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Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
front:intro p55k 0 # Introduction to Numbers\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Numbers\n\n1. Preparing to leave Sinai (1:1–10:10)\n * Counting and assembling the tribes (1:1–4:49)\n * Regulations (5:1–6:27)\n * Dedicating the altar (7:1–89)\n * Setting up the lampstand (8:1–4)\n * Setting apart the Levites (8:5–29)\n * Second Passover; the cloud to lead them; trumpets (9:1–10:10)\n1. Sinai to Moab, through the wilderness (10:11–17:13)\n * Complaining and murmuring (10:11–11:15)\n * The quails (11:16–35)\n * Miriam’s leprosy (12:1–16)\n * The spies selected and sent (13:1–14:45)\n * Commands (15:1–41)\n * Korah’s rebellion (16:1–17:13)\n1. The Priests and purifying (18:1–19:22)\n * Priests and Levites (18:1–32)\n * The law about purifying (19:1–22)\n1. Conflicts (20:1–21:35)\n * Miriam’s death (20:1–13)\n * Edom’s refusal and Aaron’s death (20:14–29)\n * Journey to Moab (21:1–35)\n1. The Plains of Moab (22:1–36:13)\n * Balaam (22:1–24:25)\n * Baal Peor (25:1–18)\n * The second counting (26:1–65)\n * Inheritance rights for daughters (27:1–11)\n * Joshua succeeds Moses (27:12–23)\n * Offerings and women’s vows (28:1–30:16)\n * Midianite war (31:1–54)\n * Across the Jordan (32:1–42)\n * The people set up camp (33:1–56)\n * Land west of the Jordan; cities for Levites and cities of refuge (34:1–35:34)\n * Female heirs marry (36:1–13)\n\n### What is the Book of Numbers about?\n\nThe Book of Numbers tells about the people of Israel as they traveled from Mount Sinai in the wilderness to the Jordan River. While traveling, the Israelites became discouraged. So they rebelled against the leaders whom God had given them. At the Jordan River, the people of Israel refused to enter the Promised Land. Because the Israelites were afraid and did not trust God, he delayed their entry into the Promised Land for forty years (13:1–14:45). (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe title of this book, “Numbers,” refers to when the number of the Israelites was counted. The people of the project language may already be familiar with the name “Numbers” from other Bible versions. If not, the translator could consider a clearer name for the book, such as “The Counting of the People of Israel.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/census]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Numbers?\n\nThe writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the Book of Numbers. However, at a later time, scribes and priests probably put the book into its present form. They may have included text from other sources. One such source was “the scroll of the Wars of Yahweh” (21:14).\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### How does Numbers present the idea of the whole community being responsible when only a few people sinned?\n\nThe people understood and assumed that God would punish the whole community of Israel if some of the people rebelled against him. God did often punish the entire nation when some of them sinned. All of the people in the ancient Near East would have understood and expected this. However, Moses and Aaron prayed for God to punish only those who were guilty.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Why does Moses speak using third person pronouns about himself?\n\nWhen an author wrote about something he was involved in, it was common for him to use the pronoun “he” instead of “I,” or “they” instead of “we.” The translator may decide to use the project’s normal pronouns instead.
1:intro av14 0 # Numbers 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is intended to form a smooth transition from the last chapter of the book of Leviticus.\n\n### Census\n\nThey counted how many men of military age were in each tribe of Israel. These men would also become the heads of families. It is possible the numbers in this chapter are rounded to the nearest 100.
1:intro av14 0 Figu# Numbers 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is intended to form a smooth transition from the last chapter of the book of Leviticus.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n\n### Census\n\nThey counted how many men of military age were in each tribe of Israel. These men would also become the heads of families. It is possible the numbers in this chapter are rounded to the nearest 100.\n\n## General Notes\n\nWhen the text uses **according to their clans, according to the house of their fathers**, the two phrases mean the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “according to their ancestral groups” (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism) (See [1:2](../01/02/.md), [1:18](../01/20/.md), [1:20](../01/20/.md), [1:22](../01/22/.md), [1:24](../01/24/.md), [1:26](../01/26/.md), [1:28](../01/28/.md), [1:30](../01/30/.md), [1:32](../01/32/.md), [1:34](../01/34/.md), [1:36](../01/36/.md), [1:38](../01/38/.md), [1:40](../01/40/.md), [1:42](../01/42/.md).)\n\n**House of their fathers** could refer to: (1) the generic fathers and mothers from which each male descended. Alternate translation: "families" (2) specifically the 12 ancestral fathers of each Israelite tribe. Alternate translation: "their ancestral forefathers," (See [1:2](../01/02/.md), [1:18](../01/18/.md), [1:20](../01/20/.md), [1:22](../01/22/.md), [1:24](../01/24/.md), [1:26](../01/26/.md), [1:28](../01/28/.md), [1:30](../01/30/.md), [1:32](../01/32/.md), [1:34](../01/34/.md), [1:36](../01/36/.md), [1:38](../01/38/.md), [1:40](../01/40/.md), [1:42](../01/42/.md).)\n\nWhen the text uses a phrase like **the number of names**, **names** refers to people Moses would count ([1:2](../01/02/.md), [1:18](../01/18/.md)) or had counted ([1:20](../01/20/.md), [1:22](../01/22/.md), [1:24](../01/24/.md), [1:26](../01/26/.md), [1:28](../01/28/.md), [1:30](../01/30/.md), [1:32](../01/32/.md), [1:34](../01/34/.md), [1:36](../01/36/.md), [1:38](../01/38/.md), [1:40](../01/40/.md), [1:42](../01/42/.md)). Alternate translation: " the number of people" (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor)\n\n**A son of 20 years and upward** refers to a son who is at least 20 years old. It might be helpful in your language to state this more plainly. Alternate translation: "a man who is at least 20 years old" or "a man who is 20 years or older" (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom) (This phrase surfaces in [1:3](../01/03/.md), [1:18](../01/18/.md), [1:20](../01/20/.md), [1:22](../01/22/.md), [1:24](../01/24/.md), [1:26](../01/26/.md), [1:28](../01/28/.md), [1:30](../01/30/.md), [1:32](../01/32/.md), [1:34](../01/34/.md), [1:36](../01/36/.md), [1:38](../01/38/.md), [1:40](../01/40/.md), [1:42](../01/42/.md).)\n\nThe text refers to a soldier by describing the action that characterizes a soldier, namely **one who goes out to war**. If your readers would not understand what this concept means in this context, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "one who can be a soldier" or "one who can fight in a war" (This phrase surfaces in [1:3](../01/03/.md), [1:18](../01/18/.md), [1:20](../01/20/.md), [1:22](../01/22/.md), [1:24](../01/24/.md), [1:26](../01/26/.md), [1:28](../01/28/.md), [1:30](../01/30/.md), [1:32](../01/32/.md), [1:34](../01/34/.md), [1:36](../01/36/.md), [1:38](../01/38/.md), [1:40](../01/40/.md), [1:42](../01/42/.md).)
1:1 u2p1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths לַ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֜י 1 The **second month** of the Hebrew calendar includes the last half of April and the first half of May on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. Therefore, you may want to provide the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar and the number of the day, which in this case is Iyar 1. Then, in a footnote, say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar.
1:1 owqr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֜י & הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֗ית 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “of month two in year two”
1:2 m9tq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׂא֗וּ אֶת־רֹאשׁ֙ 1 Here, **lift up the heads** means to count the men by recording their names. Alternate translation: “Count them, recording each man’s name”
1:2 jnhs אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 **House of their fathers** could refer to: (1) the generic fathers and mothers from which each male descended. Alternate translation: "families" (2) specifically the 12 ancestral fathers of each Israelite tribe. Alternate translation: "their ancestral forefathers,"
1:2 jnhs אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the expression **house of their fathers** could refer to: (1) the generic fathers and mothers from which each male descended. Alternate translation: "families" (2) specifically the 12 ancestral fathers of each Israelite tribe. Alternate translation: "their ancestral forefathers,"
1:2 dl47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠מִסְפַּ֣ר שֵׁמ֔וֹת 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, when the text uses a phrase like **the number of names**, **names** refers to people Moses would count. Alternate translation: "the number of people"
1:2 po5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism לְ⁠גֻלְגְּלֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Here, **according to their skulls** is referring to the whole male person by naming one part of his body. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to their bodies,”
1:3 wtkl מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ 1 Here, **a son of 20 years** refers to a son who is at least 20 years old. It might be helpful in your language to state this more plainly. Alternate translation: "a son who is at least 20 years old"
1:3 p8dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ וָ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה 1 The text uses larger numbers as being up or above smaller numbers. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from 20 years old and more” or “who is 20 years old or older”
1:3 pqtq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יֹצֵ֥א צָבָ֖א 1 Yahweh refers to a soldier by describing the action that characterizes a soldier, namely **one who goes out to war**. Alternate translation: "one who can be a soldier" or "one who can fight in a war"
1:3 wtkl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ וָ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, **a son of 20 years and upward** refers to a son who is at least 20 years old. It might be helpful in your language to state this more plainly. Alternate translation: "a man who is at least 20 years old" or "a man who is 20 years or older"
1:3 pqtq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יֹצֵ֥א צָבָ֖א 1 As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, the text refers to a soldier by describing the action that characterizes a soldier, namely **one who goes out to war**. Alternate translation: "one who can be a soldier" or "one who can fight in a war"
1:3 tg9n לְ⁠צִבְאֹתָ֖⁠ם 1 **According to their armies** refers to separating the men Moses and Aaron will count into military divisions that the Israelites will follow when they fight in battle. Alternate translation: "by their military divisions"
1:4 qnse rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠אִתְּ⁠כֶ֣ם 1 Here, **with you** refers specifically to these men helping Aaron count and lead the tribes of Israel. Alternate translation: "And to assist you" or "And to help you"
1:4 j29v אִ֖ישׁ לַ⁠מַּטֶּ֑ה 1 **A man of the tribe** refers to a man who belongs to a certain tribe and further describes the men who will be with Aaron to help him. Additionally, this construction is singular but infers that every tribe will have one man to lead it. Alternative translation: "one man from each tribe"
@ -46,21 +46,41 @@ front:intro p55k 0 # Introduction to Numbers\n\n## Part 1: General Introducti
1:18 me3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths לַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י 1 The **second month** of the Hebrew calendar includes the last half of April and the first half of May on Western calendars. For more details on translating it, see [Numbers 1:1](../01/01.md).
1:18 aj18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּ⁠אֶחָד֙ 1 The object **1** is modifying is not specified, but “day” is the understood object. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “day one”
1:18 o6il rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “of month two” (See [Numbers 1:1](../01/01.md) for another example).
1:18 nt8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism עַל־מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖⁠ם לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 **In accordance with their clans** and **according to the house of their fathers** mean basically the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “according to their ancestry”
1:18 l763 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠מִסְפַּ֣ר שֵׁמ֗וֹת 1 **By the number of the names** communicates that Moses and Aaron declared the ancestry by counting each person. Alternate translation: "by counting each one"
1:18 no7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֵׁמ֗וֹת 1 Here, "the names" represents the people who belong to those names. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people”
1:18 ku8z מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֛ה 1 Here, **a son of 20 years** refers to a son who is at least 20 years old. See [1:3](../01/01.md) for translation details.
1:18 wfe4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֛ה וָ⁠מַ֖עְלָ⁠ה 1 The text uses larger numbers as being up or above smaller numbers. See [1:3](../01/01.md) for more information on translating this phrase.
1:18 avnc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism לְ⁠גֻלְגְּלֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Here, **according to their skulls** is referring to the whole male person by naming one part of his body. See [1:2](../01/01.md) for translation details.
1:20 n9s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive were counted all the names 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they counted all the names”
1:20 m8sv able to go to war 0 Alternate translation: “who was able to go to war”
1:21 v8dy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 46,500 men 0 Alternate translation: “forty-six thousand five hundred men”
1:22 yd37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families 0 The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families”
1:23 g5ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 59,300 men 0 Alternate translation: “fifty-nine thousand three hundred men”
1:24 p8et rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families 0 The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families”
1:25 au8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 45,650 men 0 Alternate translation: “forty-five thousand six hundred and fifty men”
1:26 dm5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families 0 The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families”
1:27 wa5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 74,600 men 0 Alternate translation: “seventy-four thousand six hundred men”
1:18 nt8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism עַל־מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖⁠ם לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 See how you translated a similar phrase in [1:2](../01/02.md).
1:18 l763 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠מִסְפַּ֣ר שֵׁמ֗וֹת 1 See how you translated the phrase in [1:2](../01/02.md).
1:18 ku8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֛ה וָ⁠מַ֖עְלָ⁠ה 1 See how you translated the phrase in [1:3](../01/03.md).
1:18 avnc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism לְ⁠גֻלְגְּלֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 See how you translated the phrase in [1:2](../01/02.md).
1:20 n9s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְנֵֽי־רְאוּבֵן֙ 1 **The sons of Reuben** means sons whose ancestor is Reuben. Alternate translation: “the sons whose ancestor is Reuben”
1:20 bsfs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖⁠ם לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 See how you translated the phrase in [1:2](../01/02/.md).
1:20 ygux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠מִסְפַּ֤ר שֵׁמוֹת֙ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:2](../01/02.md).
1:20 gcet rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism לְ⁠גֻלְגְּלֹתָ֔⁠ם\n 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:2](../01/02.md).
1:20 imh0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ וָ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:3](../01/03.md).
1:20 w4pq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יֹצֵ֥א צָבָֽא 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:3](../01/03.md).
1:21 lpku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive פְּקֻדֵי⁠הֶ֖ם 1 The text does not specify who counted those **counted ones**. Most likely, Moses ordered Aaron and the 12 tribal leaders to count the tribe of Reuben. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Those Moses counted" or "Those Moses, Aaron, and the 12 tribal leaders counted"
1:21 v8dy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שִׁשָּׁ֧ה וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֛ים אֶ֖לֶף וַ⁠חֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵאֽוֹת 1 Alternate translation: “forty-six thousand five hundred men”
1:22 yd37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠בְנֵ֣י שִׁמְע֔וֹן 1 See how you translated a similar phrase in [1:20](../01/20/.md).
1:22 pv2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖⁠ם לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:2](../01/02.md).
1:22 f3bo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive פְּקֻדָ֗י⁠ו 1 The text does not specify who counted these **counted ones**. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1:21](../10/21/.md).
1:22 hl2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠מִסְפַּ֤ר שֵׁמוֹת֙ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:2](../01/02.md).
1:22 w1pt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism לְ⁠גֻלְגְּלֹתָ֔⁠ם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:2](../01/02.md).
1:22 lgm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ וָ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:3](../01/03.md).
1:22 rrtn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יֹצֵ֥א צָבָֽא 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:3](../01/03.md).
1:23 g5ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive פְּקֻדֵי⁠הֶ֖ם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:21](../01/21.md).
1:23 jkgb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers תִּשְׁעָ֧ה וַ⁠חֲמִשִּׁ֛ים אֶ֖לֶף וּ⁠שְׁלֹ֥שׁ מֵאֽוֹת 1 Alternate translation: "59,300"
1:24 p8et rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠בְנֵ֣י גָ֔ד 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:20](../01/20.md).
1:24 thvt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖⁠ם לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:2](../01/02.md).
1:24 rprg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠מִסְפַּ֣ר שֵׁמ֗וֹת 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:2](../01/02.md).
1:24 llct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ וָ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:3](../01/03.md).
1:24 boe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יֹצֵ֥א צָבָֽא 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:3](../01/03.md).
1:25 au8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive פְּקֻדֵי⁠הֶ֖ם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:21](../01/21.md).
1:25 xw6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers חֲמִשָּׁ֤ה וְ⁠אַרְבָּעִים֙ אֶ֔לֶף וְ⁠שֵׁ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת וַ⁠חֲמִשִּֽׁים 1 Alternate translation: 45,650
1:26 dm5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠בְנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:20](../01/20.md).
1:26 jsxt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֖⁠ם לְ⁠בֵ֣ית אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:2](../01/02.md).
1:26 bdn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠מִסְפַּ֣ר שֵׁמֹ֗ת 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:2](../01/02.md).
1:26 tfan rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ וָ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:3](../01/03.md).
1:26 u7lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יֹצֵ֥א צָבָֽא 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:3](../01/03.md).
1:27 wa5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive פְּקֻדֵי⁠הֶ֖ם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:21](../01/21.md).
1:27 vh5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers אַרְבָּעָ֧ה וְ⁠שִׁבְעִ֛ים אֶ֖לֶף וְ⁠שֵׁ֥שׁ מֵאֽוֹת 1 Alternate translation: "74,600"
1:28 mv7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families 0 The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families”
1:29 nv2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 54,400 men 0 Alternate translation: “fifty-four thousand four hundred men”
1:30 d4ce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive were counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families 0 The phrase “were counted” can be stated in active form. This long phrase is repeated multiple times in the census. See how you translated it in [Numbers 1:20](../01/20.md). Alternate translation: “they counted all the names of each and every man … clans and families”

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@ -838,7 +838,7 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
7:27 cs4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דַּרְכֵ֣י שְׁא֣וֹל 1 Although **ways** here is plural, it refers to the singular **house** at the beginning of this verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the singular form here. Alternate translation: “is the way of Sheol”
7:27 g21s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דַּרְכֵ֣י שְׁא֣וֹל 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **ways** that result in someone going to **Sheol**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is the way that lead to Sheol” or “is the way that cause one to go to Sheol”
7:27 ayvy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכֵ֣י 1 See how you translated **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md).
7:27 ry42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֹ֝רְד֗וֹת אֶל־חַדְרֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a man doing something that would result in his death as if he were going on a path that is **descending to the chambers of death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “results in a man dying” or “causes a man to die”\n
7:27 ry42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יֹ֝רְד֗וֹת אֶל־חַדְרֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a man doing something that would result in his death as if he were going on a path that is **descending to the rooms of death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “results in a man dying” or “causes a man to die”\n
7:27 fvmk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חַדְרֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 This phrase refers to the place where people’s spirits go when they die, which was called **Sheol** in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the place where the spirits of dead people dwell” or “the place of the dead”\n
8:intro z8jj 0 # Proverbs 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n * The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)\n * Wisdom benefits the wise (8:1–36)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nIn this chapter, wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman who calls out for all to learn from her and was with God when he created the universe. In languages where it is possible for something like wisdom to be spoken of as if it were a person who speaks, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate the personification as similes instead. In that case wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. When wisdom speaks in [8:4–36](../08/04.md), the notes will use the proper noun “Wisdom” to indicate that the personification of wisdom is speaking. See how you translated similar references to wisdom in [1:20–33](../01/20.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])\n
8:1 v9h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹֽא־חָכְמָ֥ה תִקְרָ֑א וּ֝⁠תְבוּנָ֗ה תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽ⁠הּ 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize that **wisdom** is available to everyone. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Surely wisdom calls out and understanding gives her voice!”\n
@ -2413,79 +2413,151 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
19:29 d4f3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נָכ֣וֹנוּ לַ⁠לֵּצִ֣ים שְׁפָטִ֑ים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **Judgments**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is prepared to judge mockers”
19:29 ray2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠מַהֲלֻמ֗וֹת 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and blows are prepared”
19:29 r21d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ⁠גֵ֣ו 1 The word **back** represents the backs of **stupid ones** in general, not one particular **back**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “for the backs of”
20:intro e8g2 0 # Proverbs 20 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 20 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.
20:1 p893 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Wine is a mocker and strong drink is a brawler 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize the danger of too much alcohol.
20:1 qa7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy strong drink is a brawler 0 Here “strong drink” refers to a person who is drunk with strong drink. Alternate translation: “a person who is drunk with strong drink starts fights”
20:1 c6m7 a brawler 0 a person who fights noisily, usually in a public place
20:1 ne6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive whoever is led astray by drink is not wise 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whoever drinks until they can no longer think clearly”
20:1 g7rv by drink 0 Here “drink” refers to alcoholic drinks
20:1 k4sv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes is not wise 0 This means the opposite of “wise” which is “foolish.” Alternate translation: “is foolish”
20:2 p628 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The fear of a king is like the fear of a young lion that is roaring 0 This compares how people fear a king’s wrath to how they fear a young roaring lion. Alternate translation: “The king’s wrath makes people as afraid as if they were facing a young lion roaring at them”
20:2 xa6x makes him angry 0 Alternate translation: “makes the king angry”
20:2 rl5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism forfeits his life 0 This refers to being killed. “Life” here refers to physical life. Alternate translation: “will die”
20:3 ru7h It is an honor 0 “It is honorable.” This means that a person will be honored.
20:3 gf5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor every fool jumps into an argument 0 This speaks of entering an argument quickly as if the argument were something the fool physically jumped into. Alternate translation: “every fool quickly gets into an argument” or “every fool is quick to join an argument”
20:4 cva3 plow 0 to prepare land for planting
20:4 tdr6 in autumn 0 Alternate translation: “during the season for planting crops”
20:4 z5wi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit but will have nothing 0 This means that there will be nothing growing in his field for him to harvest. Alternate translation: “but will have nothing to harvest”
20:5 f8de rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The purpose in a human heart is like deep water 0 This speaks of how difficult it is to understand the reasons for a person’s actions by comparing it to the difficulty of reaching the water in a deep well. Alternate translation: “It is as difficult to understand the purpose in the human heart as it is to reach the water in a deep well” or “The purpose of in the human heart is very difficult to understand”
20:5 qr3j someone with understanding 0 Alternate translation: “a person who has understanding”
20:5 fk7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will draw it out 0 This speaks of figuring out the purpose of the human heart as if it was water being drawn from a deep well. Alternate translation: “will cause the purpose to be known” or “will figure it out”
20:6 lmq9 is loyal 0 Alternate translation: “is faithful” or “is trustworthy”
20:6 xut9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion but who can find one who is faithful? 0 The implicit answer is “few can find someone like that.” This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “but few men can find a person who is faithful!” or “but it is hard to find a person who really is faithful!”
20:7 s7th rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom walks in his integrity 0 Here walking refers to living. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 19:1](../19/01.md). Alternate translation: “lives by his integrity” or “lives an honest life”
20:7 y2ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit his sons who follow after him 0 This simply means that they “follow after him” since they are younger than he and his children. If this phrase is awkward in your language it may be left to be implied. Alternate translation: “his sons after him” or “his sons”
20:8 j9up rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor is winnowing with his eyes all the evil that is before him 0 This speaks of the king judging between various types of evil as if he were separating them as a person winnows grain. Alternate translation: “sees and sorts the different kinds of evils that are brought before him”
20:9 p5m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who can say, “I have kept my heart pure; I am clean from my sin”? 0 The implicit answer to this question is, “No one can say that.” This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can say that his heart is clean and that he is free from sin”
20:9 s43m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my heart 0 Here a person’s “heart” refers to his thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “my thoughts”
20:9 d5hx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor clean 0 A person who God considers spiritually acceptable is spoken of as if the person where physically clean.
20:9 xb5x I am clean from my sin 0 Alternate translation: “I am without sin” or “I have not sinned”
20:11 yym3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Even a youth is known by his actions 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People know a young man by his actions”
20:11 m4db whether his conduct is pure and upright 0 Alternate translation: “whether his conduct is pure and upright or not”
20:11 xm83 his conduct 0 Alternate translation: “his deeds” or “what he does”
20:11 we5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet pure and upright 0 These two words basically mean the same thing and emphasize how good this young person is. They can be combined into one word if necessary. Alternate translation: “pure”
20:13 h9et rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom come to poverty 0 The phrase “come to” here means to transition into a new situation; to become. Alternate translation: “become poor”
20:13 ee3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy open your eyes 0 Here “opening one’s eyes” is spoken of as “being awake.” Alternate translation: “stay awake” or “be alert”
20:14 zh4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit “Bad! Bad!” says the buyer, but when he goes away he boasts 0 Here a buyer is criticizing what someone is selling to get a low price from him. After he buys he boasts about the good price that he pursuaded the seller to give him. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “‘Bad! Bad!’ says the buyer criticizing the seller’s wares, but after he buys he goes away he boasting about the low price that he paid”
20:15 cv2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lips of knowledge are a precious jewel 0 This speaks of the value of lips of knowledge by comparing them to a precious jewel. Alternate translation: “lips of knowledge are as valuable as an expensive jewel”
20:15 tt4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy lips of knowledge 0 Here “words” are referred to as “lips.” Alternate translation: “wise words” or “words of knowledge”
20:16 sn35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Take a garment of one who has put up security for a stranger 0 When lending money, the lender would take something from the borrower, such as a garment, as a guarantee of repayment. He would return it after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a guarantee for him. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back”
20:16 cv1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom puts up security 0 This is an idiom. It means that someone gives something to a lender as a guarantee that what was borrowed will be paid. Alternate translation: “guarantees that what has been borrowed will be paid back” or “promises to pay a loan”
20:16 e647 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hold it in pledge 0 This is an idiom. To “hold something in pledge” means to hold on to something that someone has given as a pledge, or promise, that he will pay a debt. Alternate translation: “hold onto his coat as a guarantee of repayment”
20:17 zi4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Bread gained by deceit 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Bread that someone gained by deceit”
20:17 gjt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns by deceit 0 The word “deceit” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “by deceiving others”
20:17 lnt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Bread 0 Here “bread” refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “Food”
20:17 fz1i tastes sweet 0 Alternate translation: “tastes good”
20:17 tu5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but afterward his mouth will be full of gravel 0 This speaks of the food tasting unpleasant as if his mouth were actually full of gravel instead of food. Alternate translation: “but afterwards it tastes like gravel in his mouth” or “but soon it tastes like sand in his mouth”
20:17 du9w gravel 0 small pieces of rock
20:18 mjl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Plans are established by advice 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People establish plans based on advice”
20:19 i4ch A gossip 0 This means someone who gossips a lot.
20:19 i2mb you should not associate with 0 Alternate translation: “you should not be friends with”
20:20 v9ff If a person curses 0 This means if a someone express a desire that bad things will happen to someone else.
20:20 el23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his lamp will be snuffed out in the middle of darkness 0 This speaks of a person dying suddenly and unexpectedly as if his life were a lamp snuffed out in the dark. Alternate translation: “his life will end as suddenly as the light of a lamp that is snuffed out in the dark” or “he will die suddenly”
20:20 e6a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive his lamp will be snuffed out 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his lamp will go out”
20:20 un31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his lamp 0 This refers to a lamp with a burning flame. Here the lamp’s flame is referred to as the lamp itself. Alternate translation: “the flame of his lamp”
20:20 a13a snuffed out 0 to cause a flame to go out
20:21 mk5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit at the beginning 0 This refers to a person receiving his inheritance before he is supposed to receive it. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “before the right time”
20:22 pj94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I will pay you back 0 This means to do wrong to someone because they have done wrong to you. Alternate translation: “I will punish you”
20:22 ti5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Wait for Yahweh 0 This means to have faith that Yahweh will deal with the situation. Alternate translation: “Have faith in Yahweh” or “Hope in Yahweh”
20:23 x2rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Yahweh hates unequal weights and dishonest scales are not good 0 These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are combined to emphasize how bad this is.
20:24 re6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive A person’s steps are directed by Yahweh 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh directs a person’s steps”
20:24 i9ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche A person’s steps 0 This refers to the various things a person does. Alternate translation: “A person’s actions”
20:24 mfy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion how then can he understand his way? 0 The implicit answer is that he cannot understand it. This rhetorical question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “therefore, a person cannot understand his way”
20:24 s44t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom understand his way 0 This is an idiom. The phrase “his way” refers to the person’s life. Alternate translation: “understand why some things happen in his life”
20:25 qfw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor It is a snare 0 This speaks of something being dangerous as if it were a trap or a snare. Alternate translation: “It is dangerous”
20:25 x37x to say rashly 0 to say something quickly and without careful consideration of what it might mean
20:25 tt8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit making his vow 0 The person has made a vow declaring that something is holy and dedicated to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “dedicating it to Yahweh” or “declaring it holy”
20:26 cgd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor winnows the wicked 0 This speaks of the king separating the wicked people as if they were grain that he was winnowing. Alternate translation: “separates the wicked”
20:26 m44h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj the wicked 0 This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked” or “the wicked people”
20:26 rs2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he turns a threshing wheel over them 0 This speaks of the king punishing the wicked as if he were driving a threshing wheel over them. Alternate translation: “he severely punishes them”
20:26 sy6b threshing wheel 0 “threshing cart.” This is a tool used to crush grain and help separate it from the chaff.
20:27 x5vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The spirit of a person is the lamp of Yahweh, searching all his inmost parts 0 This speaks of a person’s spirit as if it were a lamp. A person’s spirit helps him to understand his inner self. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has given us a spirit to understand our deepest selves, just as a lamp makes you see in the dark”
20:28 f9he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness preserve the king 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The king preserves himself by being trustworthy and faithful to the covenant” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
20:28 dyd6 preserve the king 0 keep the king safe from harm
20:28 dym8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his throne is made secure by love 0 Here “throne” represents the king’s power to rule. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form. Also, If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a king ensures that he will rule for a long time by loving others” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
20:30 g7u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Blows that make a wound cleanse away evil and beatings make the innermost parts clean 0 Both statements mean the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. Using physical punishment to correct a person is spoken of as if the evil were dirt and the beatings cleansed him. Alternate translation: “Beating a person who has done wrong will correct him and cause him to be a better person” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
20:intro e8g2 0 # Proverbs 20 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 20 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nChapters 16–22 mostly contain proverbs in which the second of two parallel clauses completes, emphasizes, or qualifies the idea of the first clause. Chapter 20 also contains contrasting parallelism ([20:3](../20/03.md), [6](../20/06.md), [14](../20/14.md), [15](../20/15.md), [17](../20/17.md), [29](../20/29.md)) and parallelism in which both clauses have the same meaning for emphasis ([20:23](../20/23.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
20:1 p893 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֣ץ הַ֭⁠יַּין 1 Here, Solomon speaks of people who drink too much **wine** as if they were **wine** itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Someone who drinks too much wine is a mocker”
20:1 qa7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֹמֶ֣ה שֵׁכָ֑ר 1 Here, Solomon speaks of people who drink too much **intoxicating drink** as if they were **intoxicating drink** itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “someone who drinks too much intoxicating drink is a brawler”
20:1 c6m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֹׁ֥גֶה 1 Here, **staggers** refers to someone who **staggers** because they are intoxicated. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “who staggers drunkenly”
20:1 r2c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns בּ֝֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **it** refers to both **wine** and **intoxicating drink** that were mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by drinking too much alcohol”
20:1 k4sv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֣א יֶחְכָּֽם 1 Solomon is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “is quite foolish”
20:2 xa6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֵ֣ימַת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **terror** in [10:24](../10/24.md).
20:2 kygp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun כַּ֭⁠כְּפִיר & מֶ֑לֶךְ מִ֝תְעַבְּר֗⁠וֹ חוֹטֵ֥א נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a king**, **the young lion**, **one who infuriates**, **him**, and **his** refer to types of people and young lions in general, not to specific people or a a specific **young lion**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “any king … like any young lion … any person who infuriates that king forfeits that person’s own life”\n
20:2 p628 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile נַ֣הַם כַּ֭⁠כְּפִיר 1 See how you translated the same expression in [19:12](../19/12.md).
20:2 rl5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism חוֹטֵ֥א נַפְשֽׁ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon refers to causing one’s own death in a polite way by using the phrase **wrongs his life**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “will cause his end” or “will cause himself to be killed”
20:3 ru7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כָּב֣וֹד & שֶׁ֣בֶת מֵ⁠רִ֑יב 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Honor**, **cessation** and **strife**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “Being honorable … is ceasing to strive”
20:3 jxne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לָ֭⁠אִישׁ 1 The word **man** represents people in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “for a person”
20:3 gf5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִתְגַּלָּֽע 1 Here, Solomon refers to a **fool** eagerly starting an argument as if the argument were something that suddenly **breaks out**. If it would be helpful in your language you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every fool eagerly gets into an argument”
20:4 hvid rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָצֵ֣ל & וְשָׁאַ֖ל 1 **A lazy one** and **he** here refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any lazy person … and that person begs”
20:4 cva3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵ֭⁠חֹרֶף 1 The phrase **from winter** refers to the time when the people in Solomon’s area would prepare their fields to grow crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “during the proper time to plow”
20:4 qkwb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְשָׁאַ֖ל 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of what happened in the previous verse. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate results. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “and it causes him to bed”\n
20:4 tnx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשָׁאַ֖ל 1 Here, Solomon refers to a **lazy one** looking carefully for crops in his field as if he were begging the field to provide crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he searches his fields carefully for crops”
20:4 yywc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ⁠קָּצִ֣יר 1 Here, **the harvest** refers to the time when farmers **harvest** their crops. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “during the time when farmers harvest crops”
20:4 z5wi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וָ⁠אָֽיִן 1 Here, Solomon implies that **there is nothing** for the **lazy one** to harvest **in the harvest**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but has nothing to harvest”
20:5 wyy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֵצָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **Counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md).
20:5 mtun rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְ⁠לֶב 1 See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md).
20:5 a2aw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֑ישׁ וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Solomon is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … and a person of”\n
20:5 f8de rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַ֣יִם עֲ֭מֻקִּים & יִדְלֶֽ⁠נָּה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of how difficult it is to discern a persons **Counsel** as if it were **water** that one must **draw** **out** from a **deep** well. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is difficult to understand … is able to understand it” or “is difficult like deep waters … is able to draw it out”
20:5 qr3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ תְּבוּנָ֣ה 1 See how you translated **a man of understanding** in [10:23](../10/23.md).
20:6 lmq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָדָ֗ם & אִ֣ישׁ חַסְדּ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ 1 Although **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person … each person, that person’s covenant faithfulness, but a person of”
20:6 v682 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חַסְדּ֑⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **covenant faithfulness** in [3:3](../03/03.md).
20:6 xut9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ אֱ֝מוּנִ֗ים מִ֣י יִמְצָֽא 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize how few people act faithfully. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “but it is very difficult to find a man of faithful acts!”
20:6 e2or rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠אִ֥ישׁ אֱ֝מוּנִ֗ים 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by doing **faithful acts**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but a man who does faithful acts”
20:7 te6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּ⁠תֻמּ֣⁠וֹ צַדִּ֑יק & בָנָ֣י⁠ו אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו 1 **A righteous one**, **his**, **sons**, and **him** refer to people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. See how you translated a **righteous one** in [9:9](../09/09.md). Alternate translation: “Any righteous person … in that person’s integrity … are that person’s children after that person”
20:7 s7th rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִתְהַלֵּ֣ךְ בְּ⁠תֻמּ֣⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person behaving with **integrity** as if **integrity** were a place that person **walks about in**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar phrase in [19:1](../19/01.md). Alternate translation: “who behaves with integrity”\n
20:7 a0hc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠תֻמּ֣⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **integrity** in [1:3](../01/03.md).
20:7 y2ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַחֲרָֽי⁠ו 1 Here, **after him** means that **his sons** were born **after** he was. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his sons who exist after him”
20:8 vbz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֶ֗לֶךְ 1 This verse describes the traits of an ideal, righteous **king**, not any **king** in general. See how you translated the same use of **king** in [16:10](../16/10.md).\n
20:8 mow8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֗לֶךְ & כִּסֵּא־דִ֑ין מְזָרֶ֖ה בְ⁠עֵינָ֣י⁠ו 1 **A king**, **the throne**, **one who winnows**, and **his** refers to righteous kings and their thrones, not a specific **king** or **throne**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any good king … his throne of judgment is a king who winnows with his eyes”
20:8 vvj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession כִּסֵּא־דִ֑ין 1 This phrase could refer to: (1) a **throne** that a **king sits on** for the purpose of **judgment**. Alternate translation: “the throne for judgment” (2) a **throne** that is characterized by “justice,” which is another possible translation for the word **judgment**. Alternate translation: “the just throne”
20:8 siw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דִ֑ין & רָֽע 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **judgment** in [16:10](../16/10.md) and **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md).
20:8 j9up rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְזָרֶ֖ה 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a **king** removing **evil** from his kingdom as if that **evil** were chaff that a farmer **winnows** out of the grain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is one who removes” or “is one who removes like someone winnowing grain”
20:8 jkjm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְ⁠עֵינָ֣י⁠ו 1 Here, **eyes** refers to seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for perceiving something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “according to his perception” or “according to what he perceives”\n
20:9 p5m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִֽי־יֹ֭אמַר זִכִּ֣יתִי לִבִּ֑⁠י טָ֝הַ֗רְתִּי מֵ⁠חַטָּאתִֽ⁠י 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize that no one is sinless. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Certainly no one can say, ‘I have made my heart pure, I am clean from my sin!’”
20:9 znss rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations מִֽי־יֹ֭אמַר זִכִּ֣יתִי לִבִּ֑⁠י טָ֝הַ֗רְתִּי מֵ⁠חַטָּאתִֽ⁠י 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Who can say that he has made his heart pure, that he is clean from his sin”
20:9 lv4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זִכִּ֣יתִי לִבִּ֑⁠י 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person who no longer thinks sinfully as if that person **made** his **heart pure**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “My heart is now innocent”
20:9 s43m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִבִּ֑⁠י 1 See how you translated the same use of heart in [2:2](../02/02.md).
20:9 d5hx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor טָ֝הַ֗רְתִּי מֵ⁠חַטָּאתִֽ⁠י 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person who no longer sins as if that person were **clean from** his **sin**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I no longer sin”
20:9 xb5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵ⁠חַטָּאתִֽ⁠י 1 See how you translated abstract noun **sin** in [5:22](../05/22.md).
20:10 qsys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֣בֶן וָ֭⁠אֶבֶן אֵיפָ֣ה וְ⁠אֵיפָ֑ה 1 **Stone and stone** refer to two different stones used for weighing goods (see this use of **stone** in [11:1](../11/01.md)), and **ephah and ephah** refer to two different measurements used for measuring amounts of grain. Solomon is referring to different weights and measurements that a merchant pretends are the same in order to deceive a customer. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Unequal weights and unequal measurements”
20:10 j6j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶ֣בֶן וָ֭⁠אֶבֶן אֵיפָ֣ה וְ⁠אֵיפָ֑ה 1 Solomon implies that these unequal weights and measurements are used to benefit the dishonest person who uses them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Unequal weights and unequal measurements that people use dishonestly”
20:10 d19h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume אֵיפָ֣ה וְ⁠אֵיפָ֑ה 1 An **ephah** is a measurement of volume equivalent to 22 liters of dry solids (such as grain). However, Solomon is using the word here to refer to volume measurement in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a general expression in your translation for volume measurement. Alternatively, Alternate translation: “measurement and measurement”
20:10 fk9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֥ת יְ֝הוָ֗ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [3:32](../03/32.md).
20:10 zuu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׁנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 This phrase refers to the unequal weights and measurements called **Stone and stone** and **ephah and ephah** earlier in the verse. However, Solomon does not mean that **Yahweh** actually hates these weights and measurements. Rather, he means that **Yahweh** hates people using these things dishonestly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the dishonest use of these things”
20:11 kul3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּ֭⁠מַעֲלָלָי⁠ו יִתְנַכֶּר־נָ֑עַר & פָּעֳלֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a young man**, **himself** and **his** refer to a young person in general, not a specific **young man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “youths will make themselves known by their deeds … are their behavior”
20:11 yym3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִתְנַכֶּר 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “will make other people know him”
20:12 we5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֹ֣זֶן שֹׁ֭מַעַת וְ⁠עַ֣יִן רֹאָ֑ה & שְׁנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 Here, **ear** and **eye** represent these body parts in general, not one particular **ear** and **eye**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Hearing ears and seeing eyes … all of them”
20:13 h9et rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַל־תֶּֽאֱהַ֣ב שֵׁ֭נָה 1 The phrase**love sleep** means to **sleep** a lot because one loves to **sleep**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not sleep a lot”
20:13 ell4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast פְּקַ֖ח עֵינֶ֣י⁠ךָ שְֽׂבַֽע־לָֽחֶם 1 The idea of this clause is in contrast with the idea of the previous clause. In your translation, indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “instead, open your eyes, be satisfied with bread”
20:13 ee3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פְּקַ֖ח עֵינֶ֣י⁠ךָ 1 Here, Solomon says **open your eyes** to refer to staying awake. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “remain awake”
20:13 ls12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פְּקַ֖ח עֵינֶ֣י⁠ךָ 1 Here, Solomon implies that the person who opens his **eyes** does so in order to work. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “open your eyes to do your work”
20:13 rfqp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שְֽׂבַֽע־לָֽחֶם 1 This phrase states the result of obeying the command to **open your eyes** in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “so that you will be satisfied with bread”
20:13 qwdy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָֽחֶם 1 Here, **bread** is used to refer to food in general. See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md).
20:14 zh4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רַ֣ע רַ֭ע יֹאמַ֣ר הַ⁠קּוֹנֶ֑ה 1 Here, a **buyer** is criticizing something that he wants to buy in order to get the seller to decrease its price. **Bad** refers to bad quality. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “‘Bad quality! Bad quality!’ says the buyer criticizing the seller’s goods”
20:14 b5yx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet רַ֣ע רַ֭ע יֹאמַ֣ר הַ⁠קּוֹנֶ֑ה 1 Solomon is repeating the same word twice for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “‘It is really bad quality!’ says the buyer”
20:14 e4gf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations רַ֣ע רַ֭ע יֹאמַ֣ר הַ⁠קּוֹנֶ֑ה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “The buyer says that it is very bad”
20:14 ii45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הַ⁠קּוֹנֶ֑ה וְ⁠אֹזֵ֥ל ל֝֗⁠וֹ אָ֣ז יִתְהַלָּֽל 1 Here, **the buyer**, **he**, **his**, and **himself** represent buyers in general, not one particular **buyer**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any buyer, but when that buyer departs on his way, then that buyer praises himself”
20:14 kn96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אֹזֵ֥ל ל֝֗⁠וֹ אָ֣ז יִתְהַלָּֽל 1 Here, Solomon implies that **the buyer** bought the item and boasts to his friends about the good price he paid for it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but when he departs on his way after buying that thing, he boasts about the bargain he got”
20:15 vhn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown פְּנִינִ֑ים 1 See how you translated **corals** in [3:15](../03/15.md).
20:15 cv2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠כְלִ֥י יְ֝קָ֗ר שִׂפְתֵי־דָֽעַת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the value of **lips of knowledge** as if they were **a vessel of preciousness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but lips of knowledge are as valuable as a vessel of preciousness”
20:15 tt4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵי־דָֽעַת 1 See how you translated this phrase in [14:7](../14/07.md).
20:15 cw2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּ⁠כְלִ֥י יְ֝קָ֗ר 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **vessel** that is characterized by **preciousness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but … are a precious vessel”
20:15 t9yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠כְלִ֥י יְ֝קָ֗ר 1 Solomon contrasts **abundance** in the previous clause with **preciousness** in this clause in order to imply that **lips of knowledge** are rarer and more valuable than **gold** and **corals**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but … are a vessel that is even more precious than those”
20:16 lhgm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לְֽקַח־בִּ֭גְד⁠וֹ כִּי־עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר וּ⁠בְעַ֖ד נָכְרִיָּ֣ה חַבְלֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Take his garment when he has pledged for a stranger, yes, on behalf of a foreign woman hold it in pledge”
20:16 yhul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בִּ֭גְד⁠וֹ כִּי־עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר וּ⁠בְעַ֖ד נָכְרִיָּ֣ה 1 Here, **his**, **he**, **a stranger** and **a foreign woman** refer to types of people in general, not specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “a person’s garment when that person has pledged for any stranger, and on behalf of any foreign woman”
20:16 qwzo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְֽקַח־בִּ֭גְד⁠וֹ כִּי־עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר 1 When someone borrowed money in Solomon’s culture, the lender would take something from the borrower, such as a **garment**, as a guarantee of repayment. The lender would return the **garment** after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a pledge for the poor person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back”
20:16 sn35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר 1 See how you translated the same use of “he pledges for a stranger” in [11:15](../11/15.md).
20:16 cv1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠בְעַ֖ד נָכְרִיָּ֣ה 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and when he has pledged on behalf of a foreign woman”
20:16 e647 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַבְלֵֽ⁠הוּ 1 Here, **it** refers to **his garment** in the previous clause. Solomon is referring to the practicing of holding on to something that someone has given as a **pledge** to repay someone’s debt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “hold onto his garment as a guarantee of repayment”
20:17 ji7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עָרֵ֣ב 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person being pleased by eating **bread of falsehood** as if the **bread** were **Sweet**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “Pleasant” or “Pleasant like something sweet”
20:17 deur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לָ֭⁠אִישׁ & פִ֥י⁠הוּ 1 Although the terms **man** and **his** are masculine, Solomon is using these words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “to a person … that person’s mouth”\n
20:17 iz5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לֶ֣חֶם שָׁ֑קֶר 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **bread** that is obtained by **falsehood**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “bread obtained by falsehood”
20:17 lnt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֶ֣חֶם 1 See how you translated the same use of **bread** in [9:5](../09/05.md).
20:17 gjt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שָׁ֑קֶר 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **falsehood** in [6:17](../06/17.md).
20:17 zi4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִמָּֽלֵא־פִ֥י⁠הוּ חָצָֽץ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person experiencing bad results because of eating **bread of falsehood** as if **his mouth** were **filled with gravel**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express them meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “he will experience unpleasantness” or “he will have bad results as if his mouth were filled with sand”
20:18 mjl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מַ֭חֲשָׁבוֹת בְּ⁠עֵצָ֣ה תִכּ֑וֹן 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Counsel establishes plans”
20:18 amqi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠עֵצָ֣ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **counsel** in [1:25](../01/25.md).
20:18 b3nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וּ֝⁠בְ⁠תַחְבֻּל֗וֹת 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the intended result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. You may need to start a new sentence Alternate translation: “Therefore, by guidance”
20:18 a1pw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ֝⁠בְ⁠תַחְבֻּל֗וֹת עֲשֵׂ֣ה מִלְחָמָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **guidance**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and let others guide you when you make war”
20:19 i4ch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גּֽוֹלֶה־סּ֭וֹד הוֹלֵ֣ךְ רָכִ֑יל וּ⁠לְ⁠פֹתֶ֥ה שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו 1 **One who goes about**, **a gossip**, **a secret**, and **one who opens his lips** refer to types of people and secrets in general, not a specific person or **secret**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who goes about as a gossip reveals secrets, and with any person who opens his lips”
20:19 eugx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj רָכִ֑יל 1 See how you translated this phrase in [11:13](../11/13.md).
20:19 md8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וּ⁠לְ⁠פֹתֶ֥ה 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the intended result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. You may need to start a new sentence Alternate translation: “Therefore, with one who opens”
20:19 i2mb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠לְ⁠פֹתֶ֥ה שְׂ֝פָתָ֗י⁠ו 1 See how you translated **one who opens his lips** in [13:3](../13/03.md).
20:20 v9ff rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְ֭קַלֵּל אָבִ֣י⁠ו וְ⁠אִמּ֑⁠וֹ & נֵ֝ר֗⁠וֹ 1 **One who curses** and **his** refer to a type of person in general, not a specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural expressions. Alternate translation: “Any person who curses that person’s father and mother, that person’s lamp”
20:20 tn97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִֽדְעַ֥ךְ נֵ֝ר֗⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will extinguish his lamp”
20:20 el23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִֽדְעַ֥ךְ נֵ֝ר֗⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the same use of **lamp** and **will be extinguished** in [13:9](../13/09.md).
20:20 a13a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ב⁠אישון חֹֽשֶׁךְ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a very dark place as if it were **in the pupil**, which is the darkest spot on an eye. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the darkest darkness” or “in the deepest dark place”
20:21 o7z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נַ֭חֲלָה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **inheritance** in [17:2](../17/02.md).
20:21 mk5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּ⁠רִאשֹׁנָ֑ה 1 The phrase **in the beginning**refers to a person receiving his **inheritance** before he is supposed to receive it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “before the right time”
20:21 tj0e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝⁠אַחֲרִיתָ֗⁠הּ 1 See how you translated the same use of **its end** in [14:12](../14/12.md).
20:21 megx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹ֣א תְבֹרָֽךְ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not bless”
20:22 xd5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אַל־תֹּאמַ֥ר אֲשַׁלְּמָה־רָ֑ע 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Do not say that you will repay evil”\n
20:22 pj94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲשַׁלְּמָה־רָ֑ע 1 Here, Solomon refers to doing wrong to someone who has done wrong to **you** as if **you** were paying them back for something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will avenge evil” or “I will harm people who have harmed me”\n
20:22 hvmy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md).
20:22 dcj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast קַוֵּ֥ה לַֽ֝⁠יהוָ֗ה וְ⁠יֹ֣שַֽׁע לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 The idea of this clause is in contrast with the idea of the previous clause. In your translation, indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Instead, wait for Yahweh and he will save you”\n
20:22 ti5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קַוֵּ֥ה לַֽ֝⁠יהוָ֗ה 1 This could mean: (1) **Wait for Yahweh** to resolve the situation. Alternate translation: “Wait for Yahweh to take care of the issue” (2) Trust Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Trust Yahweh”
20:22 lbw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠יֹ֣שַֽׁע לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “and it will result in him saving you”\n
20:22 ys78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠יֹ֣שַֽׁע לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 Here, Solomon uses **he will save you** to mean that **Yahweh** will resolve the situation mentioned in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he will make it right”
20:23 x2rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה אֶ֣בֶן וָ⁠אָ֑בֶן וּ⁠מֹאזְנֵ֖י מִרְמָ֣ה לֹא־טֽוֹב 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Stone and stone are an abomination to Yahweh, yes, scales of deceit are not good”\n
20:23 kbrj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֣בֶן וָ⁠אָ֑בֶן 1 See how you translated this phrase in [20:10](../20/10.md).
20:23 stds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [20:10](../20/10.md).
20:23 d09b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּ⁠מֹאזְנֵ֖י מִרְמָ֣ה 1 See how you translated **scales of deceit** in [11:1](../11/01.md).
20:23 l8ok rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹא־טֽוֹב 1 See how you translated the same use of **not good** in [16:29](../16/29.md).
20:24 re6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִצְעֲדֵי 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh directs a person’s steps”
20:24 i9ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִצְעֲדֵי & דַּרְכּֽ⁠וֹ 1 In this verse, **steps** and **way** refers to the things that people experience during their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “path” in [4:18](../04/18.md). Alternate translation: “are what the life experiences of … his life experiences”
20:24 k0am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun גָ֑בֶר וְ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם & דַּרְכּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a strong man**, **a man**, and **his** refer to types of people in general, not to a specific **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any strong person, so … a person … that person’s way”
20:24 mfy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם מַה־יָּבִ֥ין דַּרְכּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize the truth of what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “so surely a man cannot understand his way!”
20:24 mb57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ֝⁠אָדָ֗ם מַה־יָּבִ֥ין 1 Here, **so** introduces the result of what was stated in the previous clause. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Therefore, how can a man understand”
20:25 f410 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מוֹקֵ֣שׁ אָ֭דָם יָ֣לַע 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A snare of a man is when he says rashly”
20:25 qfw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מוֹקֵ֣שׁ 1 Here, Solomon refers to something a person says that can cause him trouble as if what he says were a **snare** that traps him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated the same use of **snare** in [18:7](../18/07.md). Alternate translation: “What is dangerous for”\n
20:25 fkfq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָ֭דָם יָ֣לַע 1 Although **a man** and **he** are masculine, Solomon is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “a person: that person says rashly”\n
20:25 x37x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 Here, Solomon implies that this person has dedicated something to Yahweh by declaring it to be **holy**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I declare this thing to be holy”
20:25 tt8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נְדָרִ֣ים 1 Here, **vows** refers to declaring that something is holy and dedicated to Yahweh, which this person does in the previous clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “dedicating it to Yahweh” or “declaring it holy”
20:25 y3cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠בַקֵּֽר 1 Here, Solomon implies that this person **considers** the rash vow he just made. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “considers what he just vowed”
20:26 p3uf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מְזָרֶ֣ה & מֶ֣לֶךְ חָכָ֑ם וַ⁠יָּ֖שֶׁב 1 **A wise king**, **one who scatters**, and **he** refer to a type of kings in general, not a specific **king**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “Any wise king is one who scatters … and that king brings back”\n
20:26 cgd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְזָרֶ֣ה 1 See how you translated the same use of **winnows** in [20:8](../20/08.md).
20:26 rs2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יָּ֖שֶׁב עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֣ם אוֹפָֽן 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a **king** punishing **wicked ones** as if he were crushing them under a **wheel** used to crush grain. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “and he severely punishes them” or “and he severely punishes them like one crushing grain under a wheel”
20:26 sy6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אוֹפָֽן 1 Here, **wheel** refers to a “threshing wheel.” This is a farming tool used to crush grain and help separate it from the straw and chaff. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of **wheel**, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a grain-crushing tool”
20:27 csgz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נֵ֣ר יְ֭הוָה נִשְׁמַ֣ת אָדָ֑ם חֹ֝פֵ֗שׂ כָּל־חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 Here, **a man**, **the lamp**, and **the belly** refer to these things and people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “The breath of any person is a lamp of Yahweh, searching all the rooms of that person’s belly”
20:27 cin1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נִשְׁמַ֣ת 1 Here, **breath** refers to the inner spiritual part of a human being, which Yahweh gave to the first **man** by breathing it into him ([Genesis 2:7](../gen/02/07.md)). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The spirit of”
20:27 ic6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession נֵ֣ר יְ֭הוָה 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **lamp** that is given by **Yahweh**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is the lamp from Yahweh”
20:27 x5vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֵ֣ר יְ֭הוָה & חֹ֝פֵ֗שׂ 1 Here, Solomon speaks of a person’s spirit helping that person understand himself as if it were a **lamp** that searches within that person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “is what Yahweh has given him to discern” or “is like a lamp of Yahweh that searches”
20:27 d858 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 See how you translated this phrase in [18:8](../18/08.md).
20:28 cbb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism חֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭⁠אֱמֶת יִצְּרוּ־מֶ֑לֶךְ וְ⁠סָעַ֖ד בַּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness guard a king, yes, his throne is sustained by covenant faithfulness”\n
20:28 j9nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֶ֣סֶד וֶ֭⁠אֱמֶת & בַּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness** in [3:3](../03/03.md).
20:28 wys5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִצְּרוּ־מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a **king** protecting himself by acting with **Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness** as if those two things were people who **guard** him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “enables a king to be protected”\n
20:28 hss9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 This verse describes the traits of an ideal, righteous **king**, not any **king** in general. See how you translated the same use of **king** in [16:10](../16/10.md).\n
20:28 qmoh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֑לֶךְ & כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **a king** and **his throne** refer to righteous kings and their thrones, not a specific **king** or **throne**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any good king … that king’s throne”
20:28 f9he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠סָעַ֖ד בַּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and covenant faithfulness sustains his throne”
20:28 gamg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠סָעַ֖ד בַּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **throne** refers to a king’s authority, which is represented by the **throne** that a king sits on. See how you translated the same use of **throne** in [16:12](../16/12.md).
20:28 c9ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠סָעַ֖ד בַּ⁠חֶ֣סֶד כִּסְאֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a **king** maintaining his authority by acting with **covenant faithfulness** as if **covenant faithfulness** were a person who could sustain him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and acting with covenant faithfulness enables him to maintain his authority”
20:29 dym8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תִּפְאֶ֣רֶת & כֹּחָ֑⁠ם 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **splendor** in [4:9](../04/09.md) and **strength** in [5:10](../05/10.md).
20:29 aw3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠הֲדַ֖ר זְקֵנִ֣ים שֵׂיבָֽה 1 The idea of this clause is in contrast with the idea of the previous clause. In your translation, indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. You may need to start a new sentence. Alternate translation: “However, the adornment of old ones is gray hair”\n
20:29 oy2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וַ⁠הֲדַ֖ר 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **adornment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and what adorns”
20:29 f828 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֵׂיבָֽה 1 Here, **gray hair** refers to the wisdom or experience that people have who have lived long enough to have **gray hair**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is their wisdom”
20:30 g7u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession חַבֻּר֣וֹת פֶּ֭צַע 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe severe **Blows** that cause **a wound**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Blows that cause a wound”
20:30 w51j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תמריק בְּ⁠רָ֑ע 1 Here, Solomon refers to beatings that cause a person to stop doing something **evil** as if the beatings were cleaning away that **evil** thing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “stop a person from doing evil”
20:30 v66q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠רָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md).
20:30 isry rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝⁠מַכּ֗וֹת חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and strikes of a wound cleanse the rooms of the belly”
20:30 lyhn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַדְרֵי־בָֽטֶן 1 See how you translated this phrase in [18:8](../18/08.md).
21:intro ge8s 0 # Proverbs 21 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 21 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.
21:1 w5md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The king’s heart is a stream of water in the hand of Yahweh 0 The writer speaks of the king’s heart as if it were an irrigation ditch in a dry area through which people direct water to plants that need it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh controls the king’s heart as a man directs water for irrigation”
21:1 t1m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The king’s heart 0 The heart is a metaphor for what a person thinks and what he wants to do. Alternate translation: “The king’s thoughts and actions” or “What the king thinks and what he wants to do”

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@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
2:3 eogn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 Here, the phrase **the sons** refers to the other young men. In the previous verse the man compared the woman to the other “daughters” (young women). Here the woman compares the man she loves to the other young men, whom she calls **the sons**. If it would help your readers you could indicate explicitly what **the sons** means here. Alternate translation: “among the other young men” or “when compared to all the other men”
2:3 pii3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ חִמַּ֣דְתִּי וְ⁠יָשַׁ֔בְתִּי וּ⁠פִרְי֖⁠וֹ מָת֥וֹק לְ⁠חִכִּֽ⁠י 1 Here the woman continues speaking of the man as if he were **an apple tree**. The word **shadow** refers to the shade of an apple tree which would give both protection from the sun and refreshment. To **sit** represents being near or in the presence of the man and his **fruit** being **sweet** means that he causes the woman to experience pleasurable feelings in a way that is comparable to eating sweet fruit. If it is possible in your language you should try to retain the images used here, or substitute a comparable image if needed. If you are not able to retain the metaphors without causing misunderstanding, you could use similes or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He provides me with refreshment and protection when I am in his presence, he gives me great pleasure” or “I sit in his presence and he refreshes and protects me, he is delightful to me like sweet fruit”
2:3 fkm3 בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ 1 Alternate translation: “In his shade”
2:3 bfja חִמַּ֣דְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “I passionately desired”
2:4 o9vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “has brought me” in [1:4](../01/04.md). The original language word which the ULT translates here as **He brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “May he bring me” or ”I desire him to bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “He has brought me”
2:4 f7e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 Your language may say “took” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “He took me”
2:3 bfja חִמַּ֣דְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “I passionately desired”
2:4 ift6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 In the author’s culture the phrase **house of wine** was used to refer to a location that people went for the purpose of drinking wine. The phrase does not necessarily indicate a **house** or building so here it could be referring a private location that used as their meeting place, possibly the “house” (location) where they spent time together in the forest (described in [1:17](../01/17.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly or use a general expression that allows for either meaning. Alternate translation: “the place where wine is drunk” or ”the place where wine is served” or ”our meeting place”
2:4 hxuz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 Here, **house of wine** most likely does not refer to a literal **house of wine** but instead the woman is probably using this phrase to poetically describe a private meeting place where they could enjoy expressing their love for each other. She is describing their meeting place by using an image that was meaningful in that culture. If it would be helpful in your language, you could retain the literal translation **house of wine** and explain the meaning in a footnote (if you are using them), or you could express the meaning using a different expression that is meaningful in your culture, or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our meeting place so that we could enjoy our love” or ”the place where we could celebrate our love for each other” or ”the place where we could consummate our love”
2:4 rp8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ עָלַ֖⁠י אַהֲבָֽה 1 The woman is speaking of the man’s **love** for her as if it were a **banner**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he publicly displays his love for me and his intention is to protect me” or “and he covers me with his love”
@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
2:5 y4qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כִּי־חוֹלַ֥ת אַהֲבָ֖ה אָֽנִי 1 The woman speaks of feeling **sick with love** because her feelings of love are so strong for the man that they overwhelm her body as if they were a kind of sickness. She is exaggerating in order to emphasize the strength of her feelings for the man. Alternate translation: “for my love for you is so strong that I feel as if I were sick with love” or “because my love for you overwhelms me like a sickness”
2:5 ijwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
2:6 m6ys שְׂמֹאל⁠וֹ֙ תַּ֣חַת לְ⁠רֹאשִׁ֔⁠י וִ⁠ימִינ֖⁠וֹ תְּחַבְּקֵֽ⁠נִי 1 This verse could be describing: (1) an action that the man was doing in which case it should be translated in a similar way to the way that the ULT translates it. (2) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “ I hope he puts his left arm under my head\nand holds me close with his right arm” or ”I want him to put his left arm under my head\nand hold me close with his right arm”
2:6 fq8w 0 Alternate translation: “holds me”
2:7 l67b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 Here the author portrays the woman as speaking to the **daughters of Jerusalem** as if they were present and could hear her but most likely they are not present but rather the author is depicting the woman as addressing the **daughters of Jerusalem** as a poetic way of giving voice to the woman’s feelings. Because the author does this intentionally for poetic effect it is suggested that you do the same. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this in a footnote if you are using them.
2:7 f8kj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם…בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 **I adjure you** and the word **by** are both parts of Hebrew oath or promise formulas. You can use a natural way of making a promise in your culture that would be appropriate in this context. Alternate translation: “I urge you to promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “Please, promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “I want you to make an oath … with the female gazelles or the does of the field listening”
2:7 to30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** in [1:5](../01/05.md).
@ -139,6 +140,7 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
2:8 tymi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־ הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־ הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. The woman says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to give emphasis to what she is saying. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing in your language, or if you do not have two words for steeply elevated inclines you could combine these two phrases and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “jumping over the mountains!” or “leaping over the hills!”
2:8-9 fr67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת & דּוֹמֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ⁠צְבִ֔י א֖וֹ לְ⁠עֹ֣פֶר 1 The woman speaks of the man as if he were **a gazelle or a young stag**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills. My beloved is agile and fast and he exudes freedom and strength like a gazelle or a young stag”
2:8-9 gatn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת דּוֹמֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ⁠צְבִ֔י א֖וֹ לְ⁠עֹ֣פֶר 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “My beloved resembles a gazelle or a young stag, leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills” or “My beloved is like a gazelle or a young stag, leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills”
2:8 j2nl 0 This could mean: (1) “Listen carefully to what I am about to say.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully, or (2) “Listen so you can hear him coming.”
2:9 kq5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לִ⁠צְבִ֔י 1 See how you translated the plural form “gazelles” in [2:7](../02/07.md) and translate this word as the singular of “gazelles.”
2:9 qbs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָֽ⁠אַיָּלִ֑ים 1 A **stag** is a male deer. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “male deer”
2:9 s6z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּה־זֶ֤ה עוֹמֵד֙ 1 **Behold** is an exclamation word that is used to bring attention to something. Here it is used to draw attention to the man’s arrival. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language in this context. Alternate translation: “Look! Here he is! Standing”
@ -186,9 +188,9 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
3:1 gagz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo עַל־ מִשְׁכָּבִ⁠י֙ בַּ⁠לֵּיל֔וֹת 1 Because Bible scholars do not know if the events described in [3:1-4](../03/01.md) describe real events, things that happened in a dream or things the woman imagined, you should not expand on or explain the phrase **On my bed in the night** in the actual text of your translation (by adding a phrase like “I dreamed I was” or “I imagined I was”) though you may wish to use a header or a footnote. See the section “Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter” in the Introduction to this chapter for more information.
3:1 eds0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural בַּ⁠לֵּיל֔וֹת 1 In the original language the phrase **in the night** uses a plural form of **night** and could mean: (1) that the woman sought the man during the night. Alternate translation: “during the night” (2) that the woman sought the man throughout the night. Alternate translation: “throughout the night” or “all night long” (3) that the woman sought the man on many nights. Alternate translation: “night after night” or “night upon night”
3:1 ks2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry בִּקַּ֕שְׁתִּי אֵ֥ת שֶׁ⁠אָהֲבָ֖ה נַפְשִׁ֑⁠י בִּקַּשְׁתִּ֖י⁠ו 1 The phrase **I sought him** is repeated for emphasis. Hebrew poetry often uses repetition for emphasis. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to show the emphasis here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “I desperately sought him whom my soul loves” or “I earnestly sought him whom my soul loves”
3:1 hu3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֵ֥ת שֶׁ⁠אָהֲבָ֖ה נַפְשִׁ֑⁠י 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “you whom my soul loves” in [1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “him whom I love”
3:2 zqaa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָק֨וּמָה נָּ֜א 1 The woman is thinking or saying this to herself. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly by beginning this section with an introductory phrase as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “I thought to myself, “I will get up now …’”
3:2 uyu7 וַ⁠אֲסוֹבְבָ֣ה בָ⁠עִ֗יר 1 Alternate translation: “and walk through the city”
3:1 hu3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֵ֥ת שֶׁ⁠אָהֲבָ֖ה נַפְשִׁ֑⁠י 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “you whom my soul loves” in [1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “him whom I love”
3:2 x9ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠בָ֣⁠רְחֹב֔וֹת 1 The word **squares** refers to spacious open places where people gathered to sell things and conduct other business matters and handle legal matters. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of place, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “and in the open plazas” or “and in the wide open places”
3:2 afu9 אֲבַקְשָׁ֕ה…בִּקַּשְׁתִּ֖י⁠ו 1 Alternate translation: “I will look for … I looked for him”
3:2 tqsh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֵ֥ת שֶׁ⁠אָהֲבָ֖ה נַפְשִׁ֑⁠י 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “you whom my soul loves” in [1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “him whom I love”
@ -201,6 +203,7 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
3:4 zhgq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go שֶׁ֤⁠הֲבֵיאתִי⁠ו֙ 1 Your language may say “taken” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I had taken him”
3:4 xfcj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שֶׁ֤⁠הֲבֵיאתִי⁠ו֙ אֶל־ בֵּ֣ית אִמִּ֔⁠י וְ⁠אֶל־ חֶ֖דֶר הוֹרָתִֽ⁠י 1 These two phrases are parallel. The second phrase adds additional information to the first one. This is common in Hebrew poetry and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word such as “then” in order to show that the second phrase is adding additional information. Alternate translation: “I had brought him to the house of my mother\nand then to the room of the woman who had conceived me”
3:5 a3y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה אִם־תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽ⁠אִם־תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ אֶת־הָ⁠אַהֲבָ֖ה עַ֥ד שֶׁ⁠תֶּחְפָּֽץ 1 This verse is identical to [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md). Translate this verse exactly as you translated that verse. This verse is a refrain (a repeated phrase). Refrains are a common feature of poetry. This refrain closes section 2:8-3:5.
3:5 t61g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe 0 “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her.
3:6 c84r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִ֣י זֹ֗את עֹלָה֙ מִן־הַ⁠מִּדְבָּ֔ר כְּ⁠תִֽימֲר֖וֹת עָשָׁ֑ן מְקֻטֶּ֤רֶת מוֹר֙ וּ⁠לְבוֹנָ֔ה מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל אַבְקַ֥ת רוֹכֵֽל 1 Here, the phrase **Who is that** could: (1) be rhetorical question that is used to create a sense of expectation and interest. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate these words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the UST. (2) be a request for information. Alternate translation: “Who is it that I see arising from the wilderness like columns of smoke, fragrant smoke of myrrh and frankincense from all the powders of the merchant? ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
3:6 y8wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹלָה֙ 1 The word **arising** is used by the author because the group of people described is traveling **from the wilderness** to Jerusalem. They must travel upward in elevation in order to reach Jerusalem because **the wilderness** is low in the Jordan valley and Jerusalem is built on hills and is therefore high. Use a word or phrase that expresses moving upward in elevation. Alternate translation: “moving upward”
3:6 si0q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זֹ֗את עֹלָה֙ מִן־הַ⁠מִּדְבָּ֔ר 1 The word translated as **that** here could refer to: (1) Solomon’s “litter,” which is named in the following verse. Alternate translation: “is that group of people that is arising from the wilderness” (2) the woman. Alternate translation: “is this woman that is arising from the wilderness”
@ -209,6 +212,7 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
3:6 vbjm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מְקֻטֶּ֤רֶת 1 The author is leaving out a word that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply this word from the context. Alternate translation: “like fragrant smoke of”
3:6 w7kr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מוֹר֙ 1 **myrrh** is a pleasant smelling ointment which is made from resin taken from the myrrh tree. If your readers would not be familiar **myrrh** you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternately, you could describe **myrrh** with a descriptive phrase and/or you could include a footnote explaining what myrrh is. Alternate translation: “the sweet smelling incense made from the resin of a myrrh tree”
3:6 i42j rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל אַבְקַ֥ת רוֹכֵֽל 1 The word translated as **from all** could: (1) be introducing **the powders of the merchant** as additional information about **myrrh and frankincense**. Alternate translation: “which are among the powders of the merchant” (2) indicate that **the powders of the merchant** are being introduced as additional things **the merchant** sells. Alternate translation: “and other powders of the merchants”
3:6 e1ly 0 # General Information:\n\nThe third part of the book begins here. It begins with a description of sixty men carrying Solomon’s bed up from the wilderness to Jerusalem.
3:7 ldh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּ֗ה 1 **Behold** is an exclamation that is being used to draw people’s attention to what was “arising from the wilderness”. Use an exclamation that would express that meaning in your language as modeled by the UST.
3:7 sa19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מִטָּת⁠וֹ֙ 1 A **litter** was a portable bed or couch that important people were carried on from place to place. It was carried by wooden poles that were attached to it. This **litter** probably had a canopy on top of it that functioned as a roof and curtains around it that could be opened and closed. If your readers would be unfamiliar with this term you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a descriptive phrase as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “portable couch”
3:7 ui2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִטָּת⁠וֹ֙ שֶׁ⁠לִּ⁠שְׁלֹמֹ֔ה 1 The phrase **his litter, which belongs to Solomon** could mean: (1) that the woman was riding on the **litter** which belonged to **Solomon** and which he had sent for her. The UST models this interpretation. (2) that **Solomon** himself was riding in the **litter**. Alternate translation: “Solomon riding in his royal portable chair”
@ -231,6 +235,7 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
3:11 sfn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּ⁠י֣וֹם חֲתֻנָּת֔⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠י֖וֹם שִׂמְחַ֥ת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “on the day of his wedding, yes, on the day of the joy of his heart”
3:11 zhva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בְ⁠י֖וֹם שִׂמְחַ֥ת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “joyful” or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “on the day his heart was exceedingly joyful” or “on the day when his heart was very joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:11 ei7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠בְ⁠י֖וֹם שִׂמְחַ֥ת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Solomon’s inner being is being described by association with his **heart**, which the Jews viewed as being the center of a persons being and therefore the center of their mind and inner feelings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language as modeled by the UST.
3:11 sj76 gaze on King Solomon “look at King Solomon.” The word “gaze” refers to look at someone or something for a long time, usually with strong emotional feeling.
4:intro r3aw 0 # Song of Songs 4 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### “My sister, my bride”\nThe woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite.
4:1 rg3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִנָּ֨⁠ךְ יָפָ֤ה רַעְיָתִ⁠י֙ הִנָּ֣⁠ךְ יָפָ֔ה 1 See how you translated these two parallel phrases in [1:15](../01/15.md).
4:1 m3g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינַ֣יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִ֔ים מִ⁠בַּ֖עַד לְ⁠צַמָּתֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 See how you translated the phrase **Your eyes are doves** in [1:15](../01/15.md).
@ -240,45 +245,37 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
4:2 cqgq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַתְאִימ֔וֹת 1 Alternate translation: “give birth to twins”
4:2 jw1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שֶׁ⁠כֻּלָּ⁠ם֙ מַתְאִימ֔וֹת וְ⁠שַׁכֻּלָ֖ה אֵ֥ין בָּ⁠הֶֽם 1 Here the woman’s teeth are being compared to a flock of female sheep which all have birthed twin lambs. The author is saying that in a similar way to how twin lambs have a matching sibling that resembles it so each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. She has not lost any of her teeth. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. If it would help your readers you could also start a new sentence as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “As a flock of female sheep that has born twin lambs without losing any, so your mouth has its teeth, each with a match, and none of them are missing”
4:2 sb14 וְ⁠שַׁכֻּלָ֖ה אֵ֥ין בָּ⁠הֶֽם 1 Alternate translation: “and there is not one among them which has died”
4:3 t9kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile are like a thread of scarlet 0 Scarlet is a beautiful red color, and scarlet thread was very expensive. The woman’s lips were red. Alternate translation: “are a deep red like scarlet thread” or “are red and very beautiful”
4:3 v1ae scarlet 0 a dark red color that is very similar to the color of blood
4:3 q1mk is lovely 0 Alternate translation: “is beautiful”
4:3 j2a3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile are like pomegranate halves 0 Pomegranates are smooth, round, and rich red. The man thinks the woman’s cheeks are beautiful and show that she is healthy. Alternate translation: “are red and round like two halves of a pomegranate” or “are red and full and healthy”
4:3 y47i behind your veil 0 See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:1](./01.md).
4:4 i3qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Your neck is like the tower of David 0 No one knows if this was a real tower. A tower is a tall, slender building, and saying that David built it implies that it was beautiful. The man considered the woman’s neck long and slender and so beautiful. Alternate translation: “Your neck is long and beautiful like the tower of David”
4:4 v4ae of David 0 Alternate translation: “that David built”
4:4 cq2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor built in rows of stone 0 Women had necklaces that covered their entire necks with rows of decorations. The man compares these rows of decorations with the rows of stone on the tower. Alternate translation: “that has many rows of stone” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
4:4 c4nk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor with a thousand shields 0 The man compares the decorations of the woman’s necklace with shields hanging on the tower. The necklace probably went around her neck many times.
4:4 wgq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers a thousand shields 0 “1,000 shields.”
4:4 swd3 all the shields of soldiers 0 Alternate translation: “all of the shields belong to mighty warriors”
4:5 f8qi two breasts 0 If the word “two” seems unnecessary and so out of place, you could omit it.
4:5 ea9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like two fawns, twins of a gazelle 1 The man implies that the woman’s breasts are matching, soft, and pleasant to look at.
4:5 wd7y twins 0 the babies of a mother who gave birth to two babies at one time
4:5 gu86 gazelle 0 an animal that looks like a deer and moves quickly. Translate as the singular of “gazelles” as in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
4:5 p33d grazing among the lilies 0 “eating plants among the lilies.” While it is clear that the man “grazing among the lilies” is a metaphor for making love ([Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md)), it is not clear what these words refer to. It is best to translate them literally.
4:5 bb93 lilies 0 sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](../02/01.md).
4:6 y1xu Until the dawn arrives and the shadows flee away 0 Translate similar wording in this line as you did the line in [Song of Songs 2:17](../02/16.md).
4:6 re83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will go to the mountain of myrrh and to the hill of frankincense 0 The “mountain of myrrh” and “hill of frankincense” are metaphors for the woman’s breasts ([Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md)). Alternate translation: “I will lie close to your breasts, which are like mountains that smell like myrrh and frankincense” or “I will lie close to your breasts, which smell very sweet” or “I will go to the sweet-smelling mountains”
4:6 bm4n the mountain of myrrh 0 Alternate translation: “the mountain made of myrrh” or “the mountain that has myrrh growing on it”
4:6 ekc1 the hill of frankincense 0 Alternate translation: “the hill where there are clouds of smoke from burning frankincense in the air”
4:7 wt7k You are beautiful in every way 0 Alternate translation: “Every part of you is beautiful” or “All of you is beautiful”
4:7 l1xq my love 0 “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
4:7 ci96 there is no blemish in you 0 Alternate translation: “you have no blemish”
4:8 h4yw from Lebanon 0 Alternate translation: “away from Lebanon”
4:8 j8s2 my bride 0 This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife.
4:8 m2km rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Amana 0 the name of a mountain north of Israel
4:8 ir9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Senir 0 the name of a mountain near Amana and Hermon. Some people think that this refers to the same mountain as Hermon.
4:8 ybd2 dens 0 places where lions and leopards live, like caves or holes in the ground
4:9 d7n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom You have stolen my heart 0 This idiom could mean: (1) “My heart now belongs completely to you” or (2) “I strongly desire to make love to you”
4:9 vdf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom my sister 0 This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
4:9 k4ah my bride 0 This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:8](./08.md).
4:9 d83s heart, with just one look at me, with just one jewel 0 “heart. All you have to do is look at me once or show me just one jewel.” Both the woman’s eyes and her jewelry attract the man to her.
4:9 laj2 necklace 0 This necklace probably went around her neck many times ([Song of Songs 4:4](./04.md)).
4:10 g6qt How beautiful is your love 0 Alternate translation: “Your love is wonderful”
4:10 v1gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom my sister 0 This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./08.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
4:10 ibb8 my bride 0 This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./08.md).
4:10 td9x How much better is your love than wine 0 “Your love is much better than wine.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Song of Songs 1:2](../01/01.md).
4:10 ts8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the fragrance of your perfume than any spice 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “how much better is the fragrance of your perfume than the fragrance of any spice”
4:3 t9kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠ח֤וּט הַ⁠שָּׁנִי֙ שִׂפְתֹתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 **Scarlet** is a term that describes a bright red color. The woman’s lips were a beautiful red color. The woman’s lips are being compared to the color of scarlet thread and not to the thinness of the thread. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Also, if it would help your readers you could use a term for a material that is thicker than **thread** such as ribbon. Alternate translation: “Your lips are a beautiful red like scarlet thread” or “Your lips are a beautiful red like scarlet ribbon”
4:3 x68e כְּ⁠פֶ֤לַח הָֽ⁠רִמּוֹן֙ רַקָּתֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 The term translated as **cheeks** could refer to: (1) the **woman’s two cheeks** on the side of her mouth as rendered by the ULT. (2) the woman’s two temples on the side of her forehead. Alternate translation: “Like a slice of pomegranate are your temples” (3) the woman’s forehead. Alternate translation: “Like a slice of pomegranate is your forehead”
4:3 j2a3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠פֶ֤לַח הָֽ⁠רִמּוֹן֙ רַקָּתֵ֔⁠ךְ 1 This comparison could be comparing: (1) the shape of the woman’s **cheeks** to the shape of a **pomegranate** which has been sliced in half and to the outside color of a **pomegranate** (which is the color red). Alternate translation: “Your cheeks are red and rounded like a slice of pomegranate” or “Your cheeks resemble the color and shape of a slice of pomegranate” (or if you decided that the term **cheek** refers to the woman’s temples “Your temples are red like a slice of pomegranate”) (2) the way the woman’s cheeks looked through the inside of the veil to the color and pattern of the inside of a pomegranate which has been sliced in half. Alternate translation: “Your cheeks resemble the color and pattern of the inside of a slice of pomegranate” (or if you decided that the term **cheeks** refers to the woman’s temples “Your temples are the color of the inside of a slice of pomegranate”)
4:3 y47i מִ⁠בַּ֖עַד לְ⁠צַמָּתֵֽ⁠ךְ 1 See how you translated the phrase **from behind your veil** in [4:1](../04/01.md).
4:4 i3qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠מִגְדַּ֤ל דָּוִיד֙ צַוָּארֵ֔⁠ךְ בָּנ֖וּי לְ⁠תַלְפִּיּ֑וֹת 1 The woman’s **neck** is being compared to **the tower of David** which was a tall fortress **built of layers** or rows. A long neck was considered beautiful in the authors culture. King David built some of his towers of beautiful white marble rock. It is probable that this tower was made from white marble rock since this tower is being used here in comparison with the beauty of the woman’s neck. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Your neck is long and beautiful like the tower of David” or “Your neck is beautiful like the tower of David”
4:4 gvns rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּ⁠מִגְדַּ֤ל דָּוִיד֙ 1 The **tower of David** was a tall building that was built for defense. Towers were significantly taller than other buildings and often built more narrow so that they were not wide. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of structure, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “Like the tall, narrow defense structure of David is” or “Like David’s tall thin rock defense building is”
4:4 v4ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בָּנ֖וּי לְ⁠תַלְפִּיּ֑וֹת 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context implies that David instructed men to build it. Alternate translation: “that men built in layers” or “which David instructed men to build of layers” or “that David had men build of layers”
4:4 vwef בָּנ֖וּי לְ⁠תַלְפִּיּ֑וֹת 1 Alternate translation: “built using rows of stones”
4:4 c4nk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile אֶ֤לֶף הַ⁠מָּגֵן֙ תָּל֣וּי עָלָ֔י⁠ו כֹּ֖ל שִׁלְטֵ֥י הַ⁠גִּבּוֹרִֽים 1 In the authors culture it was a common practice to hang **shields** on walls as decorations. Here, the man compares the beauty of the woman’s neck with shields hanging on the tower. This comparison probably included the decorations of the woman’s necklaces which probably went around her neck many times. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “The beauty of your neck jeweled in necklaces is like a thousand warriors shields hanging from a tower”
4:4 byh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers אֶ֤לֶף 1 In the authors culture the number **a thousand** was often used to represent a very large, but not precise, amount. This is how the number is being used here. Alternate translation: “many” or “with many”
4:4 swd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֶ֤לֶף הַ⁠מָּגֵן֙ תָּל֣וּי עָלָ֔י⁠ו כֹּ֖ל שִׁלְטֵ֥י הַ⁠גִּבּוֹרִֽים 1 The phrase **all the shields of the warriors** is parallel to the statement **a thousand shields hanging on it** and adds the additional information that the **shields** belonged to **warriors**. Hebrew poetry often used this kind of parallel statement, in which the second line gives additional information, so it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect these two parallel phrases with “each of which” or “each one” in order to show that the second phrase is not repeating the first one, but rather is saying something additional. Alternate translation: “a thousand shields hanging on it, each of which belongs to the warriors” or “a thousand shields hanging on it, each one belonging to the warriors”
4:5 ea9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שְׁנֵ֥י שָׁדַ֛יִ⁠ךְ כִּ⁠שְׁנֵ֥י עֳפָרִ֖ים תְּאוֹמֵ֣י צְבִיָּ֑ה הָ⁠רוֹעִ֖ים בַּ⁠שּׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים 1 Here, the man compares the woman’s **two breasts** to two young twin gazelles that are grazing. The context does not explicitly indicate how exactly the woman’s **two breasts** are like two young gazelles so you could simply say that they resemble young gazelles or if it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a general point of comparison such as their beauty as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “Your two breasts resemble two young twin gazelles grazing among lilies”
4:5 gu86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown צְבִיָּ֑ה 1 See how you translated the plural form “gazelles” in [2:7](../02/07.md).
4:5 bb93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠שּׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים 1 See how you translated the singular form “lily” in [2:1](../02/01.md).
4:6 y1xu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עַ֤ד שֶׁ⁠יָּפ֨וּחַ֙ הַ⁠יּ֔וֹם וְ⁠נָ֖סוּ הַ⁠צְּלָלִ֑ים 1 See how you translated the phrase **Until the day breathes and the shadows flee** in [2:17](../02/17.md).
4:6 xt1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go אֵ֤לֶךְ לִ⁠י֙ 1 Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I myself will come”
4:6 yze6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠מּ֔וֹר 1 See how you translated **myrrh** in [1:13](../01/13.md).
4:6 re83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֵ֤לֶךְ לִ⁠י֙ אֶל־הַ֣ר הַ⁠מּ֔וֹר וְ⁠אֶל־גִּבְעַ֖ת הַ⁠לְּבוֹנָֽה 1 The phrases **the mountain of myrrh** and **the hill of frankincense** are both metaphors that refer to the woman’s “breasts” (mentioned in the previous verse). The man is discreetly indicating that the woman’s breasts are pleasant smelling and that he wants to enjoy them (The man and the woman are now married). It would be good to retain this discreet and beautiful poetic imagery if possible. If you are using footnotes you could indicate what these two metaphors mean there. If you decide that it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning using a simile. Alternate translation: “I myself will go to your breasts which are like two sweet-smelling mountains” or “I myself will be close to your breasts, which are like two pleasant smelling hills”
4:7 wt7k כֻּלָּ֤⁠ךְ יָפָה֙ 1 Alternate translation: “Every part of you is beautiful”
4:8 ojmm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִתִּ֤⁠י מִ⁠לְּבָנוֹן֙ כַּלָּ֔ה אִתִּ֖⁠י מִ⁠לְּבָנ֣וֹן תָּב֑וֹאִי תָּשׁ֣וּרִי ׀ מֵ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ אֲמָנָ֗ה מֵ⁠רֹ֤אשׁ שְׂנִיר֙ וְ⁠חֶרְמ֔וֹן מִ⁠מְּעֹנ֣וֹת אֲרָי֔וֹת מֵֽ⁠הַרְרֵ֖י נְמֵרִֽים 1 This entire verse is a metaphor. This is poetry and the author is not literally indicating that the woman is physically in the mountains and near wild and dangerous animals. Rather, the that author is using this metaphor to express the man’s feelings regarding being physically distant from the woman and his strong desire to have the woman near him and away from anything that could harm her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly using a simile as modeled by the UST.
4:8 h4yw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go אִתִּ֤⁠י…תָּב֑וֹאִי 1 Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “Go with me … go”
4:8 hwn4 תָּשׁ֣וּרִי 1 The word translated as **Descend** here could mean: (1 to come down from a height. If you choose this meaning you can follow the model of the ULT and UST. Alternate translation: “Climb down” (2) to bend down and look. Alternate translation: “Bend down and look”
4:8 m2km rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ אֲמָנָ֗ה מֵ⁠רֹ֤אשׁ שְׂנִיר֙ וְ⁠חֶרְמ֔וֹן 1 **Hermon** is a mountain range in northern Israel and **Amana** and **Senir** are both mountain peaks.
4:8 l03h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מִ⁠מְּעֹנ֣וֹת אֲרָי֔וֹת מֵֽ⁠הַרְרֵ֖י נְמֵרִֽים 1 These two phrases mean very similar things. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same general idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you could combine the phrases into one as modeled by the UST.
4:9 d7n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי…לִבַּבְתִּ֨י⁠נִי֙ 1 The phrase translated as **you have enchanted my heart** is an idiom which could mean: (1) to steal or capture a persons heart. In Jewish thinking the **heart** was the center of a persons thinking. To capture a persons **heart** probably also had the added meaning of causing them to be so in love that they could not think clearly because they were so overcome with feelings of love. Alternate translation: “You have captured my heart … you have captured my heart” or “It is as though you have captured my heart … it is as though you have captured my heart” or “You have made me feel so in love with you that it is as if I have lost my mind … you have made me feel so in love with you that it is as if I have lost my mind“ (2) the the woman had made the man’s **heart** beat faster. Alternate translation: “You have caused my heart to beat fast … you have caused my heart to beat fast” (3) that the woman had encouraged the man’s **heart**. Alternate translation: “You have encouraged my heart … you have encouraged my heart” or “You have given me heart … you have given me heart”
4:9 vdf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 The man and woman are not actually brother and sister. The phrase **my sister** is a term of endearment which expresses affection between lovers. This phrase indicates that the man and woman have a close companionship and deep emotional bond. If calling a lover **my sister** would be offensive or socially inappropriate in your culture you could use a different term of endearment or indicate the meaning of **my sister** with a footnote. Alternately, you could indicate the meaning explicitly as modeled by the UST.
4:10 v1gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md).
4:10 qy7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation מַה־…מַה־ 1 Here, the word **How** is used as an exclamation to introduce two statements about how wonderful the woman’s **love** is. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this.
4:10 ibb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַה־יָּפ֥וּ דֹדַ֖יִ⁠ךְ…מַה־טֹּ֤בוּ דֹדַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verb form as modeled by the UST or in some other way that is natural in your language.
4:10 d1m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁמָנַ֖יִ⁠ךְ 1 Here, **oils** refers to perfumes. In the authors culture pleasant smelling spices were mixed into olive oil in order to make a pleasant smelling perfume which was then put on the skin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “your scented oils” or “the perfumed oils on your skin”
4:10 ts8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שְׁמָנַ֖יִ⁠ךְ 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the words “is better” from the context as modeled by the UST.
4:10 wzb4 fragrance … perfume 0 See how you translated these words in [Song of Songs 1:3](../01/01.md).
4:10 r5ni spice 0 dried plants or seeds that have a good smell or taste
4:11 fw88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your lips … drip honey 0 Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words.
@ -292,8 +289,8 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
4:13 i3mi a grove 0 a place where many trees grow together
4:13 eji6 with choice fruits 0 Alternate translation: “with the best kinds of fruits”
4:13 q938 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נְרָדִֽים 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
4:14 e6n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נֵ֣רְדְּ 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
4:13 dju5 henna 0 small desert trees that people used as a perfume. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md).
4:14 e6n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נֵ֣רְדְּ 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
4:14 dxj9 saffron 0 a spice that comes from the dried parts from the yellow thread in the center of a certain flower
4:14 ujr7 calamus 0 a reed with a pleasant smell that people used to make anointing oil.
4:14 w1cm cinnamon 0 a spice made from the bark of a tree that people used for cooking
@ -449,6 +446,7 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
7:2 cz8d encircled with lilies 0 Alternate translation: “with lilies all around it”
7:2 ue5r lilies 0 sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](../02/01.md).
7:3 jw6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile two breasts 0 See how you translated this in [4:5](../04/05.md).
7:3 wr8t gazelle 0
7:4 uv17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Your neck is like a tower of ivory 0 A tower is long and straight. Ivory is white. The woman’s neck is long and straight, and her skin is light in color.
7:4 b1sy a tower of ivory 0 Alternate translation: “a tower that people have decorated with ivory”
7:4 xgt7 ivory 0 the white tusk or tooth of an animal that is similar to bone. People use ivory to make art and to make things look beautiful.
@ -551,9 +549,3 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
8:14 yhn7 gazelle 0 a type of slender deer-like animal with long curved horns
8:14 gp9l stag 0 an adult male deer
8:14 mqx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mountains of spices 0 “the mountains that have spices all over them.” The woman uses this metaphor to invite the man to make love to her. See how the man uses the metaphor of a mountain of myrrh and a hill of frankincense in [Song of Songs 4:6](../04/06.md).
7:3 wr8t gazelle 0
2:6 fq8w 0 Alternate translation: “holds me”
2:8 j2nl 0 This could mean: (1) “Listen carefully to what I am about to say.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully, or (2) “Listen so you can hear him coming.”
3:5 t61g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe 0 “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her.
3:6 e1ly 0 # General Information:\n\nThe third part of the book begins here. It begins with a description of sixty men carrying Solomon’s bed up from the wilderness to Jerusalem.
3:11 sj76 gaze on King Solomon “look at King Solomon.” The word “gaze” refers to look at someone or something for a long time, usually with strong emotional feeling.

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
107 2:3 eogn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 Here, the phrase **the sons** refers to the other young men. In the previous verse the man compared the woman to the other “daughters” (young women). Here the woman compares the man she loves to the other young men, whom she calls **the sons**. If it would help your readers you could indicate explicitly what **the sons** means here. Alternate translation: “among the other young men” or “when compared to all the other men”
108 2:3 pii3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ חִמַּ֣דְתִּי וְ⁠יָשַׁ֔בְתִּי וּ⁠פִרְי֖⁠וֹ מָת֥וֹק לְ⁠חִכִּֽ⁠י 1 Here the woman continues speaking of the man as if he were **an apple tree**. The word **shadow** refers to the shade of an apple tree which would give both protection from the sun and refreshment. To **sit** represents being near or in the presence of the man and his **fruit** being **sweet** means that he causes the woman to experience pleasurable feelings in a way that is comparable to eating sweet fruit. If it is possible in your language you should try to retain the images used here, or substitute a comparable image if needed. If you are not able to retain the metaphors without causing misunderstanding, you could use similes or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He provides me with refreshment and protection when I am in his presence, he gives me great pleasure” or “I sit in his presence and he refreshes and protects me, he is delightful to me like sweet fruit”
109 2:3 fkm3 בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ 1 Alternate translation: “In his shade”
110 2:3 bfja חִמַּ֣דְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “I passionately desired”
111 2:4 o9vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “has brought me” in [1:4](../01/04.md). The original language word which the ULT translates here as **He brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “May he bring me” or ”I desire him to bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “He has brought me”
112 2:4 f7e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 Your language may say “took” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “He took me”
2:3 bfja חִמַּ֣דְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “I passionately desired”
113 2:4 ift6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 In the author’s culture the phrase **house of wine** was used to refer to a location that people went for the purpose of drinking wine. The phrase does not necessarily indicate a **house** or building so here it could be referring a private location that used as their meeting place, possibly the “house” (location) where they spent time together in the forest (described in [1:17](../01/17.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly or use a general expression that allows for either meaning. Alternate translation: “the place where wine is drunk” or ”the place where wine is served” or ”our meeting place”
114 2:4 hxuz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 Here, **house of wine** most likely does not refer to a literal **house of wine** but instead the woman is probably using this phrase to poetically describe a private meeting place where they could enjoy expressing their love for each other. She is describing their meeting place by using an image that was meaningful in that culture. If it would be helpful in your language, you could retain the literal translation **house of wine** and explain the meaning in a footnote (if you are using them), or you could express the meaning using a different expression that is meaningful in your culture, or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our meeting place so that we could enjoy our love” or ”the place where we could celebrate our love for each other” or ”the place where we could consummate our love”
115 2:4 rp8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ עָלַ֖⁠י אַהֲבָֽה 1 The woman is speaking of the man’s **love** for her as if it were a **banner**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he publicly displays his love for me and his intention is to protect me” or “and he covers me with his love”
123 2:5 y4qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כִּי־חוֹלַ֥ת אַהֲבָ֖ה אָֽנִי 1 The woman speaks of feeling **sick with love** because her feelings of love are so strong for the man that they overwhelm her body as if they were a kind of sickness. She is exaggerating in order to emphasize the strength of her feelings for the man. Alternate translation: “for my love for you is so strong that I feel as if I were sick with love” or “because my love for you overwhelms me like a sickness”
124 2:5 ijwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
125 2:6 m6ys שְׂמֹאל⁠וֹ֙ תַּ֣חַת לְ⁠רֹאשִׁ֔⁠י וִ⁠ימִינ֖⁠וֹ תְּחַבְּקֵֽ⁠נִי 1 This verse could be describing: (1) an action that the man was doing in which case it should be translated in a similar way to the way that the ULT translates it. (2) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “ I hope he puts his left arm under my head\nand holds me close with his right arm” or ”I want him to put his left arm under my head\nand hold me close with his right arm”
126 2:6 fq8w 0 Alternate translation: “holds me”
127 2:7 l67b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 Here the author portrays the woman as speaking to the **daughters of Jerusalem** as if they were present and could hear her but most likely they are not present but rather the author is depicting the woman as addressing the **daughters of Jerusalem** as a poetic way of giving voice to the woman’s feelings. Because the author does this intentionally for poetic effect it is suggested that you do the same. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this in a footnote if you are using them.
128 2:7 f8kj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם…בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 **I adjure you** and the word **by** are both parts of Hebrew oath or promise formulas. You can use a natural way of making a promise in your culture that would be appropriate in this context. Alternate translation: “I urge you to promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “Please, promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “I want you to make an oath … with the female gazelles or the does of the field listening”
129 2:7 to30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** in [1:5](../01/05.md).
140 2:8 tymi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־ הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־ הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. The woman says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to give emphasis to what she is saying. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing in your language, or if you do not have two words for steeply elevated inclines you could combine these two phrases and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “jumping over the mountains!” or “leaping over the hills!”
141 2:8-9 fr67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת & דּוֹמֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ⁠צְבִ֔י א֖וֹ לְ⁠עֹ֣פֶר 1 The woman speaks of the man as if he were **a gazelle or a young stag**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills. My beloved is agile and fast and he exudes freedom and strength like a gazelle or a young stag”
142 2:8-9 gatn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת דּוֹמֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ⁠צְבִ֔י א֖וֹ לְ⁠עֹ֣פֶר 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “My beloved resembles a gazelle or a young stag, leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills” or “My beloved is like a gazelle or a young stag, leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills”
143 2:8 j2nl 0 This could mean: (1) “Listen carefully to what I am about to say.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully, or (2) “Listen so you can hear him coming.”
144 2:9 kq5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לִ⁠צְבִ֔י 1 See how you translated the plural form “gazelles” in [2:7](../02/07.md) and translate this word as the singular of “gazelles.”
145 2:9 qbs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָֽ⁠אַיָּלִ֑ים 1 A **stag** is a male deer. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “male deer”
146 2:9 s6z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּה־זֶ֤ה עוֹמֵד֙ 1 **Behold** is an exclamation word that is used to bring attention to something. Here it is used to draw attention to the man’s arrival. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language in this context. Alternate translation: “Look! Here he is! Standing”
188 3:1 gagz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo עַל־ מִשְׁכָּבִ⁠י֙ בַּ⁠לֵּיל֔וֹת 1 Because Bible scholars do not know if the events described in [3:1-4](../03/01.md) describe real events, things that happened in a dream or things the woman imagined, you should not expand on or explain the phrase **On my bed in the night** in the actual text of your translation (by adding a phrase like “I dreamed I was” or “I imagined I was”) though you may wish to use a header or a footnote. See the section “Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter” in the Introduction to this chapter for more information.
189 3:1 eds0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural בַּ⁠לֵּיל֔וֹת 1 In the original language the phrase **in the night** uses a plural form of **night** and could mean: (1) that the woman sought the man during the night. Alternate translation: “during the night” (2) that the woman sought the man throughout the night. Alternate translation: “throughout the night” or “all night long” (3) that the woman sought the man on many nights. Alternate translation: “night after night” or “night upon night”
190 3:1 ks2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry בִּקַּ֕שְׁתִּי אֵ֥ת שֶׁ⁠אָהֲבָ֖ה נַפְשִׁ֑⁠י בִּקַּשְׁתִּ֖י⁠ו 1 The phrase **I sought him** is repeated for emphasis. Hebrew poetry often uses repetition for emphasis. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to show the emphasis here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “I desperately sought him whom my soul loves” or “I earnestly sought him whom my soul loves”
191 3:1 hu3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֵ֥ת שֶׁ⁠אָהֲבָ֖ה נַפְשִׁ֑⁠י 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “you whom my soul loves” in [1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “him whom I love”
192 3:2 zqaa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָק֨וּמָה נָּ֜א 1 The woman is thinking or saying this to herself. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly by beginning this section with an introductory phrase as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “I thought to myself, “I will get up now …’”
193 3:2 uyu7 וַ⁠אֲסוֹבְבָ֣ה בָ⁠עִ֗יר 1 Alternate translation: “and walk through the city”
3:1 hu3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֵ֥ת שֶׁ⁠אָהֲבָ֖ה נַפְשִׁ֑⁠י 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “you whom my soul loves” in [1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “him whom I love”
194 3:2 x9ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠בָ֣⁠רְחֹב֔וֹת 1 The word **squares** refers to spacious open places where people gathered to sell things and conduct other business matters and handle legal matters. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of place, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “and in the open plazas” or “and in the wide open places”
195 3:2 afu9 אֲבַקְשָׁ֕ה…בִּקַּשְׁתִּ֖י⁠ו 1 Alternate translation: “I will look for … I looked for him”
196 3:2 tqsh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אֵ֥ת שֶׁ⁠אָהֲבָ֖ה נַפְשִׁ֑⁠י 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “you whom my soul loves” in [1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “him whom I love”
203 3:4 zhgq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go שֶׁ֤⁠הֲבֵיאתִי⁠ו֙ 1 Your language may say “taken” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I had taken him”
204 3:4 xfcj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שֶׁ֤⁠הֲבֵיאתִי⁠ו֙ אֶל־ בֵּ֣ית אִמִּ֔⁠י וְ⁠אֶל־ חֶ֖דֶר הוֹרָתִֽ⁠י 1 These two phrases are parallel. The second phrase adds additional information to the first one. This is common in Hebrew poetry and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word such as “then” in order to show that the second phrase is adding additional information. Alternate translation: “I had brought him to the house of my mother\nand then to the room of the woman who had conceived me”
205 3:5 a3y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה אִם־תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽ⁠אִם־תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ אֶת־הָ⁠אַהֲבָ֖ה עַ֥ד שֶׁ⁠תֶּחְפָּֽץ 1 This verse is identical to [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md). Translate this verse exactly as you translated that verse. This verse is a refrain (a repeated phrase). Refrains are a common feature of poetry. This refrain closes section 2:8-3:5.
206 3:5 t61g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe 0 “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her.
207 3:6 c84r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִ֣י זֹ֗את עֹלָה֙ מִן־הַ⁠מִּדְבָּ֔ר כְּ⁠תִֽימֲר֖וֹת עָשָׁ֑ן מְקֻטֶּ֤רֶת מוֹר֙ וּ⁠לְבוֹנָ֔ה מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל אַבְקַ֥ת רוֹכֵֽל 1 Here, the phrase **Who is that** could: (1) be rhetorical question that is used to create a sense of expectation and interest. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate these words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the UST. (2) be a request for information. Alternate translation: “Who is it that I see arising from the wilderness like columns of smoke, fragrant smoke of myrrh and frankincense from all the powders of the merchant? ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
208 3:6 y8wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹלָה֙ 1 The word **arising** is used by the author because the group of people described is traveling **from the wilderness** to Jerusalem. They must travel upward in elevation in order to reach Jerusalem because **the wilderness** is low in the Jordan valley and Jerusalem is built on hills and is therefore high. Use a word or phrase that expresses moving upward in elevation. Alternate translation: “moving upward”
209 3:6 si0q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זֹ֗את עֹלָה֙ מִן־הַ⁠מִּדְבָּ֔ר 1 The word translated as **that** here could refer to: (1) Solomon’s “litter,” which is named in the following verse. Alternate translation: “is that group of people that is arising from the wilderness” (2) the woman. Alternate translation: “is this woman that is arising from the wilderness”
212 3:6 vbjm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מְקֻטֶּ֤רֶת 1 The author is leaving out a word that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply this word from the context. Alternate translation: “like fragrant smoke of”
213 3:6 w7kr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מוֹר֙ 1 **myrrh** is a pleasant smelling ointment which is made from resin taken from the myrrh tree. If your readers would not be familiar **myrrh** you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternately, you could describe **myrrh** with a descriptive phrase and/or you could include a footnote explaining what myrrh is. Alternate translation: “the sweet smelling incense made from the resin of a myrrh tree”
214 3:6 i42j rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל אַבְקַ֥ת רוֹכֵֽל 1 The word translated as **from all** could: (1) be introducing **the powders of the merchant** as additional information about **myrrh and frankincense**. Alternate translation: “which are among the powders of the merchant” (2) indicate that **the powders of the merchant** are being introduced as additional things **the merchant** sells. Alternate translation: “and other powders of the merchants”
215 3:6 e1ly 0 # General Information:\n\nThe third part of the book begins here. It begins with a description of sixty men carrying Solomon’s bed up from the wilderness to Jerusalem.
216 3:7 ldh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּ֗ה 1 **Behold** is an exclamation that is being used to draw people’s attention to what was “arising from the wilderness”. Use an exclamation that would express that meaning in your language as modeled by the UST.
217 3:7 sa19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מִטָּת⁠וֹ֙ 1 A **litter** was a portable bed or couch that important people were carried on from place to place. It was carried by wooden poles that were attached to it. This **litter** probably had a canopy on top of it that functioned as a roof and curtains around it that could be opened and closed. If your readers would be unfamiliar with this term you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a descriptive phrase as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “portable couch”
218 3:7 ui2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִטָּת⁠וֹ֙ שֶׁ⁠לִּ⁠שְׁלֹמֹ֔ה 1 The phrase **his litter, which belongs to Solomon** could mean: (1) that the woman was riding on the **litter** which belonged to **Solomon** and which he had sent for her. The UST models this interpretation. (2) that **Solomon** himself was riding in the **litter**. Alternate translation: “Solomon riding in his royal portable chair”
235 3:11 sfn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בְּ⁠י֣וֹם חֲתֻנָּת֔⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠י֖וֹם שִׂמְחַ֥ת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “on the day of his wedding, yes, on the day of the joy of his heart”
236 3:11 zhva rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בְ⁠י֖וֹם שִׂמְחַ֥ת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the same idea with an adjective such as “joyful” or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “on the day his heart was exceedingly joyful” or “on the day when his heart was very joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
237 3:11 ei7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠בְ⁠י֖וֹם שִׂמְחַ֥ת לִבּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Solomon’s inner being is being described by association with his **heart**, which the Jews viewed as being the center of a persons being and therefore the center of their mind and inner feelings. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language as modeled by the UST.
238 3:11 sj76 gaze on King Solomon “look at King Solomon.” The word “gaze” refers to look at someone or something for a long time, usually with strong emotional feeling.
239 4:intro r3aw 0 # Song of Songs 4 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### “My sister, my bride”\nThe woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite.
240 4:1 rg3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִנָּ֨⁠ךְ יָפָ֤ה רַעְיָתִ⁠י֙ הִנָּ֣⁠ךְ יָפָ֔ה 1 See how you translated these two parallel phrases in [1:15](../01/15.md).
241 4:1 m3g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינַ֣יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִ֔ים מִ⁠בַּ֖עַד לְ⁠צַמָּתֵ֑⁠ךְ 1 See how you translated the phrase **Your eyes are doves** in [1:15](../01/15.md).
245 4:2 cqgq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַתְאִימ֔וֹת 1 Alternate translation: “give birth to twins”
246 4:2 jw1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שֶׁ⁠כֻּלָּ⁠ם֙ מַתְאִימ֔וֹת וְ⁠שַׁכֻּלָ֖ה אֵ֥ין בָּ⁠הֶֽם 1 Here the woman’s teeth are being compared to a flock of female sheep which all have birthed twin lambs. The author is saying that in a similar way to how twin lambs have a matching sibling that resembles it so each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. She has not lost any of her teeth. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. If it would help your readers you could also start a new sentence as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “As a flock of female sheep that has born twin lambs without losing any, so your mouth has its teeth, each with a match, and none of them are missing”
247 4:2 sb14 וְ⁠שַׁכֻּלָ֖ה אֵ֥ין בָּ⁠הֶֽם 1 Alternate translation: “and there is not one among them which has died”
248 4:3 t9kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile are like a thread of scarlet כְּ⁠ח֤וּט הַ⁠שָּׁנִי֙ שִׂפְתֹתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 0 1 Scarlet is a beautiful red color, and scarlet thread was very expensive. The woman’s lips were red. Alternate translation: “are a deep red like scarlet thread” or “are red and very beautiful” **Scarlet** is a term that describes a bright red color. The woman’s lips were a beautiful red color. The woman’s lips are being compared to the color of scarlet thread and not to the thinness of the thread. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Also, if it would help your readers you could use a term for a material that is thicker than **thread** such as ribbon. Alternate translation: “Your lips are a beautiful red like scarlet thread” or “Your lips are a beautiful red like scarlet ribbon”
249 4:3 v1ae x68e scarlet כְּ⁠פֶ֤לַח הָֽ⁠רִמּוֹן֙ רַקָּתֵ֔⁠ךְ 0 1 a dark red color that is very similar to the color of blood The term translated as **cheeks** could refer to: (1) the **woman’s two cheeks** on the side of her mouth as rendered by the ULT. (2) the woman’s two temples on the side of her forehead. Alternate translation: “Like a slice of pomegranate are your temples” (3) the woman’s forehead. Alternate translation: “Like a slice of pomegranate is your forehead”
250 4:3 q1mk j2a3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile is lovely כְּ⁠פֶ֤לַח הָֽ⁠רִמּוֹן֙ רַקָּתֵ֔⁠ךְ 0 1 Alternate translation: “is beautiful” This comparison could be comparing: (1) the shape of the woman’s **cheeks** to the shape of a **pomegranate** which has been sliced in half and to the outside color of a **pomegranate** (which is the color red). Alternate translation: “Your cheeks are red and rounded like a slice of pomegranate” or “Your cheeks resemble the color and shape of a slice of pomegranate” (or if you decided that the term **cheek** refers to the woman’s temples “Your temples are red like a slice of pomegranate”) (2) the way the woman’s cheeks looked through the inside of the veil to the color and pattern of the inside of a pomegranate which has been sliced in half. Alternate translation: “Your cheeks resemble the color and pattern of the inside of a slice of pomegranate” (or if you decided that the term **cheeks** refers to the woman’s temples “Your temples are the color of the inside of a slice of pomegranate”)
251 4:3 j2a3 y47i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile are like pomegranate halves מִ⁠בַּ֖עַד לְ⁠צַמָּתֵֽ⁠ךְ 0 1 Pomegranates are smooth, round, and rich red. The man thinks the woman’s cheeks are beautiful and show that she is healthy. Alternate translation: “are red and round like two halves of a pomegranate” or “are red and full and healthy” See how you translated the phrase **from behind your veil** in [4:1](../04/01.md).
252 4:3 4:4 y47i i3qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile behind your veil כְּ⁠מִגְדַּ֤ל דָּוִיד֙ צַוָּארֵ֔⁠ךְ בָּנ֖וּי לְ⁠תַלְפִּיּ֑וֹת 0 1 See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:1](./01.md). The woman’s **neck** is being compared to **the tower of David** which was a tall fortress **built of layers** or rows. A long neck was considered beautiful in the authors culture. King David built some of his towers of beautiful white marble rock. It is probable that this tower was made from white marble rock since this tower is being used here in comparison with the beauty of the woman’s neck. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Your neck is long and beautiful like the tower of David” or “Your neck is beautiful like the tower of David”
253 4:4 i3qt gvns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown Your neck is like the tower of David כְּ⁠מִגְדַּ֤ל דָּוִיד֙ 0 1 No one knows if this was a real tower. A tower is a tall, slender building, and saying that David built it implies that it was beautiful. The man considered the woman’s neck long and slender and so beautiful. Alternate translation: “Your neck is long and beautiful like the tower of David” The **tower of David** was a tall building that was built for defense. Towers were significantly taller than other buildings and often built more narrow so that they were not wide. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of structure, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “Like the tall, narrow defense structure of David is” or “Like David’s tall thin rock defense building is”
254 4:4 v4ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive of David בָּנ֖וּי לְ⁠תַלְפִּיּ֑וֹת 0 1 Alternate translation: “that David built” If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context implies that David instructed men to build it. Alternate translation: “that men built in layers” or “which David instructed men to build of layers” or “that David had men build of layers”
255 4:4 cq2q vwef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor built in rows of stone בָּנ֖וּי לְ⁠תַלְפִּיּ֑וֹת 0 1 Women had necklaces that covered their entire necks with rows of decorations. The man compares these rows of decorations with the rows of stone on the tower. Alternate translation: “that has many rows of stone” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) Alternate translation: “built using rows of stones”
256 4:4 c4nk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile with a thousand shields אֶ֤לֶף הַ⁠מָּגֵן֙ תָּל֣וּי עָלָ֔י⁠ו כֹּ֖ל שִׁלְטֵ֥י הַ⁠גִּבּוֹרִֽים 0 1 The man compares the decorations of the woman’s necklace with shields hanging on the tower. The necklace probably went around her neck many times. In the authors culture it was a common practice to hang **shields** on walls as decorations. Here, the man compares the beauty of the woman’s neck with shields hanging on the tower. This comparison probably included the decorations of the woman’s necklaces which probably went around her neck many times. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “The beauty of your neck jeweled in necklaces is like a thousand warriors shields hanging from a tower”
257 4:4 wgq3 byh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers a thousand shields אֶ֤לֶף 0 1 “1,000 shields.” In the authors culture the number **a thousand** was often used to represent a very large, but not precise, amount. This is how the number is being used here. Alternate translation: “many” or “with many”
258 4:4 swd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism all the shields of soldiers אֶ֤לֶף הַ⁠מָּגֵן֙ תָּל֣וּי עָלָ֔י⁠ו כֹּ֖ל שִׁלְטֵ֥י הַ⁠גִּבּוֹרִֽים 0 1 Alternate translation: “all of the shields belong to mighty warriors” The phrase **all the shields of the warriors** is parallel to the statement **a thousand shields hanging on it** and adds the additional information that the **shields** belonged to **warriors**. Hebrew poetry often used this kind of parallel statement, in which the second line gives additional information, so it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect these two parallel phrases with “each of which” or “each one” in order to show that the second phrase is not repeating the first one, but rather is saying something additional. Alternate translation: “a thousand shields hanging on it, each of which belongs to the warriors” or “a thousand shields hanging on it, each one belonging to the warriors”
259 4:5 f8qi ea9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile two breasts שְׁנֵ֥י שָׁדַ֛יִ⁠ךְ כִּ⁠שְׁנֵ֥י עֳפָרִ֖ים תְּאוֹמֵ֣י צְבִיָּ֑ה הָ⁠רוֹעִ֖ים בַּ⁠שּׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים 0 1 If the word “two” seems unnecessary and so out of place, you could omit it. Here, the man compares the woman’s **two breasts** to two young twin gazelles that are grazing. The context does not explicitly indicate how exactly the woman’s **two breasts** are like two young gazelles so you could simply say that they resemble young gazelles or if it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a general point of comparison such as their beauty as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “Your two breasts resemble two young twin gazelles grazing among lilies”
260 4:5 ea9j gu86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown like two fawns, twins of a gazelle צְבִיָּ֑ה 1 The man implies that the woman’s breasts are matching, soft, and pleasant to look at. See how you translated the plural form “gazelles” in [2:7](../02/07.md).
261 4:5 wd7y bb93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown twins בַּ⁠שּׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים 0 1 the babies of a mother who gave birth to two babies at one time See how you translated the singular form “lily” in [2:1](../02/01.md).
262 4:5 4:6 gu86 y1xu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification gazelle עַ֤ד שֶׁ⁠יָּפ֨וּחַ֙ הַ⁠יּ֔וֹם וְ⁠נָ֖סוּ הַ⁠צְּלָלִ֑ים 0 1 an animal that looks like a deer and moves quickly. Translate as the singular of “gazelles” as in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md). See how you translated the phrase **Until the day breathes and the shadows flee** in [2:17](../02/17.md).
263 4:5 4:6 p33d xt1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go grazing among the lilies אֵ֤לֶךְ לִ⁠י֙ 0 1 “eating plants among the lilies.” While it is clear that the man “grazing among the lilies” is a metaphor for making love ([Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md)), it is not clear what these words refer to. It is best to translate them literally. Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “I myself will come”
264 4:5 4:6 bb93 yze6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown lilies הַ⁠מּ֔וֹר 0 1 sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](../02/01.md). See how you translated **myrrh** in [1:13](../01/13.md).
265 4:6 y1xu re83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Until the dawn arrives and the shadows flee away אֵ֤לֶךְ לִ⁠י֙ אֶל־הַ֣ר הַ⁠מּ֔וֹר וְ⁠אֶל־גִּבְעַ֖ת הַ⁠לְּבוֹנָֽה 0 1 Translate similar wording in this line as you did the line in [Song of Songs 2:17](../02/16.md). The phrases **the mountain of myrrh** and **the hill of frankincense** are both metaphors that refer to the woman’s “breasts” (mentioned in the previous verse). The man is discreetly indicating that the woman’s breasts are pleasant smelling and that he wants to enjoy them (The man and the woman are now married). It would be good to retain this discreet and beautiful poetic imagery if possible. If you are using footnotes you could indicate what these two metaphors mean there. If you decide that it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning using a simile. Alternate translation: “I myself will go to your breasts which are like two sweet-smelling mountains” or “I myself will be close to your breasts, which are like two pleasant smelling hills”
266 4:6 4:7 re83 wt7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will go to the mountain of myrrh and to the hill of frankincense כֻּלָּ֤⁠ךְ יָפָה֙ 0 1 The “mountain of myrrh” and “hill of frankincense” are metaphors for the woman’s breasts ([Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md)). Alternate translation: “I will lie close to your breasts, which are like mountains that smell like myrrh and frankincense” or “I will lie close to your breasts, which smell very sweet” or “I will go to the sweet-smelling mountains” Alternate translation: “Every part of you is beautiful”
267 4:6 4:8 bm4n ojmm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mountain of myrrh אִתִּ֤⁠י מִ⁠לְּבָנוֹן֙ כַּלָּ֔ה אִתִּ֖⁠י מִ⁠לְּבָנ֣וֹן תָּב֑וֹאִי תָּשׁ֣וּרִי ׀ מֵ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ אֲמָנָ֗ה מֵ⁠רֹ֤אשׁ שְׂנִיר֙ וְ⁠חֶרְמ֔וֹן מִ⁠מְּעֹנ֣וֹת אֲרָי֔וֹת מֵֽ⁠הַרְרֵ֖י נְמֵרִֽים 0 1 Alternate translation: “the mountain made of myrrh” or “the mountain that has myrrh growing on it” This entire verse is a metaphor. This is poetry and the author is not literally indicating that the woman is physically in the mountains and near wild and dangerous animals. Rather, the that author is using this metaphor to express the man’s feelings regarding being physically distant from the woman and his strong desire to have the woman near him and away from anything that could harm her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly using a simile as modeled by the UST.
268 4:6 4:8 ekc1 h4yw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go the hill of frankincense אִתִּ֤⁠י…תָּב֑וֹאִי 0 1 Alternate translation: “the hill where there are clouds of smoke from burning frankincense in the air” Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “Go with me … go”
269 4:7 4:8 wt7k hwn4 You are beautiful in every way תָּשׁ֣וּרִי 0 1 Alternate translation: “Every part of you is beautiful” or “All of you is beautiful” The word translated as **Descend** here could mean: (1 to come down from a height. If you choose this meaning you can follow the model of the ULT and UST. Alternate translation: “Climb down” (2) to bend down and look. Alternate translation: “Bend down and look”
270 4:7 4:8 l1xq m2km rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names my love מֵ⁠רֹ֣אשׁ אֲמָנָ֗ה מֵ⁠רֹ֤אשׁ שְׂנִיר֙ וְ⁠חֶרְמ֔וֹן 0 1 “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md). **Hermon** is a mountain range in northern Israel and **Amana** and **Senir** are both mountain peaks.
271 4:7 4:8 ci96 l03h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism there is no blemish in you מִ⁠מְּעֹנ֣וֹת אֲרָי֔וֹת מֵֽ⁠הַרְרֵ֖י נְמֵרִֽים 0 1 Alternate translation: “you have no blemish” These two phrases mean very similar things. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same general idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you could combine the phrases into one as modeled by the UST.
272 4:8 4:9 h4yw d7n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom from Lebanon לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי…לִבַּבְתִּ֨י⁠נִי֙ 0 1 Alternate translation: “away from Lebanon” The phrase translated as **you have enchanted my heart** is an idiom which could mean: (1) to steal or capture a persons heart. In Jewish thinking the **heart** was the center of a persons thinking. To capture a persons **heart** probably also had the added meaning of causing them to be so in love that they could not think clearly because they were so overcome with feelings of love. Alternate translation: “You have captured my heart … you have captured my heart” or “It is as though you have captured my heart … it is as though you have captured my heart” or “You have made me feel so in love with you that it is as if I have lost my mind … you have made me feel so in love with you that it is as if I have lost my mind“ (2) the the woman had made the man’s **heart** beat faster. Alternate translation: “You have caused my heart to beat fast … you have caused my heart to beat fast” (3) that the woman had encouraged the man’s **heart**. Alternate translation: “You have encouraged my heart … you have encouraged my heart” or “You have given me heart … you have given me heart”
273 4:8 4:9 j8s2 vdf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my bride אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 0 1 This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. The man and woman are not actually brother and sister. The phrase **my sister** is a term of endearment which expresses affection between lovers. This phrase indicates that the man and woman have a close companionship and deep emotional bond. If calling a lover **my sister** would be offensive or socially inappropriate in your culture you could use a different term of endearment or indicate the meaning of **my sister** with a footnote. Alternately, you could indicate the meaning explicitly as modeled by the UST.
274 4:8 4:10 m2km v1gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Amana אֲחֹתִ֣⁠י 0 1 the name of a mountain north of Israel See how you translated the phrase **my sister** in [4:9](../04/09.md).
275 4:8 4:10 ir9l qy7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation Senir מַה־…מַה־ 0 1 the name of a mountain near Amana and Hermon. Some people think that this refers to the same mountain as Hermon. Here, the word **How** is used as an exclamation to introduce two statements about how wonderful the woman’s **love** is. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this.
276 4:8 4:10 ybd2 ibb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns dens מַה־יָּפ֥וּ דֹדַ֖יִ⁠ךְ…מַה־טֹּ֤בוּ דֹדַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 0 1 places where lions and leopards live, like caves or holes in the ground If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verb form as modeled by the UST or in some other way that is natural in your language.
277 4:9 4:10 d7n7 d1m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit You have stolen my heart שְׁמָנַ֖יִ⁠ךְ 0 1 This idiom could mean: (1) “My heart now belongs completely to you” or (2) “I strongly desire to make love to you” Here, **oils** refers to perfumes. In the authors culture pleasant smelling spices were mixed into olive oil in order to make a pleasant smelling perfume which was then put on the skin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “your scented oils” or “the perfumed oils on your skin”
278 4:9 4:10 vdf7 ts8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis my sister שְׁמָנַ֖יִ⁠ךְ 0 1 This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling” The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the words “is better” from the context as modeled by the UST.
4:9 k4ah my bride 0 This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:8](./08.md).
4:9 d83s heart, with just one look at me, with just one jewel 0 “heart. All you have to do is look at me once or show me just one jewel.” Both the woman’s eyes and her jewelry attract the man to her.
4:9 laj2 necklace 0 This necklace probably went around her neck many times ([Song of Songs 4:4](./04.md)).
4:10 g6qt How beautiful is your love 0 Alternate translation: “Your love is wonderful”
4:10 v1gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom my sister 0 This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./08.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
4:10 ibb8 my bride 0 This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./08.md).
4:10 td9x How much better is your love than wine 0 “Your love is much better than wine.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Song of Songs 1:2](../01/01.md).
4:10 ts8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the fragrance of your perfume than any spice 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “how much better is the fragrance of your perfume than the fragrance of any spice”
279 4:10 wzb4 fragrance … perfume 0 See how you translated these words in [Song of Songs 1:3](../01/01.md).
280 4:10 r5ni spice 0 dried plants or seeds that have a good smell or taste
281 4:11 fw88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your lips … drip honey 0 Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words.
289 4:13 i3mi a grove 0 a place where many trees grow together
290 4:13 eji6 with choice fruits 0 Alternate translation: “with the best kinds of fruits”
291 4:13 q938 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נְרָדִֽים 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
4:14 e6n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נֵ֣רְדְּ 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
292 4:13 dju5 henna 0 small desert trees that people used as a perfume. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md).
293 4:14 e6n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נֵ֣רְדְּ 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
294 4:14 dxj9 saffron 0 a spice that comes from the dried parts from the yellow thread in the center of a certain flower
295 4:14 ujr7 calamus 0 a reed with a pleasant smell that people used to make anointing oil.
296 4:14 w1cm cinnamon 0 a spice made from the bark of a tree that people used for cooking
446 7:2 cz8d encircled with lilies 0 Alternate translation: “with lilies all around it”
447 7:2 ue5r lilies 0 sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](../02/01.md).
448 7:3 jw6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile two breasts 0 See how you translated this in [4:5](../04/05.md).
449 7:3 wr8t gazelle 0
450 7:4 uv17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Your neck is like a tower of ivory 0 A tower is long and straight. Ivory is white. The woman’s neck is long and straight, and her skin is light in color.
451 7:4 b1sy a tower of ivory 0 Alternate translation: “a tower that people have decorated with ivory”
452 7:4 xgt7 ivory 0 the white tusk or tooth of an animal that is similar to bone. People use ivory to make art and to make things look beautiful.
549 8:14 yhn7 gazelle 0 a type of slender deer-like animal with long curved horns
550 8:14 gp9l stag 0 an adult male deer
551 8:14 mqx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mountains of spices 0 “the mountains that have spices all over them.” The woman uses this metaphor to invite the man to make love to her. See how the man uses the metaphor of a mountain of myrrh and a hill of frankincense in [Song of Songs 4:6](../04/06.md).
7:3 wr8t gazelle 0
2:6 fq8w 0 Alternate translation: “holds me”
2:8 j2nl 0 This could mean: (1) “Listen carefully to what I am about to say.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully, or (2) “Listen so you can hear him coming.”
3:5 t61g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe 0 “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her.
3:6 e1ly 0 # General Information:\n\nThe third part of the book begins here. It begins with a description of sixty men carrying Solomon’s bed up from the wilderness to Jerusalem.
3:11 sj76 gaze on King Solomon “look at King Solomon.” The word “gaze” refers to look at someone or something for a long time, usually with strong emotional feeling.