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front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Deuteronomy\n\n- Moses’ first speech\n - Moses reminds Israel of how Yahweh guided them through the wilderness (1:1–3:29)\n - Moses appeals for Israel to obey the law of Yahweh (4:1–49)\n- Moses’ second speech\n - The Ten Commandments (5:1–10:22)\n - Rules and warnings from the Law (11:1–26:19)\n- Moses’ third speech\n - Instructions for entering Canaan (27:1–26)\n - Blessings for obeying and curses for disobeying (28:1–68)\n - The covenant renewed (29:1–30:20)\n - Last words of Moses, the Song of Moses, and his death (31:1–34:12)\n\n\n### What is the Book of Deuteronomy about?\n\nIn the book of Deuteronomy, Moses repeats the laws of the covenant that God made with the people of Israel. The people of Israel were about to go into the Promised Land. Before they entered the land, Moses reminded them of what Yahweh did for them and what he expected from them. Moses warned the people about worshiping idols and no longer trusting Yahweh once they settled in the Promised Land. Yahweh promised to judge those who disobey him and to bless those who obey his Law. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe name “Deuteronomy” means “Second Law” or “the retelling of the Law.” Translators may decide on a title such as “A Repeat of the Law” or “Moses Explains the Law Again.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the book of Deuteronomy?\n\nThe writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Deuteronomy. However, many scholars think that Joshua wrote chapter 34. This chapter tells how Moses died.\n\n### What are the important features of the Book of Deuteronomy?\n\nThe book contains a series of speeches that Moses gave to Israel before he died. He spoke these things just before the people entered the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Why did Yahweh command the Israelites to completely destroy the people who lived in the Promised Land?\n\nAs God prepared the Israelites to enter the Promised Land, he commanded them to completely destroy the Canaanite people who lived there. The Israelites would then not be tempted to join them and worship their false gods.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What is the role of God’s name in Deuteronomy?\n\nGod’s name is mentioned over 30 times in the book of Deuteronomy. The use of God’s name in this book usually represents God’s honor or fame. At other times in Deuteronomy, God’s name represents his presence. God said he would choose a place and make his name dwell there. This means God’s presence would be there. The people were to go to that place to worship him.\n\n### Can this book be translated before the rest of the Pentateuch?\n\nThe books of Genesis and Exodus help to explain what happens in Deuteronomy. For this reason, those books should be translated before the book of Deuteronomy.\n\n### Quotes in quotes\n\nSince this book consists of Moses’ speeches, many parts of this book are direct quotations. Within his speeches, Moses directly quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format these passages so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Second person plural\n\nIn this book, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])\n\n### “Yahweh your God”\n\nThroughout this book, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])\n\n### Moses’ Audience\n\nIn his speeches, Moses speaks to the Israelites who will enter into the land that Yahweh promised to give to them. Moses reminds them about events that happened to their ancestors and to them. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state explicitly that Moses is talking about their ancestors, even when he directly addresses the living Israelites as “you.” (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1:intro ggp9 0 # Deuteronomy 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter forms a continuation with the last chapter of the book of Numbers. In this chapter is Moses’ first speech to the Israelites. \n\n- vv. 1-4: Introduction\n- vv. 5-49: Moses reminds the Israelites of what happened to their ancestors in the wilderness\n - vv. 9-18: Moses chooses judges and military leaders\n - vv. 19-46: The Israelites send out spies to survey the land \n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s victory\nThe chapter explains that Israel’s conquering of the Promised Land will be done by Yahweh. They are not to fear the people of Canaan but be obedient to Yahweh. Yahweh is bringing about his judgment upon the people of Canaan. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n### Possessing the land\n\nWhile the Promised Land belongs to Israel, they do not possess the land. Possessing the land is an important theme. Possessing the land depended on Israel’s faithfulness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n### Yahweh's Presence\n\nIn verse 42, Yahweh says, “I will not be among you.” As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. In verse 42, Yahweh means that because of their rebellion he will no longer be with the Israelites in a special way.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Quotes in quotes\n\nIn this chapter, Moses gives a speech and quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format this passage so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Pronouns\n\nIn this chapter, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.\n\n### “Yahweh your God”\n\nThroughout this chapter, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])\n\n### Time Background\n\nIn his speech, Moses reminds the Israelites about what happened to their ancestors when they were camping at Mt. Sinai. Throughout his speech, Moses repeats the phrase “at that time” to refer to new topics that occur during that time period. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state this information explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevents]])\n
front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Deuteronomy\n\n- Moses’ first speech\n - Moses reminds Israel of how Yahweh guided them through the wilderness (1:1–3:29)\n - Moses appeals to Israel to obey the law of Yahweh (4:1–49)\n- Moses’ second speech\n - The Ten Commandments (5:1–10:22)\n - Rules and warnings from the Law (11:1–26:19)\n- Moses’ third speech\n - Instructions for entering Canaan (27:1–26)\n - Blessings for obeying and curses for disobeying (28:1–68)\n - The covenant renewed (29:1–30:20)\n - Last words of Moses, the Song of Moses, and his death (31:1–34:12)\n\n\n### What is the book of Deuteronomy about?\n\nIn the book of Deuteronomy, Moses repeats the laws of the covenant that God made with the people of Israel. The people of Israel were about to go into the Promised Land. Before they entered the land, Moses reminded them of what Yahweh did for them and what he expected from them. Moses warned the people about worshiping idols and no longer trusting Yahweh once they settled in the Promised Land. Yahweh promised to judge those who disobey him and to bless those who obey his law. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe name “Deuteronomy” means “Second Law” or “the retelling of the Law.” Translators may decide on a title such as “A Repeat of the Law” or “Moses Explains the Law Again.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the book of Deuteronomy?\n\nThe writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Deuteronomy. However, many scholars think that Joshua wrote chapter 34, which tells how Moses died.\n\n### What are the important features of the book of Deuteronomy?\n\nThe book contains a series of speeches that Moses gave to Israel before he died. He spoke these things just before the people entered the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Why did Yahweh command the Israelites to completely destroy the people who lived in the Promised Land?\n\nAs God prepared the Israelites to enter the Promised Land, he commanded them to completely destroy the Canaanite people who lived there. The Israelites would then not be tempted to join them and worship their false gods.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What is the role of God’s name in Deuteronomy?\n\nGod’s name is mentioned over 30 times in the book of Deuteronomy. The use of God’s name in this book usually represents God’s honor or fame. At other times in Deuteronomy, God’s name represents his presence. God said he would choose a place and make his name dwell there. This means God’s presence would be there. The people were to go to that place to worship him.\n\n### Can this book be translated before the rest of the Pentateuch?\n\nThe books of Genesis and Exodus help to explain what happens in Deuteronomy. For this reason, those books should be translated before the book of Deuteronomy.\n\n### Quotes in quotes\n\nSince this book consists of Moses’ speeches, many parts of this book are direct quotations. Within his speeches, Moses directly quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format these passages so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Second person plural\n\nIn this book, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])\n\n### “Yahweh your God”\n\nThroughout this book, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])\n\n### Moses’ audience\n\nIn his speeches, Moses speaks to the Israelites who will enter into the land that Yahweh promised to give to them. Moses reminds them about events that happened to their ancestors and to them. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state explicitly that Moses is talking about their ancestors, even when he directly addresses the living Israelites as “you.” (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1:intro ggp9 0 # Deuteronomy 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter forms a continuation with the last chapter of the book of Numbers. In this chapter is Moses’ first speech to the Israelites. \n\n- vv. 1-4: Introduction\n- vv. 5-49: Moses reminds the Israelites of what happened to their ancestors in the wilderness\n - vv. 9-18: Moses chooses judges and military leaders\n - vv. 19-46: The Israelites send out spies to survey the land \n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s victory\nThe chapter explains that Israel’s conquering of the Promised Land will be done by Yahweh. They are not to fear the people of Canaan but be obedient to Yahweh. Yahweh is bringing about his judgment upon the people of Canaan. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n### Possessing the land\n\nWhile the Promised Land belongs to Israel, they do not possess the land. Possessing the land is an important theme. Possessing the land depended on Israel’s faithfulness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n### Yahweh's presence\n\nIn verse 42, Yahweh says, “I will not be among you.” As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. In verse 42, Yahweh means that because of their rebellion, he will no longer be with the Israelites in a special way.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Quotes in quotes\n\nIn this chapter, Moses gives a speech and quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format this passage so that there are not quotations within quotations. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Pronouns\n\nIn this chapter, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.\n\n### “Yahweh your God”\n\nThroughout this chapter, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])\n\n### Time Background\n\nIn his speech, Moses reminds the Israelites about what happened to their ancestors when they were camping at Mt. Sinai. Throughout his speech, Moses repeats the phrase “at that time” to refer to new topics that occur during that time period. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state this information explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevents]])\n
1:1 vb79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ס֜וּף 1 The word **Suph** is the name of a place. It is uncertain where Suph is, but Suph could refer to the Red Sea. Alternate translation: “the Red Sea”
1:1 bg65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names תֹּ֛פֶל וְ⁠לָבָ֥ן וַ⁠חֲצֵרֹ֖ת וְ⁠דִ֥י זָהָֽב 1 These are the names of places.
1:1 mdz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בֵּֽין & וּ⁠בֵֽין 1 Here, the text repeats **between** to describe the relative positions of cities. If it is unnatural in your language to repeat a preposition, you could use a form that identifies an area between cities. Alternate translation: “between … and”
1:2 xcp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַחַ֨ד עָשָׂ֥ר יוֹם֙ 1 The implication is that the journey takes **11 days**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “It is a journey of 11 days”
1:3 xm9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִי֙ 1 Moses is using the word translated **And it happened** to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “Here is what happened:”
1:3 pc9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal בְּ⁠אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה בְּ⁠עַשְׁתֵּֽי־עָשָׂ֥ר חֹ֖דֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use cardinal numbers here or equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “after 40 years, in month 11”
1:3 zfn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths בְּ⁠עַשְׁתֵּֽי־עָשָׂ֥ר חֹ֖דֶשׁ 1 The **eleventh** month of the Hebrew calendar includes January on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say in a footnote approximately what time of year that is on your calendar.
1:3 zfn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths בְּ⁠עַשְׁתֵּֽי־עָשָׂ֥ר חֹ֖דֶשׁ 1 The **eleventh** month of the Hebrew calendar includes January on Western calendars. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar and say in a footnote approximately what time of year that is on your calendar.
1:3 c54r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנֵ֣י 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, the author is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “the children of”
1:3 e9a7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” Moses is identifying the Israelites as descendants of their ancestor Jacob, who was also known as Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel” or “the people of Israel”
1:4 xfh0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַכֹּת֗⁠וֹ 1 The implication is that Yahweh caused the Israelites to defeat Sihon and Og under Moses' leadership. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Yahweh caused the Israelites to defeat”
@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:8 p2mn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person נִשְׁבַּ֣ע יְ֠הוָה 1 Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “I swore”
1:8 pcv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַ⁠אֲבֹ֨תֵי⁠כֶ֜ם 1 Yahweh is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your forefathers”
1:8 umon rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠לְ⁠זַרְעָ֖⁠ם 1 Here, **seed** refers to the descendants of **Abraham**, **Isaac**, and **Jacob** as if they were semen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a comparable expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and to their offspring”
1:9 dv93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וָ⁠אֹמַ֣ר 1 Here, **I** refers back to Moses in verse 5. If it would be helpful in your language, you could repeat the word “Moses” here. Alternate translation: “I, Moses, said”
1:9 dv93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וָ⁠אֹמַ֣ר 1 Here, **I** refers back to Moses in verse 5. If it would be helpful in your language, you could repeat the name “Moses” here. Alternate translation: “I, Moses, said”
1:9 l5mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׂאֵ֥ת 1 Here **to carry** means “to lead” or “to govern.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to lead”
1:10 zy9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כְּ⁠כוֹכְבֵ֥י הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֖יִם לָ⁠רֹֽב 1 Moses says **as the stars of the heaven in number** here as a generalization for emphasis. He means that God has greatly increased the number of Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “almost as numerous as the stars of heaven”
1:10 x7q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 1 When Moses says **your God**, he is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. See the chapter introduction for more information. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who is our God,”\n
1:10 x7q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 1 When Moses says **your God**, he is referring to the same God whom he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. See the chapter introduction for more information. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who is our God,”\n
1:11 aj7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֽוֹתֵ⁠כֶ֗ם יֹסֵ֧ף עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֛ם כָּ⁠כֶ֖ם אֶ֣לֶף פְּעָמִ֑ים וִ⁠יבָרֵ֣ךְ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר לָ⁠כֶֽם 1 Moses is asking God to bless the Israelites. You could express this as either a blessing or a prayer, in whichever way is more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I hope that Yahweh, the God of your fathers, will add to you, as you {are}, 1000 times, and I hope that he will bless you, just as he spoke to you”
1:11 wrx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֽוֹתֵ⁠כֶ֗ם 1 When Moses says **your fathers**, he is also referring to his own **fathers**. He is not distinguishing between the ancestors of the Israelites and his own ancestors. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that Moses and the Israelites have the same **fathers**. Alternate translation: “the God of our fathers”
1:11 nybe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבֽוֹתֵ⁠כֶ֗ם 1 Yahweh is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your forefathers”
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:12 xa3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet טָרְחֲ⁠כֶ֥ם וּ⁠מַֽשַּׂאֲ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 The terms **loads** and **burdens** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “your heavy loads”
1:13 q6g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֲכָמִ֧ים וּ⁠נְבֹנִ֛ים 1 The terms **wise** and **understanding** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “very wise”
1:13 ue4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וִ⁠ידֻעִ֖ים 1 Here **well-known** means “of good reputation.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use a comparable expression from your language that does have this meaning, or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and of good reputation”
1:13 eea5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠רָאשֵׁי⁠כֶֽם 1 Here **heads** means “leaders.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “leaders”
1:13 eea5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠רָאשֵׁי⁠כֶֽם 1 Here **heads** means “leaders.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as leaders”
1:15 zzio rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רָאשֵׁ֣י & רָאשִׁ֖ים 1 Here **heads** means “leaders.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the leaders of … as leaders”
1:15 u5jy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וִֽ⁠ידֻעִ֔ים 1 Here **well-known** means “of good reputation.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use a comparable expression from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and of good reputation”
1:15 t5iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers אֲלָפִ֜ים & מֵא֗וֹת & חֲמִשִּׁים֙ & עֲשָׂרֹ֔ת 1 Alternate translation: “groups of 1,000 … groups of 100 … groups of 50 … groups of 10”
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:16 imou rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֙ & אָחִ֖י⁠ו 1 Here **brothers** and **brother** refer to any Israelite. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites … a fellow Israelite”
1:16 k0bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָׁמֹ֤עַ בֵּין אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֙ 1 Here, **listen** means “listen to evidence in a legal case.” The judge is **in between** each party involved in the case and will listen to each party. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Listen to the evidence from both sides of the legal case”
1:16 x7e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וּ⁠שְׁפַטְתֶּ֣ם 1 Here, the form of **judge** is not a command, but Moses is using the form to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “and you must judge”
1:16 rdg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֙ & אִ֥ישׁ & אָחִ֖י⁠ו & גֵּרֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although the terms **brother**, **man**, **his**, and **him** are masculine, Moses is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites … an Israelite … another Israelite … the foreigner with the Israelite”
1:16 rdg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֙ & אִ֥ישׁ & אָחִ֖י⁠ו & גֵּרֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although the terms **brother**, **man**, **his**, and **him** are masculine, Moses is using the words in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites … an Israelite … another Israelite … the foreigner with the Israelite”
1:16 z0ng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בֵּֽין־אִ֥ישׁ וּ⁠בֵין־אָחִ֖י⁠ו וּ⁠בֵ֥ין גֵּרֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, Moses repeats **between** to describe different types of relationships that could require judgment among the Israelites. The first relationship involves two Israelites. The second relationship involves an Israelite and a non-Israelite. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a form that describes relationships between individuals. Alternate translation: “between a man and his brother, and also between a man and the foreigner with him”
1:17 k656 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹֽא־תַכִּ֨ירוּ פָנִ֜ים 1 Here, **recognize a face** is an idiom that means “show partiality.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You shall not play favorites” or “You shall not show partiality”
1:17 wjfu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בַּ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֗ט & הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּ֖ט 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in the legal case … the result of the legal case”
@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:19 s8zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הַ⁠נּוֹרָ֨א 1 The implication is that the wilderness causes terror because it is dangerous. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and unsafe”
1:21 itcd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְ֠אֵה 1 Yahweh is using the term **Look** to focus the Israelites' attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention”
1:21 sel7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֛י⁠ךָ לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ & אֲבֹתֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ & אַל־תִּירָ֖א וְ⁠אַל־תֵּחָֽת 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
1:21 cl66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”
1:21 cl66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Here, the word **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”
1:21 c9fo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲלֵ֣ה 1 Here, **go up** means “go fight.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “attack”
1:21 xjd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense נָתַ֨ן יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֶ֛י⁠ךָ לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 Here Yahweh could be using the present tense: (1) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “I will give the land before your faces” (2) to refer to something that he has already done. Alternate translation: “I have already given the land before your faces” See how this is translated in [Deuteronomy 1:8](../01/08.md).
1:21 xae1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבֹתֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 Moses is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your forefathers”
@ -77,7 +77,6 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:23 t0cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַ⁠דָּבָ֑ר 1 Here, **word** represents what someone said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what they said”
1:23 cm5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠עֵינַ֖⁠י 1 Here, **in my eyes** represents Moses’ assessment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in my assessment” or "in my opinion"
1:23 xkb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וָ⁠אֶקַּ֤ח 1 Here, **took** means “chose.” Moses speaks of choosing men as if he were physically taking them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and I selected”
1:23 sduj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers אֶחָ֖ד 1 Alternate translation: “1”
1:24 tock rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּפְנוּ֙ 1 Here, **they** refers back to the “12 men” whom Moses chose in [verse 23](../deu/01/23.md). If it would be helpful for your readers, you could clarify this information. Alternate translation: “And the 12 men turned”
1:24 n7e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּפְנוּ֙ וַ⁠יַּעֲל֣וּ 1 Here, the word **turn** describes the beginning of action. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “And they started to go”
1:24 mdt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖אוּ 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “went” instead of **came**. Alternate translation: “and they went”
@ -87,12 +86,11 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:25 w02p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns מִ⁠פְּרִ֣י 1 In this verse, the word **fruit** is singular in form, but it refers to all the fruit of the land as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “some fruit of”
1:25 et1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יָּשִׁ֨בוּ אֹתָ֤⁠נוּ דָבָר֙ 1 Here, **a word** means “a report.” The text describes the **word** as if it were a physical object that someone could **return** to someone else. Alternate translation: “And they reported to us”
1:25 dgea rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ טוֹבָ֣ה הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽ⁠נוּ 1 If your language would not use a direct quotation inside of a direct quotation, you could translate the second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “and said that the land that Yahweh our God is giving to us is good”
1:25 kzlh rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ 1 The phrase **and said** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language. //delete?
1:25 eknv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽ⁠נוּ 1 Here the present tense could: (1) refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “is about to give us” (2) refer to something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “has given to us” See how this is translated in [Deuteronomy 1:8](../01/08.md).
1:26 t13i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַ⁠עֲלֹ֑ת 1 Here, **go up** means “go fight.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to fight”
1:26 k4x9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּ֥י 1 Here, **mouth** refers to Yahweh’s commands and what he says to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the command of”
1:27 vy6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וַ⁠תֵּרָגְנ֤וּ בְ⁠אָהֳלֵי⁠כֶם֙ וַ⁠תֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ 1 Here, the text uses two verbs of speaking, **grumbled** and **said**, to introduce direct speech. If it is unnatural in your language to use two verbs of speech, you could use only one. Alternate translation: “And you grumbled in your tents,”
1:27 gpei rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠שִׂנְאַ֤ת יְהוָה֙ אֹתָ֔⁠נוּ 1 Here, the Israelites are using the possessive form to describe the **hatred** that they believe Yahweh is showing towards them. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a verb to show how **hatred** and **Yahweh** are related. Alternate translation: “Since Yahweh hates us”
1:27 gpei rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠שִׂנְאַ֤ת יְהוָה֙ אֹתָ֔⁠נוּ 1 Here, the Israelites are using the possessive form to describe the **hatred** that they believe Yahweh is showing towards them. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a verb to show how **hatred** and **Yahweh** are related. Alternate translation: “Since Yahweh hates us,”
1:27 u8rq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠שִׂנְאַ֤ת יְהוָה֙ אֹתָ֔⁠נוּ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hatred**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Since Yahweh hates us”
1:27 am5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠יַ֥ד הָ⁠אֱמֹרִ֖י 1 The word **hand** refers to the power of the owner of the hand, **the Amorites**. Alternate translation: “into the power of the Amorites”
1:28 dm6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אָנָ֣ה ׀ אֲנַ֣חְנוּ עֹלִ֗ים 1 The Israelites use a question to emphasize that they are afraid of the Amorites and do not want to go near them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “We have nowhere safe to go.”
@ -101,7 +99,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:28 qpgk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַחֵי⁠נוּ֩ 1 Here **brothers** refers to other Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Our fellow Israelites”
1:28 x4y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הֵמַ֨סּוּ אֶת־לְבָבֵ֜⁠נוּ 1 Here, the phrase **have caused our heart to melt** means that the **brothers** made the rest of the Israelites feel weak and afraid. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have made my heart skip a beat” or “have made us very afraid” \n
1:28 yik3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns לְבָבֵ֜⁠נוּ 1 In this verse, the word **heart** is singular in form, but it refers to all the hearts of the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “our hearts”
1:28 yi6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר עַ֣ם גָּד֤וֹל וָ⁠רָם֙ מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ עָרִ֛ים גְּדֹלֹ֥ת וּ⁠בְצוּרֹ֖ת בַּ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם וְ⁠גַם־בְּנֵ֥י עֲנָקִ֖ים רָאִ֥ינוּ שָֽׁם 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “by saying that the people are greater and taller than us, with cities great and fortified to the heavens, and also, that they have seen the sons of the Anakim there”
1:28 yi6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר עַ֣ם גָּד֤וֹל וָ⁠רָם֙ מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ עָרִ֛ים גְּדֹלֹ֥ת וּ⁠בְצוּרֹ֖ת בַּ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם וְ⁠גַם־בְּנֵ֥י עֲנָקִ֖ים רָאִ֥ינוּ שָֽׁם 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation, without the preceding comma: “by saying that the people are greater and taller than us, with cities great and fortified to the heavens, and also, that they have seen the sons of the Anakim there”
1:28 ckkl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet גָּד֤וֹל וָ⁠רָם֙ 1 Here, the term **greater** could mean: (1) “more powerful.” Alternate translation: “are stronger and taller” (2) “greater in size.” In this case, the terms **greater** and **taller** mean similar things. The Israelites are using the two terms together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “are much bigger”
1:28 vs1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וּ⁠בְצוּרֹ֖ת בַּ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם 1 The Israelites say **fortified to the heavens** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “and extremely well-fortified”
1:28 brf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֥י 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the descendants of”
@ -113,7 +111,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:31 yy3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רָאִ֔יתָ 1 Here, Moses speaks of experiencing something as if it were being **seen**. If this word does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you have experienced”
1:31 t94m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd רָאִ֔יתָ & נְשָׂאֲ⁠ךָ֙ & אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **your** are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
1:31 b4n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נְשָׂאֲ⁠ךָ֙ 1 Here, **carried** means “led” and “protected.” If this word does not have that meaning in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “protected you” or "took care of you"
1:31 awy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשָּׂא־אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־בְּנ֑⁠וֹ 1 Moses is saying that Yahweh guiding and protecting the Israelites is like how **a man carries his son** because a father will help his son when the unable to do something by himself. A father will hold his son, protect his son, and help his son go where he needs to. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as a father carries his child who is too weak to walk”
1:31 awy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשָּׂא־אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־בְּנ֑⁠וֹ 1 Moses is saying that Yahweh guiding and protecting the Israelites is like how **a man carries his son**, because a father will help his son when the unable to do something by himself. A father will hold his son, protect his son, and help his son go where he needs to go. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as a father carries his child who is too weak to walk”
1:31 ivd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠מָּק֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 Here, **this place** refers to the base of Mt. Sinai where the Israelites camped. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “this mountain where you are camping.”
1:32 hy2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠בַ⁠דָּבָ֖ר הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה 1 Here, **this word** represents what Yahweh said. Yahweh said in a promise that he will fight for the Israelites and cause them to possess the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But in this promise from Yahweh”
1:33 gg6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֜ם 1 Here, **before your faces** represents being in the presence of these people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”
@ -136,7 +134,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:38 q1og rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”
1:39 dvtj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠טַפְּ⁠כֶם֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֲמַרְתֶּ֜ם לָ⁠בַ֣ז יִהְיֶ֗ה 1 The implication is that the Israelites thought that they would lose the battles against the Amorites, and so their **children** would be captured as **plunder**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “And your children, whom you said would be plunder when you lost the battle”
1:39 gn7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וּ֠⁠בְנֵי⁠כֶם 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Yahweh is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and your children”
1:39 it12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־יָדְע֤וּ הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ ט֣וֹב וָ⁠רָ֔ע 1 The implication is that the children are not responsible for rebelling against Yahweh because they **do not know good or evil**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “do not yet know good or evil and will not be punished for your rebellion”
1:39 it12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹא־יָדְע֤וּ הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ ט֣וֹב וָ⁠רָ֔ע 1 The implication is that the children are not responsible for rebelling against Yahweh, because they **do not know good or evil**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “do not yet know good or evil and will not be punished for your rebellion”
1:40 mrt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פְּנ֣וּ לָ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 The implication is that Yahweh wants the Israelites to **turn** around and go back the way they came. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “turn around”
1:41 wwe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys וַֽ⁠תַּעֲנ֣וּ ׀ וַ⁠תֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלַ֗⁠י 1 The two words **answered** and **said** express a single idea. The word **answered** indicates that the Israelites **said** the following quote in response to Yahweh's anger. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “And you answered me”
1:41 tnnn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns אֲנַ֤חְנוּ נַעֲלֶה֙ וְ⁠נִלְחַ֔מְנוּ 1 The Israelites use the word **ourselves** to emphasize that they are very willing to obey God and go fight. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “We will even go up and fight”
@ -149,8 +147,8 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:42 ps2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֵינֶ֖⁠נִּי בְּ⁠קִרְבְּ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 As God, Yahweh is always everywhere. The implication is that Yahweh **will not be among** the Israelites in a special way to help them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. See chapter introduction for more information. Alternate translation: “I will not help you”
1:43 q8fb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פִּ֣י 1 Here, **mouth** refers to Yahweh’s commands and what he says to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the command of”
1:43 hqd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠תַּעֲל֥וּ הָ⁠הָֽרָ⁠ה 1 The implication is that the Israelite soldiers **went up to the hill {country}** to attack the people there. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and attacked the people who live in the hill country”
1:44 z33p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וַ⁠יִּרְדְּפ֣וּ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעֲשֶׂ֖ינָה הַ⁠דְּבֹרִ֑ים 1 Moses compares the Amorites to **bees* because large groups of bees attack and sting people. So many Amorites attacked the Israelite soldiers that they had to leave the battle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and chased you like a dog chases a cat” or “and chased you persistently”
1:44 ebxo rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠דְּבֹרִ֑ים 1 A **bee** is a small, flying insect that flies in large groups and stings people who threaten them. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of insect, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the stinging insects”
1:44 z33p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וַ⁠יִּרְדְּפ֣וּ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעֲשֶׂ֖ינָה הַ⁠דְּבֹרִ֑ים 1 Moses compares the Amorites to **bees* because large swarms of bees attack and sting people. So many Amorites attacked the Israelite soldiers that they had to flee from the battle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a similar expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and chased you like a dog chases a cat” or “and chased you persistently”
1:44 ebxo rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠דְּבֹרִ֑ים 1 A **bee** is a small, flying insect that may fly in a swarm; it stings people who threaten it. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of insect, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “the stinging insects”
1:44 xcg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽ⁠יַּכְּת֥וּ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֛ם 1 Here, **caused to scatter** means “defeated in battle” or “caused to retreat.” You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and defeated you and caused you to retreat”
1:44 j3li rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חָרְמָֽה 1 The word **Hormah** is the name of a city.
1:45 yrs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠תָּשֻׁ֥בוּ 1 The implication is that the fighting men returned from the battle to where the rest of the Israelites were camping at Kadesh Barnea. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And you returned to Kadesh Barnea”
@ -159,7 +157,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
1:45 w3kr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠לֹ֥א הֶאֱזִ֖ין 1 Here, **give ear** is a figure of speech that means “listen.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he did not lend his ear” or “and he did not pay attention”
1:45 tvc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠לֹֽא־שָׁמַ֤ע יְהוָה֙ בְּ⁠קֹ֣לְ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠לֹ֥א הֶאֱזִ֖ין אֲלֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “but Yahweh did not listen to your voice, nor did he give ear to you”
1:46 fnvl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo יָמִ֣ים רַבִּ֑ים כַּ⁠יָּמִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְשַׁבְתֶּֽם 1 The expression **according to the days that you stayed {there}** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “many days.”
2:intro ji46 0 # Deuteronomy 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues Moses’ first speech from the previous chapter.\n\n- vv. 1-11: Moses recounts the Israelites’ journey from the wilderness to the land of the Edomites, Moabites, and Ammonites\n- vv. 24-37: Moses recounts how Yahweh allowed the Israelites to defeat King Sihon\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God knows everything, sees everything, and is everywhere\nAs God, Yahweh knows everything past, present, and future. And, as God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. In verse 7, Moses explains that Yahweh was with the Israelites in a special way.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Quotes in quotes\nIn this chapter, Moses gives a speech and quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format this passage so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Pronouns\nIn this chapter, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.\n\n### Moses represents the Israelites\nThe singular pronoun “you” occurs when Yahweh speaks directly to Moses. The Israelites requested that Moses speak to Yahweh on their behalf, because the Israelites fear Yahweh and do not want to speak directly to him. Moses acts as a representative on behalf of all the Israelites. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could clarify that Yahweh wants Moses to tell the Israelites everything that Yahweh says.\n\n### “Yahweh your God”\nThroughout this chapter, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) //this needs to go in the book intro
2:intro ji46 0 # Deuteronomy 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter continues Moses’ first speech from the previous chapter.\n\n- vv. 1-11: Moses recounts the Israelites’ journey from the wilderness to the land of the Edomites, Moabites, and Ammonites\n- vv. 24-37: Moses recounts how Yahweh allowed the Israelites to defeat King Sihon\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### God knows everything, sees everything, and is everywhere\nAs God, Yahweh knows everything past, present, and future. And, as God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. In verse 7, Moses explains that Yahweh was with the Israelites in a special way.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Quotes in quotes\nIn this chapter, Moses gives a speech and quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format this passage so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Pronouns\nIn this chapter, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.\n\n### Moses represents the Israelites\nThe singular pronoun “you” occurs when Yahweh speaks directly to Moses. The Israelites requested that Moses speak to Yahweh on their behalf because the Israelites fear Yahweh and do not want to speak directly to him. Moses acts as a representative on behalf of all the Israelites. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could clarify that Yahweh wants Moses to tell the Israelites everything that Yahweh says.\n\n### “Yahweh your God”\nThroughout this chapter, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) //this needs to go in the book intro
2:1 ys5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠נֵּ֜פֶן 1 The implication is that the Israelites **turned** around and went back the way they came. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And we turned around”
2:1 b9af rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָמִ֥ים רַבִּֽים 1 Here, the phrase **many days** means “a long time.” [Numbers 14:33-34](../num/14/33.md) tells us that the Israelites wandered in the desert for 40 years. Many of those 40 years were spent around Mount Seir. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a very long time”
2:2 l1m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language.
@ -176,16 +174,16 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
2:5 e5j7 עַ֖ד מִדְרַ֣ךְ כַּף־רָ֑גֶל 1 Alternate translation: “even as little as the length of a footstep”
2:5 m4jy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 Yahweh is using **Esau** to represent Esau and all of his descendants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to Esau and his offspring”
2:6 rd6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֹ֣כֶל תִּשְׁבְּר֧וּ מֵֽ⁠אִתָּ֛⁠ם בַּ⁠כֶּ֖סֶף וַ⁠אֲכַלְתֶּ֑ם וְ⁠גַם־מַ֜יִם תִּכְר֧וּ מֵ⁠אִתָּ֛⁠ם בַּ⁠כֶּ֖סֶף וּ⁠שְׁתִיתֶֽם 1 This verse contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the verse. Alternate translation: “You will buy food from them, and also, you will purchase water from them”
2:7 eq6o rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּי֩ 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason that the Israelites should obey the commands that came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Obey these commands because”
2:7 eq6o rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּי֩ 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason that the Israelites should obey the commands that came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Obey these commands because”
2:7 st5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֜י⁠ךָ בֵּֽרַכְ⁠ךָ֗ & יָדֶ֔⁠ךָ & לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ֔ & אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ עִמָּ֔⁠ךְ לֹ֥א חָסַ֖רְתָּ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
2:7 ief6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מַעֲשֵׂ֣ה יָדֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 Moses is using **hand** to represent all of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your work”
2:7 act3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָדַ֣ע לֶכְתְּ⁠ךָ֔ אֶת־הַ⁠מִּדְבָּ֥ר הַ⁠גָּדֹ֖ל הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה 1 The implication is that Yahweh **has known** everything that happened to the Israelites when they were **walking through** the **great wilderness**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “He has known what happened to you during your walking through this great wilderness”
2:7 bkwb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ עִמָּ֔⁠ךְ 1 As God, Yahweh is always everywhere. The implication is that Yahweh was **with** the Israelites in a special way. See how you translated this concept in [1:42](../01/42.md) Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God has been with you in a special way”
2:7 bkwb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְהוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ עִמָּ֔⁠ךְ 1 As God, Yahweh is always everywhere. The implication is that Yahweh was **with** the Israelites in a special way. See how you translated this concept in [1:42](../01/42.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God has been with you in a special way”
2:7 emyu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֥א חָסַ֖רְתָּ דָּבָֽר 1 Moses is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “You have received all things that you required”
2:8 n8fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַחֵ֣י⁠נוּ בְנֵי־עֵשָׂ֗ו 1 The Israelites are descendants of Jacob, who was Esau's brother. The Israelites and the **sons of Esau** are all descendants of Isaac. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. See how you translated this in [2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “our relatives, the sons of Esau”
2:8 bmap rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַחֵ֣י⁠נוּ בְנֵי 1 Here, **brothers** means “relatives” and **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this in [2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “our relatives, the descendants of”
2:8 ctw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵ⁠אֵילַ֖ת וּ⁠מֵ⁠עֶצְיֹ֣ן גָּ֑בֶר 1 The words **Elath** and **Ezion Geber** are the names of cities.
2:8 lbh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠נֵּ֨פֶן֙ 1 The implication is that the Israelites **turned** away from the land of the sons of Esau and went on further. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And we turned away from their land”
2:8 lbh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠נֵּ֨פֶן֙ 1 v You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And we turned away from their land”
2:9 jttu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֶל־תָּ֨צַר֙ אֶת־מוֹאָ֔ב וְ⁠אַל־תִּתְגָּ֥ר בָּ֖⁠ם מִלְחָמָ֑ה 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “You shall not trouble Moab or fight against them in battle”
2:9 g8pa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אֶל־תָּ֨צַר֙ & וְ⁠אַל־תִּתְגָּ֥ר 1 Yahweh is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “Do not trouble … and do not fight”
2:9 ftp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מוֹאָ֔ב 1 The word **Moab** represents the people of Moab. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab”
@ -197,8 +195,8 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
2:9 neab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠בְנֵי 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the offspring of”
2:10 d4pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָ⁠אֵמִ֥ים 1 The word **Emite** is the name of a giant-like people group.
2:10-12 am7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 These verses provide background information about people groups who lived in the area that the Edomites and Moabites occupy. This information helps readers understand what happens next in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.
2:11 zxl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive רְפָאִ֛ים יֵחָשְׁב֥וּ אַף־הֵ֖ם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People refer to them as Rephaites”
2:11 eds2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רְפָאִ֛ים & אֵמִֽים 1 The words **Rephaites** and **Emites** refer to the same people group.
2:11 zxl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive רְפָאִ֛ים יֵחָשְׁב֥וּ אַף־הֵ֖ם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People refer to them as Raphaites”
2:11 eds2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רְפָאִ֛ים & אֵמִֽים 1 The words **Raphaites** and **Emites** refer to the same people group.
2:12 ye16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠חֹרִים֮ 1 The word **Horite** is the name of a people group.
2:12 fxju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְנֵ֧י 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the offspring of”
2:12 ikp0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּשְׁמִידוּ⁠ם֙ מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 The pronouns **they** and **their** refer to the sons of Esau. The pronoun **them** refers to the Horites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the names of the people groups here. Alternate translation: “And the sons of Esau destroyed the Horites from their faces”
@ -211,14 +209,14 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
2:13 va2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קֻ֛מוּ 1 Here, **rise up** describes the beginning of action. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “start your journey”
2:13 v5e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וְ⁠עִבְר֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם 1 The expression **cross yourselves** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “and cross”
2:13 mn1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֣חַל זָ֑רֶד & נַ֥חַל זָֽרֶד 1 The term **the brook Zered** is the name of a stream that flows into the Dead Sea. The brook goes from the southeast and creates the border between Edom and Moab.
2:14 pphi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּמִ֞ים אֲשֶׁר־הָלַ֣כְנוּ ׀ מִ⁠קָּדֵ֣שׁ בַּרְנֵ֗עַ עַ֤ד אֲשֶׁר־עָבַ֨רְנוּ֙ אֶת־נַ֣חַל זֶ֔רֶד שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים וּ⁠שְׁמֹנֶ֖ה שָׁנָ֑ה 1 Here, **days** refers to a duration of time. If this would not be clear in your language, you could use a comparable expression for expressing the passing of time. Alternate translation: “And the time that had passed since we came from Kadesh Barnea until we crossed the brook Zered was 38 years”
2:14 pphi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הַ⁠יָּמִ֞ים אֲשֶׁר־הָלַ֣כְנוּ ׀ מִ⁠קָּדֵ֣שׁ בַּרְנֵ֗עַ עַ֤ד אֲשֶׁר־עָבַ֨רְנוּ֙ אֶת־נַ֣חַל זֶ֔רֶד שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים וּ⁠שְׁמֹנֶ֖ה שָׁנָ֑ה 1 Here, **days** refers to a duration of time. If this would not be clear in your language, you could use a comparable expression for the passing of time. Alternate translation: “And the time that had passed from when we came from Kadesh Barnea until we crossed the brook Zered was 38 years”
2:14 v37p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַד־תֹּ֨ם כָּל־הַ⁠דּ֜וֹר אַנְשֵׁ֤י הַ⁠מִּלְחָמָה֙ מִ⁠קֶּ֣רֶב הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֔ה כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר נִשְׁבַּ֥ע יְהוָ֖ה לָ⁠הֶֽם 1 The Israelites who were old enough to fight disobeyed Yahweh. As a result, Yahweh punished them so they would die before they could enter the land that Yahweh said he would give to them. See [1:19-45](../01/19.md).
2:14 a2ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism תֹּ֨ם 1 Moses is referring to death in a polite way by using the phrase **were finished**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “had died”
2:14 xqe0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠קֶּ֣רֶב הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֔ה 1 Here, **camp** represents all of the Israelites and everyone traveling with them in the wilderness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from among the Israelites” //I think they were traveling with servants?
2:14 a2ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism תֹּ֨ם 1 Moses is referring to death in a polite way by using the phrase **were finished**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to death in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “had died”
2:14 xqe0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠קֶּ֣רֶב הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֔ה 1 Here, **camp** represents all of the Israelites and anyone traveling with them in the wilderness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from among the Israelites” //I think they were traveling with servants?
2:15 q5m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יַד־יְהוָה֙ הָ֣יְתָה בָּ֔⁠ם 1 Here, **hand** represents Yahweh’s power and actions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh used his power against them”
2:15 tz4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠קֶּ֣רֶב הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֑ה 1 Here, **camp** represents all of the Israelites and everyone traveling with them in the wilderness. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from among the Israelites”
2:15 jl5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism תֻּמָּֽ⁠ם 1 Moses is referring to death in a polite way by using the phrase **came to an end**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “they died”
2:16 pv43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֨י 1 Moses is using the word translated **and it happened** to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “Then”
2:16 pv43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֨י 1 Moses is using the word translated **And it happened** to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “Then”
2:16 xmpd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תַּ֜מּוּ כָּל־אַנְשֵׁ֧י הַ⁠מִּלְחָמָ֛ה לָ⁠מ֖וּת מִ⁠קֶּ֥רֶב הָ⁠עָֽם 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The first clause uses a euphemism, while the second clause states the meaning plainly. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “all the men of war came to an end, indeed, they died from among the people”
2:17 i2gj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language.
2:18 yrj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַתָּ֨ה 1 Here, the singular pronoun **you** refers to Moses. Yahweh is speaking to Moses, but he is giving commands for all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could (1) use plural forms of the pronoun. (2) state the audience plainly. Alternate translation: “These are instructions for you and all the Israelites. You”
@ -232,13 +230,13 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
2:19 iice rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result לֹֽא־אֶ֠תֵּן מֵ⁠אֶ֨רֶץ בְּנֵי־עַמּ֤וֹן לְ⁠ךָ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֥י לִ⁠בְנֵי־ל֖וֹט נְתַתִּ֥י⁠הָ יְרֻשָּֽׁה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “I have given the land to the sons of Lot as a possession, so I will not give to you from it as a possession”
2:19 ra5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo לֹֽא־אֶ֠תֵּן מֵ⁠אֶ֨רֶץ בְּנֵי־עַמּ֤וֹן לְ⁠ךָ֙ יְרֻשָּׁ֔ה כִּ֥י לִ⁠בְנֵי־ל֖וֹט נְתַתִּ֥י⁠הָ יְרֻשָּֽׁה 1 The expression to **give** someone's **land** as **a possession** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “I will not give to you from the land of the sons of Ammon, because I have given it to the sons of Lot”
2:20 n15r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אֶֽרֶץ־רְפָאִ֥ים תֵּחָשֵׁ֖ב אַף־הִ֑וא 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Also, people refer to it as a land of the Rephaim”
2:20 p2rw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רְפָאִ֥ים & רְפָאִ֤ים & זַמְזֻמִּֽים 1 The words **Rephaites** and **Zamzummites** are names for the same people group. See how you translated **Rephaites** in [2:11](../02/11.md).
2:20 p2rw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רְפָאִ֥ים & רְפָאִ֤ים & זַמְזֻמִּֽים 1 The words **Raphaites** and **Zamzummites** are names for the same people group. See how you translated **Raphaites** in [2:11](../02/11.md).
2:20-23 s8bn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 These verses provide background information about people groups who lived in the area that the Ammonites, Edomites, and Caphtorim occupied. This information helps readers understand what happens next in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.
2:21 sq14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּשְׁמִידֵ֤⁠ם יְהוָה֙ מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וַ⁠יִּירָשֻׁ֖⁠ם וַ⁠יֵּשְׁב֥וּ תַחְתָּֽ⁠ם 1 Here, the pronoun **them** refers to the Rephaites. The pronoun **their** in the first clause refers to the Ammonites. The pronoun **their** in the second clause refers to the Rephaites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could repeat the names of the people groups. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh destroyed the Rephaites before the Ammonites’ faces, and the Ammonites dispossessed the Rephaites and lived in their place”
2:21 sq14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יַּשְׁמִידֵ֤⁠ם יְהוָה֙ מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וַ⁠יִּירָשֻׁ֖⁠ם וַ⁠יֵּשְׁב֥וּ תַחְתָּֽ⁠ם 1 Here, the pronoun **them** refers to the Raphaites. The pronoun **their** in the first clause refers to the Ammonites. The pronoun **their** in the second clause refers to the Raphaites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could repeat the names of the people groups. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh destroyed the Raphaites before the Ammonites’ faces, and the Ammonites dispossessed the Raphaites and lived in their place”
2:21 xz3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in their presence”
2:22 ulcb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠בְנֵ֣י 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for the offspring of”
2:22 y1ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠חֹרִי֙ 1 The word **Horites** is the name of a people group. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:12](../02/12.md).
2:22 yq6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וַ⁠יִּֽירָשֻׁ⁠ם֙ וַ⁠יֵּשְׁב֣וּ תַחְתָּ֔⁠ם 1 In the first clause, the pronoun **their** refers to the sons of Esau. In the second clause, **they** refers to the sons of Esau, while **them** and **their** refer to the Horites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could repeat the names of the people groups. Alternate translation: “from before the sons of Esau's faces, and the sons of Esau dispossessed the Horites and have lived in their place”
2:22 yq6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וַ⁠יִּֽירָשֻׁ⁠ם֙ וַ⁠יֵּשְׁב֣וּ תַחְתָּ֔⁠ם 1 In the first clause, the pronoun **their** refers to the sons of Esau. In the second clause, **they** refers to the sons of Esau, while the pronouns **them** and **their** refer to the Horites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could repeat the names of the people groups. Alternate translation: “from before the sons of Esau's faces, and the sons of Esau dispossessed the Horites and have lived in their place”
2:22 l5ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before them”
2:23 i3fg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וְ⁠הָֽ⁠עַוִּ֛ים הַ⁠יֹּשְׁבִ֥ים בַּ⁠חֲצֵרִ֖ים עַד־עַזָּ֑ה כַּפְתֹּרִים֙ הַ⁠יֹּצְאִ֣ים מִ⁠כַּפְתּ֔וֹר 1 Here, the author introduces **the Avvites** and then describes what happened to them. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you could use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “As for the Avvites who lived in villages as far as Gaza, the Caphtorites, who came from Caphtor”
2:23 c7kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְ⁠הָֽ⁠עַוִּ֛ים & כַּפְתֹּרִים֙ 1 The words **Avvites** and **Caphtorites** are the names of people groups.
@ -258,57 +256,57 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
2:25 m2y5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אָחֵל֙ תֵּ֤ת פַּחְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠יִרְאָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ עַל־פְּנֵי֙ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **fear** and **terror**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to frighten and terrify the hearts of”
2:25 sayz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession פַּחְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠יִרְאָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ & שִׁמְעֲ⁠ךָ֔ 1 Yahweh is using the possessive form to describe how the Israelites will cause **fear**, **terror**, and **a report** about them. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression that describes cause and effect. Alternate translation: “the fear caused by you and the terror caused by you … a report about you”
2:25 jg6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet פַּחְדְּ⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠יִרְאָ֣תְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 The terms **fear** and **terror** mean similar things. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the extremely great fear of you”
2:25 x3s5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תַּ֖חַת כָּל־הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם 1 Here, **under all the heavens** is an idiom that means “everywhere.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all over the place” or “everywhere”
2:25 ksjv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal אֲשֶׁ֤ר 1 Here, the word **that** identifies what comes after as the purpose of the clause that comes before. Yahweh will cause the peoples to fear the Israelites in order that the peoples might tremble. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “in order that”
2:25 x3s5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תַּ֖חַת כָּל־הַ⁠שָּׁמָ֑יִם 1 Here, **under all the heavens** is an idiom that means “everywhere.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all over the place”
2:25 ksjv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal אֲשֶׁ֤ר 1 Here, the word **that** identifies what comes after it as the purpose of the clause that comes before it. Yahweh will cause the peoples to fear the Israelites in order that the peoples might tremble. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “in order that”
2:25 fjp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְ⁠רָגְז֥וּ וְ⁠חָל֖וּ 1 The terms **quake** and **tremble** mean similar things. Paul is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and will surely tremble”
2:25 j2yu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פָּנֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person and **from** means “because of”. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “because of you” //should I split this note into two? might be more confusing that way
2:25 j2yu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פָּנֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person and **from** means “because of.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “because of you” //should I split this note into two? might be more confusing that way
2:26 d2n3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וָ⁠אֶשְׁלַ֤ח 1 Here, the pronoun **I** refers to Moses. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “And I, Moses, sent”
2:26 p6fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִ⁠מִּדְבַּ֣ר קְדֵמ֔וֹת 1 The term **wilderness of Kedemoth** is the name of a place near the valley of Arnon.
2:26 efk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דִּבְרֵ֥י שָׁל֖וֹם 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe how his message to Sihon contains **words** that are characterized by **peace**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “with a peaceful message”
2:26 bbuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דִּבְרֵ֥י שָׁל֖וֹם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **peace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “communicating peaceably”
2:26 gnsw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language.
2:27 bwd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֶעְבְּרָ֣ה & אֵלֵ֑ךְ לֹ֥א אָס֖וּר 1 Moses is speaking on behalf of all the Israelites, so he uses the singular pronouns **me** and **I** here. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plural pronouns or clarify who the pronouns refer to. Alternate translation: “I and the Israelites will pass through … we will go. We will not turn”
2:27 bwd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֶעְבְּרָ֣ה & אֵלֵ֑ךְ לֹ֥א אָס֖וּר 1 Moses is speaking on behalf of all the Israelites, so he uses the singular pronouns **me** and **I** here. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plural pronouns or clarify to whom the pronouns refer. Alternate translation: “I and the Israelites will pass through … we will go. We will not turn”
2:27 wu1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular בְ⁠אַרְצֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 The word **your** is singular here because it refers to King Sihon.
2:27 cp9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְ⁠אַרְצֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 Moses is using the possessive form to describe the **land** that King Sihon rules over. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the land that you rule over”
2:27 cp9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְ⁠אַרְצֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 Moses is using the possessive form to describe the **land** that King Sihon rules over. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the land that you rule over”
2:27 gytl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism בַּ⁠דֶּ֖רֶךְ אֵלֵ֑ךְ לֹ֥א אָס֖וּר יָמִ֥ין וּ⁠שְׂמֹֽאול 1 These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second sentence emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “On the road I will go. Indeed, I will not turn right or left”
2:27 bpdc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בַּ⁠דֶּ֖רֶךְ אֵלֵ֑ךְ 1 By beginning the sentence with **on the road**, Moses is emphasizing that he will only **go** **on the road.** If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word order or phrase that clarifies this information. Alternate translation: “I will only go on the road”
2:27 bpdc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure בַּ⁠דֶּ֖רֶךְ אֵלֵ֑ךְ 1 By beginning the sentence with **on the road**, Moses is emphasizing that he will only **go** by traveling **on the road.** If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word order or phrase that clarifies this information. Alternate translation: “I will only go on the road”
2:28 n54c אֹ֣כֶל בַּ⁠כֶּ֤סֶף תַּשְׁבִּרֵ֨⁠נִי֙ וְ⁠אָכַ֔לְתִּי וּ⁠מַ֛יִם בַּ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף תִּתֶּן־לִ֖⁠י וְ⁠שָׁתִ֑יתִי 1 Moses is assuring Sihon that the Israelites will not trouble Sihon and his people by stealing from them. Instead, they will pay for everything they need. Moses is communicating a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please sell me food for money, and I will eat. And please give to me water for money, and I will drink.”
2:28 brfk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֹ֣כֶל בַּ⁠כֶּ֤סֶף תַּשְׁבִּרֵ֨⁠נִי֙ וְ⁠אָכַ֔לְתִּי וּ⁠מַ֛יִם בַּ⁠כֶּ֥סֶף תִּתֶּן־לִ֖⁠י וְ⁠שָׁתִ֑יתִי 1 This verse contains expressions with extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “You will sell me food and water”
2:28 jp21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תַּשְׁבִּרֵ֨⁠נִי֙ וְ⁠אָכַ֔לְתִּי & לִ֖⁠י וְ⁠שָׁתִ֑יתִי & אֶעְבְּרָ֥ה בְ⁠רַגְלָֽ⁠י 1 Moses is speaking on behalf of all the Israelites, so he uses the singular pronouns **me**, **I**, and **my** here. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plural pronouns or clarify who the pronouns refer to. Alternate translation: “You will sell me and the Israelites … and we will eat … to us … and we will drink … let us pass through on our feet”
2:28 jp21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns תַּשְׁבִּרֵ֨⁠נִי֙ וְ⁠אָכַ֔לְתִּי & לִ֖⁠י וְ⁠שָׁתִ֑יתִי & אֶעְבְּרָ֥ה בְ⁠רַגְלָֽ⁠י 1 Moses is speaking on behalf of all the Israelites, so he uses the singular pronouns **me**, **I**, and **my** here. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use plural pronouns or clarify to whom the pronouns refer. Alternate translation: “You will sell me and the Israelites … and we will eat … to us … and we will drink … let us pass through on our feet”
2:28 oogz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶעְבְּרָ֥ה בְ⁠רַגְלָֽ⁠י 1 The implication is the Israelites will **pass through** the land peacefully by walking. They will not harass or attack the people living in the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “let me pass through peacefully on my feet”
2:28 twx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְ⁠רַגְלָֽ⁠י 1 Here, **on feet** is an idiom that means “travel by walking.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by walking”
2:28 twx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְ⁠רַגְלָֽ⁠י 1 Here, **on my feet** is an idiom that means “travel by walking.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “by walking”
2:29 tlpc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לִ֜⁠י & אֶֽעֱבֹר֙ 1 Here, the singular pronouns **me** and **I** refer to Moses. Yahweh is speaking to Moses because Moses is the leader of the Israelites, but these phrases apply to all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use plural forms of the pronoun. Alternate translation: “for us … we pass over”
2:29 k54p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּנֵ֣י 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the offspring of”
2:29 nj8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּ⁠עָ֑ר 1 The word **Ar** is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:9](../02/09.md).
2:30 n8cg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֜י⁠ךָ & בְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **your** is singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
2:30 fad4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִקְשָׁה֩ & אֶת־רוּח֗⁠וֹ & וְ⁠אִמֵּץ֙ אֶת־לְבָב֔⁠וֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “had hardened his spirit, indeed, he strengthened his heart”
2:30 fad4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִקְשָׁה֩ & אֶת־רוּח֗⁠וֹ & וְ⁠אִמֵּץ֙ אֶת־לְבָב֔⁠וֹ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “had hardened his spirit; indeed, he strengthened his heart”
2:30 scq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הִקְשָׁה֩ & אֶת־רוּח֗⁠וֹ & וְ⁠אִמֵּץ֙ אֶת־לְבָב֔⁠וֹ 1 Here, **hardened his spirit** and **strengthened his heart** are idioms that mean “caused him to be stubborn.” If these phrases do not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “had caused him to be stiff-necked and caused him to be as stubborn as a mule” or “had caused him to be stubborn and caused him to be obstinate”
2:30 m4wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ 1 Here, **hand** represents someone’s power and control. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into your control”\n
2:30 ep81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 The implication is that the Israelites control Sihon’s land at the time when Moses is giving this speech to the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as you control his land this day”
2:31 f11n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְאֵ֗ה 1 Yahweh is using the term **look** to focus the Moses’ attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to this:”
2:31 f11n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְאֵ֗ה 1 Yahweh is using the term **Look** to focus the Moses’ attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to this:”
2:31 farh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֵּ֣ת לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ אֶת־סִיחֹ֖ן וְ⁠אֶת־אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here Yahweh speaks as if he is physically **giving** Sihon to Moses. Yahweh means that he is enabling Moses to defeat Sihon and take over the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “giving victory before your face over Sihon and his land”
2:31 q366 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”
2:31 a3yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ & הָחֵ֣ל רָ֔שׁ 1 Here, the singular pronoun **your** refers to Moses. The command **begin to possess** is also a singular form. Yahweh is speaking to Moses, but he is giving commands for all of the Israelites. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use plural forms. See how you translated this in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “before your faces … Begin, possess”
2:31 mn2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אַרְצ֑⁠וֹ & אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, the pronoun **his** refers to King Sihon. Yahweh is using the possessive form to describe the **land** that King Sihon rules over. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the land that he rules over … the land that he rules over”
2:31 wz3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication הָחֵ֣ל רָ֔שׁ לָ⁠רֶ֖שֶׁת 1 The words **possess, to possess** translate a verb that is repeated for emphasis. Yahweh wants the Israelites to fully possess the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. Alternate translation: “Begin to fully possess”
2:32 tf3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֵּצֵא֩ סִיחֹ֨ן לִ⁠קְרָאתֵ֜⁠נוּ 1 The implication is that **Sihon came out** of his main city, Heshbon and went to Jahaz to fight against the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And Sihon came out from Heshbon to attack us”
2:32 ampg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive לִ⁠קְרָאתֵ֜⁠נוּ 1 By **us**, Moses means himself and the Israelite men old enough to fight but not the rest of the Israelites, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
2:32 fczt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַמּ֛⁠וֹ 1 Here, **people** refers to the fighting men whom Sihon led. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his fighting men”
2:32 ampg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive לִ⁠קְרָאתֵ֜⁠נוּ 1 By **us**, Moses means himself and the Israelite men old enough to fight, but not the rest of the Israelites, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
2:32 fczt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַמּ֛⁠וֹ 1 Here, **his people** refers to the fighting men whom Sihon led. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his fighting men”
2:32 k97a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יָֽהְצָ⁠ה 1 The word **Jahaz** is the name of a city in Moab.
2:33 u79t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַֽ⁠יִּתְּנֵ֛⁠הוּ יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖י⁠נוּ 1 Here Moses speaks as if Yahweh physically **gave** Sihon to the Israelites. Moses means that Yahweh enabled the Israelites to defeat Sihon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh our God gave victory over him”
2:33 ker2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֵ֑י⁠נוּ 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before us”
2:33 gqev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠נַּ֥ךְ אֹת֛⁠וֹ 1 Here, **struck down** means defeat in battle. (not necessarily killed?) //Will come back to this. Either way, the Israelites did kill all the people that Sihon ruled
2:33 k449 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants בנ⁠ו 1 Many ancient manuscripts read “son.” The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read the plural “sons.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.
2:33 mn5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בנ⁠ו 1 The implication is that the Israelites killed Sihon’s heir, **his son**, so that Sihon would not have descendants that would try to take the land back from the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his heir” //if "struck down" means defeat, then this note is probably not needed? do you think this note is maybe too interpretive?
2:33 gqev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠נַּ֥ךְ אֹת֛⁠וֹ 1 Here, **struck down** means killed in battle.
2:33 k449 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants בנ⁠ו 1 Many ancient manuscripts read “son.” The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read the plural, “sons.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.
2:33 mn5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בנ⁠ו 1 The implication is that the Israelites killed Sihon’s heir, **his son**, so that Sihon would not have descendants that would try to take the land back from the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his heir”
2:33 gvqy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עַמּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **people** refers to the fighting men whom Sihon led. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable phrase to describe the relationship between Sihon and the **people**. Alternate translation: “the fighting men under his control”
2:36 i479 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵֽ⁠עֲרֹעֵ֡ר 1 The word **Aroer** is the name of a city to the north of the Arnon River.
2:36 fhuh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׂפַת 1 Here, **lip** is means “edge.” In this case, **lip** specifically refers to the bank of a dry riverbed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the edge of”
2:36 fhuh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׂפַת 1 Here, **the lip** is means “the edge.” In this case, **lip** specifically refers to the bank of a dry riverbed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly, as modelled by the UST.
2:36 pd7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֨חַל אַרְנֹ֜ן 1 The term **Valley of Arnon** is the name of a place. The word **Arnon** is the name of a river. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 2:24](../02/24.md).
2:36 snr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֤א הָֽיְתָה֙ קִרְיָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר שָׂגְבָ֖ה מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ 1 Moses is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “we were able to defeat the people of every city even if the city had high walls around it”
2:36 snr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹ֤א הָֽיְתָה֙ קִרְיָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר שָׂגְבָ֖ה מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ 1 Moses is using a figure of speech here that expresses a strongly positive meaning by using a negative word, **not**, together with an expression, **too high**, that has the opposite of the intended meaning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the positive meaning. Alternate translation: “we were able to defeat the people of every city even if the city had high walls around it”
2:36 v2fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠כֹּ֕ל 1 The implication is that Yahweh gave the Israelites **the whole** of the land described in this verse. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “all of the land”
2:36 npii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before us”
2:37 xjvt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure רַ֛ק אֶל־אֶ֥רֶץ בְּנֵי־עַמּ֖וֹן לֹ֣א קָרָ֑בְתָּ כָּל־יַ֞ד נַ֤חַל יַבֹּק֙ וְ⁠עָרֵ֣י הָ⁠הָ֔ר וְ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֖ה יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 Moses means that the Israelites only traveled where Yahweh commanded them to and not anywhere else. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the phrasing of this verse. Alternate translation: “You only approached the land that Yahweh our God had commanded. You did not approach the land of the sons of Ammon, all the side of the Jabbok River, and the cities of the hill country”
2:37 v1z7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd לֹ֣א קָרָ֑בְתָּ 1 Even though **you** is singular in this verse, Moses is referring to himself and all the Israelites. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use different pronoun. Alternate translation: “we did not approach”
2:37 xjvt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure רַ֛ק אֶל־אֶ֥רֶץ בְּנֵי־עַמּ֖וֹן לֹ֣א קָרָ֑בְתָּ כָּל־יַ֞ד נַ֤חַל יַבֹּק֙ וְ⁠עָרֵ֣י הָ⁠הָ֔ר וְ⁠כֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֖ה יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 Moses means that the Israelites only traveled where Yahweh commanded them to travel, and not anywhere else. If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the phrasing of this verse. Alternate translation: “You only approached the land that Yahweh our God had commanded. You did not approach the land of the sons of Ammon, all the side of the Jabbok River, and the cities of the hill country”
2:37 v1z7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd לֹ֣א קָרָ֑בְתָּ 1 Even though **you** is singular in this verse, Moses is referring to himself and all the Israelites. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a different pronoun. Alternate translation: “we did not approach”
2:37 cezq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַ֞ד 1 Here, **hand** means “side” or, as relating to a river, “shore.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the shore of”
2:37 vt6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֤חַל יַבֹּק֙ 1 The term **Jabbok River** is the name of a river. The river created the border between Sihon’s land and the land of the Ammonites.
3:intro z1ea 0 # Deuteronomy 3 General Notes\n\n## Outline\n- vv. 1-11: Moses recounts how the Israelites defeated King Og\n- vv. 12-22: Allotting land east of the Jordan to \n- vv. 23-29: Yahweh forbids Moses from entering the land\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Victories\n\nThe victories recorded in this chapter occurred on the east side of the Jordan River. This was not part of the Promised Land, which was on the west side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties\n\n###“Yahweh your God”\nThroughout this chapter, Moses refers to Yahweh as “your God” when he speaks to the Israelites. Moses is referring to the same God that he also worships. He is not distinguishing between the God of the Israelites and his own God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could clarify that this is the same God that Moses worships. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])\n\n### Quotes in quotes\n\nIn this chapter, Moses gives a speech and quotes what other people said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate or format this passage so that there are not quotations within a quotation. (See [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])\n\n### Pronouns\n\nIn this chapter, the second person pronoun “you” is plural unless otherwise noted. Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites at Horeb, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.\n\n### Time Background\n\nIn his speech, Moses reminds the Israelites about what happened to their ancestors before they entered the land that Yahweh promised to give to them. Throughout his speech, Moses repeats the phrase “at that time” to refer to new topics that occur during that time period. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could state this information explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevents]])
@ -328,17 +326,17 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
3:2 tvji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֞ 1 Here, the word **hand** means “power” or “control.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “under your control”
3:2 w9tj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense נָתַ֧תִּי 1 Here Yahweh could be using the past tense: (1) to refer to something that he has already done. Alternate translation: “I have already given” (2) to refer to something that will certainly happen in the future. Alternate translation: “I will give”
3:3 n4lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠יָדֵ֗⁠נוּ 1 Here, the word **hand** means “power” or “control.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “into your control”
3:3 maii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠נַּכֵּ֕⁠הוּ 1 Here, **struck down** means “defeated in battle.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And we defeated him”
3:3 maii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠נַּכֵּ֕⁠הוּ 1 Here, **struck down** means “defeated in battle.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And we defeated him” or "And we slew them"
3:3 rm5e not one of his people remained 0 This is a litotes that is used to emphasize that the Israelites did not let anyone live. Alternate translation: “all of his people were dead”
3:4 nwb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹ֤א הָֽיְתָה֙ קִרְיָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־לָקַ֖חְנוּ מֵֽ⁠אִתָּ֑⁠ם שִׁשִּׁ֥ים עִיר֙ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the repeated negative particle **not**. Alternate translation: “We took from them every city of 60 cities”
3:4 x9q1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶ֣בֶל אַרְגֹּ֔ב 1 The word **Argob** is the name of a **region** within the country Bashan.
3:5 p7qc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָרִ֧ים בְּצֻר֛וֹת 1 The implication is that these **cities** were fortified, so they were hard to access. The walls, gates, and bars protected the city from attack. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “cities fortified”
3:5 qup3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys דְּלָתַ֣יִם וּ⁠בְרִ֑יחַ 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **bars** tells what the **gates** were like. The cities had gates with metal bars across them to keep enemies from coming in the cities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use **and**. Alternate translation: “barred gates”
3:5 v9nt besides very many 0 Alternate translation: “in addition to very many” or “not including very many”
3:6 kqel rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אוֹתָ֔⁠ם 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the cities and towns that King Og ruled over. If this is not clear for your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “the cities”
3:5 p7qc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָרִ֧ים בְּצֻר֛וֹת 1 The implication is that these **cities** were fortified, so they were hard to access. The walls, gates, and bars protected the city from attack. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “were cities fortified”
3:5 qup3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys דְּלָתַ֣יִם וּ⁠בְרִ֑יחַ 1 This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **bars** tells what the **gates** were like. The cities had gates with metal bars across them to keep enemies from coming in the cities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use **and**. Alternate translation: “with barred gates”
3:5 v9nt לְ⁠בַ֛ד מֵ⁠עָרֵ֥י 0 Alternate translation: “in addition to very many” or “not including very many”
3:6 kqel rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אוֹתָ֔⁠ם 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the cities and towns over which King Og ruled. If this is not clear for your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “the cities”
3:6 vk9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כָּל־עִ֣יר 1 Here, **city** represents the people living inside the cities. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the people in every city”
3:8 w2ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠יַּ֗ד 1 Here, the word **hand** means “power” or “control.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “away from the control of”
3:8 a9ko rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שְׁנֵי֙ 1 Alternate translation: “the 2”
3:8 w2ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠יַּ֗ד 1 Here, the word **hand** means “power” or “control.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “away from the control of” or "out of the control of"
3:8 a9ko rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שְׁנֵי֙ 1 Alternate translation: "both of the"
3:8 l9c4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 The implication is that the Amorites were **across the Jordan** from the rest of the land that Yahweh promised to give to the Israelites. The Amorites were east of the Jordan. Alternate translation: “were east of the Jordan”
3:8 c8hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִ⁠נַּ֥חַל אַרְנֹ֖ן 1 The term **Valley of Arnon** is the name of a place. See how you translated it in [2:24](../02/24.md).
3:8 b5q8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ֥ר חֶרְמֽוֹן 1 The term **Mount Hermon** is the name of a mountain at the northern border of Bashan.
@ -349,13 +347,11 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
3:10 x89s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עָרֵ֣י הַ⁠מִּישֹׁ֗ר 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe **cities** that are located on **the plain**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could describe the location in a comparable way. Alternate translation: “the cities located on the plain”
3:10 g7ie rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names סַלְכָ֖ה וְ⁠אֶדְרֶ֑עִי 1 The words **Salekah** and **Edrei** are names of cities. See how you translated **Edrei** in [1:4](../01/04.md).
3:11 nd7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background כִּ֣י רַק־ע֞וֹג מֶ֣לֶךְ הַ⁠בָּשָׁ֗ן נִשְׁאַר֮ מִ⁠יֶּ֣תֶר הָ⁠רְפָאִים֒ הִנֵּ֤ה עַרְשׂ⁠וֹ֙ עֶ֣רֶשׂ בַּרְזֶ֔ל הֲ⁠לֹ֣ה הִ֔וא בְּ⁠רַבַּ֖ת בְּנֵ֣י עַמּ֑וֹן תֵּ֧שַׁע אַמּ֣וֹת אָרְכָּ֗⁠הּ וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע אַמּ֛וֹת רָחְבָּ֖⁠הּ בְּ⁠אַמַּת־אִֽישׁ 1 This verse provides background information about King Og. This information helps readers understand what happened in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.
3:11 mdg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָ⁠רְפָאִים֒ 1 The word **Rephaites** is the name of a people group. See how you translated this in [2:11](../02/11.md).
3:11 i4qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִנֵּ֤ה 1 The author is using the term **behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Note that”
3:11 ug2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַרְשׂ⁠וֹ֙ עֶ֣רֶשׂ 1 Here, the word **couch** refers to furniture that one can lay down on. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his bedstead was a bedstead of”
3:11 mdg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָ⁠רְפָאִים֒ 1 The word **Raphaites** is the name of a people group. See how you translated this in [2:11](../02/11.md).
3:11 i4qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִנֵּ֤ה 1 The author is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Note that”
3:11 ug2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַרְשׂ⁠וֹ֙ עֶ֣רֶשׂ 1 Here, the word **couch** refers to furniture that one can lie down on. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his bedstead was a bedstead of”
3:11 ev4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לֹ֣ה הִ֔וא בְּ⁠רַבַּ֖ת בְּנֵ֣י עַמּ֑וֹן 1 The writer uses a question to remind the Israelites that they could go to Rabbah and see how large Og must have been. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “It is in Rabbah, of the sons of Ammon.”
3:11 ygvt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers תֵּ֧שַׁע 1 Alternate translation: “It was 9”
3:11 b98u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance אַמּ֣וֹת & אַמּ֛וֹת & בְּ⁠אַמַּת 1 A **cubit** is a measurement of distance equivalent to 46 centimeters. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. Alternate translation: “text”
3:11 be8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers וְ⁠אַרְבַּ֥ע 1 Alternate translation: “and 4”
3:11 z43d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠אַמַּת־אִֽישׁ 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe the measurement of **the cubit** that a **man** would normally use. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression to describe a standard measurement. Alternate translation: “according to the cubit that most people use”
3:12 s921 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵ⁠עֲרֹעֵ֞ר 1 The word **Aroer** is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [2:36](../02/36.md).
3:12 h352 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹ֗ן 1 The term **Valley of Arnon** is the name of a place. See how you translated it in [2:24](../02/24.md).
@ -363,19 +359,18 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
3:13 u0qk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠יֶ֨תֶר הַ⁠גִּלְעָ֤ד וְ⁠כָל־הַ⁠בָּשָׁן֙ מַמְלֶ֣כֶת ע֔וֹג 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe a **kingdom** that **Og** rules over. The kingdom includes parts of **Gilead and all Bashan**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression for describing a kingdom. Alternate translation: “And the rest of Gilead and all Bashan, which Og ruled, ”
3:13 l167 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַ⁠חֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֣בֶט הַֽ⁠מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה 1 Yahweh explains which areas belong to the part of the tribe of Manasseh that lives east of the Jordan in [Joshua 13:29-31](Jos/13/29.md). Moses allotted part of the land west of the Jordan to part of the tribe of Manasseh in [Deuteronomy 17:1-13](Deu/17/01.md). You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers, either in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “to the half of the tribe of Manasseh that lived east of the Jordan”
3:13 pt8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָֽ⁠אַרְגֹּב֙ 1 The word **Argob** is the name of a region in Bashan. See how you translated this in [verse 4](../03/04.md).
3:13 g27b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רְפָאִֽים 1 The word **Rephaites** is the name of a people group. See how you translated it in [2:11](../02/11.md).
3:13 g27b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רְפָאִֽים 1 The word **Raphaites** is the name of a people group. See how you translated it in [2:11](../02/11.md).
3:13-14 xzf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background כֹּ֣ל חֶ֤בֶל הָֽ⁠אַרְגֹּב֙ לְ⁠כָל־הַ⁠בָּשָׁ֔ן הַ⁠ה֥וּא יִקָּרֵ֖א אֶ֥רֶץ רְפָאִֽים׃ יָאִ֣יר בֶּן־מְנַשֶּׁ֗ה לָקַח֙ אֶת־כָּל־חֶ֣בֶל אַרְגֹּ֔ב עַד־גְּב֥וּל הַ⁠גְּשׁוּרִ֖י וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּֽעֲכָתִ֑י וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֩ אֹתָ֨⁠ם עַל־שְׁמ֤⁠וֹ אֶת־הַ⁠בָּשָׁן֙ חַוֺּ֣ת יָאִ֔יר עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה׃ 1 These verses provide background information about the land that the people of Israel captured. This information helps readers understand what happened in the story. These verses are not part of Moses’ speech to the Israelites. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.
3:14 aa4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יָאִ֣יר 1 The word **Jair** is the name of a man.
3:14 x9m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֶּן 1 Here, **son** means “descendant.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a descendant of”
3:14 uz9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַד־גְּב֥וּל 1 The implication is that **the border of** the Geshurites and the Maacathites** is north of the region of Argob. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “northward to the border of”
3:14 uz9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַד־גְּב֥וּל 1 The implication is that **the border of** the Geshurites and the Maacathites is north of the region of Argob. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “northward to the border of”
3:14 g7g2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חַוֺּ֣ת יָאִ֔יר 1 The term **Havvoth Jair** is the name of a region. The name means ‘tent villages of Jair’ or ‘realm of Jair.’
3:14 o57c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 The implication is that the Israelites still refer to the region as Havvoth Jair on **this day**. **This day** refers to the time frame introduced in [1:1-4](../01/04.md), when Moses is giving this speech to the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as you call that region to this day”
3:14 o57c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 The implication is that the Israelites still refer to the region as Havvoth Jair on **this day**. Here, **this day** refers to the time frame introduced in [1:1-4](../01/04.md), when Moses is giving this speech to the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “as you call that region to this day”
3:15 x1nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּ⁠לְ⁠מָכִ֖יר 1 The word **Machir** is the name of a man. Machir was the son of Manasseh.
3:15 nnzh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠לְ⁠מָכִ֖יר 1 He had died before Moses gave this land. The name is a metonym for the descendants of the person. Alternate translation: “to the descendants of Machir”
3:15 nnzh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠לְ⁠מָכִ֖יר 1 He had died before Moses gave this land. His name refers to his descendants. Alternate translation: “to the descendants of Machir”
3:15 fik9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns נָתַ֥תִּי 1 Here the pronoun **I** refers to Moses. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “I, Moses, gave”
3:15 hyk9 # General Information:\n\nMoses continues to speak to the people of Israel.
3:16 n3af rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹ֔ן 1 The term **Valley of Arnon** is the name of a place. See how you translated it in [2:24](../02/24.md).
3:16 x4dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִן־הַ⁠גִּלְעָד֙ וְ⁠עַד־נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹ֔ן 1 The implication is that **the Valley of Arnon** is the southern border of **Gilead**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “text”\n
3:16 x4dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִן־הַ⁠גִּלְעָד֙ וְ⁠עַד־נַ֣חַל אַרְנֹ֔ן 1 The implication is that **the Valley of Arnon** is the southern border of **Gilead**. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. \n
3:16 ni9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יַבֹּ֣ק הַ⁠נַּ֔חַל 1 The term **Jabbok River** is the name of a river. See how you translated this in [2:37](../02/37.md).
3:16 c3df rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy גְּב֖וּל בְּנֵ֥י עַמּֽוֹן 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe **the border** around the land that is occupied by the **sons of Ammon** of the Israelites. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a comparable expression. Alternate translation: “the border of the land occupied by the sons of Ammon”
3:16 nkm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֥י 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the descendants of”
@ -384,14 +379,14 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
3:17 w6xs rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠פִּסְגָּ֖ה 1 The word **Pisgah** is the name of a mountain.
3:18 i7wz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וָ⁠אֲצַ֣ו אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם בָּ⁠עֵ֥ת הַ⁠הִ֖וא לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language. Alternate translation: “And I commanded you at that time”
3:18 i1zt rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם & אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֗ם & לָ⁠כֶ֜ם & אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֥ם 1 The pronouns **you** and **your** refer to the people of the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the names of the tribes here. Alternate translation: “you three tribes … your … to you … your brothers”
3:18 c6xs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo נָתַ֨ן לָ⁠כֶ֜ם אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֤רֶץ הַ⁠זֹּאת֙ לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּ֔⁠הּ 1 The expression **has given to you this land to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “has given to you this land”
3:18 c6xs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo נָתַ֨ן לָ⁠כֶ֜ם אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֤רֶץ הַ⁠זֹּאת֙ לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּ֔⁠הּ 1 The expression **has given to you this land to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “has given you this land”
3:18 rt7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲלוּצִ֣ים 1 Here, **girded ones** represents fighting men. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The fighting men”\n
3:18 ql33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּנֵי־חָֽיִל 1 The expression **sons of** describes a person who shares the qualities of **bravery**. The fighting men were **sons of bravery** because they fought in battle. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the brave men”
3:18 ql33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּנֵי־חָֽיִל 1 The expression **sons of** describes a person who shares the qualities of **bravery**. The fighting men were **sons of bravery** because they fought in battle. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “brave men” or "men who are brave"
3:18 gnl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit תַּֽעַבְר֗וּ 1 The implication is that the fighting men of the three tribes will **cross over** the Jordan River. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “will cross the Jordan River”
3:18 j9qx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֛י 1 Here, **faces** represent the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before”
3:18 mq1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֥ם 1 Here, **brothers** means “relatives.” The Israelites are all descendants of Jacob. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites”
3:18 mq1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֥ם 1 Here, **brothers** means “male relatives.” The Israelites are all descendants of Jacob. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites”
3:18 e8ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵֽי 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of”
3:18 vrky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 Here, Moses is speaking to the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. **Israel** refers to the other tribes of Israel. You could use an exclusive form if your language marks that distinction.
3:18 vrky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 Here, Moses is speaking to the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. Here, **Israel** refers to the other tribes of Israel. You could use an exclusive form if your language marks that distinction.
3:19 ma9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns נְשֵׁי⁠כֶ֣ם וְ⁠טַפְּ⁠כֶם֮ וּ⁠מִקְנֵ⁠כֶם֒ & לָ⁠כֶ֑ם & בְּ⁠עָ֣רֵי⁠כֶ֔ם & לָ⁠כֶֽם 1 The pronouns **you** and **your** refer to the people of the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the names of the tribes here.
3:20 cpr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לַֽ⁠אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֮ כָּ⁠כֶם֒ & וְ⁠שַׁבְתֶּ֗ם & לָ⁠כֶֽם 1 The pronouns **you** and **your** refer to the people of the tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the names of the tribes here.
3:20 zgr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַֽ⁠אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֮ 1 Here, **brothers** means “relatives.” The Israelites are all descendants of Jacob. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelites”
@ -399,17 +394,16 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
3:20 b0ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֚ישׁ 1 The word **man** represents every fighting man from the three tribes in general, not one particular man. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “every fighting man”
3:20 ac2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 The implication is that the land **across the Jordan** is on the west. Moses was east of the Jordan when he said this. Alternate translation: “west of the Jordan River”
3:20 xkx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִֽ⁠ירֻשָּׁת֔⁠וֹ 1 The implication is that the **inheritance** is the land that Moses allotted to each family. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to his land”
3:20 s3hn then will you return Moses is emphasizing that the other tribes must possess their land before Yahweh will permit these three tribes to possess their land. “only then are you to return.”
3:20 s3hn וְ⁠שַׁבְתֶּ֗ם 1 Moses is emphasizing that the other tribes must possess their land before Yahweh will permit these three tribes to possess their land. Alternate translation: “Only then are you to return.”
3:21 s2lk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular עֵינֶ֣י⁠ךָ & אַתָּ֖ה 1 The words **you** and **your** are singular here because they refer to Joshua.
3:21 xd1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵינֶ֣י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **eyes** represent the whole person in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You yourself”
3:21 p9pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִ⁠שְׁנֵי֙ הַ⁠מְּלָכִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה 1 Here, the term **these two kings** refers to King Sihon and King Og, whom the Israelites defeated. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “to these two kings, Sihon and Og”
3:21 kghf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers לִ⁠שְׁנֵי֙ הַ⁠מְּלָכִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה 1 Alternate translation: “to these 2 kings”
3:21 d7dr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה 1 Here, the word **there** refers to all of the land that Yahweh promised to give to the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “in the land that he will give you”
3:22 w5lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹ֖א תְִּירָא֑וּ⁠ם 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the people who live in the land that the Israelites are about to occupy. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “the people who live in the land”
3:22 w5lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לֹ֖א תְִּירָא֑וּ⁠ם 1 The pronoun **them** refers to the people who live in the land that the Israelites are about to occupy. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “Do not fear the people who live in the land”
3:22 cl6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֚י 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
3:22 o5gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns ה֖וּא 1 Moses uses the word **himself** to emphasize how significant it was that Yahweh will fight for the Israelites. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “it is he who”
3:23 d3fi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language.
3:24 z9tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֔ 1 Here, Moses is referring to himself as **your servant**, which is a polite way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “me, your servant”
3:24 z9tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֔ 1 Here, Moses is referring to himself as **your servant**, which is a polite way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “me, your servant,”
3:24 bulf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אַתָּ֤ה & עַבְדְּ⁠ךָ֔ & אֶ֨ת־גָּדְלְ⁠ךָ֔ וְ⁠אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ הַ⁠חֲזָקָ֑ה & כְ⁠מַעֲשֶׂ֖י⁠ךָ וְ⁠כִ⁠גְבוּרֹתֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Here, the pronoun **you** and **your** are singular because they refer to Yahweh.
3:24 rgyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אֶ֨ת־גָּדְלְ⁠ךָ֔ וְ⁠אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ הַ⁠חֲזָקָ֑ה 1 The terms **greatness** and **strong hand** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “your immense greatness”
3:24 idr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ הַ⁠חֲזָקָ֑ה 1 Here, **hand** represents Yahweh’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your power”
@ -418,20 +412,20 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
3:24 sd4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet כְ⁠מַעֲשֶׂ֖י⁠ךָ וְ⁠כִ⁠גְבוּרֹתֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 The terms **works** and **mighty deeds** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “as your very mighty works”
3:25 qg4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness נָּ֗א 1 The word translated as **please** here is a term used in polite requests. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression for making a polite request.
3:25 c8zq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 The implication is that the land **across the Jordan** is on the west side. When Moses spoke these words to Yahweh, he was east of the Jordan River in Moab. Alternate translation: “is west of the Jordan River.”
3:26 p3zp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּתְעַבֵּ֨ר יְהוָ֥ה בִּ⁠י֙ לְמַ֣עַנְ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 This refers to [Numbers 20](Num/20/10.md), when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do because Moses was angry with the people of Israel. The Israelite people complained that they did not have water in the wilderness. Yahweh told Moses to speak to the rock so water would come out, but Moses disobeyed Yahweh and struck the rock with his staff. As a result, Yahweh promised that Moses would not enter the land.
3:26 p3zp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּתְעַבֵּ֨ר יְהוָ֥ה בִּ⁠י֙ לְמַ֣עַנְ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 This refers to [Numbers 20](Num/20/10.md), when Moses disobeyed what Yahweh told him to do, because Moses was angry with the people of Israel. The Israelite people complained that they did not have water in the wilderness. Yahweh told Moses to speak to the rock so water would come out, but Moses disobeyed Yahweh and struck the rock with his staff. As a result, Yahweh promised that Moses would not enter the land.
3:26 s3s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative אַל־תּ֗וֹסֶף 1 Yahweh is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “do not continue”
3:27 s4i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy רֹ֣אשׁ 1 Here, **head** represents the top of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the peak of”
3:27 qm9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠פִּסְגָּ֗ה 1 The word **Pisgah** is the name of a mountain. See how you translated this is in [verse 17](../03/17.md).
3:27 rbsz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠שָׂ֥א עֵינֶ֛י⁠ךָ 1 Here, the term **lift up your eyes** means “look.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an expression from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and gaze”
3:27 deul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular עֲלֵ֣ה & וְ⁠שָׂ֥א עֵינֶ֛י⁠ךָ & וּ⁠רְאֵ֣ה בְ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ & לֹ֥א תַעֲבֹ֖ר 1 The command forms and the words **you** and **your** are singular here because they refer to Moses.
3:27 a7ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠רְאֵ֣ה בְ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Yahweh uses the phrase **look with your eyes** to emphasize that Moses will only see, but not enter the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And only look with your eyes”
3:27 a7ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠רְאֵ֣ה בְ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Yahweh uses the phrase **look with your eyes** to emphasize that Moses will only see but not enter the land. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And only look with your eyes”
3:28 x7d3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וְ⁠צַ֥ו & וְ⁠חַזְּקֵ֣⁠הוּ וְ⁠אַמְּצֵ֑⁠הוּ & תִּרְאֶֽה 1 The command forms and the word **you** are singular here because they refer to Moses.
3:28 swy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְ⁠חַזְּקֵ֣⁠הוּ וְ⁠אַמְּצֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 The terms **encourage** and **strengthen** mean similar things. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and greatly strengthen him”
3:28 qi30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ 1 Here, **faces** represent the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before”
3:28 lo1o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַנְחִ֣יל אוֹתָ֔⁠ם 1 Yahweh uses the word **himself** to emphasize how significant it was that Joshua will enable the Israelite people to conquer the land instead of Moses. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this significance. Alternate translation: “and it is he who will cause them to inherit”
3:28 tsxo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר תִּרְאֶֽה 1 The implication is that Moses **will see the land** that Joshua will lead the Israelites to conquer from the top of Mount Pisgah. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the land that you will see from the top of Mount Pisgah”
3:28 tsxo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר תִּרְאֶֽה 1 The implication is that from the top of Mount Pisgah Moses **will see the land** that Joshua will lead the Israelites to conquer. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the land that you will see from the top of Mount Pisgah”
3:29 dut2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּ֥ית פְּעֽוֹר 1 The term **Beth Peor** is the name of a town in Moab near Mount Pisgah.
4:intro d8g8 0 # Deuteronomy 4 General Notes\n\n## Chapter Outline\n- vv. 1-40: Moses encourages the Israelites to obey Yahweh\n- vv. 41-43: Moses appoints cities of refuge\n- vv. 44-49: Summary of Moses’ first speech\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Moses’ Instructions\nMoses is not allowed to enter into the Promised Land. Since they are getting ready to possess the Promised Land, Moses gives them some last instructions before his death. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### The Universe\n\nThe ancient Hebrews believed that the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like.\n\n### Yahweh’s Presence\n\nAs God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. When Yahweh is “near” or “with” the Israelites, that means that Yahweh was with the Israelites in a special way. Yahweh is so holy that a person would die if they saw him. So, when the Israelites “see” Yahweh, that means that they saw Yahweh’s miracles or other things that Yahweh uses to show who he is.\n\n### Yahweh’s Inheritance\n\nMoses refers to the people of Israel as Yahweh’s inheritance. Yahweh chose the people of Israel out of all the peoples of the world in order to show his power and greatness. Yahweh wants the people of Israel to follow his rules, because he has a special relationship with them. \n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in This Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nMoses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince his readers to obey his instructions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n### Words for the Law\n- statutes\n- ordinances\n- judgments\nMoses uses different words to refer to the law that Yahweh commanded the Israelites. It is unclear what the differences are between these terms. If your language has different terms for the law, you could use them here to differentiate between the different Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])\n\n### Pronouns\n\nMoses is speaking to the Israelites who are alive, but he refers to events that happened to their ancestors. The pronoun **you** and **your** are plural here unless otherwise noted. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could explicitly state that these events happened to their ancestors. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:intro d8g8 0 # Deuteronomy 4 General Notes\n\n## Chapter Outline\n- vv. 1-40: Moses encourages the Israelites to obey Yahweh\n- vv. 41-43: Moses appoints cities of refuge\n- vv. 44-49: Summary of Moses’ first speech\n\n## Special Concepts in This Chapter\n\n### Moses’ instructions\nMoses is not allowed to enter into the Promised Land. Since the Israelites are getting ready to possess the Promised Land, Moses gives them some last instructions before his death. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### The universe\n\nThe ancient Hebrews believed that the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like.\n\n### Yahweh’s presence\n\nAs God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. When Yahweh is “near” or “with” the Israelites, that means that Yahweh was with the Israelites in a special way. Yahweh is so holy that a person would die if they saw him. So, when the Israelites “see” Yahweh, that means that they saw Yahweh’s miracles or other things that Yahweh uses to show who he is.\n\n### Yahweh’s inheritance\n\nMoses refers to the people of Israel as Yahweh’s inheritance. Yahweh chose the people of Israel out of all the peoples of the world in order to show his power and greatness. Yahweh wants the people of Israel to follow his rules because he has a special relationship with them. \n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nMoses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince his readers to obey his instructions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n### Words for the law\n- statutes\n- ordinances\n- judgments\nMoses uses several words to refer to the law that Yahweh commanded the Israelites. It is unclear what the differences are between these terms. If your language has different terms for the law, you could use them here to differentiate between the different Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])\n\n### Pronouns\n\nMoses is speaking to the Israelites who are alive, but he refers to events that happened to their ancestors. The pronoun **you** and **your** are plural here unless otherwise noted. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could explicitly state that these events happened to their ancestors. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:1 m1n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 Here, **Israel** represents the people of Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people of Israel”
4:1 hfw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אֶל־הַֽ⁠חֻקִּים֙ וְ⁠אֶל־הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּטִ֔ים 1 The terms **statutes** and **ordinances** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “to the important statutes”
4:1 zdp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֣עַן 1 Here, **so that** marks what comes after as the goal or purpose of what comes before. Moses wants the Israelites to live in the land. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
@ -440,26 +434,26 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
4:2 r77u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִצְוֺת֙ יְהוָ֣ה 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe **commandments** that come from **Yahweh**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “the commandments given by Yahweh”
4:3 u7gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עֵֽינֵי⁠כֶם֙ 1 Moses is using **eyes** to represent all of a person in the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “All of you”
4:3 bs2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠בַ֣עַל פְּע֑וֹר 1 Here, Moses is referring to the events of [Numbers 25:1-9](Num/25/01.md), when Israelite men committed sexual immorality with Moabite women. The women tempted the Israelite men to follow their idol, the **Baal** of **Peor**. As a result, Yahweh punished the Israelites with a plague until Phinehas the priest killed a man who was still committing adultery.
4:3 p9ok rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָלַךְ֙ אַחֲרֵ֣י 1 Here, **walked after** means “worshipped”. Moses is speaking of worshipping idols as if people were physically walking behind idols to follow them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “worshipped”
4:3 p9ok rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָלַךְ֙ אַחֲרֵ֣י 1 Here, **walked after** means “worshiped.” Moses is speaking of worshipping idols as if people were physically walking behind idols to follow them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “worshiped”
4:3 naji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הִשְׁמִיד֛⁠וֹ 1 The implication is that Yahweh **destroyed them** by killing them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “has killed them”
4:3 yl8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd מִ⁠קִּרְבֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all of the Israelites, the pronoun **your** is singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:4 x6hf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַ⁠דְּבֵקִ֔ים בַּ⁠יהוָ֖ה 1 Moses speaks as if obeying Yahweh was like physically holding on to a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who carefully obeyed Yahweh”
4:5 hs9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְאֵ֣ה 1 Moses is using the word **Look** to focus the Israelites' attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention”
4:5 wsdh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֻקִּים֙ וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּטִ֔ים 1 The terms **states** and **ordinances** mean similar things. Moses clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. See how you translated this in [verse 1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “important rules”
4:5 bis8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish אֱלֹהָ֑⁠י 1 Here, Moses refers to Yahweh as **my God** in order to emphasize that Moses himself worships and obeys Yahweh. He does not mean that he is the only one who worships Yahweh. If this would not be clear for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression to describe Moses’ relationship with Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the God whom I worship”
4:5 bis8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish אֱלֹהָ֑⁠י 1 Here, Moses refers to Yahweh as **my God** in order to emphasize that he himself worships and obeys Yahweh. He does not mean that he is the only one who worships Yahweh. If this would not be clear for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression to describe Moses’ relationship with Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the God whom I worship”
4:5 v63r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בָּאִ֥ים שָׁ֖מָּ⁠ה לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּֽ⁠הּ 1 The expression **going into to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “are going into to possess”
4:6 zr9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וּ⁠שְׁמַרְתֶּם֮ וַ⁠עֲשִׂיתֶם֒ 1 The terms **keep** and **do** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “And you shall carefully do them”
4:6 fau5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וּ⁠שְׁמַרְתֶּם֮ וַ⁠עֲשִׂיתֶם֒ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And keep and do them”
4:6 ce6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 The word translated as **for** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
4:6 bhy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמַתְ⁠כֶם֙ וּ⁠בִ֣ינַתְ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas of **wisdom** and **understanding**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is how you can act wisely and with understanding”
4:6 bhy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמַתְ⁠כֶם֙ וּ⁠בִ֣ינַתְ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the ideas of **wisdom** and **understanding**, you can express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “is how you can act wisely and with understanding”
4:6 di77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חָכְמַתְ⁠כֶם֙ וּ⁠בִ֣ינַתְ⁠כֶ֔ם & חָכָ֣ם וְ⁠נָב֔וֹן 1 The terms **wisdom** and **understanding** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “is your great wisdom … very wise”
4:6 f2rh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠עֵינֵ֖י 1 Here, **in the eyes of** is an idiom for a person's opinion or evaluation. Moses speaks as if evaluating something was physically seeing it with one's **eyes**. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the evaluation of”
4:6 ij0i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִשְׁמְע֗וּ⁠ן 1 Here, the word **hear** means “learn about.” Moses speaks as if hearing reports about Yahweh’s law were physically hearing it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will hear about”
4:6 ij0i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִשְׁמְע֗וּ⁠ן 1 Here, the word **hear** means “learn about.” Moses speaks as if hearing reports about Yahweh’s law were the same as physically hearing the law itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will hear about”
4:6 dkil rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וְ⁠אָמְר֗וּ 1 Here, the word **say** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of introducing direct quotations in your language.
4:6 sr33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַם־חָכָ֣ם וְ⁠נָב֔וֹן הַ⁠גּ֥וֹי הַ⁠גָּד֖וֹל הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 Here, **nation** represents the people of that nation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people of this great nation are wise and understanding”
4:7 thf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֚י 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before.
4:7 hx9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קְרֹבִ֣ים אֵלָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here Moses is speaking of Yahweh’s protection and guidance as if Yahweh could physically come **near** to the Israelites. See book introduction for more information about Yahweh’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who protects it”
4:7-8 m62n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 Moses is using the question form to emphasize how great Yahweh is compared to the idols that other nations follow. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or exclamations. Alternate translation: “For there is no other great nation that has a god near to it as Yahweh our God is whenever we call on him. And, there is no other great nation that has statues and ordinances righteous as all this law that I am giving before your faces today.”
4:7-8 m62n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כִּ֚י מִי־ג֣וֹי גָּד֔וֹל אֲשֶׁר־ל֥⁠וֹ אֱלֹהִ֖ים קְרֹבִ֣ים אֵלָ֑י⁠ו כַּ⁠יהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵ֔י⁠נוּ בְּ⁠כָּל־קָרְאֵ֖⁠נוּ אֵלָֽי⁠ו׃\nוּ⁠מִי֙ גּ֣וֹי גָּד֔וֹל אֲשֶׁר־ל֛⁠וֹ חֻקִּ֥ים וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּטִ֖ים צַדִּיקִ֑ם כְּ⁠כֹל֙ הַ⁠תּוֹרָ֣ה הַ⁠זֹּ֔את אֲשֶׁ֧ר אָנֹכִ֛י נֹתֵ֥ן לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם הַ⁠יּֽוֹם׃ 1 Moses is using the question form to emphasize how great Yahweh is compared to the idols that other nations follow. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate these questions as statements or exclamations. Alternate translation: “For there is no other great nation that has a god near to it as Yahweh our God is whenever we call on him. And, there is no other great nation that has statues and ordinances righteous as all this law that I am giving before your faces today.”
4:8 g3lt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֻקִּ֥ים וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּטִ֖ים 1 The terms **statutes** and **ordinances** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “important rules”
4:8 po9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֹתֵ֥ן 1 Here Moses is speaking of reading the law as if he was physically **giving** it to the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “am repeating”
4:8 odq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”
@ -476,13 +470,11 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
4:10 i0uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit י֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֨ר עָמַ֜דְתָּ לִ⁠פְנֵ֨י יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶי⁠ךָ֮ בְּ⁠חֹרֵב֒ 1 Moses is referring to the events of [Exodus 19](Exo/19/01.md) when Yahweh spoke from Mount Sinai from a fire. The Israelite people were afraid of Yahweh and stood far away.
4:10 tkm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd עָמַ֜דְתָּ & אֱלֹהֶי⁠ךָ֮ 1 Even though Moses is speaking about the Israelites and their ancestors, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:10 vcet rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֨י 1 Here, **face** represents someone’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before”
4:10 ivm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַקְהֶל־לִ⁠י֙ אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֔ם 1 The implication is that Yahweh wants Moses to bring all the Israelite **people** to **assemble** at Mount Sinai, where Yahweh will speak through a thunderstorm. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Tell the Israelite people to gather here”
4:10 ivm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַקְהֶל־לִ⁠י֙ אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֔ם 1 The implication is that Yahweh wants Moses to bring all the Israelite **people** to **Assemble** at Mount Sinai, where Yahweh will speak through a thunderstorm. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Tell the Israelite people to gather here”
4:10 onov rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אֲשֶׁ֨ר 2 The word translated as **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “so that”
4:11 wy4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תַּ֣חַת 1 Here **under** means “at the foot of.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at the foot of”
4:11 t7n0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֵ֣ב 1 Here the word **heart** means “middle.” Moses is speaking of the sky as if it had a heart in its middle. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the middle of”
4:12 ik93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠תְמוּנָ֛ה אֵינְ⁠כֶ֥ם רֹאִ֖ים 1 Here **form** means the visible form of a living being. you could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and you saw no visible form”
4:13 re7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers עֲשֶׂ֖רֶת 1 Alternate translation: “10”
4:13 r13e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שְׁנֵ֖י 1 Alternate translation: “2”
4:12 ik93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠תְמוּנָ֛ה אֵינְ⁠כֶ֥ם רֹאִ֖ים 1 Here **form** means the visible form of a living being. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and you saw no visible form”
4:14 sge4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֻקִּ֖ים וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּטִ֑ים 1 The terms **statutes** and **judgments** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “important rules”
4:14 wod7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לַ⁠עֲשֹׂתְ⁠כֶ֣ם 1 Here, **for** marks what follows as the goal or purpose of what comes before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
4:14 bdx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בָּ⁠אָ֕רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתֶּ֛ם עֹבְרִ֥ים שָׁ֖מָּ⁠ה לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּֽ⁠הּ 1 The expression **the land which you are going over to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “in the land you will possess”
@ -495,7 +487,7 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
4:17 dsbm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תַּבְנִ֕ית & תַּבְנִית֙ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **likeness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “anything looking like … anything looking like”
4:18 fgec rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תַּבְנִ֕ית & תַּבְנִ֛ית 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **likeness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “anything looking like … anything looking like”
4:18 xe6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רֹמֵ֖שׂ 1 A **creeping thing** is any creature that crawls on the ground. This could include reptiles and insects. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “reptile”
4:19 hips rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וּ⁠פֶן 1 Moses uses the word **lest** to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “and in case”
4:19 hips rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וּ⁠פֶן 1 Moses uses the word **lest** to introduce a hypothetical condition as a warning. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “And in case”
4:19 a5bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd תִּשָּׂ֨א עֵינֶ֜י⁠ךָ & וְֽ֠⁠רָאִיתָ & וְ⁠נִדַּחְתָּ֛ וְ⁠הִשְׁתַּחֲוִ֥יתָ & וַ⁠עֲבַדְתָּ֑⁠ם & אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:19 d0wc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּשָּׂ֨א עֵינֶ֜י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **lift up your eyes** is an idiom that means “you look.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “turn your eyes” or “you look”
4:19 r5pg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כֹּ֚ל צְבָ֣א הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֔יִם 1 Here, **all the multitude of the heavens** is an idiom that means “all the stars in the sky.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the stars in the sky”\n
@ -515,18 +507,18 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
4:23 k54j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit צִוְּ⁠ךָ֖ 1 Yahweh **commanded** the Israelites not to make idols. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “has commanded you not to do”
4:23 q9m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd צִוְּ⁠ךָ֖ & אֱלֹהֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:24 fc5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֚י 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because”
4:24 z6c8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֵ֥שׁ אֹכְלָ֖ה 1 Here Moses is speaking of Yahweh’s punishment when he is angry as if it was **a devouring fire**. Yahweh will destroy anyone who disobeys him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will destroy people who obey him like a fire burns everything”\n
4:24 z6c8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֵ֥שׁ אֹכְלָ֖ה 1 Here Moses is speaking of Yahweh’s punishment when he is angry as if it were **a devouring fire**. Yahweh will destroy anyone who disobeys him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will destroy people who disobey him like a fire burns everything”\n
4:25 sw65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd תוֹלִ֤יד & אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **your** are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:25 d5qj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בָּנִים֙ וּ⁠בְנֵ֣י בָנִ֔ים 1 Here, **sons** means “children.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “children, and children of children”
4:25 adae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠בְנֵ֣י בָנִ֔ים 1 The implication is that the living Israelites will bear children, and then those children will bear children. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and they beget sons”
4:25 y9c0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical וְ⁠הִשְׁחַתֶּ֗ם 1 Moses is suggesting that this is a hypothetical condition, that Yahweh will only become angry and punish the Israelites if the Israelites sin by making an idol. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a situation that could happen. Alternate translation: “and if you act corruptly”
4:25 e3zj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הִשְׁחַתֶּ֗ם 1 Here, the term **act corruptly** means to sin or do wrong. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you sin” See how you translated these words in [verse 16](../04/16.md).
4:25 e3zj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הִשְׁחַתֶּ֗ם 1 Here, the term **act corruptly** means "to sin or do wrong." You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and you sin” See how you translated these words in [verse 16](../04/16.md).
4:25 v824 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י 1 Here, **in the eyes of** is an idiom for a person's opinion or evaluation. Moses speaks as if evaluating something was physically seeing it with one's **eyes**. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the evaluation of”
4:26 ciie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַעִידֹתִי֩ בָ⁠כֶ֨ם הַ⁠יּ֜וֹם אֶת־הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם וְ⁠אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ 1 The implication is that **the heavens and the earth** will **witness** how the Israelites will sin. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I will make sure the heavens and the earth pay attention to how you sin today”
4:26 lbi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism אֶת־הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם וְ⁠אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֗רֶץ 1 Here, Moses is referring to everything that exists in the universe by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. Moses is referring to everything, living and non-living. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the whole universe”
4:26 c910 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication אָבֹ֣ד תֹּאבֵדוּ⁠ן֮ & הִשָּׁמֵ֖ד תִּשָּׁמֵדֽוּ⁠ן 1 The words **surely perish** and **completely destroyed** translate verbs that are repeated for emphasis. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation.
4:26 r2k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אַתֶּ֜ם עֹבְרִ֧ים אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֛ן שָׁ֖מָּ⁠ה לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּ֑⁠הּ 1 The expression **the land to which you are going over the Jordan to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “the land which you are going over the Jordan to possess”
4:26 tz2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹֽא־תַאֲרִיכֻ֤⁠ן יָמִים֙ עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 The implication is that, if the Israelites sin by making idols, then they will leave the land and live somewhere else. Yahweh **will not prolong** the **days** when the Israelites can live on the land. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. Alternate translation: “You will not be able to live on the land for long”
4:26 tz2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹֽא־תַאֲרִיכֻ֤⁠ן יָמִים֙ עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 The implication is that if the Israelites sin by making idols, then they will leave the land and live somewhere else. Yahweh **will not prolong** the **days** when the Israelites can live on the land. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. Alternate translation: “You will not be able to live on the land for long”
4:26 eme2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole הִשָּׁמֵ֖ד תִּשָּׁמֵדֽוּ⁠ן 1 As indicated in [verse 27](../04/27), not every Israelite will be killed. Here “completely destroyed” is a generalization used to emphasize that many of the Israelites will die.\nIf it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “surely many of you will be destroyed”
4:26 kwik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הִשָּׁמֵ֖ד תִּשָּׁמֵדֽוּ⁠ן 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to die”
4:27 yy63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠הֵפִ֧יץ יְהוָ֛ה אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם בָּ⁠עַמִּ֑ים & יְנַהֵ֧ג יְהוָ֛ה אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם שָֽׁמָּ⁠ה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh will scatter you among the peoples … Yahweh indeed will drive you there”
@ -536,24 +528,24 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
4:28 f8ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מַעֲשֵׂ֖ה יְדֵ֣י אָדָ֑ם 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe a **work**, as in an object, that is made by **the hands of man**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an equivalent expression to describe a man-made object. Alternate translation: “objects made by the hands of man”
4:28 eq2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche יְדֵ֣י אָדָ֑ם 1 Moses is using **hands** to represent all of a person in the act of making an idol. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “mere men”
4:29 nz82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִ⁠שָּׁ֛ם 1 The word **there** refers to all the other nations where Yahweh will force the Israelites to go if they disobey him. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “from those other nations”
4:29 dh1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בִקַּשְׁתֶּ֥ם מִ⁠שָּׁ֛ם אֶת־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ וּ⁠מָצָ֑אתָ כִּ֣י תִדְרְשֶׁ֔⁠נּוּ 1 Here Moses is speaking of praying to and knowing Yahweh as if one could physically **search for** and **seek** him and **find him** in a specific place. As God, Yahweh is everywhere, and cannot be limited to a single space. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And from there you will pray to Yahweh your God, and he will answer when you appeal to him”
4:29 dh1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בִקַּשְׁתֶּ֥ם מִ⁠שָּׁ֛ם אֶת־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ וּ⁠מָצָ֑אתָ כִּ֣י תִדְרְשֶׁ֔⁠נּוּ 1 Here Moses is speaking of praying to and knowing Yahweh as if one could physically **search for** and **seek** him and **find him** in a specific place. As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And from there you will pray to Yahweh your God, and he will answer when you appeal to him”
4:29 t9hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֖י⁠ךָ וּ⁠מָצָ֑אתָ & תִדְרְשֶׁ֔⁠נּוּ & לְבָבְ⁠ךָ֖ & נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular here. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:29 fki1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּ⁠כָל־לְבָבְ⁠ךָ֖ וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 Here, the words **heart** and **spirit** refer to a person’s will and desire to do something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with all your will and with all your desire”
4:29 qkwr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בְּ⁠כָל־לְבָבְ⁠ךָ֖ וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־נַפְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 The terms **heart** and **spirit** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “with all of your will”
4:30 ybue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd לְ⁠ךָ֔ וּ⁠מְצָא֕וּ⁠ךָ & וְ⁠שַׁבְתָּ֙ & אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ וְ⁠שָׁמַעְתָּ֖ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:30 n0yn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠מְצָא֕וּ⁠ךָ 1 Here Moses is speaking of experiencing trouble as if it were an object that one could **find**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you experience”
4:30 bu4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כֹּ֖ל הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֑לֶּה 1 The phrase **all these things** refers to the hardship that the Israelites will experience when they live in the other nations. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “all these hardships”
4:30 vnz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שַׁבְתָּ֙ עַד־יְהוָ֣ה 1 Here Moses is speaking of the Israelites choosing to worship **Yahweh** again as if **Yahweh** were a physical location that they could **return** to. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “then you will again worship Yahweh”
4:30 vnz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שַׁבְתָּ֙ עַד־יְהוָ֣ה 1 Here Moses is speaking of the Israelites choosing to worship **Yahweh** again as if **Yahweh** were a physical location to which they could **return**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “then you will again worship Yahweh”
4:30 xhr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שָׁמַעְתָּ֖ 1 Here the word **listen** means to listen and obey. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and obey”
4:30 hmqf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠קֹלֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **voice** represents the words that Yahweh spoke, which include his commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to what he says”
4:30 hmqf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠קֹלֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **voice** represents the words that Yahweh spoke, which include his commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “what he says”
4:31 c8wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because”
4:31 yfl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ & יַרְפְּ⁠ךָ֖ & יַשְׁחִיתֶ֑⁠ךָ & אֲבֹתֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:31 vlxi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַשְׁחִיתֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The implication is that Yahweh **will not destroy** the Israelites because he will make sure that some Israelites survive. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he will not completely destroy you”
4:31 vlxi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹ֣א יַשְׁחִיתֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The implication is that Yahweh **will not destroy** the Israelites, because he will make sure that some Israelites survive. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he will not completely destroy you”
4:31 gml8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives וְ⁠לֹ֤א יִשְׁכַּח֙ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative verb **forget**. Alternate translation: “and he will remember”
4:31 nsl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּרִ֣ית אֲבֹתֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Here, Moses is using the possessive form to describe the **covenant** that Yahweh made with the **fathers** of the Israelites. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use an equivalent expression to describe the covenant. Alternate translation: “the covenant between Yahweh and your fathers”
4:31 ebks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבֹתֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Moses is using the term **fathers** to mean “ancestors.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your forefathers”
4:32 yss9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you שְׁאַל & לְ⁠פָנֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, the word **your** and the command **ask** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:32 pkpy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׁאַל 1 Here the word **ask** means “think”. Moses is speaking as if asking questions about something is the same as thinking about it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “consider”
4:32 pkpy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׁאַל 1 Here the word **ask** means “think”. Moses is speaking as if asking questions about something were the same as thinking about it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “consider”
4:32 c553 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness נָא֩ 1 The word translated as **please** here is a term used in polite requests. If it would be helpful for your readers, you could use an equivalent expression for making a polite request.
4:32 tg9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **face** represents the existence of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before your existence”
4:32 njz0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ אֲשֶׁר֩ בָּרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ אָדָם֙ עַל־הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 Moses is referring to the events of [Genesis 1:27](Gen/01/27.md) when Yahweh created human beings, male and female, in his image. This was on the sixth day of creation.
@ -562,16 +554,16 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
4:32 h1ow rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠נִֽהְיָ֗ה כַּ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠גָּדוֹל֙ הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה א֖וֹ הֲ⁠נִשְׁמַ֥ע כָּמֹֽ⁠הוּ 1 Moses is using the question form to emphasize how great Yahweh is. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “that there has never been a great thing as this and nothing like it has been heard”
4:32 kmtn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כַּ⁠דָּבָ֤ר הַ⁠גָּדוֹל֙ הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה 1 The term **a great thing** refers to the works that Yahweh did, which Moses mentions in the following verses. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “a great thing as Yahweh’s works”
4:33 gv8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠שָׁ֣מַֽע עָם֩ ק֨וֹל אֱלֹהִ֜ים מְדַבֵּ֧ר מִ⁠תּוֹךְ־הָ⁠אֵ֛שׁ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁר־שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ אַתָּ֖ה וַ⁠יֶּֽחִי 1 Here Moses is using the question form to emphasize how amazing it is that the Israelites heard Yahweh speak from the fire in [Exodus 19-20](Exo/19/01.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “No other people has heard the voice of God speaking from the midst of the fire, as you have heard, and lived.”
4:33 uge5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ק֨וֹל אֱלֹהִ֜ים 1 Here, **voice** represent Yahweh in the act of speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “God himself”
4:33 uge5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ק֨וֹל אֱלֹהִ֜ים 1 Here, **voice** represents Yahweh in the act of speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “God himself”
4:33 yydf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ אַתָּ֖ה 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:33 a261 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ אַתָּ֖ה 1 For emphasis, Moses is stating the pronoun **you**, whose meaning is already included in the verb **heard**. If your language can state implied pronouns explicitly for emphasis, you may want to use that construction in your translation. Other languages may have other ways of bringing out this emphasis. The ULT does so by using the intensive pronoun **yourselves**. Alternate translation: “you indeed have heard”
4:34 i1ev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion א֣וֹ ׀ הֲ⁠נִסָּ֣ה אֱלֹהִ֗ים לָ֠⁠בוֹא לָ⁠קַ֨חַת ל֣⁠וֹ גוֹי֮ מִ⁠קֶּ֣רֶב גּוֹי֒ 1 Moses is using the question form to emphasize how amazing it was that Yahweh chose Israel and saved them from Egypt. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Make sure to end the sentence with the appropriate punctuation. Alternate translation: “God has not attempted to go and take for himself any other nation from the midst of another nation”
4:34 i1ev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion א֣וֹ ׀ הֲ⁠נִסָּ֣ה אֱלֹהִ֗ים לָ֠⁠בוֹא לָ⁠קַ֨חַת ל֣⁠וֹ גוֹי֮ מִ⁠קֶּ֣רֶב גּוֹי֒ 1 Moses is using the question form to emphasize how amazing it was that Yahweh chose Israel and saved them from Egypt. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Make sure to end the sentence with the appropriate punctuation. Alternate translation: “God has not attempted to go and take for himself any other nation from the midst of another nation.”
4:34 sczh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠מַסֹּת֩ 1 Here the word **trials** refers to the plagues in [Exodus 7-11](Exo/07/01.md) that Yahweh sent so that the Egyptians would suffer. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “by plagues”
4:34 k5no rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet בְּ⁠אֹתֹ֨ת וּ⁠בְ⁠מוֹפְתִ֜ים 1 The words **signs** and **wonders** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “by great signs”
4:34 xi2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠בְ⁠מִלְחָמָ֗ה 1 The word **war** refers to [Exodus 14](Exo/14/01.md), when the Egyptian army chased the Israelites as they left Egypt. Yahweh enabled the Israelites to defeat the Egyptian army. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and by enabling you to defeat the Egyptians in war”
4:34 fjbf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ וּ⁠בִ⁠זְר֣וֹעַ נְטוּיָ֔ה 1 The terms **mighty hand** and **outstretched arm** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “and by very great power”
4:34 uct8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ 1 Here the word **hand** represents God’s power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and by mighty power”
4:34 iny4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בִ⁠זְר֣וֹעַ נְטוּיָ֔ה 1 Here, **arm** refers to Yahweh’s power. Moses speaks of stretching out an arm was like using power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and by great strength”
4:34 iny4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠בִ⁠זְר֣וֹעַ נְטוּיָ֔ה 1 Here, **arm** refers to Yahweh’s power. Moses speaks of stretching out an arm as using power. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and by great strength”
4:34 r398 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, **eyes** represents the act of seeing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in your sight”
4:34 r7hs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd לְ⁠עֵינֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **your** is singular here. If the singular form would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural form in your translation.
4:35 yl1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אַתָּה֙ הָרְאֵ֣תָ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to a group of people, **you** and **yourself** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
@ -596,23 +588,21 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
4:39 esi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd וְ⁠יָדַעְתָּ֣ & וַ⁠הֲשֵׁבֹתָ֮ & לְבָבֶ⁠ךָ֒ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:39 a1nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְ⁠יָדַעְתָּ֣ & וַ⁠הֲשֵׁבֹתָ֮ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And know … and return it”
4:39 sp48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠יָדַעְתָּ֣ הַ⁠יּ֗וֹם וַ⁠הֲשֵׁבֹתָ֮ אֶל־לְבָבֶ⁠ךָ֒ 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “And you shall know today, indeed, you shall return it to your heart”
4:39 v9br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יָדַעְתָּ֣ 1 Here **know** means “think about.” Moses is speaking of thinking about something as if it were knowing it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And you shall consider”
4:39 v9br rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יָדַעְתָּ֣ 1 Here **know** means “think about.” Moses is speaking of thinking about something as if that were knowing it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And you shall consider”
4:39 ufg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠הֲשֵׁבֹתָ֮ אֶל־לְבָבֶ⁠ךָ֒ 1 Here, **return to your heart** is an idiom that means “think about.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you shall call it to mind” or “and think about it”
4:39 f524 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism בַּ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם מִ⁠מַּ֔עַל וְ⁠עַל־הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ מִ⁠תָּ֑חַת 1 Here, Moses is referring to the whole universe by naming the parts that are at the extreme ends of it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everywhere”
4:40 w9d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd וְ⁠שָׁמַרְתָּ֞ & מְצַוְּ⁠ךָ֙ & לְ⁠ךָ֔ וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ אַחֲרֶ֑י⁠ךָ & תַּאֲרִ֤יךְ & אֱלֹהֶ֛י⁠ךָ & לְ⁠ךָ֖ 1 Even though Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, **you** and **your** are singular in this verse. If the singular forms of these pronouns would not be natural in your language, you could use the plural forms in your translation.
4:40 xgha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שָׁמַרְתָּ֞ 1 Here the word **keep** means “obey.” Moses is speaking of commandments as if they were physical objects that one could **keep** in their possession. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And you shall obey”
4:40 xgha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠שָׁמַרְתָּ֞ 1 Here the word **keep** means “obey.” Moses is speaking of commandments as if they were physical objects that one could **keep** in one's possession. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And you shall obey”
4:40 v8k4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְ⁠שָׁמַרְתָּ֞ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And keep”
4:40 e877 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֻקָּ֣י⁠ו וְ⁠אֶת־מִצְוֺתָ֗י⁠ו 1 The terms **statutes** and **commandments** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “his important statutes”
4:40 nx43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and for your offspring”
4:40 c3aw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תַּאֲרִ֤יךְ יָמִים֙ עַל־הַ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה 1 The implication is that, if the Israelites obey Yahweh, they **will prolong** the **days** when they live on the land. Moses is speaking of time as if it was a physical substance that one could **prolong**. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. See how you translated this concept in [verse 26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “you will live in the land for many generations”
4:40 c3aw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תַּאֲרִ֤יךְ יָמִים֙ עַל־הַ֣⁠אֲדָמָ֔ה 1 The implication is that, if the Israelites obey Yahweh, they **will prolong** the **days** in which they live on the land. Moses is speaking of time as if it was a physical substance that one could **prolong**. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. See how you translated this concept in [verse 26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “you will live in the land for many generations”
4:40 wxen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כָּל־הַ⁠יָּמִֽים 1
4:41 bt78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent אָ֣ז 1 The author is using the word translated **Then** to introduce a new event in the story. Moses’s speech, which began in [1:6](../01/06.md), has finished, and the writer continues the narrative that ended in [1:5](../01/05.md). Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “After he finished his speech,” \n
4:41 eksd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שָׁלֹ֣שׁ 1 Alternate translation: “3”
4:41 vowz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִזְרְחָ֖⁠ה שָֽׁמֶשׁ 1 Here, **the rising of the sun** is an idiom that means “east.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “towards the east”
4:42 vlww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֵעֵ֨⁠הוּ֙ 1 Here, **neighbor** means “fellow Israelite.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his fellow Israelite”
4:42 eoix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּ⁠בְלִי־דַ֔עַת 1 Here **without knowing** means “unintentionally.” Moses is speaking of knowledge as if it was the same thing as intention. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “unintentionally”
4:42 yxbk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠ה֛וּא לֹא־שֹׂנֵ֥א ל֖⁠וֹ מִ⁠תְּמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשׁ֑וֹם 1 The implication is that the **manslayer** did not premeditate murder. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and he did not hate him previously before and did not plan to kill him”
4:42 b7vn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers אַחַ֛ת 1 Alternate translation: “1”
4:42 mfo9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וָ⁠חָֽי 1 The implication is that the family members of the dead person would try to kill the manslayer, so the people of those cities would protect the manslayer. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and the avenger would not be able to kill him there”
4:43 csf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֶּ֧צֶר & גּוֹלָ֥ן 1 The words **Bezer** and **Golan** are names of cities.
4:44 j6tj This is the law 0 This refers to the laws Moses will give in the following chapters.
@ -629,36 +619,35 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
4:46 t7op rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠צֵאתָ֖⁠ם מִ⁠מִּצְרָֽיִם 1 The events discussed in this verse occur after the Israelites **came out from Egypt** and after Moses told the Israelites the law the first time. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “after they came out from Egypt”
4:46-49 k6c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 The writer is repeating the events that Moses summarized in his first speech from [2:26-3:10](../02/26.md). These events occurred in [Numbers 21:21-35](Num/21/21.md). This information helps the readers understand where the Israelites were camping when Moses is telling them the law. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.
4:47 ya36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אַרְצ֜⁠וֹ 1 The pronoun **his** refers to King Sihon. If this is not clear for your readers, you could use the person's name here. Alternate translation: “King Sihon’s land”
4:47 aquw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שְׁנֵי֙ 1 Alternate translation: “2”
4:47 t6wp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִזְרַ֖ח שָֽׁמֶשׁ 1 Here, **the rising of the sun** is an idiom that means “east.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “towards the east”
4:47 t6wp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִזְרַ֖ח שָֽׁמֶשׁ 1 Here, **the rising of the sun** is an idiom that means “east.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “toward the east”
4:48 kwj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵ⁠עֲרֹעֵ֞ר 1 The word **Aroer** is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [2:36](../02/36.md).
4:48 brkt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שְׂפַת 1 Here, **lip** is means “edge.” In this case, **lip** specifically refers to the bank of a dry riverbed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the edge of”
4:48 n3ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֧חַל אַרְנֹ֛ן 1 The term **the Valley of Arnon** is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [2:24](../02/24.md).
4:48 vyn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names שִׂיאֹ֖ן & חֶרְמֽוֹן 1 The words **Sion** and **Hermon** are different names for the same mountain. The word **Sion** is another spelling of “Sirion” ([3:9](../03/09.md)). You could keep the same spelling for both occurrences if it would be clearer for your readers. For **Hermon**, see how you translated it in [3:8](../03/08.md).
4:49 l26x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תַּ֖חַת אַשְׁדֹּ֥ת 1 The phrase **under the slopes of** means “at the base of” when referring to a mountain. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this in [3:17](../03/17.md).
4:49 x6zf הַ⁠פִּסְגָּֽה 1 The word **Pisgah** is the name of a mountain. See how you translated it in [3:17](../03/17.md).
5:intro xsp1 0 # Deuteronomy 5 General Notes\n\n## Outline\n- vv.1-4: Moses reminds the Israelites that Yahweh made a covenant with them on Mount Sina\n- vv. 5-21: Moses repeats the Ten Commandments\n- vv. 22-33: Moses reminds the Israelites that he spoke to Yahweh on their behalf because they feared Yahweh\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each of the commandments in the list of Ten Commandments in 5:7–21 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT uses a separate paragraph for each commandment.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Ten commandments\n\nThis chapter repeats the material of Exodus 20. It is known as the Ten Commandments.\n\n## Other translation issues\n\n### Metaphors and idioms\n\nMoses uses metaphors and idioms to instruct the people to follow the law of Moses. This is because it is very important to follow these laws. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n\n### Second person pronouns\n\nWhen Moses speaks to the Israelites, he uses the second person plural “you.” When Yahweh tells his law to Moses, he uses the second person singular “you,” because Yahweh is directly addressing Moses. The law is for all of the Israelites, so if it would be helpful for your readers, you could use the plural forms of the pronoun in the law.\n\n\n### You Shall\nIn the Ten Commandments, Yahweh uses the form “you shall” to give commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
4:49 x6zf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַ⁠פִּסְגָּֽה 1 The word **Pisgah** is the name of a mountain. See how you translated it in [3:17](../03/17.md).
5:intro xsp1 0 # Deuteronomy 5 General Notes\n\n## Outline\n- vv.1-4: Moses reminds the Israelites that Yahweh made a covenant with them on Mount Sina\n- vv. 5-21: Moses repeats the Ten Commandments\n- vv. 22-33: Moses reminds the Israelites that he spoke to Yahweh on their behalf because they feared Yahweh\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nSome translations set each of the commandments in the list of Ten Commandments in 5:7–21 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT uses a separate paragraph for each commandment.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Ten Commandments\n\nThis chapter repeats the material of Exodus 20. It is known as the Ten Commandments.\n\n## Other Translation Issues\n\n### Metaphors and idioms\n\nMoses uses metaphors and idioms to instruct the people to follow the law of Moses. This is because it is very important to follow these laws. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n\n### Second person pronouns\n\nWhen Moses speaks to the Israelites, he uses the second person plural “you.” When Yahweh tells his law to Moses, he uses the second person singular “you,” because Yahweh is directly addressing Moses. The law is for all of the Israelites, so if it would be helpful for your readers, you could use the plural forms of the pronoun in the law.\n\n\n### You Shall\nIn the Ten Commandments, Yahweh uses the form “you shall” to give commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
5:1 zd9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֣א מֹשֶׁה֮ אֶל־כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ 1 Here the word **called** means “summoned.” The writer is speaking as if calling someone is the same as summoning them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Then Moses commanded all Israel to come”
5:1 kvw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ & יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 Here **Israel** refers to all the Israelites. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “the Israelites … Israelites”
5:1 d5qb rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר 1 Here, the phrase **and said** introduces direct speech. Moses is beginning his second speech to the Israelites. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language.
5:1 w7kq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet הַ⁠חֻקִּ֣ים וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּטִ֔ים 1 The terms **statutes** and **ordinances** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “the important statutes”
5:1 rwb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּ⁠אָזְנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 1 Moses is using **ears** to represent all of a person in the act of hearing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to you yourselves”
5:2 gqfi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵ֗י⁠נוּ כָּרַ֥ת עִמָּ֛⁠נוּ בְּרִ֖ית בְּ⁠חֹרֵֽב 1 Moses is referring to the events of [Exodus 19-24](Exo/19/01.md), when Moses told the Israelites what Yahweh had commanded them, and the Israelites agreed to obey. In return, Yahweh would have a special relationship with the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers.
5:2 lhkx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּרַ֥ת עִמָּ֛⁠נוּ בְּרִ֖ית 1 To **cut a covenant** means to make a covenant. The phrase refers to ancient rituals around making covenants, which is illustrated in [Genesis 15](Gen/15/01.md). See the imagery and how you translated there. Alternate translation: “made a covenant with us”
5:3 so4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish לֹ֣א אֶת־אֲבֹתֵ֔י⁠נוּ כָּרַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־הַ⁠בְּרִ֣ית הַ⁠זֹּ֑את 1 Moses means that the covenant was not only for the ancestors of the Israelites. He does not mean that their ancestors did not make a covenant with Yahweh. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh cut this covenant not only with our fathers”
5:2 gqfi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵ֗י⁠נוּ כָּרַ֥ת עִמָּ֛⁠נוּ בְּרִ֖ית בְּ⁠חֹרֵֽב 1 Moses is referring to the events of [Exodus 19-24](Exo/19/01.md), when Moses told the Israelites what Yahweh had commanded them and the Israelites agreed to obey. In return, Yahweh would have a special relationship with the Israelites. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers.
5:2 lhkx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּרַ֥ת עִמָּ֛⁠נוּ בְּרִ֖ית 1 To **cut a covenant** means to make a covenant. The phrase refers to ancient rituals around making covenants, illustrated in [Genesis 15](Gen/15/01.md). See the imagery and how you translated the term there. Alternate translation: “made a covenant with us”
5:3 so4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish לֹ֣א אֶת־אֲבֹתֵ֔י⁠נוּ כָּרַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־הַ⁠בְּרִ֣ית הַ⁠זֹּ֑את 1 Moses means that the covenant was not only for the ancestors of the Israelites, but for the current generation also. He does not mean that their ancestors did not make a covenant with Yahweh. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh cut this covenant not only with our fathers”
5:3 hf3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲבֹתֵ֔י⁠נוּ 1 Here **fathers** could mean: (1) the parents of the living Israelites who made a covenant with Yahweh at Mount Sinai. Alternate translation: “with our parents” (2) the ancestors of the Israelites such as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob who made a covenant with Yahweh. Alternate translation: “with our forefathers”
5:3 g39m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast כִּ֣י 1 The word translated as **but** marks a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “but in fact”
5:3 g39m rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast כִּ֣י 1 The word translated as **but** marks a strong contrast with the previous clause. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “but, in fact,”
5:3 thc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֲנַ֨חְנוּ אֵ֥לֶּה פֹ֛ה הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם כֻּלָּ֥⁠נוּ חַיִּֽים 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “those of us here today, indeed, all who are living”
5:4 n291 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פָּנִ֣ים ׀ בְּ⁠פָנִ֗ים דִּבֶּ֨ר יְהוָ֧ה עִמָּ⁠כֶ֛ם בָּ⁠הָ֖ר מִ⁠תּ֥וֹךְ הָ⁠אֵֽשׁ 1 Moses is referring to the events of [Exodus 19](Exo/19/01.md) when Yahweh spoke from Mount Sinai from a fire. The Israelite people were afraid of Yahweh and stood far away.
5:4 h6t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פָּנִ֣ים ׀ בְּ⁠פָנִ֗ים 1 Here, **face** represents someone’s presence. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in your presence”
5:4 qpnd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish פָּנִ֣ים ׀ בְּ⁠פָנִ֗ים 1 This does not mean that the Israelites and their ancestors physically saw the **face** of Yahweh. [4:15](../04/15.md) states that the Israelites only heard Yahweh’s voice but did not see him. Moses means that the Israelites physically and personally heard the voice of Yahweh’s voice. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “personally”
5:5 b7in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בֵּין & וּ⁠בֵֽינֵי⁠כֶם֙ 1 Here, the text repeats between to describe how Moses spoke to Yahweh on behalf of the Israelites while they stood far away. If it is unnatural in your language to repeat a preposition, you could use a form that identifies physical distance between people. Alternate translation: “between … and you”
5:5 n0gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ⁠הַגִּ֥יד 1 Here, the word **to** marks revealing the word of Yahweh as the goal or purpose of Moses standing between Yahweh and the Israelites. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
5:5 c0kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דְּבַ֣ר 1 Here, **word** represents everything that Yahweh said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh told me to tell you”
5:5 b7in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo בֵּין & וּ⁠בֵֽינֵי⁠כֶם֙ 1 Here, the text repeats the word “between” to describe how Moses spoke to Yahweh on behalf of the Israelites while they stood far away. If it is unnatural in your language to repeat a preposition, you could use a form that identifies physical distance between people. Alternate translation: “between … and you”
5:5 n0gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ⁠הַגִּ֥יד 1 Here, the word **to** marks “revealing the word of Yahweh” as the goal or purpose of Moses standing between Yahweh and the Israelites. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
5:5 c0kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת־דְּבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here, **word** represents everything that Yahweh said. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh told me to tell you”
5:5 ia47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֤י 1 The word translated as **For** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “This is because”
5:5 l82u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of something. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of the presence of”
5:5 fihv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 Here, the word **saying** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language.
5:6 nwcg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 In this verse, Yahweh is referring to the events of [Exodus 1-14](Exo/01/01.md) when Yahweh did amazing things so that the Israelites could leave Egypt.
5:6 nwcg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 In this verse, Yahweh is referring to the events of [Exodus 1-14](Exo/01/01.md), when Yahweh did amazing things so that the Israelites could leave Egypt.
5:6 dav1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֱלֹהֶ֔י⁠ךָ & הוֹצֵאתִ֛י⁠ךָ 1 Yahweh is speaking directly to Moses, so the pronouns **you** and **your** are singular in this verse and in the rest of Yahweh’s speech. See chapter introduction for more information.
5:6 fbu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠בֵּ֥ית עֲבָדִֽים 1 Yahweh speaks of Egypt as if it were a **house** where people keep slaves. See how you translated this in [Exodus 13:3](Exo/13/03.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the place where you were slaves”
5:6 fpyz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֲבָדִֽים 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **slavery**, you can express the idea behind **slavery** in another way. Alternative translation: “forced labor”
@ -670,12 +659,11 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
5:9 sxf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לָ⁠הֶ֖ם 1 Here, the pronoun **them** refers to carved figures or idols.
5:9 a6ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פֹּ֠קֵד עֲוֺ֨ן 1 The implication is that Yahweh will visit, or **extend** the punishment for **iniquity** of one generation onto future generations. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I punish the iniquity of”
5:9 qj4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אָב֧וֹת עַל־בָּנִ֛ים 1 Although the terms **fathers** and **sons** are masculine, Yahweh is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “parents on the children”
5:9 fsfp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis עַל־בָּנִ֛ים וְ⁠עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. **Generation** is implied by **sons**, therefore **third** and **fourth** refers to the grandchildren and great-grandchildren. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “the sons down to the third and fourth generations”
5:9 d9fs rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal וְ⁠עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים 1 \n\nIf your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “and on generations 3 and 4 of”
5:10 zxf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠עֹ֥שֶׂה חֶ֖סֶד לַֽ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים לְ⁠אֹהֲבַ֖⁠י 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “But I faithfully love thousands, those who love me”
5:9 fsfp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis עַל־בָּנִ֛ים וְ⁠עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. Here, **generation** is implied by **sons**, therefore **third** and **fourth** refers to the grandchildren and great-grandchildren. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “the sons down to the third and fourth generations”
5:9 d9fs rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal וְ⁠עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “and on generations 3 and 4 of”
5:10 zxf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠עֹ֥שֶׂה חֶ֖סֶד לַֽ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים לְ⁠אֹהֲבַ֖⁠י וּ⁠לְ⁠שֹׁמְרֵ֥י מִצְוֹתָֽי׃ס 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faithfulness**, you can express the same idea with “faithfully” or “faithful.” Alternate translation: “But I faithfully love the thousands who love me and who keep my commandments”
5:10 rq8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לַֽ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. “Generations” is implied by the previous verse. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “to a thousand generations”
5:10 xq3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לַֽ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים 1 Here, **thousands** could mean: (1) “forever,” that is, “to all descendants forever.” Alternate translation: “for every generation” (2) a number too many to count. Alternate translation: “forever to innumerable people who love me”
5:10 qsl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers לַֽ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים 1 Alternate translation: “to 1000s”
5:11 kd28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֛א & אֲשֶׁר־יִשָּׂ֥א 1 Here **lift up** means “use” or “say.” This includes invoking Yahweh’s name, making a claim to him, attempting to manipulate him, or misrepresenting him. A broad word should be used in translation of this term. Alternate translation: “Do not use … he who uses”
5:11 uv88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַ⁠שָּׁ֑וְא & לַ⁠שָּֽׁוְא 1 Here **with emptiness** means “carelessly” or “without proper respect.” Yahweh is speaking of his name as if it were a physical object that could be emptied of substance. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “carelessly”
5:11 in6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives כִּ֣י לֹ֤א יְנַקֶּה֙ יְהוָ֔ה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative **unpunished**. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh will certainly consider guilty”
@ -689,19 +677,19 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
5:15 fpf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result עַל־כֵּ֗ן 1 The words translated as **Therefore** indicate that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “This is why”
5:16 g54g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal כַּבֵּ֤ד אֶת־אָבִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ וְ⁠אֶת־אִמֶּ֔⁠ךָ כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוְּ⁠ךָ֖ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑י⁠ךָ לְמַ֣עַן ׀ יַאֲרִיכֻ֣⁠ן יָמֶ֗י⁠ךָ וּ⁠לְמַ֨עַן֙ יִ֣יטַב לָ֔⁠ךְ 1 Here, **so that** marks **you may prolong your days** and **it may go well with you** as the goal or purpose of **Honor your father and your mother**. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
5:16 hu7r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַאֲרִיכֻ֣⁠ן יָמֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 If the Israelites obey Yahweh, they will **prolong the days** when they live on the land. Moses is speaking of time as if it was a physical substance that one could **prolong**. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. Alternate translation: “you will live for many generations”
5:17 x2en rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish לֹ֖א תִּרְצָֽח 1 Here **murder** does not mean “any kind of killing” which would imply that killing in war, accidental killing, and execution was also sinful. If your language does not distinguish between different types of killing, you could use a descriptive word to make this distinction clear. Alternate translation: “Do not murder deliberately”
5:17 x2en rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish לֹ֖א תִּרְצָֽח 1 Here **murder** does not mean all kinds of killing, which would imply that killing in war, accidental killing, and execution were also sinful acts. If your language does not distinguish between different types of killing, you could use a descriptive word to make this distinction clear. Alternate translation: “Do not murder deliberately”
5:18 lke6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹ֖א תִּנְאָֽף 1 Alternate translation: “And do not have sexual relations with anyone other than your spouse”
5:20 vp3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹֽא־תַעֲנֶ֥ה בְ⁠רֵֽעֲ⁠ךָ֖ עֵ֥ד שָֽׁוְא 1 The implication is that the **testimony** would be given in court or before a judge. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And do not lie in court”
5:20 p6zg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְ⁠רֵֽעֲ⁠ךָ֖ 1 Here, **neighbor** means “fellow Israelite.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “against your fellow Israelite”
5:21 msw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹ֥א תַחְמֹ֖ד & וְ⁠לֹ֨א תִתְאַוֶּ֜ה 1 Here, **desire** and **covet** mean “strongly desire what someone else owns.” The words translated as **desire** and **covet** have similar meanings. You could translate these words with the same term if your language does not have multiple ways of expressing this idea. Alternate translation: “Do not strongly want to have … and do not want to take”
5:21 msw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹ֥א תַחְמֹ֖ד & וְ⁠לֹ֨א תִתְאַוֶּ֜ה 1 Here, **desire** and **covet** mean “strongly desire what someone else has.” The words translated as **desire** and **covet** have similar meanings. You could translate these words with the same term if your language does not have multiple ways of expressing this idea. Alternate translation: “Do not strongly want to have … and do not want to take”
5:21 a80l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֵעֶ֑⁠ךָ & רֵעֶ֗⁠ךָ & לְ⁠רֵעֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Here, **neighbor** means “fellow Israelite.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your fellow Israelite … your fellow Israelite … is of your fellow Israelite”
5:21 sqc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠כֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְ⁠רֵעֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 Here, Yahweh is using the possessive form to describe **anything** that is a material possession that belongs to **your neighbor**. If it would be helpful for your readers, use an expression that the possessions that someone owns. Alternate translation: “and any possession that belongs to your neighbor”
5:22 c5s9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ק֥וֹל גָּד֖וֹל 1 The implication is that the voice of Yahweh was very loud. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “loudly”
5:22 yl0m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns קְהַלְ⁠כֶ֜ם 1 The pronoun **your** refers to all the Israelites who were present at Mount Sinai when Yahweh gave the law to Moses. If this is not clear for your readers, you could clarify who **your** refers to. Alternate translation: “the assembly of Israelites”
5:23 vkg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 Moses is using the word translated **And it happened** to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “This is what happened next:”
5:23 vkg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 Moses is using the word translated **And it happened** to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “And then” or "At that time"
5:23 ar5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַ⁠קּוֹל֙ 1 Here, **voice** represents the sound of someone speaking. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the sound of Yahweh speaking”
5:23 zwfr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive וַ⁠תִּקְרְב֣וּ⁠ן 1 By **you**, Moses means the leaders of the Israelites but not all of the Israelites, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
5:23 y5zg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רָאשֵׁ֥י 1 Here **heads** means “leaders.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the leaders of”
5:23 y5zg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רָאשֵׁ֥י 1 Here, **heads** means “leaders.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the leaders of”
5:23 p4d6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet רָאשֵׁ֥י שִׁבְטֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠זִקְנֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 The terms **the heads of your tribes** and **your elders** mean similar things. Moses is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “your leaders”
5:24 k558 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠תֹּאמְר֗וּ 1 Here, the word **said** introduces direct speech. Consider natural ways of doing that in your own language.
5:24 grlj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הֵ֣ן 1 The Israelite leaders are using the term **behold** to focus Moses’ attention on what they are about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what we have to say:”
@ -732,11 +720,11 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
5:32 kyg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations 0 Moses has finished quoting what Yahweh said. This verse continues Moses’ speech to the Israelites. Consider natural ways of reintroducing a speaker of direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “Then Moses said to the Israelites,”
5:32 weq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וּ⁠שְׁמַרְתֶּ֣ם 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “And keep them”
5:32 sqy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹ֥א תָסֻ֖רוּ יָמִ֥ין וּ⁠שְׂמֹֽאל 1 Here, **turn aside right nor left** is an idiom that means “disobey.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not get off track” or “Do not disobey”
5:33 ype4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor prolong your days 0 Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 4:40](../04/40.md). Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time”
5:33 ype4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הַאֲרַכְתֶּ֣ם יָמִ֔ים 1 Long days are a metaphor for a long life. See how you translated this in [Deuteronomy 4:40](../04/40.md). Alternate translation: “be able to live a long time”
5:33 mteg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠כָל־הַ⁠דֶּ֗רֶךְ אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֜ה יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֛ם אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם תֵּלֵ֑כוּ 1 Here Moses is speaking of commandments as if they were a road and as if obeying commandments was like walking on the road. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “All the commandments that Yahweh your God has commanded you, you shall obey”
5:33 geoj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative תֵּלֵ֑כוּ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “walk”
5:33 sc79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֤עַן 1 Here, **so that** marks the benefits of living a good, long life as the goal or purpose of obeying Yahweh. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
5:33 gk5o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הַאֲרַכְתֶּ֣ם יָמִ֔ים בָּ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 The implication is that, if the Israelites obey Yahweh, they will **prolong** the **days** when they live **in the land**. Moses is speaking of time as if it was a physical substance that one could **prolong**. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. See how you translated this concept in [4:26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “and you might live in the land for many generations”
5:33 gk5o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הַאֲרַכְתֶּ֣ם יָמִ֔ים בָּ⁠אָ֖רֶץ 1 The implication is that, if the Israelites obey Yahweh, they will **prolong** the **days** when they live **in the land**. Moses is speaking of time as if it was an experience that one could **prolong**. You could include this information if it would be helpful for your readers. See how you translated this concept in [4:26](../04/26.md). Alternate translation: “and for many generations you might live in the land" \n\n
6:intro q4y8 0 # Deuteronomy 6 General Notes\n\n## Outline\n- vv. 1-9: The great commandment\n- vv. 6-25: Warnings against disobedience\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s blessings\nYahweh’s continued blessing of the people of Israel is dependent upon the people’s obedience to the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n\n### The Shema\nVerses 6-9 are known as The Shema in Judaism. They are an important foundation of Judaism. Jesus identifies the Shema as the greatest commandment in [Mark 12:28-29](Mrk/12/28.md).\n\n## Other Translation Issues in This Chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nThere are many metaphors in this chapter. These metaphors describe the greatness of the Promised Land the wholehearted worship that is completely dedicated to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### Words for the Law\n- statutes\n- ordinances\n- judgments\nMoses uses different words to refer to the law that Yahweh commanded the Israelites. It is unclear what the differences are between these terms. If your language has different terms for the law, you could use them here to differentiate between the different Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])\n\n### Pronouns\n\nMoses is speaking to the Israelites who are alive. The pronoun **you** and **your** are singular here unless otherwise noted. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
6:1 it53 הַ⁠מִּצְוָ֗ה הַֽ⁠חֻקִּים֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּטִ֔ים 1 See how you translated these terms for the law in [5:31](../05/31.md).
6:1 h4en rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youplural אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֖ם & אֶתְ⁠כֶ֑ם & אַתֶּ֛ם 1 The pronouns **you** and **your** are plural in this verse. Moses is speaking to all the Israelites, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
@ -844,7 +832,6 @@ front:intro rm3n 0 # Introduction to Deuteronomy\n\n## Part 1: General Introd
7:1 zv16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go יְבִֽיאֲ⁠ךָ֙ 1 In a context such as this, your language might say “takes” instead of **brings**. Alternate translation: “takes you”
7:1 jj4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo הָ⁠אָ֕רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־אַתָּ֥ה בָא־שָׁ֖מָּ⁠ה לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּ֑⁠הּ 1 The expression **the land which you are going into to possess it** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “the land which you are going to possess”
7:1 z6qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פָּנֶ֡י⁠ךָ 1 Here, the word **faces** represents the presence of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before you”
7:1 escu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שִׁבְעָ֣ה 1 Alternate translation: “7”
7:2 h8dz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּ⁠נְתָנָ֞⁠ם יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהֶ֛י⁠ךָ 1 Here **give** means “enable victory over.” Moses speaks of victory in battle as if it were a physical object one person could **give** to another. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh your God will give victory over them”
7:2 l9ei rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **face** represents all of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to you”
7:2 nm2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative וְ⁠הִכִּיתָ֑⁠ם הַחֲרֵ֤ם תַּחֲרִים֙ 1 Moses is using the form **you shall** to give an instruction or command. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate these words using a command or instruction form. Alternate translation: “and strike them down; utterly destroy”

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