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Merge pjoakes-tc-create-1 into master by pjoakes (#3230) 

Co-authored-by: pjoakes <pjoakes@noreply.door43.org>
Co-authored-by: Richard Mahn <richmahn@users.noreply.github.com>
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/3230
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Perry J Oakes 2023-05-26 20:29:23 +00:00
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@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ front:intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
1:3 rxb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠תִּשָּׁאֵ֥ר הִ֖יא וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽי⁠הָ׃ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Naomi remained as a widow, only her two sons remaining with her”
1:4 pk7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֣וּ לָ⁠הֶ֗ם נָשִׁים֙ 1 The phrase **took wives for themselves** is an idiom that means that they married women. They did not take women by force or women who were already married to other men.
1:4 aee6 שֵׁ֤ם הָֽ⁠אַחַת֙ עָרְפָּ֔ה וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖ית ר֑וּת 1 If your language must distinguish which woman married which son, you can say that Orpah married Kilion and that Ruth married Mahlon. Alternate translation: "the name of the woman who married Kilion was Orpah, and the name of the woman who married Mahlon was Ruth"
1:4 rt4c כְּ⁠עֶ֥שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים 1 Ten years is the approximate time from when Elimelek and Naomi first came to the country of Moab to when their sons Mahlon and Kilion died. It is not measuring the time that Mahlon and Kilion were married.
1:5 dbr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠תִּשָּׁאֵר֙ הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה מִ⁠שְּׁנֵ֥י יְלָדֶ֖י⁠הָ וּ⁠מֵ⁠אִישָֽׁ⁠הּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and the woman was alone without her husband or her two sons” or "and Naomi remained widowed and childless"
1:6 wsr0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠תָּ֤קָם הִיא֙ וְ⁠כַלֹּתֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תָּ֖שָׁב 1 This part of the sentence forms an introductory summary of what will happen in the following section. It does not relate events in the timeline of the story. If your language does not use introductory summaries like this, you can translate these actions as events. Alternate translation: “Then she, along with her daughters-in-law, prepared to return”
1:6 tmq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וַ⁠תָּ֤קָם הִיא֙ וְ⁠כַלֹּתֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תָּ֖שָׁב 1 The verbs **arose** and **returned** are singular, and refer to Naomi. This shows that Naomi is the main character who takes the initiative in these actions. However, her daughters-in-law are included. If your language requires plural verbs when more than one person is included in an action, you can use them here. Alternate translation: “Then she and her daughters-in-law arose and returned”
@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ front:intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
1:6 zo55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּ֤י שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב כִּֽי־פָקַ֤ד יְהוָה֙ אֶת־עַמּ֔⁠וֹ\nלָ⁠תֵ֥ת לָ⁠הֶ֖ם לָֽחֶם 1 Naomi first heard about Yahweh visiting his people and then decided to return to Bethlehem, so it might be more natural to put this information first, as in the UST.
1:6 sa4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב 1 It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: “while she was in the region of Moab, she had heard from someone who came from Israel”
1:6 ser2 יְהוָה֙ 1 The word **Yahweh** is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament.
1:6 v86z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פָקַ֤ד & אֶת־עַמּ֔⁠וֹ 1 The implication is that God saw their need and provided good harvests for them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “had helped the Israelites”
1:6 v86z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פָקַ֤ד & אֶת־עַמּ֔⁠וֹ 1 Here, **visited** is an idiom that means “taken care of.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “had come through for his people” or “had relieved his people”
1:6 ab01 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָ⁠תֵ֥ת לָ⁠הֶ֖ם לָֽחֶם׃ 1 Here, **bread** refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “giving them abundant harvests, so that they had plenty of food.”
1:7 w7ti וַ⁠תֵּלַ֣כְנָה בַ⁠דֶּ֔רֶךְ 1 Alternate translation: "And they walked along the road"
1:8 fu39 לִ⁠שְׁתֵּ֣י כַלֹּתֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 Alternate translation: "to her two sons’ wives" or "to the widows of her two sons"
@ -52,10 +51,10 @@ front:intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
1:15 ld6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִנֵּה֙ 1 Naomi is using the term **Behold** to focus Ruth's attention on what she is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention”
1:15 nqm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants יְבִמְתֵּ֔⁠ךְ 1 Naomi is using the phrase **your sister-in-law** to refer to Orpah, the wife of Ruth's deceased husband's brother. Use the natural term in your language to refer to that relationship. Alternate translation: "the wife of your husband’s brother" or "Orpah"
1:15 i9wa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עַמָּ֖⁠הּ 1 Here, Naomi is using the possessive form to describe the **people** to whom Orpah belongs. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could express this in another way. Alternate translation: “the clan that she came from”
1:15 man4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֱלֹהֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 Here, Naomi is using the possessive form to describe the **god** of the Moabites that Orpah and Ruth used to worship before they married Naomi's sons and began to worship Yahweh. If your language would not use the possessive form to express the relationship between Orpah and this god, you could express this in another way. Alternate translation: "the god that she used to worship"
1:15 man4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֱלֹהֶ֑י⁠הָ 1 Here, Naomi is using the possessive form to describe the **gods** of the Moabites that Orpah and Ruth used to worship before they married Naomi's sons and began to worship Yahweh. If your language would not use the possessive form to express the relationship between Orpah and these gods, you could express this in another way. Alternate translation: "the gods that they worship"
1:16 z5ug וּ⁠בַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּלִ֨ינִי֙ 1 Alternate translation: "where you live"
1:16 wspu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet לְ⁠עָזְבֵ֖⁠ךְ לָ⁠שׁ֣וּב מֵ⁠אַחֲרָ֑יִ⁠ךְ 1 The phrase **turn back from behind you** further defines the phrase **forsake you**. Ruth is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could use a single phrase and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “to forget my commitment to remain loyal to you”
1:16 b518 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis עַמֵּ֣⁠ךְ עַמִּ֔⁠י וֵ⁠אלֹהַ֖יִ⁠ךְ אֱלֹהָֽ⁠י 1 With these phrases, Ruth completely identifies herself with the culture and religion of Naomi, who is an Israelite. The original does not have any verbs, so, if your language requires verbs here, choose the ones that best communicate this. Alternate translation: “Your people will be my own people, and your God will be my God”
1:16 b518 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis עַמֵּ֣⁠ךְ עַמִּ֔⁠י וֵ⁠אלֹהַ֖יִ⁠ךְ אֱלֹהָֽ⁠י 1 With these phrases, Ruth completely identifies herself with the culture and religion of Naomi, who is an Israelite. The original does not have any verbs, so, if your language requires verbs here, choose the ones that best communicate this. Alternate translation: “Your people will be my people, and your God will be my God”
1:17 sje3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula כֹּה֩ יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠כֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף 1 This is an oath formula that Ruth uses to show that she is very committed to doing what she says. She is making a curse on herself, asking God to punish her if she does not do what she has said. In keeping with the custom, she did not express what that punishment would be. Use a natural way in your language to express an oath. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh strike me dead”
1:17 abc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כִּ֣י הַ⁠מָּ֔וֶת יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵֽ⁠ךְ 1 This could mean: (1) Even death cannot overcome Ruth's commitment to Naomi. This could be a form of hyperbole, or simply a way to restate her commitment to be buried in the same place as Naomi is buried. Alternate translation: "if even death separates us from each other" (2) The only thing that can separate Ruth from Naomi would be when one of them dies. Alternate translation: "if anything other than death separates us from each other" or "if I leave you while you and I are both still alive"
1:17 ab05 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵֽ⁠ךְ 1 This phrase is an idiom that means “separates you and me.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “separates the two of us” or “comes between us”
@ -108,7 +107,7 @@ front:intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
2:10 ab12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וַ⁠תִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָ⁠ה 1 These are two descriptions of a single action. The writer may be using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternative translation: "Then she prostrated herself before him"
2:10 az6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠תִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָ⁠ה 1 The action of falling **on her face** and bowing **down to the ground** was a symbol of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her. It was also a posture of humility. \nIf this would not be clear to your readers, you can explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: "Then she prostrated herself before him to show gratitude and honor"
2:10 ab13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠תִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָ⁠ה 1 The idiom **fell on her face** means that she bowed low with her face to the ground. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "Then she bowed low with her face to the ground”
2:10 ug7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast מַדּוּעַ֩ מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ לְ⁠הַכִּירֵ֔⁠נִי וְ⁠אָּנֹכִ֖י נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 Using a question form, here Ruth explicitly states the reason why she is surprised by Boaz’s kindness. It is a contrast from her expectations. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. In some languages you may need to make part of her question a statement. Alternate translation: “Why have I found favor in your eyes? Israelites never show Moabites this sort of kindness.” or "People never show foreigners this sort of kindness."
2:10 ug7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast מַדּוּעַ֩ מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ לְ⁠הַכִּירֵ֔⁠נִי וְ⁠אָּנֹכִ֖י נָכְרִיָּֽה 1 Ruth's question expresses surprise and also explicitly states the reason why she is surprised by Boaz’s kindness. It is a contrast from her expectations. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. In some languages you may need to make part of her question a statement. Alternate translation: “Why have I found favor in your eyes? Israelites never show Moabites this sort of kindness.” or "People never show foreigners this sort of kindness."
2:10 abc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 The phrase **found favor in your eyes** is an idiom that means that you have approved of someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining their kindness or approval. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have you shown kindness to me”
2:11 ab14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys וַ⁠יַּ֤עַן בֹּ֨עַז֙ וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר 1 Both **answered** and **said** describe the same action. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use only one verb for this, as in the UST. Alternate translation: "Then Boaz responded"
2:11 nnmx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד 1 The words **It has been fully reported** translate a verb that is repeated twice to emphasize the fullness of the report. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation.
@ -128,77 +127,83 @@ front:intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
2:14 jbri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative גֹּ֤שִֽׁי הֲלֹם֙ וְ⁠אָכַ֣לְתְּ מִן־הַ⁠לֶּ֔חֶם וְ⁠טָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖⁠ךְ בַּ⁠חֹ֑מֶץ 1 The verbs in this sentence are imperatives that communicate a gracious invitation rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a gracious invitation. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please come, and help yourself to the bread and dip it in the vinegar”
2:14 duch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וְ⁠אָכַ֣לְתְּ מִן־הַ⁠לֶּ֔חֶם וְ⁠טָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖⁠ךְ בַּ⁠חֹ֑מֶץ 1 It would be necessary to dip the bread and then eat it, so it might be more natural in your language to put the information about dipping the bread first. Alternate translation: “and dip some of this bread in the vinegar and eat it”
2:14 p256 translate-unknown וְ⁠טָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖⁠ךְ בַּ⁠חֹ֑מֶץ 1 This was a simple meal eaten in the field. People would sit on the ground around a cloth that had a bowl of wine vinegar on it and pieces of broken bread. They would take a piece of bread and dip it in the wine vinegar to add flavor before they ate it. The Israelites made vinegar from grape juice that was fermented beyond the point of being wine. At the vinegar stage, the juice becomes very sour and acidic. Alternate translation: "and please dip your piece of bread in the wine vinegar first"
2:15 v6wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יְצַו֩ בֹּ֨עַז אֶת־נְעָרָ֜י⁠ו 1 When Boaz spoke to his workers, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away that she did not hear Boaz’s instructions. Alternate translation: “Then Boaz privately instructed his young men”
2:15 v6wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יְצַו֩ בֹּ֨עַז אֶת־נְעָרָ֜י⁠ו 1 When Boaz spoke to his workers, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away that she did not hear Boaz’s instructions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “Then Boaz privately instructed his young men”
2:15 a5z9 translate-unknown גַּ֣ם בֵּ֧ין הָֽ⁠עֳמָרִ֛ים 1 Here, the word **even** lets the workers know that they are to do above and beyond what they normally do. People who were gleaning were normally forbidden from working close to the harvested grain because then it would be easy for them to steal from the grain that was already harvested. But Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean close to the bundles of harvested grain. Alternate translation: “among the bundles as well”
2:15 usb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹ֥א תַכְלִימֽוּ⁠הָ 1 Boaz is referring to shaming Ruth by scolding her verbally. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and do not shame her by saying that she should stop”
2:16 u6hv translate-unknown וְ⁠גַ֛ם 1 Here Boaz goes another step beyond what is normal and tells his workers to also drop on the ground some of the grain that they had harvested for Ruth to pick up. Alternate translation: “Not only that, but also”
2:16 nn9l וְ⁠לֹ֥א תִגְעֲרוּ־בָֽ⁠הּ 1 Alternate translation: "and do not cause her shame" or "and do not speak harshly to her"
2:17 h3ap translate-unknown וַ⁠תַּחְבֹּט֙ 1 Ruth would have beaten the barley stalks with a big stick until the kernels of edible grain came off. She would then keep only the kernels of grain. Alternate translation: "She beat the edible kernels of grain off of the stalks from"
2:17 mq6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume כְּ⁠אֵיפָ֥ה שְׂעֹרִֽים 1 An **ephah** is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters. Alternate translation: “about 22 liters of barley.” Use the normal measurement for grain in your language.
2:17 mq6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume כְּ⁠אֵיפָ֥ה 1 An **ephah** is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters. Use the normal measurement for grain in your language. Alternate translation: “about 22 liters of” or “over half a bushel of”
2:18 etn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠תִּשָּׂא֙ וַ⁠תָּב֣וֹא הָ⁠עִ֔יר 1 It is implied that Ruth carried the grain home.
2:18 r6sz וַ⁠תֵּ֥רֶא חֲמוֹתָ֖⁠הּ 1 Alternate translation: "and Naomi saw"
2:19 bg28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֵיפֹ֨ה לִקַּ֤טְתְּ הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ וְ⁠אָ֣נָה עָשִׂ֔ית 1 Naomi asked the same thing in two different ways to show that she was very interested in knowing what had happened to Ruth that day. Use the way that your language shows excitement and interest.
2:19 bg28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֵיפֹ֨ה לִקַּ֤טְתְּ הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ וְ⁠אָ֣נָה עָשִׂ֔ית 1 Naomi asked the same thing in two different ways to show that she was very excited and interested in knowing what had happened to Ruth that day. If it is not natural in your language to show excitement and interest by repeating a question, then use a more natural form. Alternate translation: “Wow, whose field did you work in today”
2:19 soyh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing יְהִ֥י מַכִּירֵ֖⁠ךְ בָּר֑וּךְ 1 Naomi is asking God to bless Boaz. You could express this as either a blessing or a prayer, in whichever way is more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God, bless the one who noticed Ruth today”
2:19 o7da rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְהִ֥י מַכִּירֵ֖⁠ךְ בָּר֑וּךְ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “May God bless the one who noticed you”
2:19 ab07 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מַכִּירֵ֖⁠ךְ 1 The writer is using the term **noticed** to mean that the person not only saw Ruth but also did something kind for her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who helped you”
2:20 p8km rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing בָּר֥וּךְ הוּא֙ לַ⁠יהוָ֔ה 1 Naomi is asking God to bless Boaz. You could express this as either a blessing or a prayer, in whichever way is more natural in your language.
2:20 ab20 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב חַסְדּ֔⁠וֹ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative word **forsaken**. Alternate translation: "who has continued to be loyal"
2:20 ur7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב 1 Here, **who** most likely refers to “Yahweh," who has continued to be faithful to the living and the dead by acting through Boaz. A less likely possibility is that it is referring to Boaz. If it would be helpful in your language, you could repeat the word “Yahweh” here. Alternate translation: “Yahweh”
2:20 ljz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj אֶת־הַ⁠חַיִּ֖ים 1 Naomi is using the adjective **living** as a noun to mean those who continue to live, referring to herself and Ruth. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “to the people who are still living”
2:20 wjr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠מֵּתִ֑ים 1 Naomi is using the adjective **dead** as a noun to mean those who have died. She is referring to her husband and sons. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the people who have already died”
2:20 cyy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism קָר֥וֹב לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ מִֽ⁠גֹּאֲלֵ֖⁠נוּ הֽוּא 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional.
2:20 zu5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background מִֽ⁠גֹּאֲלֵ֖⁠נוּ 1 This phrase provides background information about cultural legal obligations to help readers understand what happens next in the story. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. A kinsman-redeemer was a close male relative who had the responsibility to take care of any widows in the family. If one of his brothers died childless, he had the responsibility to marry the widow, if she was still of child-bearing age, to raise a child for his brother. He would also reacquire the land his relatives had lost due to poverty and redeem family members who had sold themselves into slavery. See the Introduction for more information.
2:21 k2lz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּ֣ם ׀ כִּי־אָמַ֣ר אֵלַ֗⁠י 1 The implication is that what follows is beyond what they would have expected a landowner to say to Ruth. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “He even said to me”
2:19 lgh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠תַּגֵּ֣ד לַ⁠חֲמוֹתָ֗⁠הּ אֵ֤ת אֲשֶׁר־עָשְׂתָה֙ עִמּ֔⁠וֹ וַ⁠תֹּ֗אמֶר שֵׁ֤ם הָ⁠אִישׁ֙ אֲשֶׁ֨ר עָשִׂ֧יתִי עִמּ֛⁠וֹ הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם בֹּֽעַז 1 These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second sentence repeats the meaning of the first using different words in order to emphasize the importance of this information for the story. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the sentences or connect them in a way that shows that the second sentence is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Then she told her mother-in-law that the name of the man with whom she had worked that day was Boaz” or “Then she told her mother-in-law with whom she had worked. She said, “The name of the man with whom I worked today is Boaz.”
2:20 p8km rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing בָּר֥וּךְ הוּא֙ לַ⁠יהוָ֔ה 1 Naomi is asking God to bless Boaz. You could express this as either a blessing or a prayer, in whichever way is more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I pray that he will be blessed by Yahweh”
2:20 gj3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בָּר֥וּךְ הוּא֙ לַ⁠יהוָ֔ה 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you use an active form, you may need to start a new sentence afterwards as in the UST.
2:20 ab20 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative word **forsaken**. Alternate translation: "who has continued to be loyal to"
2:20 ur7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹא־עָזַ֣ב 1 Here, **who** could refer to: (1) **Yahweh**, who has continued to be faithful to the living and the dead by acting through Boaz. (2) Boaz, who is showing faithfulness to Naomi's family by helping Ruth.
2:20 ljz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj אֶת־הַ⁠חַיִּ֖ים 1 Naomi is using the adjective **living** as a noun to mean those who continue to live, referring to herself and Ruth. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “with the people who are still living”
2:20 wjr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠מֵּתִ֑ים 1 Naomi is using the adjective **dead** as a noun to mean those who have died. She is referring to her husband and sons. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “and with the people who have already died”
2:20 cyy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism קָר֥וֹב לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ הָ⁠אִ֔ישׁ מִֽ⁠גֹּאֲלֵ֖⁠נוּ הֽוּא 1 These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second sentence repeats the meaning of the first using different words in order to emphasize the importance of this information for the story. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the sentences or connect them in a way that shows that the second sentence is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “That man is closely related to us, which means that he is one of our kinsman-redeemers” or “That man is closely related to us. Yes, he is one of our kinsman-redeemers”
2:20 zu5f translate-unknown מִֽ⁠גֹּאֲלֵ֖⁠נוּ 1 A kinsman-redeemer was a close male relative who had the responsibility to take care of any widows in the family. If one of his brothers died childless, he had the responsibility to marry the widow, if she was still of child-bearing age, to raise a child for his brother. He would also reacquire the land his relatives had lost due to poverty and redeem family members who had sold themselves into slavery. See the Introduction for more information.
2:21 k2lz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גַּ֣ם ׀ כִּי־אָמַ֣ר אֵלַ֗⁠י 1 The implication is that what follows is beyond what anyone would have expected a landowner to say to Ruth. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “He even said to me”
2:21 ofkk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אָמַ֣ר אֵלַ֗⁠י עִם־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֤ים אֲשֶׁר־לִ⁠י֙ תִּדְבָּקִ֔י⁠ן עַ֣ד אִם־כִּלּ֔וּ אֵ֥ת כָּל־הַ⁠קָּצִ֖יר אֲשֶׁר־לִֽ⁠י 1 If your language would not use a direct quotation inside of a direct quotation, you could translate the second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “he said that I should keep close by his servants until they have finished all of his harvest”
2:21 g585 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עִם־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֤ים אֲשֶׁר־לִ⁠י֙ תִּדְבָּקִ֔י⁠ן 1 The implication is that Boaz wants to protect and provide for Ruth. Boaz was expressing confidence that his workers would not harm Ruth. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: "I want you to glean safely, near my field workers,"
2:22 f2tw תֵֽצְאִי֙ עִם 1 Alternate translation: "you work with" or "you glean alongside"
2:22 bcc4 וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִפְגְּעוּ־בָ֖⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: "so that no one would hurt you"
2:22 ab64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִפְגְּעוּ־בָ֖⁠ךְ 1 This is the reason why Naomi agrees that Ruth should continue to work with Boaz’s servants. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: "so that you are kept safe from danger"
2:23 e2vq וַ⁠תִּדְבַּ֞ק 1 Alternate translation: "Therefore, Ruth continued to work"
2:23 a7qp וַ⁠תֵּ֖שֶׁב אֶת־חֲמוֹתָֽ⁠הּ 1 Alternate translation: "Ruth returned to Naomi’s home to sleep at night"
2:22 bcc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִפְגְּעוּ־בָ֖⁠ךְ 1 Here, **they** refers to anyone in general. Alternate translation: “so that someone does not harm you” or “so that no one would hurt you”
2:23 e2vq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠תִּדְבַּ֞ק 1 Here, **So** indicates that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “Because of these instructions, she stayed close” or "Therefore, Ruth continued to work"
2:23 svlg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive עַד־כְּל֥וֹת קְצִֽיר־הַ⁠שְּׂעֹרִ֖ים וּ⁠קְצִ֣יר הַֽ⁠חִטִּ֑ים 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until Boaz's workers had harvested all of the barley and the wheat”
3:intro t4y5 0 # Ruth 3 General Notes\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Boaz’s integrity\n\nBoaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth until they were married. He was also concerned with preserving Ruth’s good reputation. Displaying Boaz’s good character is an important point in this chapter.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### **So that it may be well with you**\n\nNaomi wanted Ruth to have a secure home with a good husband who would care for her. She could see that Boaz would be the best husband for her. She also thought that Boaz, as a kinsman-redeemer, had an obligation to marry her. This could be true because, even though Ruth was a Gentile by birth, she had become part of Naomi’s family and part of the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
3:1 jdr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠תֹּ֥אמֶר לָ֖⁠הּ נָעֳמִ֣י 1 The write is using the word translated **Then** to introduce the next part of the story, in which Ruth asks Boaz to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer for her and Naomi. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event.
3:1 jdr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠תֹּ֥אמֶר לָ֖⁠הּ נָעֳמִ֣י 1 The writer is using the word translated **Then** to introduce the next part of the story, in which Ruth asks Boaz to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer for her and Naomi. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “After some time, Naomi…said to her”
3:1 r7ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship חֲמוֹתָ֑⁠הּ 1 Naomi is the mother of Ruth’s dead husband, and thus, is Ruth's **mother-in-law**. Alternate translation: "the mother of Ruth's dead husband"
3:1 f1uc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship בִּתִּ֞⁠י 1 Ruth became part of Naomi’s family by marrying her son and became like a daughter to her by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem.
3:1 ry8p נָעֳמִ֣י חֲמוֹתָ֑⁠הּ 1 **Naomi** is Ruth's **mother-in-law**. If it is not natural to include both the name and the relationship term in your language, choose the one that refers to Naomi most naturally. Alternate translation: “Ruth's mother-in-law”
3:1 y1ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns חֲמוֹתָ֑⁠הּ 1 In this verse, **her** refers to Ruth. Alternate translation: “Ruth's mother-in-law”
3:1 f1uc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship בִּתִּ֞⁠י 1 Ruth became Naomi's daughter-in-law by marrying Naomi's son. But here Naomi calls her **My daughter** to show that she loves her as much as she would her own daughter. Use a form of address in your language that shows that Naomi loves Ruth as she would love a daughter. Alternate translation: “My dear one”
3:1 nxr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־לָ֛⁠ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִֽיטַב־לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 Naomi is using the question form to cause Ruth to think of her future. Here, Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she plans to do. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I must look for a place for you to rest, so that you will be taken care of.” or “I must find a husband to care for you, so that you can live without worry.”
3:1 uw2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָ֛⁠ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ 1 Here, Naomi is speaking of **a resting place** as if it were a form of security. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. This does not mean a place to rest temporarily from being tired. It means a place of permanent comfort and security in a good home with a husband.
3:2 jdr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה 1 Naomi’s rhetorical question in [3:1](../03/01.md) gave the reason for the advice that she is about to give to Ruth in verses [3:2–4](../03/02.md). This word marks what follows as the result of [3:1](../03/01.md). In other words, Naomi advises Ruth what to do in [3:2–4](../03/02.md) because she desires to find a good, secure home for Ruth (See [3:1](../03/01.md)). If it is more clear in your language to state the reason after the result, you may want to put verse 1 after verses 2–4, marked as verses 1–4 together.
3:2 b4h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֥א בֹ֨עַז֙ מֹֽדַעְתָּ֔⁠נוּ 1 Naomi used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her (See [2:20](../02/20.md)), as she introduces the reason for what she is about to say. Alternate translation: “As you know, Boaz is our relative.”
3:2 j31t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 The implication is that they worked together in the fields of Boaz. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “female workers you have been with in the fields”
3:2 nd8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִנֵּה 1 Naomi is using the term **Look** to focus Ruth's attention on what she is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation.
3:2 ms25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown זֹרֶ֛ה 1 To winnow means to separate grain from the unwanted chaff by tossing both the grain and chaff into the air, allowing the wind to blow the chaff away. Your language and culture may have a term for **winnowing** that you could use in your translation. You could also explain the meaning of the term **winnowing** as UST does.
3:1 uw2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מָנ֖וֹחַ 1 Here, Naomi is speaking of a permanent home as **a resting place**. This does not mean a place to rest temporarily from being tired. It means a place of permanent comfort and security in a good home with a husband. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a permanent home”
3:2 jdr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה 1 Naomi’s rhetorical question in [3:1](../03/01.md) gave the reason for the plan that she is about to tell to Ruth in verses [3:2–4](../03/02.md). Use a connector in your language that marks what follows as a planned result of what was said before. Alternate translation: “Because of that, I have been thinking.”
3:2 b4h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֥א בֹ֨עַז֙ מֹֽדַעְתָּ֔⁠נוּ אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 Naomi uses the question form here to remind Ruth of something she had already told her (See [2:20](../02/20.md)). If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “as you know, Boaz, the one with whose young female workers you have been working, is our relative.”
3:2 j31t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑י⁠ו 1 The implication is that Boaz owned the fields where Ruth worked together with these young women, not that Boaz owned the young women. You could clarify this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the one who owns the fields where you have been working with the other female workers”
3:2 nd8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִנֵּה 1 Naomi is using the term **Behold** to focus Ruth's attention on what she is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Look”
3:3 ru6z וָ⁠סַ֗כְתְּ 1 Alternate translation: "rub sweet-smelling oil on yourself"
3:3 e92h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְיָרַ֣דְתְּ הַ⁠גֹּ֑רֶן 1 A **threshing floor** is an open, flat area where workers could thresh and winnow grain. It would be outside of the city, which was high on a hill, and thus, one would go "down" to it. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of agricultural site, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: "and leave the city to go to the flat place where he will thresh and winnow his grain"
3:4 jdr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative וִ⁠יהִ֣י 1 This is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request.\nThe phrase **And let it be that** introduces the next series of specific instructions that Naomi is about to give to Ruth. Alternate translation; Please be sure to watch that"
3:4 ab21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background בְ⁠שָׁכְב֗⁠וֹ 1 In this clause, Naomi describes the scene that Ruth (and the reader ) can expect to occur next in the story. In your translation, present this information in a way that would be natural in your own language and culture. Alternate translation: "as he settles himself for sleep"
3:4 ln1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ⁠גִלִּ֥ית מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 To **uncover his feet** means to remove the cloak or blanket covering his feet (or legs). Perhaps this action by a woman is part of a symbolic action that could be interpreted as a proposal of marriage.
3:4 zi01 מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 The word translated feet could be used as a euphemism for a man's private parts, but here it refers to the man's feet or legs. If your language has a word that works in this way, you can use it here. Otherwise, use a word for “feet” or “legs” and consider putting this information in a footnote.
3:4 l4we וְשָׁכָ֑בְתְּ 1 Alternate translation: "and lie down there"
3:3 m6zw figs-extrainfo לֶ⁠אֱכֹ֥ל וְ⁠לִ⁠שְׁתּֽוֹת 1 If it would be unnatural to express these details of a meal in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “his supper”
3:4 jdr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative וִ⁠יהִ֣י 1 The phrase **And let it be** introduces the next series of specific instructions that Naomi is about to give to Ruth. Use a form in your language that introduces a series of instructions, or omit the phrase if your language does not do this. Alternate translation: “Do this:"
3:4 ln1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ⁠גִלִּ֥ית מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 To **uncover his feet** means to remove the cloak or blanket covering his feet, and probably also his legs. This action by a woman was probably a symbolic action that was interpreted as a proposal of marriage. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could include this information in a footnote.
3:4 zi01 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 The word translated **feet** could be used as a euphemism for a man's private parts, but here it refers to the man's feet or legs. If your language has a word that works in this way, you can use it here. Otherwise, use a word for “feet” or “legs” and consider putting this information in a footnote.
3:4 w1u5 וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד לָ֔⁠ךְ אֵ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעַשִֽׂי⁠ן 1 The specific custom of that time is unclear, but Naomi appears to believe that Boaz will understand Ruth’s action as a proposal of marriage. Boaz will then either accept or reject her offer. If it would be helpful, you could include this information in a footnote.
3:4 nn4g וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד 1 Alternate translation: "When Boaz awakens, he will instruct"
3:6 ab22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-inforstructure וַ⁠תַּ֕עַשׂ כְּ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוַּ֖תָּ⁠ה חֲמוֹתָֽ⁠הּ׃ 1 This statement summarizes the actions that Ruth will do in [3:7](../03/7.md). If people misunderstand from this that Ruth did these actions in [3:6](../03/6.md) and then did them again in [3:7](../03/7.md), then you could translate this sentence as **and she obeyed her mother-in-law**. Or if it would make the order of events more clear, you could move this sentence to the end of verse [3:7](../03/7.md), then combine the verse numbers as a verse bridge (6–7).
3:4 nn4g figs-rpronouns וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד 1 Here, the word **himself** emphasizes that Boaz will decide what happens next, not Naomi or Ruth. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “Then it will be Boaz who will tell”
3:6 ab22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠תַּ֕עַשׂ כְּ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוַּ֖תָּ⁠ה חֲמוֹתָֽ⁠הּ׃ 1 This statement summarizes the actions that Ruth will do in [3:7](../03/7.md). If people misunderstand from this that Ruth did these actions in [3:6](../03/6.md) and then did them again in [3:7](../03/7.md), then you could translate this sentence as **and she obeyed her mother-in-law**. Or if it would make the order of events more clear, you could move this sentence to the end of [3:7](../03/7.md), then combine the verse numbers as a verse bridge (6–7).
3:7 fz7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠יִּיטַ֣ב לִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 Here **heart** stands for “emotions” or “disposition.” Boaz’s emotions or feelings were good. This does not imply that Boaz was drunk. Alternate translation: “and he felt good” or “and he was in a good mood”
3:7 y6gk וַ⁠תָּבֹ֣א בַ⁠לָּ֔ט 1 Alternate translation: "Then she sneaked in" or "Then she came in quietly so that no one would hear her"
3:7 eq2u וַ⁠תְּגַ֥ל מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 The word translated feet could in some circumstances be used as a euphemism for a man's private parts, but here it refers to the man's feet or legs. If your language has a word that works in this way, you can use it here. Otherwise, use a word for “feet” or “legs” and consider putting this information in a footnote. Alternate translation: "and removed the covering from his legs"
3:7 pb6l וַ⁠תִּשְׁכָּֽב 1 Alternate translation: "and lowered herself to lie there**
3:8 pz92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִי֙ בַּ⁠חֲצִ֣י הַ⁠לַּ֔יְלָה 1 This clause introduces a new event in the story, explaining when Boaz woke up.
3:8 xun6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יֶּחֱרַ֥ד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet or legs. Alternate translation: “that the man startled”
3:8 ab23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה 1 The word **behold** shows that what follows was very surprising to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing surprise. Alternate translation: "and much to his surprise"
3:9 wj9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness אֲמָתֶ֔⁠ךָ & אֲמָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 Ruth was not one of Boaz’s servants, but she referred to herself as Boaz’s servant as a polite way to express respect to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing humility and respect.
3:7 eq2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וַ⁠תְּגַ֥ל מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו 1 See how you translated **feet** in [3:4](../03/4.md). Alternate translation: "and removed the covering from his legs"
3:8 pz92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וַ⁠יְהִי֙ בַּ⁠חֲצִ֣י הַ⁠לַּ֔יְלָה 1 This clause gives information about when the next event in the story happened. Use a natural way in your language to give background information. Alternate translation: “Hours later, in the middle of the night,”
3:8 xun6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יֶּחֱרַ֥ד הָ⁠אִ֖ישׁ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet or legs. Alternate translation: “the man startled”
3:8 ab23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה 1 Here the word **behold** shows that what follows was very surprising to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing surprise. Alternate translation: "and much to his surprise"
3:9 wj9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness אֲמָתֶ֔⁠ךָ & אֲמָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 Ruth was not one of Boaz’s servants, but she referred to herself as Boaz’s servant as a polite way to express respect to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing humility and respect. Alternate translation: “your humble subordinate”
3:9 xp1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠פָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֨⁠ךָ֙ עַל־אֲמָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: “Please marry me”
3:9 l5g4 גֹאֵ֖ל 1 See how you translated this term in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f).
3:10 bjw9 הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥⁠ךְ הָ⁠אַחֲר֖וֹן מִן־הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 Alternate translation: "You are demonstrating even more loving kindness now than before"
3:10 e7ka הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥⁠ךְ הָ⁠אַחֲר֖וֹן 1 This refers to Ruth asking Boaz to marry her. Boaz sees this as Ruth showing unselfish kindness and family loyalty to Naomi. By marrying Naomi’s relative, Ruth would also provide for Naomi, honor Naomi’s son, and continue Naomi’s family line.
3:10 cbd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 Boaz is using the phrase **at the beginning** to refer to the way that Ruth had earlier provided for her mother-in-law by staying with her and gleaning grain for food for both of them. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you first came here with Naomi”
3:10 n84d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠בִלְתִּי־לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙ 1 Boaz is praising Ruth for **not going after* the young men, by which he means that Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a young and handsome husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives, but she did not. Alternate translation: "because you have not looked for marriage among"
3:11 jdr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה 1 **So now** indicates that what came before in verse [3:10](../03/10.md) is the reason for what follows here in verse 11. This can be indicated with a word like **Therefore**. If it would be helpful in your language to put the reason after the result, the order would be: Boaz is motivated to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer (verse 11) because he has seen how much kindness Ruth has shown to Naomi in ([3:10](../03/10.md). If you choose this order, you will need to combine the verses and the verse numbers
3:11 ei93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness בִּתִּ⁠י֙ 1 Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman. Use the form of address that would be appropriate in your language.
3:11 ab08 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּל־שַׁ֣עַר עַמִּ֔⁠י 1 The gate was an area of the city where people gathered to do business, and the leaders met there to make decisions. So this is an idiom meaning “all of the important people in my city” Alternate translation: "all the important people of my city"
3:11 ab31 אֵ֥שֶׁת חַ֖יִל 1 Alternate translation: "a woman of good character" or ""a good woman"
3:12 jdr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ⁠עַתָּה֙ 1 The phrase **And now** indicates that what follows is something else important that Ruth should pay attention to. Alternate translation: ”Nonetheless"
3:12 ab30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ⁠גַ֛ם יֵ֥שׁ 1 This phrase indicates a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth [3:11](../03/11.md) and the possibility of another man marrying her instead [3:12](../03/12.md). Alternate translation: “even so, there is”
3:12 fvq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽ⁠נִּי 1 It was the duty of the male relative who was closest in family relationship to the man who died to help his widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f) and make sure that it also makes sense here.
3:13 gcl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥⁠ךְ 1 The implication of the word **redeem** is that in this culture it means “marry according to our custom concerning widows.” Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and raise a son to carry on the dead man’s family name.
3:13 tkz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula חַי־יְהוָ֑ה 1 The phrase **as Yahweh lives** is an oath formula. This was a common Hebrew vow that obligated the speaker to perform what he said. Use a natural way in your language to express an oath. Alternate translation: "as surely as Yahweh lives" or "by the life of Yahweh"
3:10 hvwq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing בְּרוּכָ֨ה אַ֤תְּ לַֽ⁠יהוָה֙ 1 Use a natural form for a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “A blessing from Yahweh on you”
3:10 qxnp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בִּתִּ֔⁠י 1 See how you translated **my daughter** in [2:8](../02/8.md). Boaz uses this phrase again here to communicate kindness and respect from a man to a younger woman. Use an appropriate phrase in your language. Alternate translation: “little one”
3:10 bjw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥⁠ךְ הָ⁠אַחֲר֖וֹן מִן־הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 By marrying Naomi’s relative who is a kinsman-redeemer, Ruth would also provide for Naomi, honor Naomi’s son, and continue Naomi’s family line. Boaz considers this to be Ruth's greatest demonstration of faithfulness to Naomi. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could put this information in a footnote. Alternate translation: "You are demonstrating even more loving kindness now than before"
3:10 cbd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 Boaz is using the phrase **at the beginning** to refer to the way that Ruth had earlier provided for her mother-in-law by staying with her and gleaning grain for food for both of them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you first came here with Naomi”
3:10 n84d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠בִלְתִּי־לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙ 1 Boaz is praising Ruth for **not going after* the young men, by which he means that Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a young and handsome husband for herself outside of Elimelek's relatives, but she did not. Alternate translation: "because you have not looked for marriage among"
3:11 jdr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה 1 **So now** indicates that what came before in verse [3:10](../03/10.md) is the reason for what follows here in verse 11. Use a natural connector for introducing a result. Alternate translation: “Therefore”
3:11 ei93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בִּתִּ⁠י֙ 1 See how you translated this in [2:8](../02/8.md) and [3:10](../03/10.md). Boaz uses this expression as a sign of kindness and respect toward Ruth as a younger woman. Use the form of address that would be appropriate in your language.
3:11 ab08 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כָּל־שַׁ֣עַר עַמִּ֔⁠י 1 Here, **gate** represents the people who gather at the gate. The gate was an area of the city where people gathered to do business, and the leaders met there to make decisions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "all the important people of my city"
3:11 ab31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֵ֥שֶׁת חַ֖יִל 1 Alternate translation: "a woman of good character" or "a good woman"
3:12 jdr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וְ⁠עַתָּה֙ 1 The phrase **And now** indicates that what follows is something else important that Ruth should pay attention to, as well as what Boaz introduced by saying "So now" in [3:11](../03/11.md). Alternate translation: “Another thing you must know”
3:12 ab30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ⁠גַ֛ם 1 The connector **but** indicates a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth [3:11](../03/11.md) and the possibility of another man marrying her instead [3:12](../03/12.md). The contrast can be indicated here or at the beginning of the verse, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “even so” or ”nonetheless”
3:12 fvq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship גֹאֵ֖ל & גֹּאֵ֖ל 1 See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f). This term refers to the male relative who was closest in family relationship to a man who died and who had the responsibility to help his widow.
3:13 gcl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥⁠ךְ 1 The implication of the word **redeem** is that in this culture it means “marry according to our custom concerning widows.” Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and raise a son to carry on the dead man’s family name. You could include some of this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “if he will take care of you” or “if he will redeem you, that is, marry you”
3:13 w8g2 figs-rpronouns וּ⁠גְאַלְתִּ֥י⁠ךְ אָנֹ֖כִי 1 Boaz uses the word **myself** to emphasize that he was committed to taking care of Ruth. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “then I will certainly redeem you”
3:13 tkz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula חַי־יְהוָ֑ה 1 The phrase **as Yahweh lives** is an oath formula. This was a common Hebrew vow that obligated the speaker to perform what he said. Use a natural way in your language to express an oath. Alternate translation: "as surely as Yahweh lives" or "I swear by the life of Yahweh"
3:14 vn8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠תִּשְׁכַּ֤ב מַרְגְּלוֹתָיו֙ 1 The implication of **So she lay at his feet** is that although Ruth and Boaz were alone together over night, they did not sin sexually. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: Ruth slept at the feet of Boaz"
3:14 dwx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּטֶ֛רֶם יַכִּ֥יר אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 The idiom **before a man could recognize his friend** means very early in the morning, before there was enough light to recognize the face of a familiar person. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while it was still quite dark”
3:14 dwx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּטֶ֛רֶם יַכִּ֥יר אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 The idiom **before a man could recognize his friend** means that it was very early in the morning, before there was enough light to recognize the face of a familiar person. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you could see your hand in front of your face” or “while it was still quite dark”
3:14 q9ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ 1 Boaz probably said this before Ruth lay down to sleep. If it would be helpful in your language, you could move this to the beginning of the verse, as in the UST, or indicate that this happened before Ruth lay down. Alternate translation: “She did this because Boaz had said”
3:14 qgjv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אַל־יִוָּדַ֔ע 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do not let anyone know”
3:15 hj1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠מִּטְפַּ֧חַת 1 A **cloak** was a long, thick outer garment usually made of cloth or leather. Your language and culture may have a term such a piece of clothing which you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “the coat” or "the cape"
3:15 f5zg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume שֵׁשׁ־שְׂעֹרִים֙ 1 The actual amount is not stated. We do not know how much barley was in each of the **measures**. It was enough to be considered generous, yet small enough for Ruth to carry alone. Most scholars think it was around 25 to 30 kilograms.
3:15 gdn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וַ⁠יָּ֣שֶׁת עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 The writer is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: "and Boaz put the barley on Ruth’s back so she could carry it home with her"

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