guard your hearts and minds” or “will be like a soldier standing guard to protect your hearts and minds.” If your readers would not understand this metaphor in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express Paul’s meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “will keep your hearts and minds safe from attacks of worry and fear” or “will keep your hearts and minds safe” or “will protect your hearts and minds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 4 7 tsz6 ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ See how you translated the phrase **in Christ Jesus** in [Philippians 1:1](../01/01.md).
PHP 4 8 b8ig τὸ λοιπόν 1 As to the rest Here, as Paul comes near to the end of his letter, he gives some final instructions for how believers should live. Alternate translation: “Regarding what remains to be said” or “As to what remains for me to say”
PHP 4 8 fxn5 figs-gendernotations ἀδελφοί 1 brothers See how you translated the word **brothers** in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ PHP 4 10 ge1l ἐφ’ ᾧ καὶ ἐφρονεῖτε 1 Connecting Statement:
PHP 4 10 nm86 figs-ellipsis ἠκαιρεῖσθε δέ 1 Connecting Statement: Here Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “but you did not have an opportunity to demonstrate it” or “but you were without an opportunity to show it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 4 11 ew5e οὐχ ὅτι καθ’ ὑστέρησιν λέγω 1 in whatever I am Alternate translation: “I do not say this because of need”
PHP 4 11 ts2k αὐτάρκης εἶναι 1 to be content Alternate translation: “to be satisfied” or “to be happy”
PHP 4 11 uj5z figs-ellipsis ἐν οἷς εἰμι 1 to be content Here, Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “in whatever situation I am in” or “in whatever circumstances I am in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 4 11 uj5z figs-ellipsis ἐν οἷς εἰμι 1 to be content Here Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “in whatever situation I am in” or “in whatever circumstances I am in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 4 12 lgp9 figs-explicit οἶδα καὶ 1 I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound Here, the phrase **I know** means “I know from experience” and refers to what Paul knew from his experience. If it would help your readers, consider clarifying this in your translation in some way. Alternate translation: “I have learned both how” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 4 12 ydod οἶδα καὶ ταπεινοῦσθαι, οἶδα καὶ περισσεύειν…καὶ περισσεύειν καὶ ὑστερεῖσθαι 1 I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound The sentence at the beginning of this verse, **I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound** is very similar in meaning to the phrase **and to abounding and to being in need** at the end of this verse. You can combine the beginning sentence and the closing phrase, if you think it will help your readers.
PHP 4 12 usbe figs-merism οἶδα καὶ ταπεινοῦσθαι, οἶδα καὶ περισσεύειν 1 I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound Here, the phrases **to be brought low** and **to abound** refer to two opposite extremes of living and to every living condition between them. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I know both how to live with very little and how to live with more than I need” or “I know how to live with very little and I know how to live with plenty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ PHP 4 12 lpld figs-activepassive ταπεινοῦσθαι 1 I know both how to
PHP 4 12 aswc figs-idiom ταπεινοῦσθαι 1 I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound Here the phrase **to be brought low** is a figurative way of saying “to live with very little.” If it would help your readers, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “to live with very little” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 4 12 xrp3 figs-explicit χορτάζεσθαι καὶ πεινᾶν 1 to be filled and to be hungry Here Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be understandable. If it would help your readers, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “to being full of food and to being hungry” or “to being content when I have plenty of food to eat and to being content when I am hungry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 4 12 iqtr figs-merism χορτάζεσθαι καὶ πεινᾶν 1 to be filled and to be hungry Here the phrases **be filled** and **be hungry** refer to two opposite extremes and to everything in between them. If it would help your readers, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to be hungry and to be filled and to everything in between” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PHP 4 12 ufv4 figs-ellipsis περισσεύειν καὶ ὑστερεῖσθαι 1 to abound and to be in need Here Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be understandable. If it would help your readers, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “to having an abundance of things I need and to living contentedly when I do not have certain things I need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 4 12 ufv4 figs-ellipsis περισσεύειν καὶ ὑστερεῖσθαι 1 to abound and to be in need Here Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be understandable. If it would help your readers, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “to have an abundance of things I need and to live contentedly when I do not have certain things I need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 4 12 fwes figs-merism περισσεύειν καὶ ὑστερεῖσθαι 1 to abound and to be in need Here, the phrases **to abound** and **to be in need** refer to two opposite extremes and to everything in between them. If it would help your readers, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to abound and to be in need and to everything in between” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
PHP 4 13 z1pb writing-pronouns πάντα ἰσχύω ἐν τῷ ἐνδυναμοῦντί με 1 I can do all things in him who strengthens me Here, the pronoun **him** refers to Christ. Alternate translation: “I can do all things because Christ gives me strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
PHP 4 13 fpo4 figs-explicit πάντα ἰσχύω ἐν τῷ ἐνδυναμοῦντί με 1 I can do all things in him who strengthens me Here, **all things** refers to all situations. The phrase **I can do all things** means “I can handle all situations.” Alternate translation: “I can handle all situations through him who strengthens me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@ -441,12 +441,12 @@ PHP 4 15 rgxx εἰς λόγον δόσεως καὶ λήμψεως 1 no churc
PHP 4 16 getb ὅτι καὶ ἐν Θεσσαλονίκῃ 1 no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone Alternate translation: “for even when I was in Thessalonica”
PHP 4 16 puar figs-idiom καὶ ἅπαξ καὶ δὶς 1 no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone The phrase **both once and twice** is an idiom meaning that something occurred more than one time. If your readers would not understand this idiom, you can use an equivalent idiom from your language, or you can state this in plain language. Alternate translation: “several times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 4 16 lqor figs-ellipsis εἰς τὴν χρείαν μοι ἐπέμψατε 1 no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone Paul is leaving out some of the words that this phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “you sent me money to help me with my needs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
PHP 4 17 bh3t figs-metaphor ἐπιζητῶ τὸν καρπὸν τὸν πλεονάζοντα εἰς λόγον ὑμῶν 1 I seek the fruit that increases to your account At the time Paul wrote this letter, the word **fruit** could be used in a business context to refer to what was gained in a financial transaction. When used in a business context, the word **fruit** meant “profit” or “gain.” Here, Paul is using this business meaning figuratively to refer to God’s reward. If your language has an equivalent word that could be used in a business context, consider using it here if it would be natural in your language. Alternately, you may express this meaning using plain language, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “I seek the profit that increases to your account” or “I seek the gain that increases to your account” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 4 17 bh3t figs-metaphor ἐπιζητῶ τὸν καρπὸν τὸν πλεονάζοντα εἰς λόγον ὑμῶν 1 I seek the fruit that increases to your account At the time Paul wrote this letter, the word **fruit** could be used in a business context to refer to what was gained in a financial transaction. When used in a business context, the word **fruit** meant “profit” or “gain.” Here Paul is using this business meaning figuratively to refer to God’s reward. If your language has an equivalent word that could be used in a business context, consider using it here if it would be natural in your language. Alternately, you may express this meaning using plain language, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “I seek the profit that increases to your account” or “I seek the gain that increases to your account” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 4 18 fs44 ἀπέχω…πάντα 1 I have everything in full The phrase **I have everything in full** could mean: (1) that Paul has received **everything** that he needs from the Philippian believers and is therefore sufficiently supplied. Alternate translation: “I have everything I need and am content” (2) that Paul is continuing the business metaphor from [Philippians 4:17](../04/17.md) and is here offering the Philippians a figurative receipt for the gifts they gave him. Alternate translation: “I give you a receipt for the things you gave me” or “I have received full payment for the things you gave me”
PHP 4 18 en6t figs-explicit περισσεύω 1 I abound The phrase **I abound** means that Paul has more than enough of the things that he needs for himself. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I have more than enough of the the things I need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
PHP 4 18 p6y1 figs-activepassive πεπλήρωμαι, δεξάμενος παρὰ Ἐπαφροδίτου τὰ παρ’ ὑμῶν 1 Connecting Statement: If it would be more natural in your language, you could express the phrase **I have been filled** with an active form, and you could say who did the action. Alternate translation: “You have fully provided for me by giving me the things which Epaphroditus brought to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
PHP 4 18 hte4 translate-names Ἐπαφροδίτου 1 I abound **Epaphroditus** is the name of a man. See how you translated his name in [Philippians 2:25](../02/25.md). (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names)
PHP 4 18 s68v figs-metaphor ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας, θυσίαν δεκτήν, εὐάρεστον τῷ Θεῷ 1 an aroma, a sweet smell, an acceptable, pleasing sacrifice to God Here, Paul speaks figuratively of the gift from the Philippian believers as if it were a **sacrifice** offered **to God** on an altar. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could express the meaning using plain language. Alternate translation: “which are very pleasing to God” or “which make God happy” or “which I assure you are gifts very pleasing to God, like an acceptable sacrifice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 4 18 s68v figs-metaphor ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας, θυσίαν δεκτήν, εὐάρεστον τῷ Θεῷ 1 an aroma, a sweet smell, an acceptable, pleasing sacrifice to God Here Paul speaks figuratively of the gift from the Philippian believers as if it were a **sacrifice** offered **to God** on an altar. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could express the meaning using plain language. Alternate translation: “which are very pleasing to God” or “which make God happy” or “which I assure you are gifts very pleasing to God, like an acceptable sacrifice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
PHP 4 19 r96p figs-idiom πληρώσει πᾶσαν χρείαν ὑμῶν 1 will fulfill all your needs The word for **will fulfill** is the same word translated as “have been fulfilled” in verse 18. This phrase is an idiom meaning “will provide everything you need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
PHP 4 19 xmk2 κατὰ τὸ πλοῦτος αὐτοῦ ἐν δόξῃ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ 1 according to his riches in glory in Christ Jesus “from his glorious riches that he gives through Christ Jesus”
PHP 4 20 fba5 figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Now to our God When Paul says **our**, he is speaking of himself and the Philippian believers, so **our** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])

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