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front:intro vpa9 0 # Introduction to 2 John\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the book of 2 John\n\n1. Opening of letter (1:1–3)\n2. Encouragement and the commandment to love one another (1:4–6)\n3. Warning about false teachers (1:7–11)\n4. Closing of letter (1:12–13)\n\n### Who wrote the book of 2 John?\n\nThe author of this letter identifies himself only as “the elder.” However, the content of 2 John is similar to the content in John’s gospel and also to the content in 1 John. This suggests that the apostle John wrote this letter, and he would have done so near the end of his life.\n\n### To whom was the book of 2 John written?\n\nThe author addresses this letter to someone he calls “the chosen lady” and to “her children” (1:1). Although this could refer to a specific woman and her children, that interpretation is unlikely. More probably, this is a figurative way to refer to a specific congregation and its members. This interpretation is supported by the way that John refers to the congregation with him as “the children of your chosen sister” in verse 13. This would be a readily understandable metaphor, since the word for “church” in Greek is a feminine noun. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### What is the book of 2 John about?\n\nIt appears that John addressed this letter to a specific congregation of believers. John’s purpose in writing this letter to them was to warn his audience about false teachers. John did not want believers helping or giving money to false teachers.\n\nHe probably intended this message to be passed on to all believers in general.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “2 John” or “Second John.” Or they may choose a different title, such as “The Second Letter from John” or “The Second Letter John Wrote.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is hospitality?\n\nHospitality was an important concept in the ancient Near East. It was important to be friendly toward foreigners or outsiders and provide help to them if they needed it. John wanted believers to offer hospitality to guests. However, he did not want believers to offer hospitality to false teachers.\n\n### Who were the people John spoke against?\n\nThe people John spoke against may have been those who later became known as Gnostics. These people believed that the physical world was evil. Since the physical body was seen as evil, they did not think that God could become human. Therefore, they believed that Jesus was divine but denied that he was human. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Who is the “chosen lady” of 2 John 1:1?\n\nJohn appears to be writing to a woman and her children, and a few scholars have suggested that this is so. However, the great majority of scholars understand “the chosen lady and her children” to be a figurative way to refer to a congregation and its members. A closer examination of the letter reveals that this is the case. First of all, much of the content would not make sense if addressed to an individual. Also, John addresses this “lady” using plural forms of “you” in verses 6, 8, 10, and 12. An individual would not be addressed in that way. At the end of the letter, he sends greetings from “the children of your chosen sister,” using the same figurative language to refer to his own congregation. Since the word “church” was feminine in Greek, referring to a church as a "lady" and to another church as a “sister” would be quite normal. For these reasons, these notes will present the meaning of these words as figurative, not literal. \n\n### What are the major textual issues in the text of the book of 2 John?\n\nIn [1:12](../01/12.md), most modern versions of the Bible read “our joy.” There is another traditional reading that says “your joy.” If a version of the Bible already exists in your region, you should consider using the reading of that version in your translation. If not, you may wish to follow the reading that most Bible scholars consider to be authentic and say “our joy.” In this case, “our” would include both John and the letter recipients. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
1:1 uspy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ὁ πρεσβύτερος 1 In this culture, letter writers would give their own names first, referring to themselves in the third person. If that is confusing in your language, you could use the first person here. Or if your language has a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, and if it would be helpful to your readers, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “I, the elder, am writing this letter”
1:1 z4tk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ πρεσβύτερος 1 **The elder** refers to John, the apostle and disciple of Jesus. He refers to himself as **elder** either because of his old age or because he is a leader in the church or both. If you have a term for an older, respected leader, you can use it here. Alternate translation: “I, John, am writing this letter” or “I, John the elder, am writing this letter”
front:intro vpa9 0 # Introduction to 2 John\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the book of 2 John\n\n1. Opening of letter (1:1–3)\n2. Encouragement and the commandment to love one another (1:4–6)\n3. Warning about false teachers (1:7–11)\n4. Closing of letter (1:12–13)\n\n### Who wrote the book of 2 John?\n\nThe author of this letter identifies himself only as “the elder.” However, the content of 2 John is similar to the content in John’s gospel and also to the content in 1 John and 3 John. This suggests that the apostle John wrote this letter, and he would have done so near the end of his life.\n\n### To whom was the book of 2 John written?\n\nThe author addresses this letter to someone he calls “the chosen lady” and to “her children” (1:1). Although this could refer to a specific woman and her children, that interpretation is very unlikely. More probably, this is a figurative way to refer to a specific congregation and its members. See the discussion in Part 3, below. John knew some members of this congregation or at least was told about them (1:4) and he wanted to give them instruction and encouragement.\n\n### What is the book of 2 John about?\n\nIt appears that John addressed this letter to a specific congregation of believers. John’s purposes in writing this letter to them was to encourage them in their faith and to warn them about false teachers. John did not want believers helping or giving money to false teachers. He probably intended this message to be passed on to all believers in general.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “2 John” or “Second John.” Or they may choose a different title, such as “The Second Letter from John” or “The Second Letter John Wrote.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is hospitality?\n\nHospitality was an important concept in the ancient Near East. It was important to be friendly toward foreigners or outsiders and provide help to them if they needed it. John wanted believers to offer hospitality to guests. However, he did not want believers to offer hospitality to false teachers.\n\n### Who were the people John spoke against?\n\nThe people John spoke against may have been those who later became known as Gnostics. These people believed that the physical world was evil. Since the physical body was seen as evil, they did not think that God could become human. Therefore, they believed that Jesus was divine but denied that he was human. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Who is the “chosen lady” of 2 John 1:1?\n\nJohn addresses this letter to “the chosen lady and her children,” and a few scholars have suggested that this refers to an actual woman with children. However, the great majority of scholars understand “the chosen lady and her children” to be a figurative way to refer to a congregation and its members. A closer examination of the letter reveals that this is the case. First of all, much of the content would not make sense if addressed to an individual. Also, John addresses this “lady” using plural forms of “you” in verses 6, 8, 10, and 12. An individual would not be addressed in that way. At the end of the letter, he sends greetings from “the children of your chosen sister,” using the same figurative language to refer to his own congregation. Since the word “church” was feminine in Greek, referring to a church as a "lady" and to another church as a “sister” would be quite normal. For these reasons, these notes will present the meaning of these words as figurative, not literal. \n\n### What are the major textual issues in the text of the book of 2 John?\n\nIn [1:12](../01/12.md), most modern versions of the Bible read “our joy.” There is another traditional reading that says “your joy.” If a version of the Bible already exists in your region, you should consider using the reading of that version in your translation. If not, you may wish to follow the reading that most Bible scholars consider to be authentic and say “our joy.” In this case, “our” would include both John and the letter recipients. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
1:1 uspy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ὁ πρεσβύτερος 1 In this culture, letter writers would identify themselves first, referring to themselves in the third person. If that is confusing in your language, you could use the first person here. Or if your language has a particular way of introducing the author of a letter, and if it would be helpful to your readers, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “I, the elder, am writing this letter to you”
1:1 z4tk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὁ πρεσβύτερος 1 **The elder** refers to John, the apostle and disciple of Jesus. He refers to himself as **elder** either because of his old age or because he is a leader in the church or both. If you have a term for an older, respected leader, you can use it here. Alternate translation: “I, John, am writing this letter to you” or “I, John the elder, am writing this letter to you”
1:1 y7hw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person ἐκλεκτῇ κυρίᾳ καὶ τοῖς τέκνοις αὐτῆς 1 In this culture, letter writers would name the addressees next, referring to them in the third person. If that is confusing in your language, you could use the second person here. Or if your language has a particular way of introducing the person who receives a letter, and if it would be helpful to your readers, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “to you, chosen lady, and to your children”
1:1 a9w3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐκλεκτῇ κυρίᾳ καὶ τοῖς τέκνοις αὐτῆς 1 Here John is speaking of a church and its people as if they were a **lady and her children**. See the discussion in Part 3 of the Introduction to this book. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “to the people of the chosen church”
1:1 ueev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ἐκλεκτῇ κυρίᾳ καὶ τοῖς τέκνοις αὐτῆς 1 In this context, the term **chosen** indicates a person or group of people whom God has chosen to receive salvation. Alternate translation: “to the congregation that God has saved”
@ -13,21 +13,21 @@ front:intro vpa9 0 # Introduction to 2 John\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
1:3 gad9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἔσται μεθ’ ἡμῶν χάρις, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη, παρὰ Θεοῦ Πατρός καὶ παρὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **grace**, **mercy**, and **peace** with verbal phrases, and use **God the Father** and **Jesus Christ** as the subject. Alternate translation: “God the Father and Jesus Christ will be kind to us, be merciful to us, and enable us to be peaceful”
1:3 zfgr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἔσται μεθ’ ἡμῶν χάρις, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη 1 In this culture, letter writers would normally offer a good wish or blessing for the recipients before introducing the main business of the letter. But instead of a blessing here, John makes a declarative statement. This probably expresses his confidence that God will do as he promised. Be sure that your translation also expresses this confidence.
1:3 vpl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples Πατρός & Υἱοῦ 1 **Father** and **Son** are important titles that describe the relationship between God and Jesus Christ. Be sure to translate them accurately and consistently.
1:3 w6tr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἀληθείᾳ καὶ ἀγάπῃ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the abstract nouns **truth** and **love** by stating the ideas behind them with adjectives or verbs. Here, these abstract nouns could refer to: (1) the qualities of God the Father and Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “who are truthful and loving” (2) how believers should live, and thus are the conditions under which believers will receive the “grace, mercy, and peace” from God. Alternate translation: “as we continue to hold on to what is true and to love each other”
1:4 ir6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you σου 1 The word **your** is singular here, since John is either addressing one woman, or the church collectively, as a “lady.”
1:4 ajlf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐχάρην λείαν 1 If it is more natural in your language to state the reason first and then the result, you can put this after “I found some of your children walking in the truth,” as in the UST.
1:4 a3vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῶν τέκνων σου 1 See how you translated the term **children** in [1:1](../01/01.md). This could refer to: (1) the people who are part of a certain congregation. (2) if this letter is addressed to an actual woman, it may mean either her biological children or (3) her spiritual children. Alternate translation: “the believers from your group”
1:4 w2b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor περιπατοῦντας ἐν ἀληθείᾳ 1 John refers to living one’s life with the expression **walking**. Alternate translation: “living according to the truth”
1:3 w6tr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἀληθείᾳ καὶ ἀγάπῃ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the abstract nouns **truth** and **love** by stating the ideas behind them with adjectives or verbs. Here, these abstract nouns could refer to: (1) the qualities of God the Father and Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “who are truthful and loving” (2) how believers should live, and thus are the conditions under which believers will receive the “grace, mercy, and peace” from God. Alternate translation: “as we continue to believe what is true and to love each other”
1:4 ajlf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἐχάρην λείαν ὅτι εὕρηκα ἐκ τῶν τέκνων σου περιπατοῦντας ἐν ἀληθείᾳ 1 If it is more natural in your language to state the reason first and then the result, you can put the statement **I rejoiced greatly** at the end of the verse. Alternate translation: “I found some of your children walking in the truth, just as we have received a commandment from the Father. Therefore, I rejoiced greatly.”
1:4 a3vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῶν τέκνων σου 1 See how you translated the term **children** in [1:1](../01/01.md). John is continuing his figure of speech in which he addresses the church collectively as a “lady” and its members as her “children.” Alternate translation: “the believers from your group”
1:4 ir6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you τῶν τέκνων σου 1 The word **your** is singular here, since John is continuing his figure of speech in which he addresses the church collectively as a “lady” and its members as her **children**. If you are translating this in a non-figurative way, you may want to make this plural, according to what is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the believers from your group”
1:4 w2b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor περιπατοῦντας ἐν ἀληθείᾳ 1 Here John is speaking figuratively of a person's life as if it were a journey, and the way that the person behaves is the way that he walks on that journey. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “living according to the truth”
1:4 ddnx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν ἀληθείᾳ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for **truth**, you could use a phrase with an adjective. Alternate translation: “in a way that agrees with the true message from God”
1:4 s7hr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit καθὼς ἐντολὴν ἐλάβομεν παρὰ τοῦ Πατρός 1 The expression **received a commandment** expresses the idea that God commanded the believers to do something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make **the Father** the subject of a sentence with the verb “command.” Alternate translation: “just as the Father has commanded us”
1:4 w7f1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples τοῦ Πατρός 1 **Father** is an important title for God. Be careful to translate it accurately and consistently.
1:5 r4hx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases καὶ νῦν 1 The words **and now** signal that what follows is the main point of the letter, or at least the first main point. Use a natural way for introducing the main point in your language.
1:5 c9xi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you σε, & σοι 1 These instances of **you** are singular since John is once again addressing the church in a figurative way as a “lady.”
1:5 xjsu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κυρία 1 See how you translated **lady** in [1:1](../01/01.md)
1:5 u38f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὐχ ὡς ἐντολὴν καινὴν γράφων σοι 1 John does not refer to himself explicitly as the person writing. If your language requires you to state the subject of a verb, you could add a pronoun here. Alternate translation: “not as though I were writing you a new commandment”
1:5 uhs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς 1 The phrase **from the beginning** refers to the time when John and his audience first believed in Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “since the time that we first believed”
1:6 nw4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor περιπατῶμεν κατὰ & ἐν αὐτῇ περιπατῆτε 1 In these instances the expression **walk** means to “obey.” Alternate translation: “we should obey … you should obey it”
1:6 cl95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you ἠκούσατε & περιπατῆτε 1 The term **you** is plural in this verse, because John is addressing a congregation of believers. This is the case throughout the rest of the letter, as well, except in verse 13, because there John returns to his metaphor of referring to a church as a woman and its members as her children.
1:5 c9xi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you σε, & σοι 1 These instances of **you** are singular since John is once again addressing the church in a figurative way as a **lady**. If you are translating John's form of address in a non-figurative way, you may want to make these plural, according to what is natural in your language.
1:5 xjsu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κυρία 1 John is continuing his figure of speech in which he addresses the church collectively as a **lady**. See how you translated **lady** in [1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “my dear believers”
1:5 u38f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis οὐχ ὡς ἐντολὴν καινὴν γράφων σοι 1 If your language requires you to state who is **writing**, you could add a pronoun here. Alternate translation: “not as though I were writing a new commandment to you”
1:5 uhs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς 1 The phrase **from the beginning** refers to the time when John and his audience first believed in Jesus Christ. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “since the time that we first believed”
1:6 nw4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor περιπατῶμεν κατὰ & ἐν αὐτῇ περιπατῆτε 1 Here as in [verse 4](../01/04.md), John is speaking figuratively of living one's life as “walking.” Specifically, to **walk according to** a commandment or to **walk in** a commandment means to “obey” it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “we should obey … you should obey it”
1:6 cl95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you ἠκούσατε & περιπατῆτε 1 The term **you** is plural in this verse, because John is addressing a congregation of believers without any figure of speech. This is the case throughout the rest of the letter, as well, except at the end (verse 13), where John returns to using his figure of speech in which he refers to a church as a woman and its members as her children.
1:7 u749 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ὅτι 1 Here, **For** introduces the reason why John wrote about the commandment to love and obey God in the previous verses—it is because there are many who pretend to be believers but they do not love or obey God. Use a natural way to introduce this reason in your language. See the UST.
1:7 w25m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅτι πολλοὶ πλάνοι ἐξῆλθαν εἰς τὸν κόσμον 1 This seems to be an implicit reference to the false teachers whom John discusses in [1:10–11](../01/10.md). Alternate translation: “For many deceivers are going around from place to place”
1:7 x8yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν ἐρχόμενον ἐν σαρκί 1 The expression **coming in flesh** is a metonym for being a real, physical person and not a spiritual being only. Alternate translation: “that Jesus Christ came as a real human”

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