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@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ front:intro hk4p 0 # Introduction to Jonah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
1:7 m93h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְכוּ֙ וְ⁠נַפִּ֣ילָה גֽוֹרָל֔וֹת 1 Here, **Come** is an idiom that invites the hearer to begin an action with the speaker that the speaker names next. If **Come** does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning, state the meaning plainly, or omit the word. Alternate translation: “Listen! We should cast lots” or “We should do this: cast lots”
1:7 t5p9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠נַפִּ֣ילָה גֽוֹרָל֔וֹת 1 We do not know the exact method that the sailors used to cast lots. It may have been with marked stones or pieces of wood. It was their method of getting a god to answer a question. If you have a name in your language for casting lots to get an answer to a question, consider using it here.
1:7 l5xq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠נֵ֣דְעָ֔ה בְּ⁠שֶׁ⁠לְּ⁠מִ֛י הָ⁠רָעָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את לָ֑⁠נוּ 1 The phrase **so that we may know** implies that the men believed that the gods would control how the lots fell in order to tell them what they wanted to know. This was a form of divination. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “so that the gods can tell us who has caused this trouble”
1:7 d726 הָ⁠רָעָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את 1 Alternate translation: "this terrible storm"
1:7 d726 הָ⁠רָעָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את 1 Alternate translation: "this awful storm"
1:7 at67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּפֹּ֥ל הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֖ל עַל־יוֹנָֽה 1 The expression **the lot fell on Jonah** is an idiom meaning that when the men cast lots, the result indicated Jonah. This does not mean that the lot literally fell down on top of Jonah. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the lot showed that Jonah was the guilty person”
1:8 wkh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֔י⁠ו 1 Here, **they** refers back to the group of sailors, referred to as “every man” in verse 7, and **him** refers to Jonah. If it would be helpful in your language, you could repeat Jonah's name and the term that you are using for the sailors here. Alternate translation: “Then the men who were working on the ship said to Jonah”
1:8 e7wb הַגִּידָ⁠ה־נָּ֣א לָ֔⁠נוּ בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר לְ⁠מִי־הָ⁠רָעָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את לָ֑⁠נוּ 1 Alternate translation: “Reveal to us who caused this bad thing that is happening to us”
@ -99,86 +99,94 @@ front:intro hk4p 0 # Introduction to Jonah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
2:6 geyd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֱלֹהָֽ⁠י 1 Here, Jonah is using the possessive form **my** to describe **God**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “the God to whom I belong”
2:7 jdr6 בְּ⁠הִתְעַטֵּ֤ף עָלַ⁠י֙ נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י 1 This phrase could mean that: (1) Jonah was already in the process of dying when he remembered Yahweh. Alternate translation: “when my life was fainting away from me” (2) Jonah had given up hope of being rescued and resigned himself to the fact that he would die. Alternate translation: “when my spirit inside me had fainted”
2:7 l2b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי 1 The implication is that when Jonah **remembered** Yahweh, he also prayed to him. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I thought of Yahweh and asked him to help me”
2:7 ue9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠תָּב֤וֹא אֵלֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ תְּפִלָּתִ֔⁠י אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 Jonah speaks as if his **prayer** could travel to God and his temple. This means that God heard his prayer and responded to it. Alternate translation: “then you in your holy temple heard my prayer”
2:7 bql5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי 1 Jonah changes to talking about Yahweh in the third person here, and then continues to talk to him in the second person in the rest of the prayer. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the second person form here. Alternate translation: “I remembered you, Yahweh”
2:8 u1l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מְשַׁמְּרִ֖ים הַבְלֵי־שָׁ֑וְא 1 Here the term **empty vanities** is probably an idiom referring to idols of false gods. Alternate translation: “Those who give attention to useless idols” or “Those who pay attention to useless gods”
2:8 fac9 חַסְדָּ֖⁠ם יַעֲזֹֽבוּ 1 Here, **covenant faithfulness** could mean: (1) the faithfulness of God. Alternate translation: “are rejecting you, who would be faithful to them” (2) the faithfulness of the people. Alternate translation: “are abandoning their commitment to you”
2:9 q3yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠אֲנִ֗י 1 This expression shows that there is a contrast between Jonah himself and the people about whom Jonah had just spoken. They paid attention to useless gods, but he would worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “But I”
2:9 nfd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠ק֤וֹל תּוֹדָה֙ אֶזְבְּחָה־לָּ֔⁠ךְ 1 The phrase **with a voice of thanksgiving** is an idiom that means “giving God praise.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. This full phrase probably means that Jonah would thank God while he offered a sacrifice to him. It is not clear whether Jonah planned to thank God by singing or shouting joyfully.
2:9 jdrh יְשׁוּעָ֖תָ⁠ה לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 This last line of the poem could be understood as: (1) being addressed to Yahweh as part of the description of the prayer. (2) being addressed to another person as a conclusion to the description of the prayer. See also the Note concerning the phrase “I cried out to Yahweh from my distress … ” in [2:2](../02/02/jdrc).
2:9 r4j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יְשׁוּעָ֖תָ⁠ה לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **Salvation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “save.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who saves people”
2:10 dz3j אֶל־הַ⁠יַּבָּשָֽׁה 1 Alternate translation: “upon the ground” or “onto the shore”
3:intro z3ut 0 # Jonah 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter returns to a narrative of Jonah’s life.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Animals\n\nAccording to the king’s proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast which he had ordered. This most likely reflects their pagan mindset. There was nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have the animals participate in any religious acts. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Size of Nineveh\n\nWhen the author talks about the size of Nineveh, the measurements he gives are confusing. The phrase “three days’ journey” is ambiguous in Hebrew, as many scholars have remarked. In Jonah’s day, cities were not as big as they are today. So, although Nineveh was a big city, it was not as big as most modern cities.\n\n### God repenting or relenting\n\nThe last verse of this chapter says, “So then God changed his mind about the punishment that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it.” This concept of God changing His mind may seem inconsistent with the fact that God’s character and his plans do not change. But this whole book is written from a human viewpoint, and so it presents the actions of God as Jonah saw them. God had told Jonah to warn the Ninevites of judgment for their sin.\n\nYahweh is just, but he is also merciful. Because the Ninevites repented, God did not follow through with a judgment in this instance, and Jonah described that in a human way as “changing his mind.” The reader understands that this was God’s plan from the beginning. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
3:1 jdr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 This phrase introduces the second half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduced the first half of the story [1:1](../01/01.md).
2:7 ue9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠תָּב֤וֹא אֵלֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ תְּפִלָּתִ֔⁠י אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 Jonah speaks as if his **prayer** could travel to God and his temple. This means that God heard his prayer and responded to it. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “then you in your holy temple heard my prayer”
2:8 u1l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מְשַׁמְּרִ֖ים הַבְלֵי־שָׁ֑וְא 1 Here the term **empty vanities** is probably an idiom referring to idols of false gods. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Those who give attention to useless idols” or “Those who pay attention to useless gods”
2:8 fac9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַסְדָּ֖⁠ם יַעֲזֹֽבוּ 1 Here, **covenant faithfulness** could refer to: (1) the faithfulness of God to his people. Alternate translation: “are rejecting you, who would be faithful to them” (2) the faithfulness of the people to God. Alternate translation: “are abandoning their commitment to you”
2:9 q3yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠אֲנִ֗י 1 This expression shows that there is a contrast between Jonah himself and the people about whom Jonah had just spoken. They paid attention to useless gods, but he would worship Yahweh. In your translation, indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “But as for me”
2:9 nfd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠ק֤וֹל תּוֹדָה֙ 1 The phrase **with a voice of thanksgiving** is an idiom that means “while praising God.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. It is not clear whether Jonah planned to thank God by singing or shouting joyfully. Alternate translation: “while praising you out loud”
2:9 jdrh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יְשׁוּעָ֖תָ⁠ה לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 Here, **Salvation belongs to Yahweh** is an idiom that means “only Yahweh can save.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Salvation comes from Yahweh” or “Yahweh is the One who saves”
2:9 y5sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person יְשׁוּעָ֖תָ⁠ה לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 Here Jonah makes a statement about Yahweh in the third person as part of his prayer to Yahweh. If this would not be natural in your language, you could add “you” to make it the second person form. See also the Note concerning the phrase “I cried out to Yahweh from my distress … ” in [2:2](../02/02/jdrc). Alternate translation: “Salvation belongs to you, Yahweh”
2:9 r4j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יְשׁוּעָ֖תָ⁠ה לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of the word **Salvation**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “save.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who saves people”
2:10 qrhh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר יְהוָ֖ה לַ⁠דָּ֑ג 1 The content of what **Yahweh spoke** was a command to vomit up Jonah. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh told the fish to vomit up Jonah onto the land”
2:10 na0f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר יְהוָ֖ה לַ⁠דָּ֑ג 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh said to the fish, ‘Vomit up Jonah onto the dry land’”
2:10 dz3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo אֶל־הַ⁠יַּבָּשָֽׁה 1 In some languages it would be unnecessary or unnatural to express that the **land** was **dry**. If this is true of your language, you could use a more natural expression for the land at the edge of the sea. Alternate translation: “upon the ground” or “onto the shore”
3:intro z3ut 0 # Jonah 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter returns to the narrative about Jonah.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Animals\n\nAccording to the king’s proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast which he had ordered. This was unusual, and probably indicates that the king wanted God to see that all of Nineveh was taking his proclamation of destruction very seriously. There is nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have their animals participate in fasting. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n### God Repenting or Relenting\n\nThe last verse of this chapter says, “So then God relented in regard to the evil that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it.” This concept of God changing His mind may seem inconsistent with the fact that God’s character and his plans do not change. \n\nHowever, God's actions of punishment or mercy depend on human actions. God often changes his action from punishment to mercy in response to humans who repent of their sins, because he prefers to be merciful. Because the Ninevites repented, God did not follow through with the judgment that he told Jonah to proclaim, and Jonah described that in a human way as “relenting” or as some versions say, “changing his mind.” The reader understands that this was God’s plan from the beginning. \n\n### God Planning Evil\n\nThe Hebrew word translated as “evil” in the ULT is very broad, including moral evil, physical evil, and everything that is bad. So in verse 10, the author uses the same word for God's planned destruction of Nineveh as he used for the people's wicked behavior. The ULT translates each of these uses as “evil” to show the user that it is the same Hebrew word in each place. By using the same word, the author is showing that when people repent of moral evil, God relents from doing physical evil (punishment). God never does moral evil. If your language would not use the same word for both of these, you will want to use different words for them. \n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Size of Nineveh\n\nThe ruins of the ancient city of Nineveh that have been uncovered are about 8 miles or 13 kilometers around. So, although Nineveh was a very big city in the ancient world, it was not as big as most modern cities. The description of Nineveh as “a journey of three days” seems to mean that it took three days to walk through it, although that seems to be more time that would be needed to walk through a city of that size. Of course, it depends what a person is doing while on this journey through the city, there may have been extensive settlements outside the city walls, and the length of time is probably only a general approximation. Translators should simply translate the text and not try to reconcile it with what modern archeologists think that they know about ancient Nineveh and the people who walked through it. \n\n### A City Great to God\n\nVerse three in the ULT describes Nineveh as “a city great to God.” In Hebrew, saying that something is "to God" or "of God" is an idiom that means that it is an extreme example of that thing. For example, in Genesis 30:8 Rachel describes the struggle she has had with her sister as “a struggle of God,” meaning “a mighty struggle” or “an extremely difficult struggle.” Other examples of this idiom in the Bible are Genesis 23:6; Exodus 9:28; 1 Samuel 14:15; Psalms 36:6 and 80:10. In Jonah 3:3, this idiom probably means that Nineveh was an extremely large city. See how this is translated in the Bible that is most commonly used in your area. You may want to follow how they translated this idiom.\n\n\n
3:1 jdr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 This phrase introduces the second half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduced the first half of the story in [1:1](../01/01.md) See how you translated it there.
3:1 xj6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh spoke in some way. See how you translated this in [1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh spoke his message”
3:2 ve4i ק֛וּם לֵ֥ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֖ה הָ⁠עִ֣יר הַ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֑ה 1 Alternate translation: “Go to the large and important city of Nineveh”
3:2 cl3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ק֛וּם 1 **Get up** here is an idiom intended to motivate Jonah to obey the next command, which is “go.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this in [1:2](../01/02.md) and [1:3](../01/03.md).
3:2 ir79 וִּ⁠קְרָ֤א אֵלֶ֨י⁠הָ֙ אֶת־הַ⁠קְּרִיאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י דֹּבֵ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Alternate translation: “and tell the people there what I tell you to tell them”
3:3 k7k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה וַ⁠יֵּ֛לֶךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֶ֖ה כִּ⁠דְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here the words **got up** mean that Jonah took action in response to God’s command to go, and this time he obeyed instead of disobeying. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This time Jonah obeyed Yahweh and went to Nineveh” or “So Jonah left the beach and went to Nineveh, as Yahweh had commanded him”
3:3 g4nk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּ⁠דְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 Alternate translation: “as instructed by the message of Yahweh” or “obeying the command of Yahweh”
3:3 dt1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְ⁠נִֽינְוֵ֗ה הָיְתָ֤ה עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽ⁠אלֹהִ֔ים מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים 1 This verse provides background information about the city of Nineveh to help readers understand what happens next in the story. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.
3:3 jd8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽ⁠אלֹהִ֔ים 1 Here, **great city** is an idiom that means “the city is both extremely large and one of the largest cities in the world.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly.
3:3 ye82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים 1 This appears to mean that a person had to walk for three days to completely go through it from one side of the city to the opposite side. It could also mean that it took three days to see the whole city. If this phrase does not have a similar meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a city so large that it would take a person three days to walk through it”
3:4 r2al rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יָּ֤חֶל יוֹנָה֙ לָ⁠ב֣וֹא בָ⁠עִ֔יר מַהֲלַ֖ךְ י֣וֹם אֶחָ֑ד וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֙ 1 The phrase **a journey of one day** could mean: (1) Jonah walked a day’s journey into the city and then he started calling out. (2) while Jonah was walking through the city on the first day, he started calling out.
3:4 r94k וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֙ וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֔ר 1 Alternate translation: “and he proclaimed” or “and he shouted”
3:4 ab78 ע֚וֹד אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם 1 Alternate translation: “After 40 days” or “in 40 days” or “When 40 days have passed”
3:4 q2nc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם 1 **forty days**
3:5 ab90 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּקְרְאוּ־צוֹם֙ 1 The men of Nineveh **proclaimed a fast** as a symbolic action to show that they were repentant. People fasted to show sadness or devotion to God or both. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote.
3:5 e5lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּלְבְּשׁ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֔ים 1 The implication for why they **put on sackcloth** is that they repented of their sin. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “they also put on coarse cloth to show that they were sorry for having sinned”
3:5 isk5 מִ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֖⁠ם וְ⁠עַד־קְטַנָּֽ⁠ם 1 Alternate translation: “from the most significant to the least significant people” or “including all of the important people and all of the unimportant people”
3:6 pna3 הַ⁠דָּבָר֙ 1 Alternate translation: “Jonah’s message”
3:6 h9wz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יָּ֨קָם֙ מִ⁠כִּסְא֔⁠וֹ 1 The king **rose up from his throne** as a symbolic action to show that he was acting humbly. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “he got up from his throne” or “he stood up from his throne”
3:2 cl3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom ק֛וּם 1 **Get up** is an idiom that means that Jonah should take action and obey the next command, which is “go.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated this in [1:2](../01/02.md) and [1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “Look alive” or “prepare yourself”
3:2 ve4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָ⁠עִ֣יר הַ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֑ה 1 Here, as in [1:2](../01/02.md), **great** means both large and important. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the large and important city”
3:2 ir79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וִּ⁠קְרָ֤א אֵלֶ֨י⁠הָ֙ אֶת־הַ⁠קְּרִיאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י דֹּבֵ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 Here, **it** refers to the city of **Nineveh**, which represents the people who live there. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and tell the people there what I tell you to tell them”
3:3 k7k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה וַ⁠יֵּ֛לֶךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֶ֖ה כִּ⁠דְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here the words **got up** mean that Jonah “took action” in response to God’s command to go as he did in [1:3](../01/03.md), but this time he obeyed instead of disobeying . If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have that meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This time Jonah obeyed Yahweh and went to Nineveh” or “So Jonah left the beach and went to Nineveh, as Yahweh had commanded him”
3:3 g4nk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כִּ⁠דְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here, **the word of Yahweh** represents Yahweh himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as Yahweh had commanded him”
3:3 dt1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְ⁠נִֽינְוֵ֗ה הָיְתָ֤ה עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽ⁠אלֹהִ֔ים מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים 1 This sentence provides background information about the city of Nineveh to help readers understand what happens next in the story. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information, such as introducing it with a word such as **Now**.
3:3 jd8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽ⁠אלֹהִ֔ים 1 Here, because of the phrase, **a journey of three days**, the focus of **great** seems to be the size of the city. The phrase **great to God** is an idiom that means “extremely large.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “an enormous city”
3:3 ye82 מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים 1 This could mean: (1) that a person had to walk for three days to completely go through the city from one side of the city to the opposite side. Alternate translation: “a city so large that it would take a person three days to walk through it” (2) that it took three days to see the whole city. Alternate translation: “a city so large that it would take a person three days to see it all”
3:4 r2al וַ⁠יָּ֤חֶל יוֹנָה֙ לָ⁠ב֣וֹא בָ⁠עִ֔יר מַהֲלַ֖ךְ י֣וֹם אֶחָ֑ד וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֙ 1 The phrase **a journey of one day** could mean: (1) Jonah walked a day’s journey into the city and then he started calling out. Alternate translation: “So Jonah walked into the city for one day, and then he called out” (2) while Jonah was walking through the city on the first day, he started calling out. Alternate translation: “So Jonah began walking into the city for one day, and as he went he called out”
3:4 r94k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֙ וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֔ר 1 The expression **called out and said** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “and he proclaimed” or “and he shouted”
3:4 ab78 ע֚וֹד אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם 1 Alternate translation: “After 40 days” or “When 40 days have passed”
3:4 q2nc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם 1 Alternate translation: “40 days”
3:4 lywb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִֽינְוֵ֖ה נֶהְפָּֽכֶת 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who will do the action, it is clear from the context that it will be God. Alternate translation: “then God will overthrow Nineveh”
3:5 h9dr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אַנְשֵׁ֥י נִֽינְוֵ֖ה 1 Although the term **men** is masculine, here it has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “the men and women”
3:5 ab90 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יִּקְרְאוּ־צוֹם֙ וַ⁠יִּלְבְּשׁ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֔ים 1 Both fasting and wearing coarse cloth were symbolic actions that showed sadness or devotion to God or both. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of these actions in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “they proclaimed a fast and put on sackcloth to show that they were sorry for having sinned”
3:5 isk5 מִ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֖⁠ם וְ⁠עַד־קְטַנָּֽ⁠ם 1 Alternate translation: “from the most significant to the least significant people” or “including all of the people, whether important or unimportant”
3:6 pna3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠דָּבָר֙ 1 The author assumes that his readers will understand that this **word** is Jonah's message from God. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Jonah’s message”
3:6 h9wz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יָּ֨קָם֙ מִ⁠כִּסְא֔⁠וֹ וַ⁠יַּעֲבֵ֥ר אַדַּרְתּ֖⁠וֹ מֵֽ⁠עָלָ֑י⁠ו 1 That the king **rose up from his throne and he took off his robe** show that he was acting humbly. The throne and the royal robe were both symbols of his authority and power as king of a powerful nation. If the meaning of these actions would not be clear to your readers, you could explain it in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “and he left his royal throne and removed his royal robe”
3:6 pvp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מִ⁠כִּסְא֔⁠וֹ 1 A **throne** is a a special, ceremonial chair that a king sits on when performing his official duties as king. It is reserved for only the king. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of royal seat, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: "his royal chair"
3:6 ab91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יֵּ֖שֶׁב עַל־הָ⁠אֵֽפֶר 1 The act of sitting **on the ash heap** as a symbolic action meant to show deep sorrow. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: "and sat among the ashes to show his humility and deep sorrow"
3:7 v29b וַ⁠יַּזְעֵ֗ק וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ & לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 Alternate translation: “And he sent out an official announcement … which said” or “And he sent his messengers to announce … and they said”
3:6 ab91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יְכַ֣ס שַׂ֔ק וַ⁠יֵּ֖שֶׁב עַל־הָ⁠אֵֽפֶר 1 The acts of putting on **sackcloth** and sitting **on the ash heap** are symbolic actions meant to show deep sorrow and repentance. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of these actions in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: "and he covered himself with sackcloth and sat among the ashes to show his deep sorrow and repentance"
3:7 v29b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo וַ⁠יַּזְעֵ֗ק וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ 1 The expression **proclaimed and spoke** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in some languages. If this is true of your language, you could shorten the expression. Alternate translation: “And he proclaimed” or “And he announced”
3:7 f798 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יַּזְעֵ֗ק וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר֙ 1 The implication is that the king sent messengers to make this proclamation. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “And he commanded his messengers to proclaim”
3:7 zi06 מִ⁠טַּ֧עַם הַ⁠מֶּ֛לֶךְ וּ⁠גְדֹלָ֖י⁠ו 1 Alternate translation: “a command with the full authority of the king and his officials”
3:7 n5fn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וּ⁠גְדֹלָ֖י⁠ו 1 The term **nobles** refers to important men who helped the king rule the city. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of person, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term.
3:7 n5fn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וּ⁠גְדֹלָ֖י⁠ו 1 The term **nobles** refers to important men who helped the king rule the city. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of person, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “and his officers”
3:7 xw6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠בָּקָ֣ר וְ⁠הַ⁠צֹּ֗אן 1 This refers to two groups of animals that people care for. A **herd** is made up of large livestock (such as oxen or cattle) and a **flock** is made up of small livestock (such as sheep or goats). If your readers would not be familiar with these terms, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “cattle or sheep”
3:7 fw18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַ֨ל־יִרְע֔וּ וּ⁠מַ֖יִם אַל־יִשְׁתּֽוּ 1 The implication is that they were not to eat or drink anything in order to show that they are sorry for their sins. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “they must not eat or drink anything”
3:8 mzx6 וְ⁠הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: "and every animal that they own"
3:8 jh7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠יִקְרְא֥וּ אֶל־אֱלֹהִ֖ים בְּ⁠חָזְקָ֑ה 1 The writer assumes that his readers will understand that what the people were to pray for. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and they must cry out loudly to God and ask for mercy” or “and they must pray earnestly to God for mercy”
3:8 mzx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 The implication is that these are the people's domestic animals. They are not wild animals. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: "and every animal that they own"
3:8 jh7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠יִקְרְא֥וּ אֶל־אֱלֹהִ֖ים בְּ⁠חָזְקָ֑ה 1 The writer assumes that his readers will understand what the people were to pray for. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and they must cry out loudly to God and ask for mercy” or “and they must pray earnestly to God that he would be merciful to them”
3:8 si34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠יִקְרְא֥וּ 1 The pronoun **they** probably refers to the people, not to the animals. If this is not clear for your readers, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “and the people must cry out”
3:8 n3ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֶ⁠חָמָ֖ס אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּ⁠כַפֵּי⁠הֶֽם 1 Here, **hands** represents "doing." This refers to the violence that the people of Nineveh were doing. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the violent things that he has done”
3:9 wbt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִֽי־יוֹדֵ֣עַ 1 The king used this rhetorical question to get the people to think about something that is possible but uncertain: that if they would stop sinning, God might not kill them. It could be translated as a statement: “We do not know.” Or it could be stated as a word and be part of the next sentence: “Perhaps”
3:9 z3jj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָשׁ֔וּב וְ⁠נִחַ֖ם הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 Here the author speaks of God changing his mind about bringing judgment as if God were turning around and walking in the opposite direction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God may decide instead to have compassion” or “God may do the opposite of what he said and be merciful”
3:9 jdrg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵ⁠חֲר֥וֹן אַפּ֖⁠וֹ 1 Here **the burning of his nose** is an idiom meaning that the person is angry. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from his anger”
3:9 uvp9 וְ⁠לֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד 1 Alternate translation: “and spare our lives”
3:9 z3jj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָשׁ֔וּב וְ⁠נִחַ֖ם הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 Here the author speaks of God changing his mind about bringing judgment as if God were turning around and walking in the opposite direction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This god may decide instead to have compassion” or “This god may do the opposite of what he said and be merciful”
3:9 jdrg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵ⁠חֲר֥וֹן אַפּ֖⁠וֹ 1 Here **the burning of his nose** is an idiom meaning that the person is angry. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from the fire of his belly” or “from his anger”
3:9 uvp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives וְ⁠לֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative word **perish**. Alternate translation: “so that we will live” or “and spare our lives”
3:10 w3uu וַ⁠יַּ֤רְא הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶֽת־מַ֣עֲשֵׂי⁠הֶ֔ם כִּי־שָׁ֖בוּ מִ⁠דַּרְכָּ֣⁠ם הָ⁠רָעָ֑ה 1 Alternate translation: “God saw that they stopped doing evil actions”
3:10 k8am rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שָׁ֖בוּ מִ⁠דַּרְכָּ֣⁠ם הָ⁠רָעָ֑ה 1 Here the author is speaking of them stopping their sinning as if they **turned away** from walking on a path toward **evil ways** and started walking in the opposite direction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: "they repented from doing evil"
3:10 ab85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּנָּ֣חֶם הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֗ים עַל־הָ⁠רָעָ֛ה 1 The word translated as “evil” here is very broad, including moral evil, physical evil, and everything that is bad. It is the same word used in the previous sentence (and verse 8) to describe the actions of the Ninevites. The author is showing that when people repent of moral evil, God relents from doing physical evil (punishment). God never does moral evil. If this is clear in your language, you may want to use the same word in both sentences. If that is not clear, you may want to use different words.
3:10 ab85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַל־הָ⁠רָעָ֛ה 1 The word translated as “evil” here is very broad, including moral evil, physical evil, and everything that is bad. It is the same word used in the previous sentence (and verse 8) to describe the actions of the Ninevites. The author is showing that when people repent of moral evil, God relents from doing physical evil (punishment). God never does moral evil. If this is clear in your language, you may want to use the same word in both sentences. If that is not clear, you may want to use different words. Alternate translation: “in regard to the punishment”
3:10 yijn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj הָ⁠רָעָ֛ה 1 Here the author is using the adjective **evil** as a noun to refer to an evil thing. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the evil thing” or “the terrible action”
3:10 it1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹ֥א עָשָֽׂה 1 Here, what God **did not do** could be made explicit if it would be helpful in your language. Alternate translation: “and he did not punish them” or “and he did not destroy them”
4:intro ys57 0 # Jonah 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nJonah continues the narrative while bringing the book to what seems like an unusual end. This emphasizes that the book is not really about Jonah. It is about God’s desire to be merciful to everyone, whether Jew or pagan. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Prophecy not coming true\n\nIt is important to see the relationship between a prophet and Yahweh. A prophet was to prophesy for Yahweh, and his words must come true. According to the law of Moses, if that did not happen, the penalty was death, because that shows that he was not a real prophet. But when Jonah told the city of Nineveh that it was going to be destroyed in 40 days, it did not happen at that time. This is because God reserves the right to be merciful. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Jonah’s anger\n\nWhen God did not destroy Nineveh, Jonah was angry with God because Jonah hated the people of Nineveh. They were enemies of Israel. But God wanted Jonah and the readers of this book to learn that God loves all people.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nAs in other places, Jonah asks rhetorical questions to show how angry he was at Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n### Parallel to Mount Sinai\n\nIn verse 2, Jonah attributes a series of characteristics to God. A Jewish reader of this book would recognize this as a formula Moses used in speaking about God when he was meeting God on Mount Sinai. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### God’s grace\n\nWhen Jonah went outside the city, he got very hot; God graciously provided some relief through the plant. God was trying to teach Jonah through an object lesson. It is important for the reader to see this clearly. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])
4:1 jdr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יֵּ֥רַע אֶל־יוֹנָ֖ה רָעָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֑ה וַ⁠יִּ֖חַר לֽ⁠וֹ׃ 1 The author is using the word translated **But** to introduce a new event in the story. This sentence introduces the next part of the story, where Jonah responds to God saving the city of Nineveh. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “Now”
4:intro ys57 0 # Jonah 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nJonah continues the narrative and brings the book to an unusual conclusion, ending it with a question from God. This emphasizes that the book is not really about Jonah. It is about God’s desire to be merciful to everyone, whether Jew or Gentile. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Prophecy Delayed\n\nAccording to the law of Moses, a prophet must prophesy what Yahweh tells him to prophesy, and his words must come true. If that did not happen, the penalty was death because that shows that he was not a real prophet. But when Jonah told the city of Nineveh that it was going to be destroyed in 40 days, it did not happen at that time. This is because God reserves the right to be merciful. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n### Jonah’s Anger\n\nWhen God did not destroy Nineveh, Jonah was angry with God because Jonah hated the people of Nineveh. They were enemies of Israel. But God wanted Jonah and the readers of this book to learn that God loves all people.\n\n### Characteristics of God\n\nIn verse 2, Jonah attributes a series of characteristics to God. A Jewish reader of this book would recognize this as the description that God used about himself when speaking with Moses on Mount Sinai ([See Exodus 34:6-7\n](Exo/34/6.md)). \n\n### God’s grace\n\nWhen Jonah went outside the city, he got very hot; God graciously provided some relief through the plant. God was trying to teach Jonah that he is a merciful God through this object lesson. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\n\nIn this chapter, Jonah uses a rhetorical question to show how angry he is at Yahweh. Yahweh then uses a series of three rhetorical questions to teach Jonah about the attitude that he should have. If your language would not use rhetorical questions for these purposes, then use a more natural form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Evil\n\nThe Hebrew word translated as “evil” in the ULT is very broad, including moral evil, physical evil, and everything that is bad. God never does moral evil. In verse 1, the author says that Jonah considered God's act of mercy in sparing the people of Nineveh to be evil. In verse 2, Jonah describes God as “relenting from evil.” In verse 6, Jonah's situation and attitude are described as evil. This is after the actions of the Ninevites are described as evil in [1:2](../01/02.md), [3:8](../03/08.md), and [3:10](../03/10.md), and the situation of the sailors in [1:7](../01/07.md). The ULT translates the word as “evil” in each place to show the irony that the author wants to convey by using the same Hebrew word for each different bad thing in the book and for one good thing—God's mercy on Nineveh (from Jonah's perspective). If your language would not use the same word for both moral and physical evil, you will want to use different words for each of them.
4:1 jdr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יֵּ֥רַע אֶל־יוֹנָ֖ה 1 This sentence introduces the next part of the story, in which Jonah responds to God because God saved the city of Nineveh. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. Alternate translation: “Now this was evil to Jonah” or “But for Jonah, this was evil”
4:1 m7ty rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יֵּ֥רַע 1 The pronoun **this** refers to the fact that God did not destroy Nineveh. If this is not clear for your readers, you could say that here. Alternate translation: “But the fact that God spared Nineveh was evil”
4:1 nh8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry וַ⁠יֵּ֥רַע אֶל־יוֹנָ֖ה רָעָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֑ה 1 Here, **this was evil to Jonah, a great evil** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “But this was exceedingly evil to Jonah”
4:1 abc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּ֖חַר לֽ⁠וֹ 1 The phrase **it burned to him** is an idiom that speaks of Jonah’s anger as if it were a fire burning inside him. Alternate translation: “and he was very angry”
4:2 q6bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations אָנָּ֤ה 1 This is an exclamation that is emphasizing intense frustration. Use an exclamation that would communicate that meaning in your language.
4:2 q6bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations אָנָּ֤ה 1 This is an exclamation that is emphasizing intense frustration. Use an exclamation that would communicate that meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “Oh” or “I knew it”
4:2 k24b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion יְהוָה֙ הֲ⁠לוֹא־זֶ֣ה דְבָרִ֗⁠י עַד־הֱיוֹתִ⁠י֙ עַל־אַדְמָתִ֔⁠י 1 Jonah used this rhetorical question to tell God how angry he was. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, this is what I said when I was still in my own country”
4:2 ab79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְהוָה֙ הֲ⁠לוֹא־זֶ֣ה דְבָרִ֗⁠י עַד־הֱיוֹתִ⁠י֙ עַל־אַדְמָתִ֔⁠י 1 The implication is that Jonah correctly foretold what would happen. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. What Jonah said when he was back in his own country can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “now Yahweh, when I was still in my own country, I knew that if I warned the people of Nineveh, they would repent, and you would not destroy them”
4:2 ab81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֤רֶךְ אַפַּ֨יִם֙ 1 The phrase **long of nostrils** is an idiom meaning that Yahweh does not get angry quickly. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “slow to get angry” or “very patient”
4:2 ab79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יְהוָה֙ הֲ⁠לוֹא־זֶ֣ה דְבָרִ֗⁠י עַד־הֱיוֹתִ⁠י֙ עַל־אַדְמָתִ֔⁠י 1 The implication is that Jonah correctly foretold what would happen. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, when I was still in my own country, did I not say that if I warned the people of Nineveh, they might repent, and you would not destroy them”
4:2 ab81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֤רֶךְ אַפַּ֨יִם֙ 1 The phrase **long of nostrils** is an idiom meaning that Yahweh does not get angry quickly. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “with a cool head” or “slow to get angry” or “very patient”
4:2 jv5c וְ⁠רַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 Alternate translation: “and very faithful” or “and full of love for your people”
4:2 wl7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠נִחָ֖ם עַל־הָ⁠רָעָֽה 1 Here, **evil** refers to the physical destruction of the city of Nineveh and its people. It does not refer to moral evil. In this context, this phrase means that God feels sadness about causing bad things to happen to people who sin, and he acts differently when sinners repent of their sin. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and you feel sadness about causing disaster for sinners” or “and you decide not to punish sinners who repent”
4:3 dm5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קַח־נָ֥א אֶת־נַפְשִׁ֖⁠י מִמֶּ֑⁠נִּי 1 Jonah’s reason for wanting to die, that now God will not punish his former enemies, can be stated explicitly. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “since you will not destroy Nineveh as you said you would, please allow me to die”
4:3 yk5v כִּ֛י ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖⁠י מֵ⁠חַיָּֽ⁠י 1 Alternate translation: “for I would prefer to die rather than to live” or “because I want to die. I do not want to live”
4:2 wl7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠נִחָ֖ם עַל־הָ⁠רָעָֽה 1 Here, **evil** refers to the physical destruction of the city of Nineveh and its people. It does not refer to moral evil. In this context, this phrase means that God feels sadness about causing bad things to happen to people who sin, and he acts differently when sinners repent of their sin. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. See the discussion about evil in the chapter introduction, and how you translated this word in [4:1](../04/01.md). Alternate translation: “and you feel sadness about causing disaster for sinners” or “and you decide not to punish sinners who repent”
4:3 dm5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קַח־נָ֥א אֶת־נַפְשִׁ֖⁠י מִמֶּ֑⁠נִּי 1 The implication is that Jonah wanted to die because God will not punish his former enemies. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “since you will not destroy Nineveh as you said you would, please allow me to die”
4:3 yk5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כִּ֛י ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖⁠י מֵ⁠חַיָּֽ⁠י 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **death** and **life**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “for I would prefer to die rather than to live” or “because I want to die. I do not want to live”
4:4 ab82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַ⁠הֵיטֵ֖ב חָ֥רָה לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 The phrase **it burns to you** is an idiom that speaks of Jonah’s anger as if it were a fire burning inside him. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. See how you translated it in [4:1](../04/01.md). Alternate translation: “is it right for you to be angry about this”
4:4 ab83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠הֵיטֵ֖ב חָ֥רָה לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 The reason for Jonah’s anger can be made explicit. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Is it right for you to be angry that I did not destroy Nineveh”
4:5 q1f7 וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֤א יוֹנָה֙ מִן־הָ⁠עִ֔יר 1 Alternate translation: “then Jonah left the city of Nineveh”
4:4 tti6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠הֵיטֵ֖ב חָ֥רָה לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 Yahweh is using the question form to teach Jonah that he is not right to be angry. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “It is not right that it burns to you”
4:5 af46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַה־יִּהְיֶ֖ה בָּ⁠עִֽיר 1 The implication is that Jonah wanted to see whether God would destroy the city or not. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “what would become of the city” or “what God would do to the city”
4:6 i4r4 מֵ⁠עַ֣ל לְ⁠יוֹנָ֗ה לִֽ⁠הְי֥וֹת צֵל֙ עַל־רֹאשׁ֔⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “over Jonah’s head for shade”
4:6 t21k לְ⁠הַצִּ֥יל ל֖⁠וֹ מֵ⁠רָֽעָת֑⁠וֹ 1 Here the term **evil** could mean two things (or both at the same time). It could mean: (1) “discomfort” or “distress,” meaning the intense heat of the sun shining on Jonah’s head. Alternate translation: “to protect Jonah from the heat of the sun” (2) “wrong,” meaning Jonah’s wrong attitude concerning God’s decision not to destroy Nineveh. Alternate translation: “to save Jonah from his wrong attitude” If both meanings can be preserved, that is preferable. Alternate translation: “to save Jonah from his wrong attitude”
4:6 t21k לְ⁠הַצִּ֥יל ל֖⁠וֹ מֵ⁠רָֽעָת֑⁠וֹ 1 Here the term **evil** could be referring to one of two things (or both at the same time). It could be referring to: (1) Jonah's physical discomfort or distress, meaning the intense heat of the sun shining on Jonah’s head. (2) Jonah’s wrong attitude concerning God’s decision not to destroy Nineveh. If both meanings can be preserved by using a general term, that is preferable. Alternate translation: “in order to save Jonah from his bad situation”
4:6 ynu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry וַ⁠יִּשְׂמַ֥ח יוֹנָ֛ה & שִׂמְחָ֥ה גְדוֹלָֽה 1 Here, **rejoiced with great rejoicing** is an emphatic construction that uses a verb and its object that come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “And Jonah was extremely pleased”
4:7 t7il וַ⁠יְמַ֤ן הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִים֙ תּוֹלַ֔עַת 1 Alternate translation: “then God sent a worm”
4:7 rw7z וַ⁠תַּ֥ךְ אֶת־הַ⁠קִּֽיקָי֖וֹן 1 Alternate translation: “and the worm chewed the plant”
4:7 d16m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּיבָֽשׁ 1 The implication of **it withered** is that the plant became dry and died and would no longer shelter Jonah from the hot sun. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “so that the plant died”
4:8 jdr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וַ⁠יְהִ֣י׀ כִּ⁠זְרֹ֣חַ הַ⁠שֶּׁ֗מֶשׁ 1 This clause provides background information about the time of day to help readers understand what happens next in the story. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information.
4:8 hmi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יְמַ֨ן אֱלֹהִ֜ים ר֤וּחַ קָדִים֙ חֲרִישִׁ֔ית 1 The implication is that **a hot east wind** will make Jonah very uncomfortable. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. If “wind” in your language can only mean a cool air, then you can try this alternate translation: “God sent a great warmth from the east to Jonah.”
4:8 mnu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וַ⁠תַּ֥ךְ הַ⁠שֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ 1 Here, the author speaks of **the sun** as if it were a person who could **beat** another person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the sun was very hot” or “and the sun sent its great heat”
4:8 u2pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה 1 The phrase **on the head of Jonah** may have a literal meaning or a figurative meaning. Perhaps Jonah felt the heat most on his head, or perhaps the phrase **the head of Jonah** is means Jonah’s entire body. Alternate translation: “on Jonah”
4:8 jdr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background וַ⁠יְהִ֣י׀ כִּ⁠זְרֹ֣חַ הַ⁠שֶּׁ֗מֶשׁ 1 This clause provides background information about the time of day to help readers understand what happens next in the story. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. Alternate translation: “And then, after the sun had come up”
4:8 hmi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יְמַ֨ן אֱלֹהִ֜ים ר֤וּחַ קָדִים֙ חֲרִישִׁ֔ית 1 The implication is that **a hot east wind** will make Jonah very uncomfortable. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. If “wind” in your language can only mean a cool air, then you can try this alternate translation: “God sent a great warmth from the east to Jonah”
4:8 mnu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וַ⁠תַּ֥ךְ הַ⁠שֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ עַל 1 Here, the author speaks of **the sun** as if it were a person who could **beat on** another person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and the sun was very hot on” or “and the sun sent its great heat onto”
4:8 u2pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה 1 The phrase **on the head of Jonah** may have a literal meaning or a figurative meaning. Perhaps Jonah felt the heat most on his head, or perhaps the phrase **the head of Jonah** means Jonah’s entire body. Alternate translation: “on Jonah”
4:8 z95v וַ⁠יִּתְעַלָּ֑ף 1 Alternate translation: “and he became very weak” or “and he lost his strength”
4:8 ab87 וַ⁠יִּשְׁאַ֤ל אֶת־נַפְשׁ⁠וֹ֙ לָ⁠מ֔וּת 1 Alternate translation: “Then, he talked to himself of his desire for death” or “Then he told himself that he wanted to die”
4:8 eln6 ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖⁠י מֵ⁠חַיָּֽ⁠י 1 Alternate translation: “I would rather die than live” or “I want to die; I do not want to live” See how you translated this in [4:3](../04/03/yk5v).
4:9 w24z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠הֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל־הַ⁠קִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 In this context, God’s question is intended to lead Jonah to draw a conclusion about his selfish attitude. The implication is that Jonah is wrong to be angry about the plant. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Is it right that you should be so angry about the plant that only gave shade to you”
4:9 h43a הֵיטֵ֥ב חָֽרָה־לִ֖⁠י עַד־מָֽוֶת 1 Alternate translation: “I am right to be angry. I am angry enough to die”
4:8 ab87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַ⁠יִּשְׁאַ֤ל אֶת־נַפְשׁ⁠וֹ֙ לָ⁠מ֔וּת 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as a direct quotation either addressed to himself or, as in [4:3](../04/03.md), to God. Alternate translation: “Then he told himself, ‘I want to die’” or “Then he requested of God, ‘Let me die’”
4:8 eln6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖⁠י מֵ⁠חַיָּֽ⁠י 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **death** and **life**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. See how you translated this in [4:3](../04/03/yk5v). Alternate translation: “I would rather die than live” or “I want to die; I do not want to live”
4:9 w24z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠הֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל־הַ⁠קִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 God is using the question form to lead Jonah to draw a conclusion about his selfish attitude. God is not seeking information. Since Jonah answers the question, it would be good to keep the question form if that would be natural in your language. But if you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “It is not right that it burns to you about the plant”
4:9 ri6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חָרָֽה־לְ⁠ךָ֖ & חָֽרָה־לִ֖⁠י 1 The phrases **it burns to you** and **it burns to me** are examples of an idiom that speaks of Jonah’s anger as if it were a fire burning inside him. See how you translated this idiom in [4:1](../04/01.md).
4:10 gkz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה 1 Here Yahweh is speaking to Jonah. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Yahweh said to Jonah”
4:10 ab88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שֶׁ⁠בִּן־לַ֥יְלָה הָיָ֖ה וּ⁠בִן־לַ֥יְלָה אָבָֽד 1 The expression **son of** describes a person or thing which shares the qualities of something else. This idiom, **son of a night** means that the plant existed only briefly. If it would be helpful, you could use an equivalent idiom from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “it grew in one night and died the next” or “it grew quickly and died just as quickly”
4:11 jdr0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַֽ⁠אֲנִי֙ 1 This expression, **So as for me,** paired with "As for you" in verse [4:10](../04/10.md), shows a comparison between Yahweh’s attitude toward the people of Nineveh and Jonah’s attitude toward the plant. Express this comparison in a natural way in your language.
4:11 ecl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וַֽ⁠אֲנִי֙ לֹ֣א אָח֔וּס עַל־נִינְוֵ֖ה הָ⁠עִ֣יר הַ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־בָּ֡⁠הּ הַרְבֵּה֩ מִֽ⁠שְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ אָדָ֗ם אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדַע֙ בֵּין־יְמִינ֣⁠וֹ לִ⁠שְׂמֹאל֔⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה 1 God used this rhetorical question to emphasize his claim that he should have compassion on Nineveh. Alternate translation: “I certainly should have compassion for Nineveh, that great city, in which there are more than 120,000 people who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand, and also many cattle”
4:11 dqi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־בָּ֡⁠הּ הַרְבֵּה֩ 1 This part of the question can also be translated as the beginning of a new sentence. To do that, end the previous phrase, **the great city**, with a question mark, and end this new sentence with a period. Alternate translation: “There are more” or “It has more”
4:11 c3b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers מִֽ⁠שְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ אָדָ֗ם 1 Alternate translation: "one hundred twenty thousand people"
4:11 j35h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדַע֙ בֵּין־יְמִינ֣⁠וֹ לִ⁠שְׂמֹאל֔⁠וֹ 1 This idiom means “who do not know the difference between right and wrong.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly.
4:11 jdr0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַֽ⁠אֲנִי֙ 1 This expression, **So I,** paired with "You" in verse [4:10](../04/10.md), indicates a direct comparison between Yahweh’s attitude toward the people of Nineveh and Jonah’s attitude toward the plant. Indicate this comparison in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “So on my part” or “So as for me”
4:11 ecl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וַֽ⁠אֲנִי֙ לֹ֣א אָח֔וּס עַל־נִינְוֵ֖ה הָ⁠עִ֣יר הַ⁠גְּדוֹלָ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־בָּ֡⁠הּ הַרְבֵּה֩ מִֽ⁠שְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ אָדָ֗ם אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדַע֙ בֵּין־יְמִינ֣⁠וֹ לִ⁠שְׂמֹאל֔⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה 1 God is using the question form to emphasize his claim that he should have compassion on Nineveh. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I certainly should have compassion for Nineveh, that great city, in which there are more than 120,000 people who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand, and also many cattle!”
4:11 dqi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־בָּ֡⁠הּ הַרְבֵּה֩ 1 To make this verse simpler, it can be divided into two parts. The first part, ending with **the great city**, can be ended with a question mark. The rest of the verse can then be a statement, ending with a period. To do that, begin the second part as follows: Alternate translation: “There are more” or “It has more”
4:11 c3b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers מִֽ⁠שְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “one hundred twenty thousand”
4:11 j35h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדַע֙ בֵּין־יְמִינ֣⁠וֹ לִ⁠שְׂמֹאל֔⁠וֹ 1 This idiom means “who do not know the difference between right and wrong.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who do not know up from down” or “who do not know what is good for them”

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