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@ -93,15 +93,15 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
2:2 j023 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a day of darkness and gloom, a day of clouds and thick darkness 1 Joel is using the term **day** to mean a period of time, by association with the way days make up specific periods of time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a time of darkness and gloom, a time of clouds and thick darkness”
2:2 n8p3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet darkness and gloom 1 The terms **darkness** and **gloom** mean similar things. Joel is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “deep darkness”
2:2 q7r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet clouds and thick darkness 1 The terms **clouds** and **thick darkness** mean similar things. Joel is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “very dark clouds”
2:2 k4m9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like the dawn being spread upon the mountains 1 The point of this comparison is that just as the dawn spreads steadily and inexorably across the mountains, so the army of locusts spreads steadily and inexorably across the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “Like the dawn spreading steadily and inexorably upon the mountains”
2:2 k4m9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like the dawn being spread upon the mountains 1 The point of this comparison is that just as the dawn spreads in a steady and unstoppable way across the mountains, so the army of locusts spreads in the same way across the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “Like the dawn spreading in a steady and unstoppable way upon the mountains”
2:2 j025 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Like the dawn being spread upon the mountains 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Like the dawn spreading upon the mountains”
2:2 j024 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy like the dawn 1 Joel is using the term **dawn** by association to mean the light that appears at dawn. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “like the light of dawn” or “like the early morning sunlight”
2:2 h8i3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis a great and mighty people 1 Joel is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “a great and mighty people is coming”
2:2 s5t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet a great and mighty people 1 The terms **great** and **mighty** mean similar things. Joel is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “a very strong people”
2:2 p8q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole Like it there has not been from antiquity, and after it there will not be again to years of generation and generation 1 Joel is making an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the emphasis in a different way. Alternate translation: “It is worse than anything that has happened in living memory, and nothing like it will happen again for many generations”
2:2 x3m9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom to years of generation and generation 1 This is an expression that means “for a very long time.” Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “for many generations to come”
2:3 j026 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A fire is devouring to its face, and behind it a flame is burning 1 Joel is speaking of the locusts’ destruction as if it were literally a **fire** consuming everything in front of it and leaving **burning** land behind. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The locusts eat up the vegetation in front of them as if they were a fire consuming it, and after they have passed, the land looks as if a flame has burned it”
2:3 e3f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns A fire is devouring to its face, and behind it a flame is burning. To its face the land is like the garden of Eden, but behind it {is} a wilderness of desolation, and indeed {there} is no escape from it 1 The pronouns **its** and **it** refer to the locust swarm, described in the previous verse as a “people,” that is, an “army.” It may be more natural in your language to use plural pronouns. Alternate translation: “A fire is devouring in front of them, and behind them a flame is burning. In front of them the land is like the garden of Eden, but behind them is a wilderness of desolation, and indeed there is no escape from them”
2:3 j026 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A fire is devouring to its face, and behind it a flame is burning 1 Joel is speaking of the locusts’ destruction as if it were literally a **fire** consuming everything in front of it and leaving **burning** land behind. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The locusts eat up the vegetation in front of them as if they were a fire consuming it, and after they have passed, the land looks as if a flame has burned it”
2:3 x1y5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A fire is devouring to its face 1 See the discussion in the General Notes to this chapter of how several phrases with the word **face** mean “in front of.” Alternate translation: “A fire is devouring in front of it”
2:3 n6p3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile To its face the land is like the garden of Eden 1 The point of this comparison is that just as the garden of Eden was very lush, so the land of Israel ahead of the locust invasion is lush. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “To its face the land is lush, like the garden of Eden”
2:3 q1r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns {is} a wilderness of desolation 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **desolation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is a desolate wilderness”
@ -111,9 +111,10 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
2:4 g5h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns {is} its appearance 1 Since the locust swarm is described in verse 2 as a “people” or “army,” it may be more natural in your language to use a plural pronoun. Alternate translation: “is their appearance”
2:4 s1t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile and like steeds, thus they run 1 The point of this comparison is that just as galloping steeds travel very quickly and seem to be flying as they are running, so the locusts travels quickly as it flies. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “and like galloping steeds that seem almost to be flying, thus they fly”
2:5 u3v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Like the sound of chariots, they leap on the tops of the hills 1 The point of this comparison is that just as chariots make a loud, rumbling noise, so the locusts make a loud noise as they move across the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “Making a loud sound like that of chariots, they leap on the tops of the hills”
2:5 j027 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive like a mighty people arrayed {for} war 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “like a mighty people who have arrayed themselves for war”
2:5 y7z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a mighty people arrayed {for} war 1 The point of this comparison is that just as a mighty army gives a loud shout once it is arrayed for war, so the locusts are making a loud and terrifying noise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “making a loud, terrifying sound as a mighty people does when it is arrayed for war”
2:5 w5x2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like the sound of a flame of fire devouring stubble 1 The point of this comparison is that just as a fire makes a crackling sound as it quickly consumes dry stubble, so the locusts make a similar sound as they quickly consume the vegetation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “making a crackling sound like a flame of fire devouring stubble”
2:5 j027 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive like a mighty people arrayed {for} war 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “like a mighty people who have arrayed themselves for war”
2:5 yjkp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis like a mighty people arrayed {for} war 1 Joel is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “like the sound of a mighty people arrayed for war”
2:5 y7z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a mighty people arrayed {for} war 1 The point of this comparison is that just as a mighty army gives a loud shout once it is arrayed for war, so the locusts are making a loud and terrifying noise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “making a loud, terrifying sound as a mighty people does when it is arrayed for war”
2:6 j028 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit writhe 1 Joel assumes that his listeners will know that by **writhe** he means to writhe in agony or fear. You could say that explicitly if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “twist and contort in agony” or “squirm in fear”
2:6 j029 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy gather beauty 1 Joel is using the term **beauty** to mean paleness by association with the way pale skin was considered beautiful in that culture. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “become pale”
2:7 b9c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile They run like warriors 1 The point of this comparison is that the locusts rush forward irresistibly, just as warriors do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “They rush forward, unstoppable, like mighty warriors”
@ -125,16 +126,16 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
2:7 h7j3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants and they do not pledge their paths 1 See the discussion in the General Notes to this chapter of an alternate reading for this phrase. Alternate translation: “and they do not turn from their paths”
2:8 k8p4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom And a man does not crowd his brother 1 Here, **man** means “each one” and **brother** means “another one.” This expression describes how the locusts move in an orderly manner. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “And they do not crowd each other”
2:8 w2s7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom they walk, a man in his road 1 As in the previous clause, **man** means “each one” and **road** refers to the direction of travel. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “they move, each one in its own path”
2:8 j031 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Among the weapons they fall, and they do not break off 1 This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “They burst through defenses without breaking ranks” or (2) Alternate translation: “Even though weapons may stop some of them, the swarm keeps coming”
2:8 j031 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Among the weapons they fall, and they do not break off 1 This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “They jump in among the weapons without breaking ranks” or (2) Alternate translation: “Even though weapons may kill some of them, the swarm keeps coming”
2:9 s5t1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany Upon the city they rush, on the wall they run, into the houses they climb, through the windows they enter like thieves 1 See the discussion in the General Introduction to Joel of the litany form and how you might format this verse in your translation to show that Joel is using litany.
2:9 f3g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile through the windows they enter like thieves 1 The point of this comparison is that just as thieves enter unexpectedly and undetected through windows, so the locusts get into homes in ways that people do not anticipate and so, cannot prevent. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “they get into homes in unexpected ways, just as thieves sneak in through windows”
2:10 l5m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The earth shakes to their face, the heavens tremble 1 Joel is speaking as if the locust swarm were literally causing the **earth** to shake and the **heavens** to **tremble**. He means that they make such a loud sound and cause such vibration that it seems like this is happening. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They make such a loud sound and cause such vibration that it is as if the earth is shaking and the heavens are trembling”
2:10 c5d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the sun and the moon become dark 1 Joel is speaking as if **the sun and the moon** had literally become **dark**. He means that the locust swarm is blocking their light. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the locust swarm blocks the light of the sun and moon”
2:10 l5m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole The earth shakes to their face, the heavens tremble 1 Joel is speaking as if the locust swarm were so powerful that it was causing the **earth** to shake and the **heavens** to **tremble**. He means that the locusts make such a loud sound and cause such vibration that it seems like this is happening. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They make such a loud sound and cause such vibration that it is as if the earth is shaking and the heavens are trembling”
2:10 c5d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole the sun and the moon become dark 1 Joel is speaking as if **the sun and the moon** had literally become **dark**. He means that the locust swarm is blocking their light. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the locust swarm blocks the light of the sun and moon”
2:10 e3f5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification and the stars withdraw their brightness 1 Joel is speaking of **the stars** as if they were living things that could **withdraw their brightness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the light of the stars is no longer visible”
2:11 j034 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his voice 1 Joel is using the term **voice** to mean Yahweh’s commands, by association with the way authorities use their voices to give commands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his commands”
2:11 j035 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy is his camp 1 Joel is using the term **camp** to mean Yahweh’s army, by association with the way armies stay in camps. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is his army”
2:11 j032 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his word 1 Joel is using the term **word** to mean Yahweh’s orders, by association with the way people use words to give orders or instructions. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his commands”
2:11 u9v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion For the day of Yahweh is great and very fearful, and who will endure it? 1 Joel is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “For the day of Yahweh is great and very fearful, and no one will endure it!”
2:11 u9v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion For the day of Yahweh is great and very fearful, and who will endure it? 1 Joel is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “For the day of Yahweh is great and very fearful, and very few will endure it!”
2:11 j033 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the day of Yahweh 1 See how you translated the same expression in [1:15](../01/15.md).
2:12 p9q3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations “Yet even now,” the declaration of Yahweh, “return to me 1 The phrase **the declaration of Yahweh** indicates that this is a direct quotation from Yahweh. You may wish to indicate that in your translation using a natural way of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh declares, ‘Yet even now, return to me”
2:12 u3v8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular return 1 The imperative **return** is plural here because Yahweh is addressing the people of Judah. For the same reason, the imperatives and the word “your” are plural in verses 13–16, in which Joel is speaking. So use plural forms in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
2:13 j036 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations And tear your heart and not your garments, and return to Yahweh your God 1 Some versions end the quotation that begins in verse 12 after this sentence instead of at the end of verse 12. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to follow the quotation boundaries that it has. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the same boundaries as the ULT.
2:13 rvjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom long of nostrils 1 Here, **long of nostrils** is an idiom meaning that the person is slow to get angry. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “long-tempered” or “slow to become angry”
2:13 u6v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns and great of kindness 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **kindness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and very kind”
2:14 w1x6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who knows? He may turn and relent and leave a blessing after him, a grain offering and a drink offering for Yahweh your God 1 Joel is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “For all anyone knows, he may turn and relent and leave a blessing after him, a grain offering and a drink offering for Yahweh your God”
2:14 w1x6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who knows? He may turn and relent and leave a blessing after him 1 Joel is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “For all anyone knows, he may turn and relent and leave a blessing after him”
2:14 j037 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet He may turn and relent 1 The terms **turn** and **relent** mean similar things. Joel is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “He may indeed change his mind”
2:14 w3x7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns and leave a blessing 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **blessing**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and leave something to bless you”
2:14 j9k6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns your God 1 Since Joel and the people he is addressing worship the same God, it may be more natural in your language to say “our” instead of **your**. Languages that mark the distinction should use the inclusive form of “our.” Alternate translation: “our God”
@ -168,13 +169,13 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
2:19 j6r3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Behold me sending 1 The expression **Behold me** doing something means “I am going to do” what is described. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “I am going to send”
2:19 l3m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns with it 1 Yahweh is using the pronoun **it** to refer to what he will send to the Israelites. But since he lists **grain**, **wine**, and **oil**, it may be more natural in your language to use a plural pronoun. Alternate translation: “of them”
2:19 b5c1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns and I will no longer make you a reproach among the nations 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **reproach**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and I will no longer make the nations reproach you”
2:20 j1k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the northerner 1 Yahweh is using the term **northerner** to refer to an invading army of some kind, by association with the direction from which invasions often came. It seems that this term is purposely vague so that it can refer to the current locust invasion as well as to a future military invasion on “the day of Yahweh” (verse 11). If possible, use a term that could refer to both. Alternate translation: “the invader”
2:20 j1k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the northerner 1 Yahweh is using the term **northerner** to refer to an invading army of some kind, by association with the direction from which invasions often came. It seems that this term is purposely vague so that it can refer to the current locust invasion as well as to a future military invasion on “the day of Yahweh” (verse 11). If possible, use a term that could refer to both. Alternate translation: “the invaders”
2:20 d7e3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns a land of dryness and desolation 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **dryness** and **desolation**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “a dry and desolate land”
2:20 w1x5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet a land of dryness and desolation 1 The terms **dryness** and **desolation** mean similar things. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “a completely barren land”
2:20 j040 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification his face into the eastern sea and his back into the western sea 1 Yahweh is speaking of the invading army or locust swarm as if it were a living thing that had a **face** and a **back**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the invaders at the front of the group will fall into the eastern sea and die, and the invaders at the back of the group will fall into the western sea and die”
2:20 j041 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit his face into the eastern sea and his back into the western sea 1 Yahweh is speaking to the Judeans from the perspective of their own culture and location. By **eastern sea**, he means the Dead Sea, and by **western sea**, he means the Mediterranean Sea. You could say that explicitly if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “his face into the Dead Sea and his back into the Mediterranean Sea”
2:20 rl56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism And his stench will rise and his odor will rise 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if this might be unclear in your language, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternatively, you could combine the phrases and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “And his stench will rise, yes, his odor will rise”
2:20 h9n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he has been great in doing 1 This expression means “he has in some way done more than would be expected.” The implication is that the locust swarm has perhaps destroyed more crops than it ordinarily would, or that the army that will invade will be more destructive than usual. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “it has caused excessive destruction”
2:20 h9n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he has been great in doing 1 This expression means “he has in some way done more than would be expected.” The implication is that the locust swarm has perhaps destroyed more crops than it ordinarily would, or that the army that will invade will be more destructive than usual. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “he has caused excessive destruction”
2:20 y5z1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations for he has been great in doing 1 Some versions end the quotation that begins in verse 19 before this clause. Other versions end that quotation after this clause. Some other versions do not end that quotation in this verse, so that it continues through 3:8. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to follow the quotation boundaries that it has. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the same boundaries as the ULT.
2:21 q7r3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe Do not fear, land! Be glad and rejoice 1 Joel is speaking to the **land** as if it were a person who could hear him. He is doing this to show in a strong way how he feels about what Yahweh will do for the land. Joel is actually speaking to the people who can hear him. If your readers might not understand this kind of figurative speech, you could translate what Joel is saying as if he were speaking directly to the Judeans. Alternate translation: “You Judeans should not be afraid because of what has happened to the land. Be glad and rejoice”
2:21 j042 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Be glad and rejoice 1 The terms **glad** and **rejoice** mean similar things. Joel is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Celebrate with great joy”
@ -192,18 +193,19 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
2:23 j043 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the early rain and the late rain 1 Joel is speaking from the perspective of his own culture and location. By **early rain** he means the fall rains, and by **late rain** he means the spring rains. You could say that explicitly if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the fall rains and the spring rains”
2:23 j044 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit in the first 1 Joel is speaking from the perspective of his own culture. By **in the first**, he could mean either (1) Alternate translation: “as at first” or “as before” or (2) Alternate translation: “in the first month of the year”
2:24 t9u7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole and the vats will overflow {with} new wine and oil 1 Joel is making an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the emphasis in a different way. Alternate translation: “and the vats will be very full of new wine and oil”
2:25 n4p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the years 1 Joel is using the term **years** by association to mean the crops produced in those years. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the crops”
2:25 ays1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations And I will restore to you the years 1 This verse begins a direct quotation from Yahweh. You may wish to indicate that in your translation, using a natural way of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh said, ‘And I will restore to you the years”
2:25 n4p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the years 1 Yahweh is using the term **years** by association to mean the crops produced in those years. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the crops”
2:25 q7r1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor my great army 1 Yahweh is speaking of the locust swarm as if it were literally his **army**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the great swarm”
2:26 d3e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication And eating, you will eat 1 Yahweh is repeating the verb “eat” in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “And you will eat abundantly”
2:26 t8u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person the name of Yahweh your God 1 Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “my name. I am Yahweh your God”
2:26 q8r1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the name 1 Yahweh is using the term **name** to mean character or reputation, by association with the way a name represents a person’s identity. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the character” or “the reputation”
2:26 b2c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo who has done with you, doing wondrously 1 It might seem that the expression **who has done with you, doing wondrously** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “who has done wondrously with you” or “who has done wonderful things for you”
2:26 b2c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo who has done with you, working wondrously 1 It might seem that the expression **who has done with you, working wondrously** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you can shorten it. Alternate translation: “who has done wondrously with you” or “who has done wonderful things for you”
2:26 w2x5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and forever my people will not feel shame 1 The word translated as **forever** means “to indefinite futurity.” Alternate translation: “and for as long as anyone can imagine, my people will not feel shame”
2:27 j987 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit While it is not known precisely where or when Joel prophesied, he appears to have lived in the southern kingdom of Judah before the exile or in the province of Judah (Judea) after the exile. So the term **Israel** probably does not mean the northern kingdom of Israel. It seems to be a reference to the people of Judah as Israelites. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” 1
2:27 j987 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Israel\n 1 While it is not known precisely where or when Joel prophesied, he appears to have lived in the southern kingdom of Judah before the exile or in the province of Judah (Judea) after the exile. So the term **Israel** probably does not mean the northern kingdom of Israel. It seems to be a reference to the people of Judah as Israelites. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
2:27 y8z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit and forever my people will not feel shame 1 The word translated as **forever** means “to indefinite futurity.” Alternate translation: “and for as long as anyone can imagine, my people will not feel shame”
2:28 j045 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent And it will happen after this 1 Yahweh is using this phrase to introduce a new event in the story that he goes on to describe. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event.
2:28 s3t8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh 1 Yahweh is speaking as if he would literally pour out his Spirit like a liquid. He means that he will give his Spirit generously. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will generously give my Spirit to many people”
2:28 s3t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy on all flesh 1 Yahweh is using the term **flesh** to mean people, by association with the way human bodies are made of flesh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “on many people”
2:28 s3t8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh 1 Yahweh is speaking as if he would literally pour out his Spirit like a liquid. He means that he will give his Spirit generously. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will generously give my Spirit to very many people”
2:28 s3t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy on all flesh 1 Yahweh is using the term **flesh** to mean people, by association with the way human bodies are made of flesh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “on very many people”
2:28 rlys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole on all flesh 1 Yahweh says **all** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “on very many people”
2:28 k2l3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism and your sons and your daughters will prophesy 1 Yahweh is speaking of the two major components of something in order to mean everything it includes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “all of your children will prophesy”
2:28 m4n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism your old men will dream dreams, your young men will see visions 1 Yahweh is speaking of two things in order to refer to them and everything in between. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “your men of all ages will see prophetic images”
@ -228,7 +230,7 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
2:32 l7m4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and among the survivors whom Yahweh {is} calling 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and there will be escape among the survivors whom Yahweh is calling”
2:32 b7c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person whom Yahweh {is} calling 1 Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this in the first person. Alternate translation: “whom I am calling”
3:intro jcn7 0 # Joel 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nIn this chapter, Yahweh declares that he will judge the nations\n\nThe ULT sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than its usual text because it is poetry.\n\n## Textual Issues in This Chapter\n\nIn 3:1, Jewish scribes instructed synagogue readers to say “restore the fortunes” when they got to the phrase in this verse that the ULT translates as “return the captivity.” That suggests that the original reading may have been “restore the fortunes.” Some modern versions follow that reading. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.\n\nIn 3:21, the traditional Hebrew text reads “I will acquit their blood … I have not acquitted.” The ULT follows that reading. Some ancient versions suggest that the original reading may have been “I will avenge their blood … I have not avenged.” Some modern versions follow that reading. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT.
3:1 k4m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations For behold, in those days and at that time 1 This verse begins a direct quotation from Yahweh. You may wish to indicate that in your translation, using a natural way of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh also said, ‘For behold, in those days and at that time”
3:1 k4m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations For behold, in those days and at that time 1 This verse continues a direct quotation from Yahweh. You may wish to indicate that in your translation, using a natural way of continuing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh also said, ‘For behold, in those days and at that time”
3:1 y5z7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For behold 1 Yahweh is using the term **behold** to focus his listeners’ attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Now look” or “Now listen”
3:1 c8d4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet in those days and at that time 1 The expressions **in those days** and **at that time** mean similar things. Yahweh is using the two expressions together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “when that wonderful time comes”
3:1 k9l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns when I return the captivity of Judah and Jerusalem 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **captivity**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “when I bring back the captives of Judah and Jerusalem”
@ -238,14 +240,13 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
3:2 n9p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis and they divided up my land 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and because they divided up my land”
3:3 b6c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun the lot 1 Yahweh is not referring to a specific **lot**. He means "lots" in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “lots”
3:3 gefn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun and they traded a boy for a prostitute, and they sold a girl 1 The words **a boy**, **a prostitute**, and **a girl** represent these people in general, not one particular boy or prostitute or girl. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “and they traded boys for prostitutes, and they sold girls”
3:3 d9e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense and they sold a girl for wine, and drank 1 Yahweh means that the people of these nations **sold a girl** into slavery in order to get money for **wine** that they could drink. If this connection would not be clear, you could use a different form of the verb **drank**. Alternate translation: “and they sold a girl for wine to drink”
3:4 b2c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion And indeed, what {are} you to me, Tyre, Sidon, and all of the regions of Philistia? Are you repaying a recompense to me? 1 Yahweh is using the question form for emphasis. If a speaker of your language would not use the question form for that purpose, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “And indeed, you have nothing to hold against me, Tyre, Sidon, and all of the regions of Philistia! There is no recompense that you need to pay back to me!”
3:4 b5p9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom what {are} you to me 1 This is an expression that a person in this culture would commonly use to ask another person why he was treating him with hostility. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “what do you have against me” or “why are you treating me with hostility”
3:4 a2b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Are you repaying a recompense to me? And if you are recompensing me 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the nations were literally paying him back for something bad that he had done to them. He is asking if they have a grudge against him that they are carrying out. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do you have some grudge against me that you are carrying out? And if you are carrying out a grudge against me”
3:4 e7f3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet swiftly, speedily 1 The terms **swiftly** and **speedily** mean similar things. Yahweh is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “very quickly”
3:4 w7x3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I will turn your recompense onto your head 1 Yahweh is using one part of a person, his **head**, to mean the entire person. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express this meaning with a more general term. Alternate translation: “I will turn your recompense onto you” or “I will directly pay you back”
3:4 z1a6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns onto your head 1 Since Yahweh is referring to multiple nations, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **head**. Alternate translation: “onto your heads”
3:6 c4d1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor And you sold the sons of Judah and the sons of Jerusalem 1 See how you translated the term **sons** in [2:23](../02/23.md). Alternate translation: “the people who lived in the province of Judah and the city of Jerusalem”
3:6 c4d1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the sons of Judah and the sons of Jerusalem 1 See how you translated the term **sons** in [2:23](../02/23.md). Alternate translation: “the people who lived in the province of Judah and the city of Jerusalem”
3:6 j053 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to the sons of Javan 1 Here the word **sons** does not mean literal first-generation offspring but “descendants.” The phrase **the sons of Javan** refers to the Ionians, that is, the Greeks. Alternate translation: “to the Greeks”
3:6 e4f5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Javan 1 The word **Javan** is the name of a man.
3:6 l4n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result in order to remove them far from their territory 1 While this phrase seems to describe a purpose or goal, it is actually describing a result. Alternate translation: “and as a result, they were removed far from their territory”
@ -272,16 +273,16 @@ front:intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
3:13 g9h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Stretch out the sickle, for the harvest has ripened 1 Yahweh is speaking as if he literally wanted the “warriors” mentioned in 3:11 to harvest grain. He means that he wants them to punish the nations. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Strike the nations, just as harvesters cut down grain with a sickle”
3:13 w5x6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Stretch out the sickle 1 Yahweh is using the first action that someone would do in order to use a sickle, **Strech** it out, to refer to the entire act of using it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Use the sickle”
3:13 y7z8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun Stretch out the sickle 1 Yahweh is not referring to a specific **sickle**. He means the sickles that his “warriors” of verse 11 symbolically have. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using a plural form. Alternate translation: “Use your sickles”
3:13 y1z6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular Stretch out 1 The imperative **Stretch out** is plural here, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. This imperative seems to be addressing the “warriors” mentioned in [3:11](../03/11.md).
3:13 y1z6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular Stretch out 1 The imperatives **Stretch out**, **Come**, and **go down** are plural here, so use the plural form in your translation if your language marks that distinction. These imperatives seems to be addressing the “warriors” mentioned in [3:11](../03/11.md).
3:13 j4k7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Come, go down, for the winepress is full 1 Yahweh is speaking as if he literally wanted those “warriors” to press grapes. He means once again that he wants them to punish the nations. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yes, come and punish the nations, just as harvesters tread down the grapes that fill a winepress”
3:13 m3n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns for their wickedness is great 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **wickedness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “for they are very wicked”
3:14 f1g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision 1 Joel is repeating the word **multitudes** in order to intensify the idea that it expresses. If your language can repeat words for intensification, it would be appropriate to do that here in your translation. If not, your language may have another way of expressing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Vast multitudes in the valley of decision”
3:14 j057 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision 1 Joel is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “Multitudes, multitudes are in the valley of decision”
3:14 p1q6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in the valley of decision 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **decision**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “in the valley where I will decide their fate”
3:15 l1m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The sun and the moon become dark, and the stars withdraw their brightness 1 These are the same phrases as in [2:10](../02/10.md), where Joel used them to describe the locust swarm blocking the light of the sun, moon, and stars. Here, in Joel’s description of the final judgment, these phrases could have a literal meaning, describing how the creation will disintegrate at the end of history. However, this could also be symbolic of earthly rulers and nations losing their power. Alternate translation: “All earthly powers fade before the power of Yahweh”
3:15 l1m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The sun and the moon become dark, and the stars withdraw their brightness 1 These are the same phrases as in [2:10](../02/10.md), where Joel used them to describe the locust swarm blocking the light of the sun, moon, and stars. Here, in Joel’s description of the final judgment, these phrases could: (1) have a literal meaning, describing how the creation will disintegrate at the end of history. See the UST. Or (2) be symbolic of earthly rulers and nations losing their power. Alternate translation: “All earthly powers fade before the power of Yahweh”
3:15 j9k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification the stars withdraw their brightness 1 See how you translated the same expression in [2:10](../02/10.md).
3:16 j058 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh will roar from Zion 1 Joel is speaking as if Yahweh would literally **roar** like a lion. He means that Yahweh will powerfully proclaim his judgments. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will powerfully proclaim his judgments from Zion, just as a lion roars powerfully”
3:16 n2p9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and the heavens and the earth will shake 1 Joel is speaking as if the **heavens** and the **earth** would literally shake. This could have a literal meaning and be a description of how the creation will disintegrate at the end of history. However, it could also be symbolic of how powers on earth and in heaven will give way before the power of Yahweh. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state one of these meanings plainly. Alternate translation: “Yes, powers on earth and in heaven will give way before the power of Yahweh”
3:16 n2p9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and the heavens and the earth will shake 1 Joel is speaking as if the **heavens** and the **earth** would literally shake. This could be: (1) a literal description of how the creation will disintegrate at the end of history. See the UST. Or (2) a symbolic description of how powers on earth and in heaven will give way before the power of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yes, powers on earth and in heaven will give way before the power of Yahweh”
3:16 q5r9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor But Yahweh {will be} a shelter for his people and a stronghold for the sons of Israel 1 Joel is describing Yahweh as a **shelter** and a **stronghold**. He means that Yahweh will protect his people. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh will protect his people, yes, he will guard the sons of Israel”
3:16 s2t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the sons of Israel 1 See how you translated the term **sons** in [2:23](../02/23.md). Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
3:17 h6pb rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations Then you will know 1 This verse begins a direct quotation from Yahweh. You may wish to indicate that in your translation, using a natural way of introducing direct quotations in your language. Alternate translation: “He says, ‘then you will know’”

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